Journal articles on the topic 'Dissolved heavy metal ion'
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1
Theodoridou, E., A. D. Jannakoudakis, P. D. Jannakoudakis, and S. Antoniadou. "Electrochemically oxidized carbon fibres as an adsorbent for the attachment of dissolved substances. Adsorption of nitro compounds and ion-exchange of heavy metals." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 1881–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-272.
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The adsorption of several aromatic nitro compounds and the ion-exchange of heavy metal ions on electro-oxidized carbon fibres have been investigated using cyclic voltammetric and polarographic techniques. Electro-oxidation is performed by potentiostatic double pulse application. This procedure results in the generation of many functional —OH and —COOH groups with adsorptive and ion-exchanging properties.Multimolecular layers of adsorbed substances may be formed through a procedure of successive adsorption of the nitro-compound and electro-reduction to the corresponding amine, resulting in the attachment of considerable amounts of the nitro-compound to the carbon fibres.The ion-exchange capacity is estimated to be ca. 1 mequiv. g−1 and with slight deviations it follows the rank Ag, Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg. After the electro-reduction of the exchanged metal ions, the ion-exchange process can be repeated several times. This procedure is of importance for the removal of significant amounts of heavy and toxic metals from industrial waste waters. Key words: electro-oxidized carbon fibres, adsorption of aromatic nitro compounds, cation-exchange of heavy metals.
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Bartzis, Vasileios, Georgios Ninos, and Ioannis E. Sarris. "Water Purification from Heavy Metals Due to Electric Field Ion Drift." Water 14, no. 15 (July 31, 2022): 2372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14152372.
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A water purification method using a static electric field that may drift the dissolved ions of heavy metals is proposed here. The electric field force drifts the positively charged metal ions of continuously flowing contaminated water to one sidewall, where the negative electrode is placed, leaving most of the area of the duct purified. The steady-state ion distributions, as well as the time evolution in the linear regime, are studied analytically and ion concentration distributions for various electric field magnitudes and widths of the duct are reported. The method performs well with a duct width less than 10−3 m and an electrode potential of 0.26 V or more. Moreover, a significant reduction of more than 90% in heavy metals concentration is accomplished in less than a second at a low cost.
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Liu, Xing Yu, Ming Jiang Zhang, Yi Bin Li, Zi Ning Wang, and Jian Kang Wen. "In Situ Bioremediation of Tailings by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria and Iron Reducing Bacteria: Lab- and Field-Scale Remediation of Sulfidic Mine Tailings." Solid State Phenomena 262 (August 2017): 651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.651.
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To research the remediation efficiency of sulfate reducing bacteria and iron reducing bacteria on heavy metals, the remediation experiments of laboratory-scale and field-scale were conducted respectively with chalcopyrite tailings and 3 hectares lead-zinc sulfides mine tailings. The ion concentration of exudate was determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and key bacterial strains were investigated by real-time PCR. The laboratory-scale experiment of chalcopyrite tailings indicated pH of exudate rose to neutral, penetration time of exudate significantly increased, redox potential and dissolved iron notably decreased, and black metal sulfides were formed during remediation by sulfate reducing bacteria and iron reducing bacteria. The field-scale lead-zinc sulfides mine tailings remediation results indicated that the concentration of dissolved heavy metals in exudate decreased, and the growth of both moss and plants were promoted.
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Ma, Jingxi, Shuqing Wu, N. V. Ravi Shekhar, Supriya Biswas, and Anoop Kumar Sahu. "Determination of Physicochemical Parameters and Levels of Heavy Metals in Food Waste Water with Environmental Effects." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2020 (August 20, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8886093.
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Bioinorganic chemistry is found as a sizzling field in today’s era. It deals with chemistry amongst the heavy metals with natural resources, i.e., air, soil, water, plant byproducts (foods), and environmental essences. The aim of this research is to determine the concentration of heavy metals present in the food waste water sample and to study the environmental effects of metal ion concentration. To conduct the research work, the physicochemical parameters and levels of five heavy metals of food waste water samples were collected from five sampling points of renowned hotels, restaurants, canteens, and confectionaries of a state of India and assessed using the standard analytical procedure. Sampling was carried out from January 2017 up to December 2017. The physicochemical parameters were determined such as pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, total alkalinity, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon, sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate. The heavy metal concentration was determined by using the UV-spectrophotometer, and the results were compared with the standards prescribed by the WHO, BIS, ICMR, and municipal authorities. The results obtained in the physicochemical analysis revealed that a few parameters were found beyond limits, and the metal ion concentration (iron and zinc) results were found above the permissible limits set by the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board), ICMR, BIS, and World Health Organization (WHO), most especially, effluent from point P1. It was concluded that all the effluents required further treatment before releasing them into the water body or land to prevent pollution. The obtained results reveal that waste water used for irrigation and farming of nearby areas and water drained from restaurant kitchens were considerably polluted and not suitable for aquatic organisms, irrigation, and agricultural purposes.
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Danila, Vaidotas, and Saulius Vasarevičius. "Theoretical Modelling of Immobilization of Cadmium and Nickel in Soil Using Iron Nanoparticles." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 9, no. 4 (September 11, 2017): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2017.1067.
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Immobilization using zero valent using iron nanoparticles is a soil remediation technology that reduces concentrations of dissolved contaminants in soil solution. Immobilization of heavy metals in soil can be achieved through heavy metals adsorption and surface complexation reactions. These processes result in adsorption of heavy metals from solution phase and thus reducing their mobility in soil. Theoretical modelling of heavy metals, namely, cadmium and nickel, adsorption using zero valent iron nanoparticles was conducted using Visual MINTEQ. Adsorption of cadmium and nickel from soil solutions were modelled separately and when these metals were dissolved together. Results have showed that iron nanoparticles can be successfully applied as an effective adsorbent for cadmium and nickel removal from soil solution by producing insoluble compounds. After conducting the modelling of dependences of Cd+2 and Ni+2 ions adsorption on soil solution pH using iron nanoparticles, it was found that increasing pH of solution results in the increase of these ions adsorption. Adsorption of cadmium reached approximately 100% when pH ≥ 8.0, and adsorption of nickel reached approximately 100% when pH ≥ 7.0. During the modelling, it was found that adsorption of heavy metals Cd and Ni mostly occur, when one heavy metal ion is chemically adsorbed on two sorption sites. During the adsorption modelling, when Cd+2 and Ni+2 ions were dissolved together in acidic phase, it was found that adsorption is slightly lower than modelling adsorption of these metals separately. It was influenced by the competition of Cd+2 and Ni+2 ions for sorption sites on the surface of iron nanoparticles.
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Flores-Rodríguez, J., A. L. Bussy, and D. R. Thévenot. "Toxic Metals in Urban Runoff: Physico-Chemical Mobility Assessment Using Speciation Schemes." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0654.
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Physico-chemical characterization of lead, zinc and cadmium has been carried out on eight samples from both separate and combined sewers. Dissolved and paniculate total metal levels have been determined. A speciation scheme has been used to further divide these phases in two dissolved fractions, bioavailable and stable, and five paniculate fractions, ion-exchangeable, acid-soluble, reducible, oxidizable and residual. Total dissolved lead concentrations were found to be largely below European Community (EC) directives for drinking water production. Lead was represented by stable forms while zinc and cadmium were mainly bioavailable. Paniculate concentrations were higher than natural levels found in the Seine-Normandie basin. Zinc was characteristic for municipal effluents, and lead and cadmium were more concentrated in separate sewers. Correlations have been observed between paniculate heavy metals and volatile matter on the ring highway, or with iron at the Savigny site. The paniculate metal speciation scheme has demonstrated the important dependence of heavy metal distribution on the sampling site, as well as the potentially more mobile nature of zinc and cadmium, compared to that of lead. The structural modifications undergone by solids during their transport along the sewer networks had a significant impact on paniculate metal mobility. This has been clearly noted for lead, whose mobility decreased from upstream to downstream in the studied system.
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Percival, H. J. "Soil and soil solution chemistry of a New Zealand pasture soil amended with heavy metal-containing sewage sludge." Soil Research 41, no. 1 (2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01061.
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The disposal of wastewater treatment sewage sludge onto agricultural land in New Zealand has led to the development of guidelines for the upper limit concentrations for total heavy metals in the underlying soil. However, those soil biological and biochemical processes now known to be most sensitive to environmental change are being used internationally to set new soil limits. The soil solution chemistry of a pasture soil amended with heavy metals has been used to assess the bioavailability of several important heavy metals. Field trial plots were treated with both spiked (Cu, Ni, or Zn) and unspiked sewage sludge to raise total soil metal concentrations, both above and below the current New Zealand guideline values. Soils were sampled pre-amendment in 1997 and post-amendment in 1998, 1999, and 2000. Soil solutions were extracted by centrifugation and analysed for pH, for concentrations of heavy metals, major cations and anions, and dissolved organic carbon. Heavy metal speciation was calculated with the GEOCHEM-PC model.Soil solution concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Zn increased with increasing levels of metal in the spiked sludge, reflecting increases in total soil metal concentrations. Cu concentrations changed little with time, but those of Ni and Zn tended to decrease. Cu was much more adsorbed by the soil than was Ni or Zn. The free metal ions, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ (representing the most 'bioavailable' fraction), were the dominant metal species in the soil solutions. Variations in free metal ion percentages with metal-spiking level depended on the balance between organic and sulfate complexation for Cu, but on sulfate complexation alone for Ni and Zn. Cu and Ni free metal-ion activities in soil solution were relatively low even at the highest metal loadings in the soil, but may be high enough to cause toxicity problems. Zn activities were very much higher, and at the regulatory limit for zinc likely to affect sensitive biological and biochemical properties of the soil.
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Alam, Masood, Sumbul Rais, and Mohd Aslam. "Hydro-chemical Survey of Groundwater of Delhi, India." E-Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 2 (2009): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/908647.
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The physicochemical parameters and trace metal contents of water samples from Delhi were assessed. A total of 20 water samples were collected from boring, tube well and hand pump and analyzed for the various physicochemical parameters like pH, conductivity, total dissolved solid, total alkalinity, Ca2+and Mg2+hardness, chloride ion, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, sulphate and heavy metal contents like Cu, Cr, Cd, Co, Zn and Ni. The results were compared with BIS standards for drinking water. The quality of water samples under study were within the maximum permissible limits. Therefore, the groundwater samples are fit for human consumption without prior treatment.
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Amala, O., Lakshmi K. Vara, Anima Sunil Dadhich, and M. Ramesh. "Water Quality Index and Heavy Metal Pollution Index of Groundwater Quality: A case Study in Visakhapatnam District, AP." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2608rjce061076.
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The main objective of the present study was to assess the groundwater quality of selected Mandals in Visakhapatnam district Andhra Pradesh. Fifty samples were collected from hand pumps of various Mandals. Water Quality Index (WQI) and Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) along with Metal Quality Index (MQI) were determined. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were measured by various standard techniques. Calcium (Ca+2), Magnesium (Mg+2), Chloride (Cl-), Nitrate (NO3 -) and Sulfate (SO4 -2) were analyzed by 930 Compact Ion Chromatograph Flex. Heavy metals such as Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn) and Cadmium (Cd) were analyzed by using 4200 Microwave Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectrometer (MP-AES). Iron (Fe) was analyzed by Cary 60 UV-Visible Spectrophotometric method. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the heavy metals lies between 0.99 to 0.98. The compliance of BIS 10500:2012 for the heavy metal concentration in drinking water was verified. From the current study, it was found that EC, TDS, TH and heavy metals such as Aluminum (Al) and Lead (Pb) exceeded the allowed limits as per BIS 10500:2012 revision. The highest values of HPI and WQI from the fifty groundwater samples are 407.97 and 189.79. The highest value of MQI is 3.36 respectively. An attempt has also been made to draw spatial distribution maps for heavy metals having higher concentrations in the study area.
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Lawrence, Glen D., Kamalkumar S. Patel, and Aviva Nusbaum. "Uranium toxicity and chelation therapy." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 7 (July 22, 2014): 1105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-0109.
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AbstractUranium toxicity has been a concern for more than 100 years. The toxicology of many forms of uranium, ranging from dust of several oxides to soluble uranyl ion, was thoroughly studied during the Manhattan Project in the United States in the 1940s. The development of depleted uranium kinetic penetrators as armor-piercing incendiary weaponry produced a novel form of uranium environmental contamination, which led to greater susceptibility to the adverse health effects of the toxic heavy metal after its use in various military conflicts. The aerosol from burning uranium penetrator fragments is rapidly dissolved in biological fluids and readily absorbed from the lungs, leading to a wide range of toxic effects. We have studied some chelating agents for uranyl ion, including citrate ion and desferal (desferrioxamine B), which may be effective for minimizing the toxic effects of this insidious heavy metal. Some characteristics of the desferrioxamine complex are presented, along with information about the use of citrate as an effective chelating agent for therapy of uranium toxicity.
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Aydinalp, C., and A. V. Katkat. "The comparison of extraction methods for evaluating some heavy metals in polluted soils." Plant, Soil and Environment 50, No. 5 (December 10, 2011): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4024-pse.
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The extractability of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb was evaluated using ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, strontium chloride and DTPA extractants in this research. The eight surface soils were used to assess plant available metals with different extraction methods. The amounts of metal extracted were related to pseudototal contents, determined after microwave digestion using HNO<sub>3</sub>. Quantification of dissolved metals was used by ICP-MS matrix-matched standards. The obtained results indicated a high variability of metal extraction depending on extraction procedure, source of pollution, and nature of the soil. The results showed that the extractability for calcareous soils was best determined by DTPA. In comparison of chloride salts, a higher efficiency of extraction with ammonium chloride for these soils was found.
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Yamazaki, H., K. Ishii, Ts Amartaivan, Y. Takahashi, S. Matsuyama, T. Satoh, S. Sugihara, H. Orihara, and C. G. Jon. "PIXE Analysis of Trace Heavy-Metals in River Waters Using an Ion-Exchange Cellulose Filter Paper." International Journal of PIXE 11, no. 03n04 (January 2001): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012908350100013x.
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A simple but precise method for the PIXE analysis of trace heavy-metals in aqueous samples was developed, in which the PIXE targets were prepared by pre-concentrating heavy metals on a cellulose phosphate ion-exchange filter paper and no additional chemical treatment was required. Heavy metals in trace concentrations were quantitatively retained up to 16.7 μ-equivalent on a sheet of filter paper due to the excellent selectivity for heavy metals and ion-exchange kinetics of phosphate groups in cellulose matrix. Heavy metals of less than 1 μg on one filter paper are precisely and rapidly determined by PIXE analysis using 3-MeV proton beams. The present method is compared with the method preparing a PIXE target for each dissolved species of an element contained in aqueous samples. It will be resulted that the newly developed method enables an on-line PIXE analysis for river waters.
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Nasir, Huda M. "Removal Efficiency of Cd+2 and Pb+2 using Polyurea Based on Bis-dithiocarbamte Ligand." BASRA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 38, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29072/basjs.202037.
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At present, there is increased concern and concentration on heavy metals; because of their effects on human health are becoming one of the most severe environmental problems. To protect humans and the environment, such hazardous heavy metals do not dissolve easily and require removal from contaminated water. This research was aimed at preparing three types of novel polyurea containing bis-dithiocarbamte ligands and using them as chelators to extract cadmium and lead ion from contaminated water. Dithiocarbamates were chosen due to they have strong binding capabilities and can form insoluble stable colored metal ions complexes in water, which make them superior ligands for the removal of heavy metals from polluted water. Generally, these adsorbents exhibit high adsorption capacity, but limitations such as high operational costs, low recyclability and the introduction of a large volume of additional contaminants, have also been found. Therefore, we have been carried out develop more efficient, environmental friendly and inexpensive adsorbents followed by a mechanical separation process, provides one promising solution. The efficiency of metal removal between them is compared and shows that these resins have an excellent ability to give insoluble heavy metal polymers, their efficiency has been studied with different times at a different pH. Activity to the lead ion indicates that (pH=3: H, P > E; pH=5: H, E > P) while behavior to the cadmium ion at all PH values 4, 6 and 8 was: E, P > H
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Xu, Xin Yang, Bing Zhao, Xi Chen, and Hong Lin. "Experimental Research of Spouted Particulate Electrodes on Removal of Copper Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1458.
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In this research, heavy metal copper was chosen for this study, with its sulfate solution simulated wastewater, using spouted particulate electrodes to purify wastewater and recycle metal copper. Experimental studied the effects on different conditions of electrodeposition, such as pH, constant current, copper ion concentration, the size of the cathode particle and nitrogen sparging. The results showed the optimum conditions were that pH was 3.0, constant current was 10.0A, the size of cathode particle was 1.8mm and with nitrogen sparging. In particular, nitrogen sparging not only reduced dissolved oxygen in wastewater to prevent the metal back to solution, but also handled the problem of low current efficiency due to concentration polarization and electrochemical polarization.
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Wang, Z. J., and W. Stumm. "Heavy metal complexation by surfaces and humic acids: a brief discourse on assessment by acidimetric titration." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 35, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v35i3.16721.
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In natural waters the form of occurrence of heavy metal ions needs to be known to understand the factors that control their concentrations, their reactivity and bioavailability. In natural samples, it is difficult to identify the species present and to distinguish between dissolved and particulate concentrations, because of the lack of sufficiently sensitive and specific analytical detectors. It is suggested that the voltammetric measurement of the labile metal ion concentration as a function of pH (from an acidimetric titration of a natural sample) may provide useful information on the pH-dependent distribution of soluble and particulate concentrations and on the stability of (surface and solute) complexes formed. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Shirasuna, H., T. Fukushima, K. Matsushige, A. Imai, and N. Ozaki. "Runoff and loads of nutrients and heavy metals from an urbanized area." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.054.
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To investigate the run-off characteristics of dissolved and particulate substances from a heavily urbanized area (basin area: 95 ha, percentage of impervious surfaces: 60%), sensors for measuring water level, water temperature, DO, pH, electric conductivity (EC), turbidity and ammonium ion were placed in the channel connecting storm sewers and natural river, together with water sampling for analyzing SS, nutrients and metals. While both turbidity and EC showed apparent “first flush”, the peaks of EC were always earlier than those of turbidity. In a similar manner, dissolved nutrients and metals exhibited earlier “first flush” compared with particulate nutrients and acid-extractable metals. Significantly positive correlations between EC and dissolved substances as well as those between turbidity and particulate (acid-extractable minus dissolved) substances were usually observed, and two distinct different regressions were found between the two datasets separated before and after the concentration peaks. Using these relationships, the total loads during the respective rainfall events were calculated on the basis of EC and turbidity changes.The total loads of nitrogen, zinc, etc. were nearly proportional to the lengths of non-rainfall periods before the events, indicating that these loads derived from the atmospheric deposition.
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Taimoor, Aqeel Ahmad. "Deciphering lead and cadmium stripping peaks for porous antimony deposited electrodes." Materials Science-Poland 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2016-0063.
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AbstractCadmium and lead are generally taken as model heavy metal ions in water to scale the detection limit of various electrode sensors, using electrochemical sensing techniques. These ions interact with the electrochemically deposited antimony electrodes depending on the diffusion limitations. The phenomenon acts differently for the in-situ and ex-situ deposition as well as for porous and non-porous electrodes. A method has been adopted in this study to discourage the stripping and deposition of the working ions (antimony) to understand the principle of heavy metal ion detection. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique was used to establish the interaction between the working and dissolved ions. In addition to the distinct peaks for each analyte, researchers also observed a shoulder peak. A possible reason for the presence of this peak was provided. Different electrochemical tests were performed to ascertain the theory on the basis of the experimental observations.
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Mishra, Sanjay. "A Review on Succession of Bioremediation Including Microbial Interventions for Reducing Heavy Metal Ions Contamination of Natural Environment." Journal of Microbes and Research 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.58489/2836-2187/007.
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As a consequence of urbanization and industrialization, it has been a global impact on water and soil profile. These activities like industry of heavy equipment works, traffic and waste increase the conductivity, TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), pH and redox potential in the water bodies like river, canals and ponds. Also,heavy metals have an adverseeffect on soil fertility. This overview covers the enthralling succession of ‘Bioremediation’ at physiological, biochemical and molecular level. An enhancement of heavy metal in water bodies as well in the soil in close vicinity to industriesmakes it toxic and for controlling it, bioremediation is brought into function including a series of processes, which with the assistance of metal resistance microorganisms, concentrate followed by accumulation of metal like Zinc, Cadmium, Arsenic,etc. As there is still requirement for more studiesto develop bioremediation technologies in order to find more biological solutions for bioremediation of heavy metal contamination from different environmental systems, the collection of data concomitant with significant hypotheses together with this overview provides new insights into developing a platform to explore certain novel bioremediation experimental model that could berapid, precise and cost effective.
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Chen, Yan, Lingqing Wang, Tao Liang, Jun Xiao, Jing Li, Haicheng Wei, and Linlin Dong. "Major ion and dissolved heavy metal geochemistry, distribution, and relationship in the overlying water of Dongting Lake, China." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 41, no. 3 (October 4, 2018): 1091–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0204-y.
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Kyzas, George, and Kostas Matis. "Flotation in Water and Wastewater Treatment." Processes 6, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6080116.
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Flotation constitutes a separation process that originated from mineral processing. Nowadays, wider applications have been found and compared to flotation for water and wastewater treatment. Stress in the present review paper was mainly applied to heavy metal ions recovery by flotation and the respective mechanism followed, being either ion, precipitate, or sorptive flotation. In the latter case, the use of adsorbents is included (such as powdered activated carbon, zeolites, and goethite), as well as various biosorbents. The flotation of the following metals was reviewed: copper, zinc, nickel, lead, iron, chromium, arsenic, gold, and others. The bubble generation method could be applied for typical dispersed-air flotation column, electroflotation, or dissolved-air flotation; the latter being the most appropriate established technique in water treatment. The role of particle size (for example, studying flotation of salt-type mineral fines) was also examined.
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Pushpalatha, N., V. Sreeja, R. Karthik, and G. Saravanan. "Total Dissolved Solids and Their Removal Techniques." International Journal of Environmental Sustainability and Protection 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35745/ijesp2022v02.02.0002.
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Total dissolved solids (TDS) due to both geogenic and anthropogenic contaminations, is one of the preliminary as well as essential parameters among others to describe water quality. It includes organic and inorganic components, heavy metals, salts, other dissolved substances, and others due to indiscriminate disposal of untreated domestic and industrial effluents, urban and/or agricultural runoff which exists in the form of micro or nano level in nature. Higher TDS levels in water severely impact health and the environment. For instance, it causes gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, genotoxic, respiratory, skin, and hepatic effects in humans. High TDS level (> 500 ppm) results in excessive scaling in household appliances (e.g., pipes, heaters, and boilers) thereby reducing their efficiency. Therefore, the removal of TDS from various water matrices is taking paramount importance to minimize its impact on health and the environment. Various TDS removal technologies based on the membrane, ion, and temperature gradient are employed to treat water. In this review paper, several TDS removal technologies for instance reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, distillation, ultrafiltration, forward osmosis, precipitation, desalination, ion exchange, electrochemical techniques, electrodialysis, electrolysis, electrocoagulation, and adsorption are discussed in detail.
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Liu, Yang, Xiaofang Liu, and Jun Sun. "Response of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics and Dissolved Organic Matter for Marine Diatom Skeletonema dohrnii under Stress from Penicillin and Zn2+." Plants 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2021): 2684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122684.
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Skeletonema dohrnii is a good model diatom for studying environmental stress and has promising applications and prospects in various fields. Antibiotics and heavy metals are commonly exceeded in the nearshore marine habitats. In this work, we investigated the effects of an antibiotic (penicillin, 2 µg/L) and a heavy metal ion (Zn2+, 10 µmol/L) stress on marine diatom S. dohrnii, mainly using excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) fluorescence methods and OJIP test. Results indicated that algal cells grown with the antibiotic showed higher biomass, specific growth rate, doubling time, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll fluorescence variables. Moreover, excess zinc had negative effects on S. dohrnii. We found that zinc not only inhibited the relative photosynthetic electron transfer efficiency but also reduced the Chl a content, which ultimately affected algal growth and organic matter production. In addition, the combined effect of penicillin and Zn2+ further affected the physiological state of S. dohrnii. The dissolved organic matter (DOM) characteristics of the four cultures were also different, including fluorescence indices (fluorescence index, biological index, β/α, and humification index) and fluorescence peaks (peaks A, C, M and T). In brief, characterization of chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and DOM-related variables are important for understanding the effects of environmental stress on microalgae.
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Luthfi, Oktiyas Muzaky, Sigit Rijatmoko, Andik Isdianto, Daduk Setyohadi, Alfan Jauhari, and Ali Arman Lubis. "Geochronology of Cadmium (Cd), Cuprum (Cu), and Arsenics (As) in Annual Band of Coral Porites lutea at Pantai Kondang Merak, Malang." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 11, no. 2 (August 3, 2019): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v11i2.19991.
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Coral reef is a massive natural building block that mainly composed of hard coral. In ecological view coral reef is the center of biological activity for shelter, foraging and feeding place. Porites lutea is a common coral in reef flat area such as in Pantai Kondang Merak. This coral can form a massive with hillocky colony surface and has a slow linear extension rate, that made this coral has long longevity. The annual growth band of coral skeleton provide information of pollutants in the coastal extending back over several years ago due to ability of coral aragonite traped trace metal from environment. The aim of this research was to determine the concentration of trace metals of Cd, Cu and As along with the coral annual banding. The heavy metals detection was performed using ICP-OES (iCAP 7400 Series). The concentration of Cd, Cu and As in sample 1 (KM1) were 2.236 mg/kg, 9.726 mg/kg, and 2.474 mg/kg, while sample 2 (KM2) were 1.989 mg/kg, 19.157 mg/kg, and 2,064 mg/kg respectively. Two ways mechanism of trace metals to be trapped in the coral skeleton are by direct mechanism when trace metals in a form dissolved ion that were uptaken by coral then stored into coral skeleton and by indirect mechanism when particulate metals ingested by plankton then eaten by coral through coral tissue. The tracing of heavy metal in coral is provided important information of environment condition of the sea from 2009 - 2015 that may be used for authority decision regarding pollutant ambient in the sea environment.
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N Ahmed, Muzammil, Wemdy Zhou, Miriam Strini, and Pavithra Pathirathna. "Electrochemical Detection of Cd(II) in Environmental Samples Using Nano-Ities." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 58 (October 9, 2022): 2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02582196mtgabs.
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Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, and arsenic have caused global health concerns that continue to rise yearly, which lead to several harmful diseases that primarily target organs such as kidneys and liver among other vital organs. Because of these well-known harmful effects, regulatory authorities have prescribed “permissible” levels of these metals in food, drinking water, and other possible sources to limit human exposure. However, increasing industrialization and inefficient recycling systems for industrially produced metal wastes have led to an increase in heavy metal exposure to humans. These toxins also bioaccumulate across the food chain, leaving us vulnerable to their harmful effects. Hence it is of great interest to develop systems that can detect metals efficiently to help set up effective metal mitigation protocols. Most conventional metal detecting tools, although highly accurate, require extensive sample pre-treatment steps which alter the speciation of the metal; a critical parameter for determining its toxicity. As(III) is known to be more toxic than As(V) and as such, they have separate medical remedies targeted toward the particular metal species. However, a conventional technique such as ICPMS is unable to differentiate between them. Furthermore, these conventional techniques require equipment that is bulky, expensive, and not user-friendly and limit real-time monitoring. Consequently, the development of a low-cost, portable, and robust sensor capable of providing accurate information on metal speciation will significantly aid in establishing metal mitigation systems efficiently. Low cost and user-friendliness will ensure that the sensor is within the economic and technological reach of most of the population and the portability of the sensor will enable testing in areas that are hard to access via a stationary lab. Such attributes coupled with accurate information on metal speciation will make an ideal metal sensor that will significantly aid the fight against heavy metal exposure. This study uses ion transfer between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) to develop a Cd(II) sensor. Electrochemistry at ITIES is less complicated than other electrochemical techniques as it is based on the transfer of ions and does not include redox reactions; making it more attractive. Our electrode is a borosilicate glass electrode that is pulled using a carbon dioxide laser puller with an inner radius of ~300 nm. The nano-scale interface of our sensor follows a hemispherical diffusion regime which allows us to have a high mass transfer rate, which is essential for fast kinetic measurements. The nano-interface can also withstand various complex matrices consistently making it ideal for field applications. An ionophore- 1-10 phenanthroline was used to facilitate the Cd(II) transfer across the nano-interface. The sensor was calibrated n various matrices such as potassium chloride and artificial seawater to show its capability to withstand complex matrices without fouling. Stability and selectivity tests were done to showcase the sensor’s performance. It can also successfully detect Cd(II) when it is present in a complex form with strong ligands such as EDTA and NTA, etc. Our sensor’s analytical performance passed the ultimate test when we were able to accurately detect the dissolved Cd(II) ion concentrations in a water sample collected from the Indian River Lagoon in Melbourne, FL. The results from this test were in close agreement with the results reported by another research group that used ICPMS to quantify the amount of Cd(II) dissolved in the same environmental sample. However, ITIES does not require any sample pretreatment steps which is required for ICPMS. Thus, this study shows great promise for the development of an ideal electrochemical metal sensor for environmental samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a nanometer-scale glass electrode with ITIES to detect Cd(II) ions in complex matrices is being reported. Future studies will focus on the detection of metals in urine and blood samples and develop this into a portable point of care device.
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Laiq, Esmat, Shagufta Jabin, and Priti Gupta. "Role of Adsorbents in Treatment of Pollutants from Aqueous Medium." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 868–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370414.
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This paper will provide an outline of the dissolved pollutants and their removal techniques from water and wastewater. Dissolved impurities are omnipresent in all kinds of water like ground water, surface water and other industrial sewage. Many methods are available for the treatment of dissolved pollutants. Rather than the conventional methods such as membrane technology, coagulation- flocculation method, electro dialysis, and ion exchange method for removing dissolved impurities from a different kind of water, the applicability of the adsorption technique is a simple, economical and the most potential one. Adsorbents may be conventional and non-conventional. Activated carbon and silica gel are included in conventional materials. Activated carbon is preferred material for removing pharmaceutical waste, heavy metals, and dyes from an aqueous medium. They can remove larger and smaller particles from water and wastewater due to their porosity. Among non-conventional methods, clay minerals and zeolites are used in both natural and modified forms as potential adsorbents. Bio-sorbents like industrial waste, agro waste, and chitosan have unique properties to be used as adsorbents to remove dissolved impurities from an aqueous medium. It also outlines mechanism of adsorption and complex relation between adsorbents and adsorbates. Considering the applicability of different adsorbents discussed here for the removal of heavy metals, pharmaceutical waste, dyes, and organic waste, it is expected that this technique can be helpful in further treatment in variety of water and wastewater.
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Szarek-Gwiazda, Ewa, Grażyna Mazurkiewicz-Boroń, Robert Gwiazda, and Jan Urban. "Chemical variability of water and sediment over time and along a mountain river subjected to natural and human impact." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 419 (2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2017056.
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We studied the variability of physico-chemical parameters in water, and heavy metal contents in water and sediment over time and along the Carpathian Biała Tarnowska River (southern Poland) and related them to catchment geology, human impact and the effect of barriers as a side aspect. The river water was well oxygenated, had pH 7.7–9.5 and was characterised by low and average flow. Temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen did not change significantly, while the contents of major ions, NO3−, NH4+, Mn and Fe increased gradually along the river. The major ion contents were negatively, and nitrate, Mn, and Fe positively, correlated with the flow. We recognise correlations between nitrate, Fe and Mn to be good indicators of soil erosion processes in the catchment. River sediment was unpolluted by most of the studied metals (slightly polluted by Ni and Cd). The differences in the values of some parameters (pH and NH4+, PO43−, HCO3−, Mn, Cd and Pb concentrations) in the water, and heavy metals in the sediment upstream and downstream of some of the barriers were determined. Spatiotemporal changes in the values of studied parameters and the results of statistical calculation indicate the impact of human activity in the catchment basin (land use, wastewater) on the water chemistry.
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Fijałkowska, Gracja, Małgorzata Wiśniewska, and Katarzyna Szewczuk-Karpisz. "Studies of the Cationic Polyacrylamide Adsorption on the Montmorillonite Surface in the Presence of Lead(II) Ions." Proceedings 16, no. 1 (July 3, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019016028.
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The phenomena of stabilization and flocculation through the addition of polymer is widely used in many branches of industry, e.g., agriculture. Due to the high strength of intermolecular bonding, the polymers are used as an additive to control the process of soil erosion. Flocculants strengthen the soil cohesion, which limits the transport of sediments and thus the process of soil structure degradation. Also, the presence of polymers affects the increase of water infiltration into the soil and dissolved substances, including toxic compounds. Therefore, the presence of soil flocculants may influence the occurrence of heavy metal accumulation. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the presence of cationic polyacrylamide on lead(II) ion adsorption onto the surface of montmorillonite. The effect of cationic group content in the polymeric macromolecules, the addition order of individual adsorbates, and the lead(II) ion concentration were also determined.
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Nigiz, F. U. "Preparation and performance of ultra-thin surface coated pervaporation membranes for seawater purification." Water Supply 19, no. 6 (March 28, 2019): 1778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.053.
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Abstract In this study, ultra-thin poly(ether-block-amide, PEBA)-coated poly(vinyl alcohol, PVA) composite membranes were prepared and assessed for the removal of lead, zinc, lithium, arsenic, and copper from seawater. Effects of the coating numbers and temperature on flux and ion rejection were evaluated. The number of coating processes increased the thicknesses of the membranes. The ion rejection and water flux decreased with the increasing coating process. Dissolved ions were retained with a rejection of >99.5%. The highest rejections of 99.99% and 99.98% were obtained for sodium and magnesium ions. The coated PVA membranes showed a superior heavy-metal removal greater than 88%. The highest rejection improvements were obtained for zinc (Zn), lithium (Li), and copper (Cu) metals. The zinc, copper, and lithium rejections increased from 89.1%, 88.3%, and 85.1% to 95.3%, 98.46% and 94.4% due to the PEBA coating process, respectively. The influence of PVA thickness on the flux and rejection was also investigated. Increasing the thickness of PVA decreased the flux. The highest flux of 2.34 kg/m2.h was obtained with the membrane having a thickness of 90 µm.
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Putri, Fami Amalia, Nur Fala Hamadi, Ajeng Y. D. Lestari, Achmad Chafidz, and Tintin Mutiara. "Potential of Modified Corn Cob (Zea mays L.) and Petai Hull (Parkia hassk) as New Biosorbent for Removal of Lead Waste." Key Engineering Materials 783 (October 2018): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.783.126.
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Lead metal is one type of heavy metal that has high toxicity levels in the aquatic waste environment. The adsorption method is one of the alternatives in reducing heavy metal waste, by utilizing biosorbent. The purpose of this research is to study the process of making new biosorbent and to know the absorption of new biosorbent from corn cob (Zea mays L.) and petai hull (Parkia hassk) to dissolve lead metal waste (Pb). There are two types of biosorbents are ordinary (simplicia) biosorbents and modified biosorbents with nitric acid (HNO3). Synthetic waste is used in the form of Pb (II) metal ions from the Pb (NO3)2 solution using initial concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg / L. Biosorbents tested the concentration of metal ions with AAS and characterized using FTIR to determine functional groups. Maximum adsorption capacity was obtained by biosorbents D (simplicia) and H (HNO3) with Pb (II) adsorbed metal ion capacity of respectively 1.4175 mg/g and 2.230 mg/g at a concentration of 400 mg / l. The isotherm adsorption showed that the adsorption mechanism of Pb(II) ion fit for this study is seen from the values of R2 on C biosorbents is better with other adsorbents and respectively are followed Langmuir, Dubinin Radushkevich, Freundlich, and Langmuir isotherm adsorption.
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Yusnimar, Dani Sasmita, and Ahmad Fadli. "Determination of Pb(II) ion Adsorption Isotherm Model by Regenerated Spent Bleaching Earth (RSBE)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2049, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2049/1/012015.
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Abstract Waste water from several industries such as paint plant, printing, tin smelting, plastic factory, also fuel leaking from ships and ship welding are the main causes of the presence of Pb(II) ions in the water. Lead is a heavy metal that can adversely affects all organisms in the waters and can accumulate in the food chain, it is harmful to human and animal if exposed to it. Adsorption is one of the technologies for separating dissolved metal ions in liquid that easy handling and very effective. The concentration of heavy metal ions in solution can be reduced by using a adsorbent, such as zeolte, activated charcoal, regenerated spent bleaching earth (RSBE). Spent bleaching earth (SBE) is a disposal from edible of the bleaching unit in oil refinery industries, it can be regenerated to a adsorbent RSBE. The treatment SBE into RSBE, oil of SBE is separated by the solvent extraction method at 72°C for 5 hours with n-hexane as a solvent, followed by washing it with HCl 3%, then physically activated at 470°C for 12 hours. The goal of this study are to increase SBE value and reduce the level of Pb(II) ions in solution with RSBE. Several works done in this study, namely characterization of SBE and RSBE, determination of the absorption capacity of RSBE against Pb (II) ions at equilibrium conditions, and an adsorption isotherm model of Pb (II) ion by RSBE. Results, RSBE has a specific surface area of 165.88 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.21 cc/g with an average pore diameter of 6.90 nm. Based on these values, RSBE is categorized as a mesoporous adsorbent. The adsorption of Pb (II) ion by RSBE reaches equilibrium after 150 minutes contact time.The adsorption Pb (II) ion by RSBE is follows the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model with a correlation coefficient (R2) value of 0.9935 and a maximum adsorbing capacity value of 4.29 mg Pb (II)/g RSBE.
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Dinakaran, J., N. S. Abbas, Shvetambri Arora, Sujata Bhardwaj, and Babeeta C. Kaula. "Assessment of Heavy Metals in Ground Water of Different Locations of National Capital Region, Delhi, India." Current World Environment 16, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.16.1.14.
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The quality of ground water in any region of the world entirely depends on different types of chemical constituents and their concentration levels in surrounding environment or dissolved in water. The main aim of this study was to assess some basic hydro-chemical parameters and heavy metals in ground water of National Capital Region (NCR), India. Thus, we have collected ground water samples from different sources viz., Najafargarh (NG), Bindapur (BP), Dwarka (BC and BG), Uttam Nagar (UN) and Sonipat (SP) in the NCR and analyzed electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, Arsenic (As), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), and Lead (Pb). The values of EC, TDS and salinity across the study sites range from 0.32 to 11.41 mS/cm, 233 to 8100 ppm and 154 to 6310 ppm respectively. Whereas, the mean level of heavy ion concentration in ground water was in the sequence of Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb > As > Cu > Cd across the study sites. It has been concluded that, except for Uttam Nagar, ground water from all study sites is contaminated with heavy metals like Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb and As. Therefore, the ground water from study sites that are polluted is unfit for drinking purpose and may pose health risks.
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Vorobeva, D., and Z. Evtyugina. "NICKEL AND COPPER MIGRATION FORMS OF ULTRAFRESH WATERS IN THE KOLA REGION CENTRAL PART." Transbaikal State University Journal 27, no. 5 (2021): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-5-6-16.
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The article presents the waters study results, the composition of which is formed in various hydrogeochemical and ecological conditions. All investigated waters are ultrafresh: TDS of streams and springs does not exceed 30 mg/l, water of Lake Imandra at sampling points is 40 and 73 mg/l. All waters are calcium bicarbonate, but the lake’s waters have an increased content of sulfate ion, chloride ion, and especially sodium. This composition is due to the influence of wastewater from the Kola MMC. It is shown that the 7 km stream is mainly groundwater discharge; however, judging by the concentrations of heavy metals and aluminum, the lateral soil water runoff also takes part in the formation of the stream’s water composition. For all studied waters, the gross concentrations of Ni and Cu hardly change after filtration through a membrane filter with a pore size of 0.45 μm, that is, these metals migrate in a dissolved form (a combination of colloidal and truly dissolved forms). The similarity of the results of determining the migratory forms of Ni and Cu in ultra-fresh waters by experimental and calculation methods is shown. Therefore, according to the assessment of the ratio of suspended, colloidal and truly dissolved forms of copper and nickel based on the results of an experiment using filtration and equilibrium dialysis, in the waters under consideration, the truly dissolved form of migration of Ni and Cu is predominant. The application of physicochemical modeling using the HydroGeo software package made it possible to show that nickel migrates mainly in the form of the Ni2+ ion, and copper in combination with the organic ligands Cu(FА) and Cu(FА2)2-. In addition, it was found that with an increase in the pH value of waters, the proportion of complex compounds increases and the amount of simple ions Ni2+ and Cu2+ decreases
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Yang, Yixuan, Tongqian Zhao, Huazhe Jiao, Yunfei Wang, and Haiyan Li. "Potential Effect of Porosity Evolution of Cemented Paste Backfill on Selective Solidification of Heavy Metal Ions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030814.
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Cemented paste backfill (CPB) is a common environmentally friendly mining approach. However, it remains undetermined whether CPB pollutes underground mine water. Tank leaching analysis of a CPB mass in distilled water was performed for 120 d, and water quality was tested in situ for a long-term pollution assessment. Computerized tomography was also used to determine the CPB micro-pore structure and ion-leaching mechanism. The dissolved Zn2+, Pb2+ and As5+ concentrations in the leachate peaked at 0.56, 0.11 and 0.066 mg/L, respectively, whereas the Co2+ and Cd2+ concentrations were lower than the detection limit. The CPB porosity decreased from 46.07% to 40.88% by soaking, and 80% of the pore diameters were less than 13.81 μm. The permeability decreased from 0.8 to 0.5 cm/s, and the quantity, length, and diameter of the permeate channels decreased with soaking. An in-situ survey showed novel selective solidification. The Zn2+ concentration in the mine water was 10–20 times that of the background water, and the Pb2+ concentration was 2–4 times the regulated value. Although the Pb2+ content decreased significantly with mining depth, there remains a serious environmental risk. Mine water pollution can be reduced by adding a solidifying agent for Pb2+ and Zn2+, during CPB preparation.
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Santander, Mario, Paola Cardozo, and Luis Ivan Valderrama. "Removal of Sulfate Ions by Precipitation and Flotation." Ingeniería e Investigación 41, no. 3 (July 22, 2021): e90349. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v41n3.90349.
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The removal of sulfate ions from natural waters, as well as from industrial effluents of different origins, is a problem, considering that most of the proposed processes are inefficient and have a high cost, mainly when reducing the sulfate ion concentration to values below 500 mg.L−1 is required. The flotation technique, combined with precipitation, has proven to be efficient for the removal of heavy metal ions. However, there is not enough research to confirm its efficiency for the removal of sulfate ions. This article presents the results of sulfate ion removal from synthetic solutions prepared in an acidic medium, applying the co-precipitation techniques with polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and solid/liquid separation by dissolved air flotation (DAF). The effect of the pH, the [PAC: sulfate ions] ratio, the effect of saturated water flow with air, and the flocculant and collector doses were studied. The achieved results confirm that it is possible to reduce the concentration of sulfate ions from 1 800 to 350 mg.L−1 (80% removal) from synthetic solutions by applying the flotation technique combined with precipitation.
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Anungstri, Rissa, Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus, and Agus Prasetya. "Removal of Sulphate and Heavy Metals from Acid Mine Drainage using Permeable Reactive Barrier Technique." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1065, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1065/1/012059.
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Abstract Containing sulphates and heavy metals, acid mine drainage (AMD) should be managed strategically to mitigate and control the migration of the contaminants to the downstream area. Conventional treatment techniques such as using lime to increase pH levels and metal precipitation or using imported material are usually inefficient and unsustainable. The AMD treatment investigated in this study uses the permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technique to enhance bacterial sulphate reduction and metal sulphide precipitation. The AMD treated is seepage water from industrial mining waste rock dump. This study aims to calculate the removal efficiency percentage of reactive materials to reduce contaminants in a batch test. Reactive materials used were organic waste generated locally i.e. domestic sewage sludge (SE), municipal compost (CO), cocopeat (CP), and the inorganic waste material is fly ash (FA) from a coal-firing power plant. A batch test was conducted in 56 days in an anaerobic chamber using nitrogen gas to support an anaerobic environment during subsampling. Mine water used in this test has a low pH level of 3.2, alkalinity (as CaCO3) < 1 mg/L, high sulphate 3280 mg/L, and contains Fe 46 mg/l, Al 54 mg/L, Cu 2.3 mg/L and Zn 3.4 mg/L. The test result at day 56 from using individual reactive material shows increased pH levels to 6.9; 5.6; 3.7; and 11.6 for sewage (SE), compost (CO), cocopeat (CP), and fly ash (FA), respectively. Alkalinity was increased to 1450 mg/L (SE), 323 mg/L (FA), 15 mg/L (CO), 1 mg/L for CP. The highest sulphate removal was measured in 85% from addition of FA. Sulphate removed from organic material reactor were 52% by (SE), 17% by (CO), 20% by (CP). %RE of dissolved metals (Al, Cd, Co, Mn, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn), from SE reactor was 80%, CO reactor 80%, CP reactor 52%, FA reactor 94%. Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) was measured to determine reducing conditions. ORP were measured at -551 mv, 255 mv, 156 mv, and -113 mv for SE, CO, CP and FA respectively. SE has the potential to remove metals and favour reducing conditions for sulphide precipitation at medium pH levels. Meanwhile, metal precipitation from addition of FA is mainly due to hydroxide precipitation at high pH levels. FA was able to decrease the most sulphate due to ion adsorption.
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Kulshrestha, Dr Himani, Dr Akhand Pratap Singh, Om Narayan, and Uday Raj. "Removal of Lead from Metal Conaminated Industrial Waste Water By Adsorption onto Banana Peel." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Configuration 2, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 01–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52984/ijomrc2101.
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Banana peel, a fruit waste was used to produce biosorbant through environment friendly process. Banana peels were washed, dried and ground, before being used for treatment of industrial waste water and used for lead removal. The experiments were carried out by different concentration of dosage for incubation time 24 hours in the batch mode for the measurement of adsorption capabilities. The powdered as an adsorbent, in orbital shaker at 150 to 180 rpm at 25˚C. 8ml waste water sample was used in triplet, each was kept with 10mg, 20mg, and 30mg concentration of banana peel and obtained equilibrium adsorption capacity was 0.649, 0.184, 0.021mg/L respectively. The separation of bio adsorbent and solution was carried out by filtration with Whatman Filter Paper No.42 and the filtrate stored in sample cans for determine the metal lead ion concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Heavy metal ions were estimated before and after addition of powdered adsorbents. The powder of that bio sorbent was used for treatment of waste water with different proportion of adsorbents, variation of pH and contact time. Lead adsorption onto banana peel was depended upon the controlling parameter such as pH, conductivity, Total Dissolved solids, Salinity, Sodium, Potassium by Flame Photometer and Lead ion concentration by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Slightly basic water (pH = 8.3) was found to be suitable for lead removal. Equilibrium data were well fitted (R2 = 0.998) with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The monolayer adsorption capacity was 0.025 mg/L on 30 mg banana peel. The calculated RL and ‘n’ values has proved the favorability of lead adsorption onto banana peel. Lead adsorption was followed the second order kinetic properly rather than other models. Solvent 0.1N Sulphuric acid showed higher desorption of lead (60%) and adsorption-desorption process can be continued till seven cycles efficiently. Keywords: Banana peel, Bio sorbents, heavy metal, lead, atomic absorption spectrophotometer
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Liu, Yu Yu, Takeshi Kobayashi, Takashi Kameya, Yukari Takahashi, and Yuko Ohashi. "Simulation of Adsorption Equilibrium of Heavy Metal Cations on Soils in Circumneutral Aqueous Solution: Influences of Solution PH and Dissolved Humus Substances." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 2822–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.2822.
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Adsorption isotherms are often required for understanding mobility, fate and bioavailability of contaminants in soils. Those about Pb (II) and Cd (II) on Andosols and Kanto loam were investigated in this work. Results show that adsorption increased with cation equilibrium concentration (10-4 - 1 meq L-1) and solution pH (5 - 7), and also that most adsorption isotherms can be simulated precisely with the ion-exchange-based Urano model. The applicability of model in predicting adsorption equilibriums of cations on soils in circumneutral aqueous solution (pH 5 - 7) were experimentally confirmed. There is an exception as to the Pb (II) adsorption on Andosols with the solid-to-liquid phase ratio higher than 1:100, there adsorption isotherms at pH 5 and pH 7 crossed, and the measurement precision decreased. The Urano model equation becomes inapplicable. Further experiment where humus substances (HS) were added indicated that the abnormal phenomenon can be attributed to dissolved HS and their complexation with Pb (II). The dissolution of HS with solution pH has enhanced Pb (II) concentration in solution but hardly reduced the total amount of adsorption on soil.
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Verla, Evelyn Ngozi, Andrew Wirnkor Verla, and Christian Ebere Enyoh. "Finding a relationship between physicochemical characteristics and ionic composition of River Nworie, Imo State, Nigeria." PeerJ Analytical Chemistry 2 (February 4, 2020): e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-achem.5.
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Water has been described as a universal solvent, and this is perhaps the strength behind its many uses. Despite this unique property, anthropogenic activities along its course and natural factors often determine the composition of water. In the current research, the portion of River Nworie having past Owerri town was sampled in the dry season 2017 to determine its ionic composition at predestinated points and to relate such properties to its physicochemical characteristics. Studies relating physicochemical properties and dissolved toxic ions in water could develop a body of knowledge that could enable detection and quantification of potential risk of ions such as heavy metals from natural water to aquatic ecosystem, animal and human health without actually involving aquatic organism, animal and human. Clean sterile plastic bottles were used for collecting surface water. A total of 30 sub-samples from five points at 300 m apart were sampled in the morning. Physicochemical properties were determined using standard methods and ionic composition of water was determined according methods of APHA. Results revealed that Ca2+ had a mean 23.60 ± 0.67 mg/l and was the highest while K+ with a mean 0.72 ± 0.30 was the least amongst major cations. Amongst the major anions Cl− had mean of 31.58 ± 4.47 mg/l while mean of PO43− was 1.42 ± 0.13 mg/l. The ionic balance calculate as % balance error showed high values for all sampling sites ranging from 30 to 39.42% indicating that there is massive input from anthropogenic activities. The computed relationships for selected heavy metals, cations and anions revealed that R2 values were ranging between ± 0.012 to 1 indicating some form of relationship existing. The water pH weakly correlated with dissolved cations and anions while moderate with pH only, due to the pH level (5.2–6.2). The cations and anions were more influenced by the water temperature than the heavy metals. Therefore, high temperature ranges of 31–32.4 °C will favour more dissolution of cations and anions in natural water. Cations showed stronger relationship with EC while only heavy metals showed no relationship with DO (Dissolved oxygen). Dissolved oxygen relationship with cations and anions was in the order; K+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Na+ while anions was SO42− > NO3− > Cl− > PO43−, respectively. Information here could be used to predict the effects of using this water for various purposes including water for agricultural purposes, in the management of ion polluted waters, and also to inform on the mitigation process to be taken.
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Liu, Jiaju, and Huaicheng Guo. "Hydrochemical Characteristics and Ion Source Analysis of the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin." Water 15, no. 3 (January 29, 2023): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030537.
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In order to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics and their controlling factors, 212 water samples from the Yarlung Tsangpo River and its tributaries were collected over three precipitation periods in 2018 and analyzed using mathematical statistics, the Gibbs and ion ratio methods, and principal component analysis. The results showed the following: (1) The cations in the water were mainly Ca2+, Na+ and Mg2+, and the anions HCO3− and SO42− were predominant, accounting for more than 97% of the total anion concentrations. The concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) was 204.51 mg/L. The water chemistry type was SO4·(HCO3)−Ca·(Mg) water. (2) The concentrations of major ions in the Yarlung Tsangpo River fluctuate, but in general, the vast majority of the major ions in the water follow the trend of both first increasing and then decreasing in the three precipitation periods. The hydrochemical features of the Yarlung Tsangpo Basin have seasonal differences. (3) The Gibbs model and the PCA analyses showed that the Yarlung Tsangpo River water chemical components are mainly affected by rock weathering. In addition, the influence of the mining industry also plays an important role. The heavy metal concentrations in the three precipitation periods of the Yarlung Tsangpo River could reach the standard of first-class surface water quality.
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Pramanik, Arun Kumar, Sandip Kumar Das, and Abhik Chatterjee. "A Study on Groundwater Quality Based on Major Ion Chemistry of Jharkhand State in India: A Review." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 962–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370425.
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Groundwater is prime and major source of drinking water in our world. Groundwater in Jharkhand is also used for drinking, domestic, irrigation, mining and industrial etc. purposes. In Jharkhand some population are suffering from scarcity of pure drinking water and some population have partial facility with drinking water as groundwater of many area of Jharkhand are contaminated with fluoride, arsenic, heavy metals and iron etc. dangerous chemicals. This review paper focuses on current status of groundwater and contamination of different water quality parameters based on major ion chemistry in Jharkhand. The discussed water quality parameters in this study are water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium, chloride, fluoride, arsenic, carbonate, bicarbonate, phosphate, nitrate and sulphate.
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Fedoročková, Alena, Gabriel Sučik, and Pavel Raschman. "Activated Zeolite and Magnesite as Potential Reactive Materials for Passive Acidic Groundwater Treatment Technology." Solid State Phenomena 244 (October 2015): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.244.221.
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Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are passive, in-situ remediation systems that comprise the filtration of a contaminated groundwater through a reactive media able to degrade, adsorb or precipitate the pollutants. Selection of the reactive media depends on the nature of the contamination. While the majority of PRBs are used to treat groundwater contaminated with chlorinated volatile organic compounds or acid mine drainage, the present study is focused on heavy metals, namely Fe, Al, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn and As. To remove such inorganic pollutants, four methodologies are usually implemented: a) redox reaction, b) adsorption and ion exchange, c) biological treatment (e.g. metal sulphides precipitation) and d) pH control and precipitation. The present paper deals with the last methodology in which an adjustment of pH by alkalinity-generating materials leads to the precipitation of metal hydroxides and the decrease in the concentration of dissolved species. As the solubility of metals depends on their valence, redox-potential, concentrations and kinetics of reaction, the target pH varies with respect to the considered metal. A pH of about 10 allows the precipitation of hydroxides of divalent ions (zinc, manganese, copper, lead, nickel, cobalt and cadmium), while a pH of around 6-7 is adapted to trivalent ions (iron, aluminium and chromium). However, the accumulation of precipitates in the pore spaces can cause clogging of the pores, hence decrease the porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the reactive media and alter its efficiency. To validate this assumption, the neutralizing ability of alkaline materials such as activated zeolite and magnesite were examined in a test column by monitoring the resultant pH with attention to impact of precipitates on the hydraulic properties of reactive materials. Based on the test results, both materialls are considered suitable to remove the groundwater contaminants with high efficiency (up to 99%) and suitable grain size to encourage flow through the PRB.
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Klitzke, Sondra, Friederike Lang, Jason Kirby, Enzo Lombi, and Rebecca Hamon. "Lead, antimony and arsenic in dissolved and colloidal fractions from an amended shooting-range soil as characterised by multi-stage tangential ultrafiltration and centrifugation." Environmental Chemistry 9, no. 5 (2012): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en12010.
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Environmental context The size of soil colloids is – among other characteristics – crucial for the mobility of associated contaminants. We analysed the effect of liming on the size of colloids mobilised from strongly contaminated shooting-range soils using multi-stage tangential ultrafiltration (MTUF) for the size fractionation of dispersed soil colloids. Our results indicate the high analytical potential of MTUF and show that liming induces the aggregation of colloids, thereby decreasing the mobilisation of colloid-bound Sb and As, but increasing colloidal Pb. Abstract The size and composition of colloids are important factors controlling their relevance as carriers of metal(loid)s in soils. Liming, which is often used to reduce the effect of heavy metal contamination in soil, can alter concentrations and characteristics of colloids in soil suspension. In batch studies, we compared the influence of changing pH and cation valency on the size distribution and composition of dispersed colloids and on the concentrations of Pb, As and Sb associated with colloids and in solution following the addition of Ca(OH)2 and KOH to soil samples from a contaminated-shooting range site. Multi-stage tangential ultrafiltration (MTUF) and centrifugation were used for the size fractionation of colloids in aqueous suspension. An increase in soil pH resulted in an increase in colloid-associated Pb, with much higher concentrations in the KOH than in the Ca(OH)2 treated samples. In contrast colloid-associated Sb and As increased only in the KOH treated samples. Addition of the monovalent K-ion induced the dispersion of small (~9–220 nm) organo(-mineral) colloids, whereas the divalent Ca-ion suppressed their dispersion and led to the formation of larger colloids (220–1200 nm). Whereas centrifugation underestimated contaminants (i.e. Pb) associated with organic colloids (density <2.6 g cm–3) MTUF gave a distorted distribution of inorganic colloids (i.e. needle-shaped sesquioxides).
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Ullah, Hidayat, Iffat Naz, Aiyeshah Alhodaib, Muhammad Abdullah, and Muhammad Muddassar. "Coastal Groundwater Quality Evaluation and Hydrogeochemical Characterization Using Chemometric Techniques." Water 14, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 3583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213583.
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The physicochemical parameters and heavy metals concentration in the groundwater of the coastal region of Lasbela, Baluchistan were investigated. Cations and anions were determined through ion chromatography. The concentration levels of eight heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn) in the groundwater were analyzed through the analytical procedures of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The cations were present in the descending order of magnesium > sodium > calcium > potassium and anions as bicarbonate > sulfate > chloride. Two parameters (bicarbonate and total dissolved solids) were above and other physicochemical indices of groundwater were below the threshold limits of the WHO. Positive correlations of pH and electrical conductivity were observed with cations and anions. The significant positive correlation between sodium and bicarbonate (0.427) indicated the dissolution of carbonate rocks. The concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Mn, Cr, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Ni) ranged from 0.1 to 0.4, 0.02 to 0.09, 0.04 to 0.9, 0.03 to 0.5, 0.01 to 0.91, 0.05 to 1.30, 0.01 to 0.60, and 0.02 to 0.90 mg/L. The highest concentration of Pb (0.21 mg/L) and Cd (0.16 mg/L) were approximately 20 and 50 times higher than the permissible limits of the WHO. Hierarchical cluster analysis classified the twelve physicochemical parameters into four clusters and the eight heavy metals into seven clusters. Principal component analysis extracted eight latent components for physicochemical properties and heavy metals with eigenvalues greater than 1.0 that had positive loads of fluoride, iron, electrical conductivity, sodium, cadmium, and sulfate. Major pollutants in the groundwater were accounted for by PC 1, and the main factors that affected the water quality were Pb, Cr, and Cu. Fe had a modest impact on the water quality in this region. From the findings, it can be concluded that the coastal groundwater of the region has a higher concentration of heavy metals, which makes it unfit for drinking purposes.
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Tadić, Milena, Miljan Bigović, Dijana Djurović, Martina Jakić, and Irena Nikolić. "Simultaneous Removal of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ from Aqueous Solutions by Alkali Activated Slag." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 65, no. 3 (May 20, 2021): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.17619.
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Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) slag containing larnite, gehlenite, wuestite, montcellite and calcite as the main crystal phases was alkali activated using the alkali activator prepared by the mixing of two solutions, sodium silicate and NaOH. Alkali Activated (AA) slag based on EAF slag is used as an adsorbent for Cu2+,Cd2+ and Zn2+ from aquatic solutions performing the batch adsorption test at the range temperature between 20 and 45 °C. AA slag sample is characterized by XRPD, FTIR and SEM/EDS analysis and the results indicate crystalline-amorphous structure of AA slag that contains Calcium Aluminate Silicate Hydrate (C-A-S-H) phase. Concentration of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ in aqueous solution was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results obtained indicate that, in a multicomponent system of three dissolved ions, AA slag shows highest affinity towards the Cu2+. The order of the metal ion adsorption onto AA slag was: Cu2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+. The highest adsorption of Cu2+ is attributed to the highest electronegativity and lowest hydrated ionic radii of cation in comparison to Cd2+ and Zn2+. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics models, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied in order to investigate the adsorption process. The results have shown that data better fitted the pseudo-second kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models The investigation of mechanism of adsorption indicate that both film diffusion and intra-particle diffusion have occurred during the adsorption process. The thermodynamics parameters of adsorption process indicate the spontaneous and endothermic character of heavy metals adsorption on the AA slag.
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Shahim, Sukesan, Sarangadharan, and Wang. "Multiplexed Ultra-Sensitive Detection of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) Ion by FET Sensor Array in a Liquid Medium." Sensors 19, no. 9 (April 26, 2019): 1969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19091969.
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Chromium, one of the top five toxic heavy metals ranked according to significance in public health by WHO, exists as Cr(III) which is naturally occurring or Cr(VI) which is anthropogenic in origin. The EPA specifies the maximum contaminant level in drinking water to be 10−6 M or 0.1 mg/L or 100 ppb for the total dissolved Cr. To ensure the water consumed by the population has these pollutants below the safe threshold, this report demonstrates a field effect transistor (FET) based sensor design incorporating a highly target specific ion-selective membrane combined with extended gate technology which manifests sensitivity exceeding the Nernst limit aided by the high field effect in the short gap region of extended gate technology. Characterization and repeated testing of the portable device revealed a commendable calibration sensitivity of 99 mV/log [Cr3+] and 71 mV/log [Cr6+] for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) respectively, well surpassing the Nernst limits of sensitivity and offering a detection limit lower than ion-selective electrodes (10−6 M), and comparable to the expensive benchtop laboratory instrument, ICP-MS. This report presents a robust, easy to fabricate, economic and efficient handheld biosensor to detect the chromium in a liquid sample whether it exists as Cr(III) or Cr(VI).
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Kassim Shaari, Norin Zamiah, and Ahmed Qutb Akmal Sajali. "Manganese in the source of groundwater in Malaysia and the method for the removal process: A review on the adsorption and membrane separation processes." Malaysian Journal of Chemical Engineering and Technology (MJCET) 4, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/mjcet.v4i1.12811.
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In Malaysia, the quality of groundwater as one of the main sources drinking water is deteriorated due to the presence of a high level of manganese, which exceeds the allowable values for drinking water consumption. Manganese at concentration higher than 0.1 mg/L causes staining, high turbidity and bad taste problem in drinking water, and eventually can cause a depletion of brain dopamine and a syndrome of motor dysfunction and memory loss resembling Parkinson disease. Several methods have been used to eliminate manganese from the groundwater, which include precipitation, coagulation, ion exchange, oxidation and filtration, aeration, activated carbon adsorption, ionic liquid extraction and biosorption. Among those methods, adsorption is the most efficient and cheaper method to remove heavy metal as the operation is easily be controlled and the reversible adsorbents can be regenerated through a suitable process. Membrane filtration on the other hand particularly reverse osmosis and nanofiltration have been found to be a very effective and economical way to isolate components that are suspended or dissolved in a liquid. In addition to that, the combination of adsorption and membrane filtration process such as polymer enhanced ultrafiltration and adsorptive membrane respectively are currently attracted attentions. This paper provides a review on the adsorption process and membrane filtration process for manganese removal, with subsequently outlining the potential adsorbents to be incorporated in the fabrication of adsorptive membrane.
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Ojo-Awo, Nicholas Adesina, Hafeez Idowu Agbabiaka, and Abiola O. Ilesanmi. "Refuse dumpsite and its associated pollutants." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 29, no. 3 (April 9, 2018): 572–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-08-2017-0077.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the physico-chemical properties of the groundwater surrounding the Solous (solid waste dumpsite) at Isheri, Lagos, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach In total, 40 groundwater samples were collected from ten pre-determined sampling stations. Three sample stations were established before the dumpsite; three sample stations were located in the vicinity of the dumpsite in the direction of the leachate plume, while the remaining four sample stations were situated further away and acted as a control. Sampling was carried out four times during the study period (twice each in the rainy and dry seasons). The parameters measured in situ were air and water temperatures (using mercury-in-glass bulb thermometer) and pH (using pH meter). Calcium and magnesium contents were measured using the Ca-Mg indicator; sodium content was measured using the flame emission spectrophotometry and phosphate was measured using the flame photometry. The selected heavy metals (copper, iron, lead, cadmium, zinc and manganese) were measured by using the atomic absorption spectrometer. The oxygen parameters, such as dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and organic matter, were determined titrimetrically. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings The results showed that many parameters had higher values in the dry season than in the rainy season. Temperature (27.75±0.95°C), alkalinity (211.37±82.78 mg/LCaCO3), phosphate (0.30±0.07 mg/L) and sulfate (2.78±0.35 mg/L), sodium ion (41.95±18.86 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (2.98±0.57 mg/L) and COD (33.54±4.50 mg/L) had higher mean values in the dry season than in the rainy season. On the other hand, the mean values of electrical conductivity (1,224.85±370.63), nitrate (0.01±0.003 mg/L), chloride (98.76±21.58 mg/L), calcium ion (5.38±0.68 mg/L), magnesium ion (3.05±0.05 mg/L), BOD (22.37±2.20 mg/L) and pH (6.31±0.18) were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. The heavy metals (iron 1.10±0.05 mg/L, lead 0.12±0.07 mg/L, manganese 0.01±0.004 mg/L, copper 0.15±0.003 mg/L, zinc 0.07±0.004 mg/L and cadmium 0.02±0.02 mg/L) were fairly uniform all year round. There was also a marked decline in the values as one moved away from the dumpsite. Practical implications The implication of the findings is that human health is remarkably dependent upon safe and clean drinking water. Preserving the water resources and hindering them from pollution is preferred to the treatment of polluted water and rendering it suitable for consumption. The high electrical conductivity values obtained in the groundwater samples near the dumpsites are an indication of the effect of leachate on the groundwater quality. The high concentrations of dissolved solids in the groundwater may decrease the palatability and may cause gastro-intestinal irritation in humans, and laxative effect particularly on transits. Originality/value The pollutants from the various waste components disposed at the dumpsite percolate into the ground to pollute the groundwater. The groundwater is transported in the line of flow away from the vicinity of the dumpsite to pollute the groundwater in the area. The extent of contamination level of groundwater quality due to leachate percolation depends upon a number of factors like chemical composition of leachate, rainfall, depth and distance of the well from the dumpsite. Groundwater samples of different depths and distances from dumpsites were analyzed in the present study to understand the level of a combination.
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Dixon, D. A., P. A. Mayewski, E. Korotkikh, S. B. Sneed, M. J. Handley, D. S. Introne, and T. A. Scambos. "Variations in snow and firn chemistry along US ITASE traverses and the effect of surface glazing." Cryosphere 7, no. 2 (March 26, 2013): 515–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-515-2013.
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Abstract. This study provides a baseline from which changes in the chemistry of the atmosphere over Antarctica can be monitored under expected warming scenarios and continued intensification of industrial activities in the Southern Hemisphere. It is the first study to measure more than 25 chemical constituents in the surface snow and firn across extensive regions of Antarctica. We present major ion, trace element, heavy metal, rare earth element and oxygen isotope data from a series of surface snow samples and shallow firn sections collected along four US ITASE traverses across East and West Antarctica. In each sample we measure dissolved concentrations of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, NO3+, SO42−, and MS− using ion chromatography and total concentrations of Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Pb, Bi, U, As, Al, S, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Na, Mg, Li, and K using inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS). We also measure δ18O by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Satellite remote sensing measurements of microwave backscatter and grain size are used to assist in the identification of glaze/dune areas across Antarctica and determine if these areas can possibly contain useful chemical climate records. The majority of the non-glaze/dune samples in this study exhibit similar, or lower, concentrations to those from previous studies. Consequently, the results presented here comprise a conservative baseline for Antarctic surface snow chemical concentrations. The elements Cd, Pb, As and Bi are enriched across Antarctica relative to both ocean and upper crust elemental ratios. Local and global volcanic outgassing may account for the majority of the Bi measured in East and West Antarctica and for a significant fraction of the Cd and As. However, significant concentrations of Cd, Pb, and As remain across much of Antarctica.
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Liu, Zhizheng, Henghua Zhu, Xiaowei Cui, Wei Wang, Xiaoyu Luan, Lu Chen, Zhaojie Cui, and Long Zhang. "Groundwater Quality Evaluation of the Dawu Water Source Area Based on Water Quality Index (WQI): Comparison between Delphi Method and Multivariate Statistical Analysis Method." Water 13, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081127.
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Water quality in the Dawu water source area is primarily studied through the traditional water quality assessment method that measures the chemical parameters of water against the existing standards, which is simple but cannot accurately describe the water quality. Although the water quality index (WQI) proposed by Horton is widely used for comprehensive water quality evaluation, parameter selection and weight determination are primarily based on the Delphi method, which is subjective and random. Moreover, in groundwater evaluation, the focus is primarily laid on general chemical parameters, such as Total Dissolved Solids, hydrogen ion concentration, Electrical Conductivity, and heavy metals, such as Hydrargyrum, Arsenic, and Chromium, with limited consideration for organic pollutants. In this study, WQI technology in combination with the entropy weight method was used to evaluate the groundwater environmental quality of the Dawu water source area, and the scientific results were analyzed by comparing the full index, Delphi, and multivariate statistical analysis methods. The results showed that the groundwater in the Dawu water source area generally had good quality and was potable and that the application of multivariate statistical analysis method was more suitable than the Delphi method in the index selection process.
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Akin-Osanaiye Bukola Catherine and Izuakor Evangeline Chioma. "Physico-chemical analysis of the quality of sachet water and their source point sold in Bwari Area Council Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria." International Journal of Scholarly Research in Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 014–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56781/ijsrst.2022.1.1.0024.
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Monitoring of the physicochemical water quality parameters plays a vital role in assessing the water environment, and restoring water quality. This study was conducted to assess the physicochemical parameters of four brand of sachet water, and their source points using standard methods of American Public Health Association (APHA). The values for physical parameters which include temperature, colour, turbidity, total dissolved solid, and conductivity were all within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit for both the source of water and sachet water. Chemical parameters include pH, chloride ion, electrical conductivity and alkalinity were also all within the WHO limit except total hardness which had a value of 222 mg/L for source of water (brand A) which was above the 200 mg/L limit of the WHO. The analysis of the heavy metals showed that iron and cadmium were not detected in all the samples analyzed, chromium was only found in brand A, with 0.10mg/mL for the source of water and 0.12 mg/L for the sachet water and this was above the WHO maximum contamination level of 0.05 mg/ml. Copper was found in all the samples ranging from 0.19 - 0.27 mg/ml for the source of water while a range of 0.15 - 0.24 mg/ml was recorded for the sachet water. There was no significant difference (p≥0.05) in the values of heavy metals obtained. The values recorded for the source of water in this study was higher than the values for sachet water for most of the physicochemical parameters analyzed which could indicate that there is an effect of the treatment process on the sachet water.