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Journal articles on the topic 'Dissolved gas flotation'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Yalcin, Turgut, and Amy Byers. "DISSOLVED GAS FLOTATION IN MINERAL PROCESSING." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 27, no. 2 (April 2006): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827500500339331.

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2

Еськин and A. Es'kin. "Dissolved Air Flotation with Spraying of Liquid." Safety in Technosphere 6, no. 2 (August 21, 2017): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_598d7a13c2fa37.78420590.

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This paper presents a new method of dissolved air flotation with spraying of liquid. Liquid that needs cleaning is sprayed inside an overhead reservoir through a hydraulic nozzle allowing to enlarge the contact area between phases in comparison with traditional method of saturation by barbotage. Suggested method makes it possible to increase the gas content of the liquid processed for cleaning into a flotation section. This paper also contains the results of experimental investigation of the effectiveness of liquid saturation inside the overhead reservoir using spray-centrifugal and spray-percussive nozzles. Volumetric method was used to measure the amount of air escaping during dissolved air flotation and the results of the measurement were used to calculate the speed of barbotage. It was identified that when the method of spraying of liquid is applied, the amount of soluble air increases on average by 33% in comparison with overhead reservoir of bubbling type. The speed of barbotage increases with growth of saturation pressure and significantly depends on the area of the flotation section. If the saturation pressure exceeds 2 bars, the speed of barbotage in the center of the flotation cell becomes significantly higher than in the wall area.
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3

Wang, Yonglei, Wei Liu, Liping Tian, Ruibao Jia, Zhenqi Du, and Anran Zhou. "Research on the CFD numerical simulation and process optimization of countercurrent–cocurrent dissolved air flotation." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 68, no. 5 (May 31, 2019): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2019.147.

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Abstract The countercurrent–cocurrent dissolved air flotation (CCDAF) process is a new type of air flotation process integrating countercurrent collision and cocurrent flow adhesion processes. The structural form of the CCDAF tank and its process parameters are the required conditions to achieve countercurrent collision and cocurrent adhesion. In this study, eight CCDAF tank process models were established with a flow rate of 0.5 m3/h. Flow field numerical simulation and process optimization of a CCDAF tank was conducted using Fluent software. The simulation results show that the optimal conditions for the CCDAF process are as follows: contact zone ascending velocity 10 mm/s, separation zone separation velocity 1.5 mm/s, dissolved gas pressure 0.45 MPa, and recirculating dissolved-gas distribution ratio R1/R2 1:1. Under these operating conditions, the flow state in the flotation tank is the most stable and the gas in the contact zone is evenly distributed. According to the simulation results, a 5 m3/h pilot plant was built. The structural dimensions were: B × L × H = 1,020 mm × 1,300 mm × 1,350 mm. The test results show that the CCDAF has a significant decontamination effect and is clearly superior to the cocurrent flow DAF process and countercurrent flow DAF process.
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4

El-Zahar, Medhat M. H. "Dewatering waste-activated sludge using dissolved gas-flotation followed by filtration." Journal of Water and Climate Change 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2010.014.

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After the successes of flotation of waste-activated sludge (WAS), using the new technique utilizing CO2 gas as well as using model gas (80% N2+20% CO2) in previous research because of the high water solubility of CO2 gas, the aim of this study is to develop a simple method for dewatering WAS for easier reuse and safe disposal. The paper introduces a laboratory model for dewatering WAS in two stages: flotation followed by filtration. The first stage enables recycling a mixture of greenhouse gases containing 20% of CO2 and 80% of N2 gases by volume. The second stage uses a simple compression cell for dewatering WAS. Experiments were carried out to reduce the moisture content and volume of WAS. This was executed using compression force introduced by a low value of air pressure. Using the experimental dewatering model, promising results were obtained. Furthermore, other data were obtained, such as the effect of temperature on the efficiency of dewaterability. It is hoped that the results of this study will lead to further study of collecting industrial CO2 gas emissions from burning fossil fuels for use in wastewater treatment to decrease the resulting harmful effects of global warming.
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5

Jokela, P., and P. Keskitalo. "Plywood Mill Water System Closure by Dissolved Air Flotation Treatment." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1999): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0692.

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In plywood industry water is mainly needed for soaking the logs. Dissolved air flotation with chemical precipitation was found to be a suitable treatment method for the soaking basin overflow of a plywood mill using birch as raw material. According to pilot treatment studies over 90% reductions of the suspended solids are possible with a hydraulic surface load of 6.5 m3/(m2h). In subsequent experience in full scale following reductions have been achieved: suspended solids 93%, BOD7 50%, CODCr 57%, P 92% and N 52%. Two-thirds of the flotation treated water is led to flue gas scrubbers and circulated back to the soaking basin. Optionally water can be led to the heat recovery, too. One-third of the flotation treated water is disposed of as the mill effluent. Concentrations of organic matter in the system have been reduced after the addition of flotation indicating the possibility of further closure. However, due to the use of aluminium sulphate in coagulation, aeration is needed for sulphate reduction prevention. Further closure of the water system is possible in the future if the heat recovery is renovated, preventing the increase of the water temperature (now 37°C) which otherwise might cause occupational safety hazards.
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6

Bürger, Raimund, Stefan Diehl, María Carmen Martí, and Yolanda Vásquez. "Simulation and control of dissolved air flotation and column froth flotation with simultaneous sedimentation." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 1723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.258.

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Abstract Flotation is a separation process where particles or droplets are removed from a suspension with the aid of floating gas bubbles. Applications include dissolved air flotation (DAF) in industrial wastewater treatment and column froth flotation (CFF) in wastewater treatment and mineral processing. One-dimensional models of flotation have been limited to steady-state situations for half a century by means of the drift-flux theory. A newly developed dynamic one-dimensional model formulated in terms of partial differential equations can be used to predict the process of simultaneous flotation of bubbles and sedimentation of particles that are not attached to bubbles. The governing model is a pair of first-order conservation laws for the aggregate and solids volume fractions as functions of height and time. An analysis of nonlinear ingredients of the governing equations helps to identify desired steady-state operating conditions. These can be chosen by means of operating charts, which are diagrams that visualize regions of admissible values of the volumetric flows of the feed input and underflow outlet. This is detailed for the DAF thickening process. Dynamic simulations are obtained with a recently developed numerical method. Responses to control actions are demonstrated with scenarios in CFF and DAF.
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7

Wang, Yong Lei, Ning Wang, Ruibao Jia, Kefeng Zhang, Baozhen Liu, Wuchang Song, and Junqi Jia. "Research on CFD numerical simulation and flow field characteristics of countercurrent–cocurrent dissolved air flotation." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 5 (January 2, 2018): 1280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.006.

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Abstract Countercurrent–cocurrent dissolved air flotation (CCDAF), the popular water purification device, which consists of collision and adhesion contact zones, showed favorable flotation conditions for micro-bubble adhesion and stability. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation was employed to confirm that the unique CCDAF configuration create reasonable and that the flow field characteristics were good no matter for single phase or gas–liquid two-phase conditions. In addition, the turbulence of the flow field was enhanced with the increasing influent load; the swirling was remarkably reduced with the increase of gas holdup. Meanwhile, a thick micro-bubble filter layer was formed in the separation zone, which favored bubble-flocs agglomerating and rising. The force analysis also showed that the cross section within the tank contribute to the uniformity of the bottom water collection as well as enlargement of the bottom outflow area, therefore improving the overall flotation performance. The simulation results revealed for the CCDAF process can provide technical guidance for engineering design and application.
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8

Al-Muzaini, S., H. Khordagui, and M. F. Hamouda. "REMOVAL OF VOCs FROM REFINERY AND PETROCHEMICAL WASTEWATERS USING DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0069.

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A field sampling and analysis program was carried out at a refmery and petrochemical industrial complex in the Shuaiba Industrial Area to characterize the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from wastewater and examine their removal by dissolved air flotation (DAF) and granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment Compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were identified. The total VOC emission of these compounds ranged from 0.1 to 3.2 mglm3. The VOCs concentrations in wastewater ranged from 34 to 4445 g/l. An actual refinery wastewater was fed at a rate of 10 l/min into a pilot scale 592-liter dissolved air flotation(OAF) unit connected to a granular activated carbon column. Results indicated that liquid detention time and air/water ratio were the main factors affecting VOCs stripping from the OAF basin. Up to 20% of influent VOCs concentrations were lost by volatilization at an air-to-water ratio of 0.5. Adsorption by dry granular activated carbon (GAC) was capable of reducing the VOCs concentration in off-gas from the OAF unit by more than 99%. It is recommended to couple covered OAF units with dry GAC columns to minimize occupational exposure to VOC emission.
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9

Kwak, Dong-Heui, and Soo-Wan Chae. "Solid thickening and methane production of livestock wastewater using dissolved carbon dioxide flotation." Water Quality Research Journal 51, no. 1 (November 4, 2015): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2015.033.

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Dilute manure is classified as wastewater due to the large quantity of water used in livestock production in Korea. Livestock wastewater treatment is required in order to reduce high moisture content and treat fluids discharged from the digestion process. In livestock wastewater treatment plants, large quantities of CO2 gas are produced at combined heat and power facilities as well as in the anaerobic digestion (AD) process. This gas produced during livestock wastewater treatment can be used as a separator of solids from liquid in wastewater. In this study, a flotation system using recycled CO2 gas was used for sludge thickening. An anaerobic toxicity assay (ATA) and a biochemical methane potential assay were used to assess the toxicity impact of recycling CO2 on the methane production potential. ATA experiments confirmed that CO2 toxicity did not impair the AD process. The tests indicated that the cumulative methane yield from influent livestock manure enriched with CO2 was approximately 190 mL-CH4/g-VSadded. The data demonstrated the potential of using dissolved CO2 flotation in the AD of diluted livestock wastewater.
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10

Rykaart, E. M., and J. Haarhoff. "Behaviour of air injection nozzles in dissolved air flotation." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1995): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0513.

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A simple two-phase conceptual model is postulated to explain the initial growth of microbubbles after pressure release in dissolved air flotation. During the first phase bubbles merely expand from existing nucleation centres as air precipitates from solution, without bubble coalescence. This phase ends when all excess air is transferred to the gas phase. During the second phase, the total air volume remains the same, but bubbles continue to grow due to bubble coalescence. This model is used to explain the results from experiments where three different nozzle variations were tested, namely a nozzle with an impinging surface immediately outside the nozzle orifice, a nozzle with a bend in the nozzle channel, and a nozzle with a tapering outlet immediately outside the nozzle orifice. From these experiments, it is inferred that the first phase of bubble growth is completed at approximately 1.7 ms after the start of pressure release.
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11

Liu, J. C., and C. Y. Lien. "Dissolved air flotation of polishing wastewater from semiconductor manufacturer." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 7 (March 1, 2006): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.217.

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The feasibility of the dissolved air flotation (DAF) process in treating chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) wastewater was evaluated in this study. Wastewater from a local semiconductor manufacturer was sampled and characterised. Nano-sized silica (77.6 nm) with turbidity of 130±3 NTU was found in the slightly alkaline wastewater with traces of other pollutants. Experimental results indicated removal efficiency of particles, measured as suspended particle or turbidity, increased with increasing concentration of cationic collector cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). When CTAB concentration was 30 mg/L, pH of 6.5±0.1 and recycle ratio of 30%, very effective removal of particles (> 98%) was observed in saturation pressure range of 4 to 6 kg/cm2, and the reaction proceeded faster under higher pressure. Similarly, the reaction was faster under the higher recycle ratio, while final removal efficiency improved slightly as the recycle ratio increased from 20 to 40%. An insignificant effect of pH on treatment efficiency was found as pH varied from 4.5 to 8.5. The presence of activator, Al3 + and Fe3 + , enhanced the system performance. It is proposed that CTAB adsorbs on silica particles in polishing wastewater through electrostatic interaction and makes particles more hydrophobic. The increase in hydrophobicity results in more effective bubble-particle collisions. In addition, flocculation of silica particles through bridging effect of collector was found; it is believed that flocculation of particles also contributed to flotation. Better attachment between gas bubble and solid, higher buoyancy and higher air to solid ratio all lead to effective flotation.
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12

Yalcin, Turgut, Amy Byers, and Kamal Ughadpaga. "Dissolved gas method of generating bubbles for potential use in ore flotation." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 23, no. 3-4 (January 2002): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827500306894.

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13

Guo, Xiliang, Jianbo Yu, Xingfu Ren, Dehong Xue, Weidong Xuan, Yunbo Zhong, and Zhongming Ren. "The mechanism of inclusion removal from molten steel by dissolved gas flotation." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 45, no. 7 (May 6, 2017): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2017.1317509.

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14

Oliveira, R. C. G., G. Gonzalez, and J. F. Oliveira. "Interfacial studies on dissolved gas flotation of oil droplets for water purification." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 154, no. 1-2 (August 1999): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7757(98)00890-5.

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15

Younker, Jessica M., and Margaret E. Walsh. "Impact of salinity on coagulation and dissolved air flotation treatment for oil and gas produced water." Water Quality Research Journal 49, no. 2 (December 21, 2013): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2013.118.

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Produced water is a major wastewater stream in the oil and gas industry which typically consists of dispersed and dissolved oils, and high levels of salinity. Despite concerns that dissolved aromatics in produced water may be detrimental to marine life, discharge regulations and treatment technologies for produced water largely focus on dispersed oil and grease removal. The purpose of this research project was to investigate coagulation with ferric chloride (FeCl3) and dissolved air flotation (DAF) at bench-scale for the removal of both dispersed and dissolved oils from synthetic and offshore produced water samples, with a specific focus on the impact of salinity on the coagulation process. Coagulation and DAF treatment of the produced water samples achieved high removals of dispersed oil and grease, but had limited impact on dissolved aromatics. The coagulation process in the saline produced water samples reduced dispersed oil and grease concentrations from 100 mg/L to below North American discharge limits (i.e. 30 mg/L in Canada, 29 mg/L in the USA) under all conditions tested, while the effectiveness of coagulation treatment in the fresh water synthetic samples was highly dependent on coagulation pH.
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16

Tian, Zhuang, Can Wang, and Min Ji. "Full-scale dissolved air flotation (DAF) equipment for emergency treatment of eutrophic water." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 7 (February 23, 2018): 1802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.046.

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Abstract Eutrophication of urban rivers has caused severe environmental problems due to the pollution from point and diffuse sources. Although eutrophication can be alleviated by reducing the input to the river system, fast-treating terminal control technologies, especially under emergent situations, should be developed to reduce risks induced by eutrophication. The present study developed an emergency purification device based on dissolved air flotation (DAF) technology. After equipment commissioning and parameter optimization for applications in the field of engineering, the device was found to effectively remove total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity in water by controlling the coagulant dosage and adjusting the gas-liquid mixing pump parameters. Dissolved air in water could enhance dissolved oxygen, and dissolved oxygen in polluted rivers could be raised from 0.2–2 mg/L to 3–3.5 mg/L. Removal of total nitrogen was poor because the majority of nitrogen contents were dissolved. Finally, DAF has been proven to be a promising technology due to its ease of implementation, low equipment investment requirement, and low operation cost.
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17

Teixeira, Margarida Ribau, and Maria João Rosa. "Integration of dissolved gas flotation and nanofiltration for M. aeruginosa and associated microcystins removal." Water Research 40, no. 19 (November 2006): 3612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.006.

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18

NAZAROV, V. D., M. V. NAZAROV, and M. R. KhABIBULLINA. "ELECTROFLOTATION IN INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER PURIFICATION." Urban construction and architecture 1, no. 2 (July 15, 2011): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2011.02.17.

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It has been discovered that the speed of water barbotage with hydrogen gas and oxygen is linearly dependent on current density and does not depend on electrolyte concentration. A new multistage method has been developed to purify oily wastes. It includes consecutive filtering in coalescing load and hydrocarbon liquid, advanced treatment with electroflotation and separating electrolysis gas products using hydrogen as floating agent and oxygen as oxidant. The latter, in combination with catalyst, purifies water from organic matter dissolved in it. A possibility of creating mixed technology of industrial wastewater purification based on electrolytic and flotation methods is outlined.
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19

Fan, Yu Guang, Jian Han, Jing Ming Li, Bing Chen, and San Ping Zhou. "The Study on the Dissolution Process of Oxygen and Nitrogen in Gas-Soluble Water." Advanced Materials Research 830 (October 2013): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.830.331.

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In air flotation process, different gas produce different gas content of gas-soluble water. According to the difference of solubility of nitrogen and oxygen in water, the affect of the difference of molecule structures between nitrogen and oxygen on their solubility in water was discussed in the paper. Then, Two types of gas dissolution in water was introduced in the paper---gap filling and hydration. The concept of effective gap degree was proposed. And According to the effective gap degrees and hydration coefficient of nitrogen and oxygen, the change rules of the dissolved amount of oxygen and nitrogen by each type of dissolution at different temperature were obtained through a series of data fitting calculation by using Matlab. Finally, the reason for the change of the amount of gap filling and hydration in gas-soluble water caused by temperature change was also analyzed in the paper.
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20

Han, M. Y., H. J. Ahn, M. S. Shin, and S. R. Kim. "The effect of divalent metal ions on the zeta potential of bubbles." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 8 (October 1, 2004): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0486.

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Micro-bubbles are used in electro-flotation (EF) and dissolved air flotation (DAF) for particle separation. The efficiency of these flotation processes depends on the collision of bubble and particle and the collision efficiency is affected by certain parameters with respect to the size and zeta potential of bubble and particle. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor not only the zeta potential of the particle, but also that of the bubble. Gas bubbles are reported to be generally negatively charged in water. In this paper, we report a study performed to measure the zeta potential of bubbles in solutions containing divalent metals and find factors which can produce positively charged bubbles. Calcium and magnesium ions were selected as divalent metal ions because natural water normally contains an appreciable quantity of them. It was found that bubbles are negatively charged in CaCl2 solutions whereas, under certain conditions, they become positively charged in MgCl2. Charge reversal of bubbles was observed above 10-2 M Mg, especially above pH 9. A probable principle that explained the charge reversal could be a combined mechanism with both specific adsorption of hydroxylated species and formation of hydroxide precipitates. Creating solution conditions that can produce positively charged bubbles in flotation methods might make it possible to remove particles using lesser amounts of coagulant or even none at all.
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21

Al-sabagh, Ahmed M., A. M. Sharaky, Mahmoud R. Noor El-din, and Khaled M. Hussein. "Destabilization of Gas Condensate Oil-Water Emulsion by Dissolved Air Flotation Using New Non Ionic Surfactants." Tenside Surfactants Detergents 52, no. 1 (January 20, 2015): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/113.110352.

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22

Foy, Brian, Enos Stover, Charles C. Ross, and J. Patrick Pierce. "Use of Dissolved Gas Flotation for Clarification of Biological Solids from a Petroleum Refinery Activated Sludge System." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2011, no. 15 (January 1, 2011): 1739–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864711802713225.

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23

Langwaldt, Jörg. "Bioleaching of Multimetal Black Shale by Thermophilic Micro-Organisms." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.167.

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In this work the leaching of black shale ore and froth flotation concentrates produced from the black shale was studied. The complex black shale contained various sulphide minerals (alabandite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite, violarite, chalcopyrite, pyrite). Concentrations of base metals in the ore were Fe 13.2%, Mn 0.97%, Ni 0.3%, Zn 0.57%, Cu 0.23% and Co 0.03%. The base metal content was two to three times higher in the flotation concentrate than in the ore. Ore and concentrate were leached in shake flasks and stirred tank reactors at pulp density of 10 to 20%, pH 1.2 to 2.0 and 60 to 77°C. A thermophilic enrichment culture related to Sulfolobus metallicus was applied. The pulp was aerated with ambient air and dinitrogen gas was used in a control test. Experimental duration was from 12 to 49 days. Leaching of Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Co was up to 96, 52, 99, 99, 97 and 76%, respectively. Mn and Zn were rapidly leached within the first 2 to 3 days. In test with the ore, metal recovery was negatively affected by precipitate formation towards the end of leaching period. The H2SO4 consumption was in the range of 177 to 346 g/kg ore and 11 to 122 g NaOH/kg ore was consumed respectively. In bioleaching tests with flotation concentrates the H2SO4 consumption was from 205 to 415 g/kg concentrate and 73 to 183 g NaOH/kg concentrate was consumed, respectively. The final redox potential varied between 423 and 710 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. In experiments with fine ground ore, -50 8m, the ferric iron was at best 64% of dissolved total iron. Compared with coarser material (250-355, 710-1000 8m) leaching proceeded best with fine ground ore -50 8m). In tests with coarse ore (710-1000 8m). dissolved ferric iron was up to 97% of the total dissolved iron. Mechanical stirring and fine particles caused increase of dead cell numbers during leaching. The study demonstrates that the thermophilic enrichment culture can leach complex black shale ore at high pulp density and temperature.
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24

Wang, Yonglei, Wenhao Wang, Ruibao Jia, Mei Li, Baozhen Liu, Kefeng Zhang, Wuchang Song, and Junqi Jia. "Research on treating algae-polluted reservoir water by the process of pre-oxidation/dissolved air flotation/carbon sand filter." Water Supply 19, no. 3 (July 6, 2018): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.128.

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Abstract As the water diversion reservoir showed high organic matter and high algae in summer, the potassium permanganate pre-oxidation/dissolved air flotation/carbon sand double filter process was developed. The test results show that the optimum operation conditions of the combined process were as follows: the dosage of KMnO4 was 0.3 mg/L, the dosage of polymeric aluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) was 3.0 mg/L (Al3+), the reflux ratio was 10%, and the dissolved gas pressure was 0.3 Mpa. Taking Ji'nan Queshan reservoir water algae pollution as the research object, the average removal rate of chlorophyll a, blue-green algae, turbidity, particle number and total organic carbon (TOC) reached 66.64%, 95.44%, 94.45%, 99.34% and 46.68%, respectively; the methylisoborneol (MIB) removal rate was 92.47%, the odor level decreased with process flow from raw water level 4 to effluent level 1.5, geosmin (GSM) dropped below the detection limit, and the total removal rate of trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) was 33.56%. The effluent of the combined process meets the requirements of the Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water (GB5749-2006) after it is disinfected.
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25

Ibrahim, Dalia T., and Hayder M. Abdul Hameed. "Study hybrid Treatment Technologies using (MBBR with Electro-flotation) for Textile wastewater." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2114, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2114/1/012052.

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Abstract A novel hybrid approach to the global development treatment technology was introduced in this research, by using two sustainable green technologies treatment methods as (MBBR) combined with the Electro-flotation process. To improve the removal efficiencies of persistent and non-biodegradable dissolved organic dyes (Methylene blue dye) by using Iron and Aluminum electrodes. The treatment system achieved high performance than that any single treatment process and without the need to add chemical reagents. The characteristics of wastewater from textile dyeing used in this study were simulated to the General Establishment of Cotton Textile Industry/Baghdad. In addition, one of the most sustainable and useful by-products is found to be producing H2 gas at a rate of 1:13L. As a result, in the continuous system the optimum removal efficiencies of color, COD, and BOD are 90.08%, 100%, 100% respectively, were achieved at (200V, 2cm electrodes distance, 5 minutes, pH=7, 8 number of electrodes, 30gm weight of media).
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26

Jin, Xin, Lei Zhang, Mengwen Liu, Shiyi Hu, Zhuodi Yao, Jingwen Liang, Rui Wang, et al. "Characteristics of dissolved ozone flotation for the enhanced treatment of bio-treated drilling wastewater from a gas field." Chemosphere 298 (July 2022): 134290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134290.

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27

Hayes, John J. "BASS STRAIT WATER HANDLING DEVELOPMENTS." APPEA Journal 25, no. 1 (1985): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj84009.

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Esso Australia Ltd operates, on behalf of Esso/BHP, a crude oil and natural gas producing and processing facility in the Gippsland Basin, Victoria. Saline formation water produced with the oil is treated and discharged overboard from offshore platforms wherever possible to limit the volume of saline water in the pipeline system and avoid onshore disposal of saline water. Esso has developed oily water treatment and continuous oil-in- water monitoring beyond conventional technology and operates within stringent overboard water discharge regulations. Initial oily water treating installations were Cross Flow Interceptors, a corrugated plate gravity separator. Unsatisfactory performance prompted investigations leading to development of the Dissolved Gas Flotation unit using evolved gas to lift oil droplets to the surface. These units operate successfully offshore today. The most recent developments have been associated with a liquid-liquid hydrocyclone trade named 'Vortoil'. This has been tested offshore with an 'Purometer' continuous oil-in-water monitor. The Vortoil and Purometer have both performed favourably and proven a compact, low cost combination for future water treating installations.
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28

Zasadowski, Dariusz, Anders Strand, Anna Sundberg, Håkan Edlund, and Magnus Norgren. "Selective purification of bleached spruce TMP process water by induced air flotation (IAF)." Holzforschung 68, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0045.

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Abstract The environmentally benign closure of water systems in paper mills leads to the problem of accumulation of dissolved and colloidal wood substances (DCS) in process water. Notably, pitch affects the pulp and paper production negatively and increases the demand for additional treatment of the process water. In the present article, the purification of thermomechanical pulping process water from the alkaline peroxide bleaching stage has been investigated, with the induced air flotation (IAF) in focus. The following parameters were considered concerning the IAF efficiency to remove detrimental substances: concentration of cationic foaming agent, pH value, calcium concentration, and temperature. The amounts and characteristics of residual DCS were determined by gas chromatography and turbidity measurements. Residual concentrations of the foaming agent dodecyltrimetylammonium chloride were determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Up to 90% of pitch was removed, whereas hemicelluloses, which are important in preventing pitch problems, remained in the waters. Up to 70% of the pectic acids accounted for the high cationic demand of the process waters were removed by optimization of the IAF parameters. The presented separation process gives new opportunities to a selective purification of the process waters.
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Aikawa, Kosei, Mayumi Ito, Nodoka Orii, Sanghee Jeon, Ilhwan Park, Kazutoshi Haga, Taro Kamiya, et al. "Flotation of Copper Ores with High Cu/Zn Ratio: Effects of Pyrite on Cu/Zn Separation and an Efficient Method to Enhance Sphalerite Depression." Minerals 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12091103.

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Porphyry copper deposits are important sources of copper and typically processed by flotation to produce copper concentrates. As mining areas become deeper, the amounts of impurities, such as sphalerite, can be increased in copper ores, so the appropriate depression of sphalerite floatability should be achieved to obtain saleable copper concentrates. In this study, the flotation behaviors of chalcopyrite and sphalerite in model samples mimicking copper ores with high Cu/Zn ratios (i.e., the ratio of chalcopyrite/sphalerite = 13:1) were investigated with zinc sulfate as a depressant for sphalerite. In addition, the effect of pyrite—a major gangue mineral in copper ores—on the depression of sphalerite floatability with zinc sulfate was examined. When sphalerite and chalcopyrite coexisted, the floatability of the former was effectively depressed by zinc sulfate (Zn recovery: <12%), whereas the presence of pyrite promoted the release of Cu2+ due to the galvanic interaction with chalcopyrite, which resulted in the elimination of the effectiveness of zinc sulfate in depressing sphalerite floatability (Zn recovery: >90%). Despite the presence of much higher amounts of chalcopyrite and pyrite than sphalerite, the application of nitrogen (N2) gas limiting the galvanic interaction between pyrite and chalcopyrite by reducing the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the system effectively depressed the floatability of sphalerite (Zn recovery: <30%).
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30

Kwon, S. B., N. S. Park, S. J. Lee, H. W. Ahn, and C. K. Wang. "Examining the effect of length/width ratio on the hydro-dynamic behaviour in a DAF system using CFD and ADV techniques." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 7 (March 1, 2006): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.218.

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Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a solid–liquid separation system that uses fine bubbles rising from the bottom to remove particles in water. In this study, we investigated the effect of L/W(L; length, W; width) on the hydrodynamic behavior in a DAF system using CFD (computational fluid dynamics) and ADV (acoustic Doppler velocimetry) technique. The factual full-scale DAF system, L/W ratio of 1:1, was selected and various L/W ratio conditions (2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1) were simulated with CFD. For modelling, 2-phase (gas–liquid) flow equations for the conservation of mass, momentum and turbulence quantities were solved using a Eulerian–Eulerian approach based on the assumption that a very small particle is applied in the DAF system. Also, for verification of CFD simulation results, we measured the actual velocity at some points in the full-scale DAF system with the ADV technique. Both the simulation and the measurement results were in good accordance with each other. We concluded that the L/W ratio and outlet geometry play an important role for flow pattern and fine bubble distribution in the flotation zone. In the ratio of 1:1, the dead zone is less than those in other cases. On the other hand, in the ratio of 5:1, the fine bubbles were more evenly distributed.
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31

Wei, Qizhen, Zhiyu Song, Jing Nie, Hailun Xia, Fujiang Chen, Zuguang Li, and Mawrong Lee. "Tablet-effervescence-assisted dissolved carbon flotation for the extraction of four triazole fungicides in water by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry." Journal of Separation Science 39, no. 23 (November 14, 2016): 4603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201600619.

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32

Swartwout, Rosa. "Technology Focus: Water Management (December 2020)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 72, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1220-0059-jpt.

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The United Nations Brundtland Commission defined sustainability as “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” In the context of this definition, sustainable water management should encompass current management of water resources as well as its potential effect on the future. Sustainable water management in oil and gas is a journey that will need approaches from many perspectives. The highlighted papers illustrate the different perspectives and accompanying complexities that can advance progression toward more-sustainable water management. The approaches are multi-faceted in that they consider technological, environmental, economic, and social needs and responsibility. The papers include issues and challenges in reuse/recycling of produced water, new guidelines to standardize application of risk-based assessments to assess potential environmental impact from produced-water discharge, and a novel certification process for responsible water use. A common thread found in these papers is the understanding driving criteria for current water practices, and measurement of these criteria will enable continual improvement. An example of this is the assessment of the water footprint for production activity in the Peruvian Amazon by Repsol in their journey toward their Blue certification. The assessment of the water footprint provided a benchmark for improvement, which, in turn, highlighted parameters to measure and key areas for mitigation. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 199466 Removal of Residual Oil From Produced Water Using Magnetic Nanoparticles by Jared Theurer, University of Oklahoma, et al. OTC 29791 First Development of Advanced Purification of Produced Water Technology at Greater Sirikit Oil Field by Dissolved Gas Flotation Technique by Nattapong Lertrojanachusit, PTTEP, et al. SPE 200448 Managing Gas-Injection-Induced Excessive Water Production in Tight Oil Reservoirs by Optimizing Operational Constraints by Chi Zhang, Colorado School of Mines, et al.
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Ye, Jingqing, Zhoulin Yao, Zhiwei Wang, Jing Nie, and Zuguang Li. "Determination of sixteen pyrethroids in water using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on dissolved carbon dioxide flotation after emulsification microextraction using gas chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry." Analytical Methods 8, no. 32 (2016): 6194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ay01503d.

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YAO, Fang, Zhi-Yu SONG, Jing NIE, Zu-Guang LI, Guo-Hua ZHU, and Maw-Rong LEE. "Development of a Microextraction Method Based on Dissolved Carbon Dioxide Flotation after Emulsification for the Determination of Triazole Pesticides Residues in Water Samples by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry." Analytical Sciences 32, no. 10 (2016): 1083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.32.1083.

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35

Green, F. B., L. Bernstone, T. J. Lundquist, J. Muir, R. B. Tresan, and W. J. Oswald. "Methane fermentation, submerged gas collection, and the fate of carbon in advanced integrated wastewater pond systems." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0458.

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There are several basic reasons for concern regarding the fate of carbonaceous material in waste stabilization ponds: accumulation of solids; performance and useful life of the pond system; and, the control of methane emissions. In conventional ponds methane fermentation is minimal, and carbon-rich organic matter is integrated by bacteria and microalgae which grow and settle. The integration of carbon decreases pond volume and treatment capacity and causes the ponds to age prematurely, to produce odor, and to require frequent sludge removal; and, any methane produced escapes to the atmosphere. However, if carbon-rich organics are efficiently converted to methane or to harvested microalgae, the pond system will continue to treat wastewater effectively for an extended period of time. Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems (AIWPSs) developed at the University of California fully utilize methane fermentation and microalgal cultivation to treat wastewater and to reclaim energy and nutrients. First generation AIWPSs have provided reliable municipal sewage treatment at St. Helena and Hollister, California, for 28 and 16 years, respectively, without the need for sludge removal. However, these first generation systems lack the facilities to recover and utilize the carbon-rich treatment byproducts of methane and algal biomass. The recovery of methane using a submerged gas collector was demonstrated using a second generation AIWPS prototype at the University of California, Berkeley, and the optimization of in-pond methane fermentation, the growth of microalgae in High Rate Ponds, and the harvest of microalgae by sedimentation and dissolved air flotation were studied. Preliminary data are presented to quantify the fate of carbon in the second generation AIWPS prototype and to estimate the fate of carbon in a full-scale, 200 MLD second generation AIWPS treating municipal sewage. In the experimental system, 17% of the influent organic carbon was recovered as methane, and an average of 6 g C/m2/d were assimilated into harvestable algal biomass. In a full-scale second generation AIWPS in a climate comparable to Richmond, California, located at 37° N latitude, these values would be significantly higher--as much as 30% of the influent organic carbon would be recovered as methane and as much as 10 g C/m2/d would be assimilated by microalgae. These efficiencies would increase further in warmer climates with more abundant sunlight.
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Green, F. B., T. J. Lundquist, and W. J. Oswald. "Energetics of advanced integrated wastewater pond systems." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0448.

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An energy balance is presented for a second generation Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond System (AIWPS) prototype at the University of California, Berkeley, Environmental Engineering and Health Sciences Laboratory in Richmond, California. Modifications were made to the existing 1.8 ML facultative pond in order to further optimize methane fermentation and to demonstrate the recovery of methane using a submerged gas collector. Methane production rates were determined over a range of in-pond digester loadings and temperatures. The feasibility of submerged gas collection was proven, and the advantages of in-pond digestion in terms of BOD5 and VSS removal as well as biogas scrubbing were quantified. Biogas methane concentrations increased by more than 50% as the biogas emerged through the overlying water column and most of the carbon dioxide fraction was utilized by microalgae. Electrical power requirements for mixing two 0.1 hectare algal High Rate Ponds (HRPs) were measured over a range of channel depths and velocities, and electrical power requirements for daily recirculation pumping were also measured. Oxygenation and total treatment energy requirements for the second generation AIWPS prototype at Richmond were compared with oxygenation and total treatment energy requirements for the first generation AIWPS at St. Helena, California and for two mechanical wastewater treatment plants of comparable capacity and effluent quality at Pinole and Brentwood, California. Using preliminary methane production and recovery rates achieved at Richmond, the cogeneration potential was estimated and projected for larger second generation AIWPSs of 2 MLD and 200 MLD capacities. By incorporating methane recovery and electrical power generation together with efficient HRP mixing using paddle wheels, full-scale second generation AIWPSs will be able to produce as much energy as they require for primary and secondary treatment. Additional energy would be required to produce a tertiary disinfected effluent suitable for unrestricted reuse in California, including recreational and indirect potable reuse. The additional power requirements for complete algal harvest using dissolved air flotation (DAF) and filtration were estimated for second generation AIWPSs based on data collected at Richmond and Stockton, California, and the additional power requirements for final UV disinfection were estimated.
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37

Zhang, X., S. Zhang, and Y. Liu. "The treatment of algae-laden raw water with compact flofilter of dissolved air flotation and GAC deep bed filtration." Water Supply 4, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2004): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0090.

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Compact flofilter of dissolved air flotation and GAC deep bed filtration is a good integrated procedure, having the following characteristics: flotation and filtration are integrated in one tank, the flotation unit is above the filtration unit, filtration is GAC deep bed, and conventional and advanced treatments are integrated in one tank. During the treatment of algae-laden raw water with compact flofilter of dissolved air flotation and GAC deep bed filtration, the general performance was good: the outlet algae-count was 1.21×105–1.26×106 cell/l, the average removal of algae was 95.4%, the outlet chl-a was 0.68 μg/l, the removal of chl-a was 92.2%, the outlet turbidity was 0.16–0.20 NTU, the outlet had no odor, the outlet color was 3, the removal of color was 86.4%, the outlet Al-residual was 0.011 mg/l. Good removal of organics can be achieved: the average removal of UV254 was 54.3%, the outlet UV254 was 0.016–0.018 cm−1, the removal of DOC was 29.6%, the outlet DOC was 1.608 mg/l, the removal of BDOC was 42.6%, the outlet BDOC was 0.120 mg/l, the removal of AOC was 72.2%, the outlet AOC was 52 μg/l. Filter run period and UFRV were 36 h and 504 m3/m2. The results show that flofilter is a good alternative process for conventional treatment plus GAC adsorption.
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Li, Ru Yin. "Application of Gas-Assisted Solvent Flotation Technique on Oil-Field Polymer-Bearing Produced Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 902–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.902.

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The solvent flotation technique adopts organic solvent with low volatility as the second liquid phase, which could dissolve the components including emulsified crude oil, surfactant in the water. The modification of pH value, ion intensity, temperature, speed of air flow, and species of solvent could improve the efficiency of the flotation. The proposed method has been successfully applied to produced water treatment, the pharmaceutical industry sewage disposal and so on. It also has potential usage in sewage disposal of offshore oil field.
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39

Schmidt, P. D., J. E. Tobiason, J. K. Edzwald, and H. Dunn. "DAF treatment of a reservoir water supply: comparison with in-line direct filtration and control of organic matter." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1995): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0521.

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The goal of this paper is to compare the performance of an in-line direct filtration (no flocculation) process with a dissolved air flotation (DAF) and filtration process for drinking water treatment. Both processes were studied at the pilot scale and included biologically active dual media (GAC/sand) rapid filters. Specific attention is given to the fate of organic matter. Organic matter was analyzed by measurements of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), assimilable organic carbon (AOC), disinfection by-product formation potential (DBPFP) and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254). In general, flotation removed a large fraction of organic matter with additional removal provided by biologically active filters. Most of the work occurred with ozonation of the raw water (pre-ozone). Ozone increased the biologically assimilable fraction of the water; filtration decreased this fraction to acceptable levels. Overall, effects of ozone on other organics are relatively small.
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40

Bauer, M. J., R. Bayley, M. J. Chipps, A. Eades, R. J. Scriven, and A. J. Rachwal. "Enhanced rapid gravity filtration and dissolved air flotation for pre-treatment of river thames reservoir water." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0098.

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Thames Water treats approximately 2800Ml/d of water originating mainly from the lowland rivers Thames and Lee for supply to over 7.3million customers, principally in the cities of London and Oxford. This paper reviews aspects of Thames Water's research, design and operating experiences of treating algal rich reservoir stored lowland water. Areas covered include experiences of optimising reservoir management, uprating and upgrading of rapid gravity filtration (RGF), standard co-current dissolved air flotation (DAF) and counter-current dissolved air flotation/filtration (COCO-DAFF®) to counter operational problems caused by seasonal blooms of filter blocking algae such as Melosira spp., Aphanizomenon spp. and Anabaena spp. A major programme of uprating and modernisation (inclusion of Advanced Water Treatment: GAC and ozone) of the major works is in progress which, together with the Thames Tunnel Ring Main, will meet London's water supply needs into the 21st Century.
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41

Petrovskaya, Valentina N., Viktor V. Kondrat’ev, and Alexey A. Petrovskiy. "MECHANISM OF ELECTROCOAGULATION OF CHAMBER PRODUCT AFTER FLOTATION OF CYCLONE DUST OF SILICON PRODUCTION." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, no. 10 (November 16, 2017): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20176010.5515.

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Spheroidal micro silica has a large specific-surface. This makes it indispensable for the manufacture of composite materials: construction mixtures, paints, rubber, adsorbents, etc. In the process of studying the properties of dust formed in the production of silicon, it was established that practically all of the quartzite carried away in the form of a fine dust phase into the gas removal and gas cleaning system is represented by spheroidized micro- and nanoparticles of SiO2 with a carbon impurity that is invariably present also in the finely dispersed state. One of the ways to extract carbon and amorphous silicon oxide from the dust cyclone is flotation. As a result of flotation, 29% of the sand fraction, 40% of the foam product enrichedcarbon, and 31% of the chamber product enriched SiO2 were obtained. It is shown that the target nanofraction of amorphous silica from the chamber product after flotation can be extracted by electrocoagulation. The dependence of the mass of the coagulum on the current density on aluminum electrodes was obtained during electrocoagulation of the chamber product. It is established that under the action of current on the system under investigation, the metal of the cathode and the anode dissolve. The mechanism of electrocoagulation is shown. The chamber product is a stable finely dispersed SiO2 suspension with a pH of 8-9. Since the surface of the silica is hydrophilic, OH- is adsorbed on it and the surface of the dispersed particle is charged negatively. As a result of electrochemical and chemical dissolution of aluminum electrodes, the aluminum hydroxide formed has a positive charge. The different particles stick together, as a result of which their dimensions increase, coagulation takes place, and then precipitation occurs.Forcitation:Petrovskaya V.N., Kondrat’ev V.V., Petrovskiy A.A. Mechanism of electrocoagulation of chamber product after flotation of cyclone dust of silicon production. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 10. P. 68-74
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42

Fettig, J., V. Pick, M. Oldenburg, and N. V. Phuoc. "Treatment of tannery wastewater for reuse by physico-chemical processes and a membrane bioreactor." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 7, no. 4 (October 31, 2016): 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.036.

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Treatment of wastewater from a tannery in Greater Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) was investigated on a pilot scale. After pre-treatment by the tannery that included batch-coagulation and sedimentation, the wastewater was treated by dissolved air flotation, a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and granular activated carbon (GAC) for polishing the MBR effluent. The average removal efficiency for organic substances in the MBR was 81% while total nitrogen could only be removed by 36%. The performance of the GAC column could be successfully predicted using adsorption parameters determined in laboratory experiments. A larger proportion of the organics in the MBR effluent was only weakly adsorbable, therefore the usable carbon capacity was limited as confirmed by the modelling approach. The results were used to outline the size of a technical plant with a volumetric loading rate of 3 kg COD/(m3*d) for the MBR and a specific carbon demand of about 1.8 kg/m3.
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43

Shen, Wanhua, Debjani Mukherjee, Narayan Koirala, Guangji Hu, Kenneth Lee, Min Zhao, and Jianbing Li. "Microbubble and nanobubble-based gas flotation for oily wastewater treatment: A review." Environmental Reviews, April 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2021-0127.

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Gas flotation for oily wastewater treatment is based on the attachment of gas bubbles to oil droplets to produce lighter aggregates that rise to the wastewater surface. It is a feasible, promising, and effective method for oily wastewater treatment due to its high separation efficiency with no secondary contamination, cost-effectiveness, and simple operation. This review focuses on separating oil from emulsions by gas flotation using microbubbles and nanobubbles which offer the advantages of small bubble size, large specific surface area, and slow rising velocity. The properties of different types of gas bubbles and their generation methods were discussed. Different gas flotation system designs and operational parameters were summarized for dissolved gas flotation, induced gas flotation, and electrolytic flotation. The review illustrated that oil removal efficiency in microbubble and nanobubble-based gas flotation was affected by various factors including initial oil concentration, pH, temperature, flotation time, and oil droplet size.
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44

Kock, Per, Viljo Järvenpä, and Wiser Oy. "Wpf - wisser: flotation." Linnaeus Eco-Tech, March 6, 2019, 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/eco-tech.1999.028.

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The word flotation is generally understood to mean something that is floating. It is used even in frothing. This presentation focuses on flotation where only microbubbles formed from pressurised dissolved gas raise the solid matter in a liquid to the surface of the liquid in a flotation basin, and the liquid is thereby purified. Flotation is becoming an economical factor in purifying liquids and, above all, waters in internal circulation loops of industrial plants as well as in municipal effluent treatment. The theoretical background of flotation and its applications in WISER FLOTATION will be described in the following. Flotation will also be compared with water purification by sedimentation. Finally, two applications will be described in general outline.
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45

"5437785 Apparatus for dissolved gas flotation in anaerobic wastewater treatment." Biotechnology Advances 14, no. 4 (January 1996): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0734-9750(97)81727-2.

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46

"5437785 Apparatus for dissolved gas flotation in anaerobic wastewater treatment." Biotechnology Advances 14, no. 4 (January 1996): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0734-9750(97)82114-3.

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47

Hayatdavoudi, A., M. Howdeshell, E. Godeaux, N. Pednekar, and V. Dhumal. "Performance Analysis of a Novel Compact Flotation Unit." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 133, no. 1 (March 1, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4003497.

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The oil and gas industry produces large quantities of water as a by-product of petroleum production. Discharge specification of produced water requires efficient management and sophisticated technology. Conventional technologies such as those based on gravity separation, cyclonic separation method, filtration techniques, flotation technique, and natural gas/air sparge tube systems are used for treating produced water. However, most, if not all, of these technologies require a large footprint. This problem has created a challenge for the produced water industry, as well as for operators managing the offshore production facilities. Responding to the challenge at hand, Siemens Water Technologies Corporation has developed a novel compact flotation unit (CFU) equipped with a dissolved gas flotation (DGF) pump for treating produced water. The CFU has a small foot print and shorter residence time. The DGF pump is equipped with a unique, dual-sided impeller, which pulls the blanket gas on one side and the produced water on the other. Under applied backpressure, the gas entering the DGF pump dissolves in a portion of a recycled, cleaned water stream. The dissolved gas generates bubbles due to the pressure drop when the mixture of produced water and gas passes through a special valve before entering the CFU. The ratio of the inlet produced water flow rate to the DGF pump output rate plays an important role in optimum separation of oil droplets from the produced water. Besides the above-mentioned ratio, generation of an adequate number and size of bubbles provides another critical key factor in efficient operation of the CFU system. To validate our theoretical approach regarding the controlled forced vortex of the multiphase flow, we performed various tests in the shop facility of Siemens Water Technologies Corporation, as well as on a platform facility offshore Louisiana. We used a response surface methodology technique to analyze the CFU performance data and to generate an optimum surface response for free oil and grease removal efficiency. For optimizing the size of the piping and CFU dimensions, we used the rigorous yet simple principles of the constrained similitude. The free oil removal efficiency results in the shop and field tests, for CFU without the use of packing material, were satisfactory. Additionally, we found that CFU system tests resulted in the removal efficiency of water soluble oil (WSO). We did not expect this additional outcome as the CFU system was not designed to affect the removal of WSO.
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Maciejewski, M., J. A. Oleszkiewicz, A. Golcz, and A. Nazar. "Degasification of mixed liquor improves settling and biological nutrient removal." Water Practice and Technology 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2010.009.

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Degasification of mixed liquor by subjecting it to vacuum is a physical process used in biological nutrient removal (BNR) to improve settleability and allow for achieving higher mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS). Vacuum degassing installation is located between the last cell of the bioreactor and secondary clarifiers. In this process two operations are performed: gas bubbles contained in mixed liquor leaving the bioreactor are removed and concentration of gasses (mainly nitrogen gas) dissolved in the liquid is reduced. Lack of gas bubbles and concentration of dissolved nitrogen gas below saturation in mixed liquor significantly improved sludge settling in secondary clarifiers and eliminated floating scum formation. Presented settleability tests of degasified MLSS and return activated sludge (RAS) from various BNR facilities showed continued settling and/or thickening for over 3 h at room temperature, without exhibiting any solids separation. Settleability tests of biomass that was not degasified typically led to flotation of portion of the sludge after about 1.5 h. Plants equipped with vacuum degasification consistently operate at larger than typically recommended final clarifier sludge surface loading rates. Rates as high as 180-220 kg TSS/m2d and deep sludge blankets have been employed. Such plants were shown to maintain operational levels of MLSS at 4500 to 6000 mg/L and higher.
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Jin, Xin, Lei Zhang, Mengwen Liu, Shiyi Hu, Zhuodi Yao, Jingwen Liang, Rui Wang, et al. "Characteristics of Dissolved Ozone Flotation for the Enhanced Treatment of Bio-Treated Drilling Wastewater from a Gas Field." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4003132.

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Firdaus, Firdaus. "Pengolahan Air Terproduksi Pada Lapangan "FD"." Jurnal Offshore: Oil, Production Facilities and Renewable Energy 4, no. 1 (June 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.30588/jo.v4i1.760.

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<p>Proses pemisahan minyak, gas terlarut dan air produksi bersama akan diproses melalui <em>Gas Boot - Wash Tank</em> (<em>Gun Barrel) - Shipping Tank - Clarifeier Tank - WTP Unit - </em>peralatan<em> Balance Tank. </em>Minyak yang telah dipisahkan dari gas terlarut dan air terproduksi akan dialirkan ke tangki pengiriman. Sedangkan air terproduksi yang telah dipisahkan dari minyak dan gas terlarut di Wash Tank dan Gas boot akan dialirkan ke tangki clarifier dan selanjutnya diproses di unit WTP. Peralatan pendukung yang akan digunakan pada WTP Unit adalah <em>Buffer Tank - Electro Coagulant (EC) - DAF Unit (solved air flotation)</em> - <em>Sludge Dewatering Unit - Filter Media - Balance Tank</em></p><p>Pada WTP (<em>Water Treating Plant)</em> ini air akan diolah untuk menghasilkan air yang sesuai dengan baku mutu yang telah ditetapkan berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No. 19/2010. Parameter yang harus dipenuhi dalam proses pemisahan ini adalah kandungan oli harus 25 mg /l, kekeruhan yang dihasilkan harus memenuhi kriteria 149 NTU dan tingkat kekerasan di bawah 1 ppm karena jika lebih dari 1 ppm maka air ini akan cenderung membentuk sangat kerak dan korosi. mengganggu di industri perminyakan, TSS yang dihasilkan (<em>Total Suspended Solid</em>) harus memenuhi kriteria 3 mg / l, TDS yang dihasilkan (<em>Total Dissolved Solid</em>) juga harus memenuhi kriteria 5000 mg / dan RPI yang dihasilkan (<em>relative plugging Index)</em> juga harus memenuhi kriteria 10.</p><p>Parameter air terproduksi yang diolah di unit WTP sudah memenuhi baku mutu, RPI (<em>Relative Plugging Index</em>) yang dihasilkan adalah 2.96 - 6.47. Kekeruhan yang dihasilkan (tingkat kekeruhan air) 1.64 - 6.72 NTU, TSS (<em>Total Suspended Solid</em>) yang dihasilkan 1.3 - 2,66 mg/l, TDS (total padatan terlarut) dihasilkan 4530 - 4910 mg/l, Kandungan minyak (kandungan minyak dalam air) 16,66 - 23,66 mg/l, dan PH 8,39 - 8,83.</p><p> </p><p>Kata Kunci : Sistem <em>Gathering</em>, Pengolahan, Air Terproduksi.</p><p> </p><p class="20" align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p class="20" align="center"><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p class="50">The process of separating oil, dissolved gas and co-produced water will be processed through the Gas Boot - Wash Tank (Gun Barrel) - shipping Tank - Clarifeier Tank - WTP Unit - Balance Tank equipment. Oil that has been separated from dissolved gas and produced water will be flowed to the shipping tank. Meanwhile, the produced water that has been separated from the oil and dissolved gas in the Wash Tank and Gas boot will be flowed to the clarifier tank and will be further processed in the WTP unit. The supporting equipment that will be used in the WTP Unit is a Buffer Tank - Electro Coagulant (EC) - DAF Unit (dissolved air flotation) - Sludge Dewatering Unit - Filter Media - Balance Tank</p><p class="50">In this WTP (water Treating plant) the water will be processed to produce water that is in accordance with the quality standards that have been determined based on the Minister of Environment Regulation No. 19/2010. The parameters that must be met in this separation process are that the oil content must be 25 mg / l , the resulting turbidity must meet the 149 NTU criteria and the hardness level is below 1 ppm because if it is more than 1 ppm then this water will tend to form very scale and corrosion. disturbing in the petroleum industry, the resulting TSS (Total Suspended Solid) must meet the criteria of 3 mg / l, the resulting TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) must also meet the criteria of 5000 mg / and the resulting RPI (relative plugging Index) must also meet the criteria 10.</p><p class="50">The produced water parameters processed in the WTP unit have met the quality standard, the RPI (Relative Plugging Index) produced is 2.96 - 6.47, the resulting Turbidity (water turbidity level) is 1.64 - 6.72 NTU, TSS (Total Suspended Solid) produced 1.3 - 2.66 mg / l, TDS (total dissolved solid) produced 4530 - 4910 mg / l, Oil content (oil content in water) 16.66 - 23.66 mg / l, and PH 8.39 - 8.83.</p><pre><em>Keyword : </em><em>Gathering System, Processing, Produced Water.</em><em></em></pre>
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