Journal articles on the topic 'Dissolution of Municipal Councils'
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Occhiuzzi, Filomena. "The Dissolution of Municipal Councils due to Organized Crime Infiltration." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis-2019.v5i2-284.
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: The paper proposal is focused on the evolution of a specific legal instrument, which consists of the Central government’s power to “dissolve” municipal councils in the case of infiltrations by organized crime. In Italian administrative legislation, local councils may be dissolved for several reasons such as the ongoing violation of the law and the neglect of duty, but one of the most debated causes is the interference and the pressure that organized crime may exercise on the members of municipal councils. This specific administrative law instrument is defined in art. 143 T.U.E.L. and is part of a series of public anti-mafia policies. It was introduced in 1991 as an emergency law to cope with the risk of maladministration due to local authorities’ subjugation to criminal power (Mete, 2009). The aim of the dissolution of local councils is to preserve constitutional and fundamental values such as democracy and the rule of law, but it is a very severe legal tool as it affects a democratically elected community. This instrument is also closely related to the prevention of corruption in the public sector, as often the infiltrations by organized crime in municipalities are due to the corruption of public officials. The institution in charge of applying this legal tool is the Prefect, which has the power to enforce the orders of the central government and oversees local authorities. The procedure for the adoption of this instrument involves the major constitutional bodies such as the Parliament, the Ministry of Interior and the President of the Republic.
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Occhiuzzi, Filomena. "The Dissolution of Municipal Councils due to Organized Crime Infiltration." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v5i2.p45-53.
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: The paper proposal is focused on the evolution of a specific legal instrument, which consists of the Central government’s power to “dissolve” municipal councils in the case of infiltrations by organized crime. In Italian administrative legislation, local councils may be dissolved for several reasons such as the ongoing violation of the law and the neglect of duty, but one of the most debated causes is the interference and the pressure that organized crime may exercise on the members of municipal councils. This specific administrative law instrument is defined in art. 143 T.U.E.L. and is part of a series of public anti-mafia policies. It was introduced in 1991 as an emergency law to cope with the risk of maladministration due to local authorities’ subjugation to criminal power (Mete, 2009). The aim of the dissolution of local councils is to preserve constitutional and fundamental values such as democracy and the rule of law, but it is a very severe legal tool as it affects a democratically elected community. This instrument is also closely related to the prevention of corruption in the public sector, as often the infiltrations by organized crime in municipalities are due to the corruption of public officials. The institution in charge of applying this legal tool is the Prefect, which has the power to enforce the orders of the central government and oversees local authorities. The procedure for the adoption of this instrument involves the major constitutional bodies such as the Parliament, the Ministry of Interior and the President of the Republic.
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Bronstein, Victoria, and Daryl Glaser. "Intervention in South African municipalities: Dangers and remedies." South African Law Journal 140, no. 1 (2023): 95–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/salj/v140/i1a5.
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South Africa’s Constitution guarantees municipal autonomy; at the same time it enjoins the different elements of the state to co-ordinate their efforts through ‘co-operative government’ and, in conjunction with legislation, it under some circumstances permits (or even requires) provincial and national government to intervene in local government affairs to secure effective government and oversight. These powers of intervention, justified by reference to s 139 of the Constitution, range from disciplining errant councillors to the forced dissolution of non-performing municipalities. Some welcome such intervention as a counterweight to local-level corruption and inefficiency, but in a partisan environment, especially where different spheres are controlled by different parties or coalitions accountable to distinctive electorates, these powers of intervention are, we argue, open to political abuse. This abuse is likely to become more prevalent as unstable local coalition governments become more common, providing more pretexts for intervention and opportunities for councillors in political minorities to subvert their own councils in the hope of inviting intervention by higher-tier actors associated with their own party. In line with the 2021 Constitutional Court case censuring the dissolution of Tshwane Municipality by the Gauteng government, we argue for restricting grounds for intervention, especially more radical forms of intervention. As far as possible, the task of removing corrupt and inefficient local councils and councillors should be left to local voters.
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Chamberlain, Lisa, and Thato Masiangoako. "Third time lucky? Provincial intervention in the Makana Local Municipality." South African Law Journal 138, no. 2 (2021): 425–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/salj/v138/i2a7.
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South African local government is plagued by financial mismanagement and poor governance, resulting in widespread failure to realize socio-economic rights. One of the key mechanisms envisaged by the Constitution to address municipalities in crisis is provincial intervention in terms of s 139. However, although this mechanism is frequently used, its results have been underwhelming. This article discusses a recent case in which the Eastern Cape High Court, Grahamstown ordered the dissolution of the Makana Municipal Council as part of a provincial intervention. The article unpacks the law governing s 139 interventions and, drawing on the Makana example, questions the efficacy of provincial interventions. Further, a number of factors are identified which must be taken into consideration in order to maximise the chances that a provincial intervention might succeed. These include whether mandatory or discretionary intervention is appropriate; when the dissolution of a municipal council is an appropriate component of an intervention; the relationship between provincial intervention, stable governance and political influence; and the timing, funding and institutional arrangements of an intervention. The article concludes by highlighting the important role that community activism can play in catalysing intervention, but draws attention to the fact that such action can be dangerous for the activists involved.
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Wyse, Akintola J. G. "The dissolution of Freetown City Council in 1926: a negative example of political apprenticeship in colonial Sierra Leone." Africa 57, no. 4 (October 1987): 422–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1159892.
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Opening ParagraphFreetown City Council, established in 1893, was the victim of a colonial government which concentrated authority in white hands and resented the survival of a municipality run by Africans. Successive governors regularly presented it as a scapegoat, along with the whole Krio community, for disturbances in Freetown, notably the 1919 anti-Syrian riots and the 1926 railway strike. In 1925 financial malpractices in the council were disclosed and some officials were prosecuted. The following year the Mayor, Cornelius May, editor of the leading newspaper, the Sierra Leone Weekly News, and a highly respected public figure, was charged with conspiracy to defraud, along with the Town Clerk and the City Treasurer, and was given a nine-month prison sentence. Then, on the recommendation of a Commission of Inquiry, the City Council was dissolved and replaced by a Municipal Board.
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Nelson, Kimberly L., Gerald T. Gabris, and Trenton J. Davis. "What Makes Municipal Councils Effective?" State and Local Government Review 43, no. 3 (November 2, 2011): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x11424913.
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Ammar Youssef Muhammad Shamayleh, Ammar Youssef Muhammad Shamayleh. "The most important problems facing municipal councils and the methods of solving them: أهم المشكلات التي تواجه المجالس البلدية والوسائل الكفيلة بحلها." مجلة العلوم الإقتصادية و الإدارية و القانونية 6, no. 6 (February 28, 2022): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.r280921.
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This study aimed at demonstrating the most important problems facing municipal councils and the methods of solving them by using the analytical descriptive approach through which the researcher addressed the most important problems facing municipal councils and the methods of solving them، such as rehabilitating the human resources in municipalities and activating surveillance over the municipal councils to enhance their relationship with citizens. The results revealed that some municipalities suffer from a lack in financial resources which، in turn، results in a delay in providing service to citizens as required، in addition to the municipal councils' need for trained and qualified staff، who receive training for the newest methods. The study concluded with a number of recommendations، as follows: The municipal councils have to increase their financial resources by getting their due funding from citizens and activate the role of collectors in obtaining taxes and fees. And Rehabilitating the human staff in municipalities and promoting the level of employees in municipalities. Enhancing the relationship between municipalities and local citizens through popular dialogue and giving citizens the opportunity to participate in the activities of the municipal councils. Enhancing the developmental role by establishing developmental projects that benefit municipalities and local community.
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Kubiak, Michał. "Gminne rady seniorów z perspektywy lokalnej polityki senioralnej." Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne 25 (October 31, 2018): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1643-0328.25.7.
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Municipal senior citizens councils from the local senior policy perspectiveThe article provides an analysis regarding the creation, organization and functioning of the municipal senior citizens councils in Poland — especially in Pomorskie province. The municipal senior councils are comparatively new entities and are heading towards higher degree elderly people participation in self-government decisions. Thanks to the possibilities for activation elderly people, they hope and will expect to have more influence to meet their needs.
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Ofiarska, Małgorzata. "MUNICIPAL COUNCILS’ AUTONOMY IN DETERMINING MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT FEES." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, no. 485 (2017): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2017.485.24.
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Mishev, Svetoslav. "General Administrative Acts of Municipal Councils." De Jure 13, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54664/gary6879.
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General administrative acts are among the acts through which a municipal council implements its competence as a body of local self-government. Like all general administrative acts, they are characterized by a single legal effect and by an indefinite range of addressees. Due to their nature as legal acts, all general administrative acts are subject to judicial challenge.
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Zax, Jeffrey S. "Reform city councils and municipal employees." Public Choice 64, no. 2 (February 1990): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00153162.
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Sypnowich, Marcia. "Promoting ethical behaviour for municipal councils." Canadian Public Administration/Administration publique du Canada 34, no. 1 (March 1991): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-7121.1991.tb01448.x.
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Masiangoako, Thato, Kelebogile Khunou, and Alana Potter. "Fighting for water in South Africa: public participation, water rights claiming and strengthening governance." H2Open Journal 5, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.023.
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Abstract Communities in South Africa employ a diverse range of strategies to actively claim their right to water. This paper examines two rights claiming strategies – protest and litigation – through the lens of two case studies. The first case study examines the struggles of the residents of Makhanda, a small town in the predominantly rural Eastern Cape Province, who formed a coalition to advocate for the dissolution of the municipal council for failing to fulfil its constitutional mandate to provide basic services. The second case examines the struggles of the residents of Marikana, an informal settlement in the City of Cape Town, where residents are forced to live in unlit, unhygienic and undignified conditions as a result of inadequate services provision. Although access to water is a justiciable right in South Africa, there is a curious paucity of legal rights mobilisation, with only one court case reaching the Constitutional Court. The article presents the following findings. First, communities employ different methods to claim their water rights, including engagement with government through formal channels, mobilisation, protest, litigation and self-supply. Water is a justiciable human right. Second, litigation is a valuable component of rights-claiming but is most effective if used alongside other strategies like community organisation and protest. Third, water rights can be achieved alongside struggles to secure other rights, like the right to housing, or holding local government accountable. In the two case studies, the legal tools of land expropriation and provincial intervention were employed to indirectly gain access to water services. Finally, community mobilisation, combined with strategic partnerships, plays a critical role in sustaining long-term efforts to claim water rights.
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Tetłak, Karolina. "Real estate tax measures in response to COVID-19." Nieruchomości@ : kwartalnik Ministerstwa Sprawiedliwości IV, no. IV (December 31, 2020): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4820.
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As part of combating the economic effects of the coronavirus epidemic in Poland, a package of measures commonly referred to as the “anti-crisis shield” was adopted. On 31 March 2020, the Anti-COVID-19 Act was published, which includes, inter alia, regulations extending the scope of powers of municipal councils to pass legislation on tax reliefs in the field of real estate tax. The special competences of municipal councils include introducing exemptions and extending the deadline for paying tax installments. Their characteristic feature is their personal and material nature, which is a departure from the general rule, according to which municipal councils may only introduce non-personal (material, objective) tax preferences. The aim of the study is to present these new competences and to draw attention to the existing powers of municipal councils that can be used to counteract the effects of the pandemic crisis.
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Waleed Abdullah Abdulaal, Waleed Abdullah Abdulaal. "Municipal Councils in Saudi Arabia: Context and Organization." journal of king abdulaziz university environmental design Science 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/env.6-1.1.
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In 2004 the Saudi Council of Ministers called for the formation of semi-elected municipal councils in 178 cities and towns of Saudi Arabia. This command instigated public participation in local decision making. The election process finished in early 2005 and councils' formation is completed by the end of 2005 to augment their start. Given the relatively fresh beginning of citizen engagement in local decisions in Saudi Arabia, this paper aims at analyzing the context and organization of municipal councils in Saudi Arabia. The paper starts by reviewing theoretical background on public participation, highlighting its importance, methods and factors affecting it. The purpose is to establish an analytical framework to examine the work in Saudi. Two sets of interrelated factors are defined including contextual and local factors, which are then discussed in relation to municipal councils in Saudi Arabia. The discussion outlines existing shortcomings with the contextual and local factors and proposes necessary improvements based on the understanding that public participation is a learning process that will demand continuous improvement and enhancement.
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Khaile, Thabo. "LIMITATION OF THE PRINCIPAL-AGENT THEORY TO EXPLAIN THE PROBLEM OF NON-COMPLIANCE IN SOUTH AFRICAN MUNICIPALITIES." Journal of Public Administration and Development Alternatives 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55190/bvkl7572.
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The obstinate problem of non-compliance with municipal finance legislation in South Africa has been largely explained as a principal-agent problem. Accordingly, the municipal officials as agents are depicted as potentially non-compliant, dishonest and corrupt. Notably, measures that have been established to address problems of non-compliance have been disproportionately focused towards municipal officials. This intrinsic bias against municipal officials is flawed and inadequate for the context and dynamics at play in the problem of non-compliance with municipal finance legislation in South African municipalities. In particular, the assumption that the non-compliance occurs because the municipal councils are unable to effectively control the behaviour of the bureaucrats is not borne out by reality. This article aims to highlight the theoretical limitations of the principal-agent theory in order to explain the problem of non-compliance with municipal finance legislation in South Africa. Drawing on reports of the Auditor-General, the article shows the contribution of the municipal council in the problem of non-compliance. The article concludes that municipal councils are not unable but unwilling to exercise oversight obligation and duty and thus must be regarded as complicit and culpable in the problem of non-compliance in South African municipalities. Keywords: Auditor reports, Municipal councils, Non-compliance, Oversight, Principal- Agent Theory
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McBride, Tony, and Alana Hulme. "Continuing Uncertainties for Victorian Municipal Public Health Plans." Australian Journal of Primary Health 6, no. 2 (2000): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py00014.
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This paper discusses the current state of play in Victorian municipal public health planning and practice. It questions whether a legislative vehicle is still appropriate to realise local government's potential to affect its populations' health. The paper draws on four recent studies focused on the metropolitan experience. The impact of the radical local government restructuring in the mid-1990s and Compulsory Competitive Tendering were evident in the overlapping findings. These included: increased legitimacy for planning; an ambivalent policy environment; inconsistent support within councils; a paradox about external collaboration; limited community participation; and confusion about models for municipal health planning. However, there was a complex tapestry of positive and negative stories, perspectives, capacities and public health practices, reflecting the sectors' inherent geographical and political diversity. The continuing constraints on effective practice suggest that a reliance on State government legislation as the driving force for councils' approach to public health might no longer be the most productive approach. Public health advocates within and across councils need to help councils develop their own local rationales for action. To support this, the State government should act to create a more supportive and consistent policy environment.
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Kubas, Sebastian. "Partycypacja katowickiej wspólnoty lokalnej w wyborach do organów władzy samorządu miejskiego i rad jednostek pomocniczych. Analiza zjawiska na podstawie wybranych zmiennych." Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne 20 (August 16, 2016): 172–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1643-0328.20.12.
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Participation of the local community in Katowice in the elections to municipal authorities and the councils of facultative units. An analysis of a phenomenon on the basis of chosen factorsThe article presents the analysis of two factors connected with the local elections to municipal authorities in Katowice and to the councils of facultative units. The chosen factors: turnout and the number of invalid votes serve as a comparative tool of the attitudes of the local electorate in Katowice. The local turnout and the number of invalid votes in Katowice are primarily compared with the same factors connected with presidential, parliamentary and European Parliament elections, then the article touches upon the issue of elections to local municipal authorities and to the councils of facultative units in Katowice.
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Quilice, Thiago Ferreira, Cleiton Martins Duarte da Silva, Naraiana Marques Jácome, and Poliana Estefane Sanches. "Utilização do conceito de cidades inteligentes para repensar os processos de comunicação dos Conselhos Municipais." Revista de Administração da UFSM 12, no. 6 (February 20, 2020): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1983465938688.
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The concept of smart cities addresses how information technology can improve a city’s processes and suggests greater participation among the population in these processes. The purpose of this article was to use this concept as a support to rethink the communication processes of municipal councils, seeking ways to improve them through the use of information technologies, which would allow improving the structure for the dissemination of actions taken by the councils and increasing social control over public policy planning and implementation. For this, the communication processes of the municipal councils of a small city were analyzed. These processes were then evaluated and discussed in light of the concept of smart cities. As a result, it was found that the communication processes analyzed are flawed and need improvement, especially regarding their scope, which should include the possibility of manifestation by society. Initiatives related to the concept of smart cities that could solve the identified problems are also discussed. Based on the collected data, the requirements and functionalities for the development of a technology-based communication tool that could enable faster and more effective communication between the counselors, between the councils and society and between the councils and their government departments are suggested. Finally, it is suggested that future research assesses within the population the reasons why social participation in municipal councils is low.
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Sezik, Murat. "Belediye Meclislerini Yeniden Kurgulamak: Muhtar Meclisleri (Re-Create the Municipal Councils: Mukhtar Councils)." Turk Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi 3, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26677/tr1010.2020.357.
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Córdova, Abby, and Annabella España-Nájera. "Do Multi-Party Municipal Councils Improve Local Governance? Municipal Councillors’ Opinions in El Salvador." Journal of Politics in Latin America 13, no. 2 (July 19, 2021): 192–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x211015506.
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As decentralisation reforms devolved greater responsibilities to local governments, improving local governance has become central to strengthening democracy. With the promise of increasing citizen representation and government transparency at the local level, in 2015 El Salvador implemented a new electoral system. The new system allowed for the election of opposition parties in municipal councils for the first time. In the context of El Salvador, we examine how opposition parties’ numerical representation influences the views of governing and opposition party members about multi-party councils’ effectiveness to improve local governance. To test our hypotheses, we rely on data from an original elite survey of 303 municipal councillors in 101 municipalities, which we complement with qualitative information. Contrary to what the literature suggests, we do not find evidence that a stronger opposition leads to more negative evaluations among members of governing parties, notwithstanding the country’s polarised party system.
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Anzaku, Samuel Akawu, Jariath Umoh Umoh, Paul Ayuba Abdu, Junaidu Kabir, and Akawu Bala. "Serological Survey of Newcastle Disease in Free Ranging Local Chickens in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria." New Journal of Science 2017 (January 4, 2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9646138.
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A serological survey was carried out in four area councils (Abuja Municipal, Kuje, Gwagwalada, and Kwali) of the Federal Capital Territory (Abuja) to determine the prevalence of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus in local chickens using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. In each area council, one hundred sera samples were collected from apparently healthy local chickens with no history of vaccination. Abuja Municipal, Kuje, Gwagwalada, and Kwali area councils had prevalence of 37, 44, 79, and 68%, respectively. The overall prevalence of antibody to Newcastle disease in the four area councils was 57%. This study shows that Newcastle disease virus is circulating in local chickens in the study area, and this may pose a serious threat to the commercial poultry industry within these four area councils of the Federal Capital Territory (Abuja) where this study was carried out.
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Calik, Anna. "Młodzieżowa rada gminy jako narzędzie partycypacji obywatelskiej młodzieży na przykładzie Gminy Wielka Wieś." Rocznik Administracji Publicznej 8 (December 30, 2022): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24497800rap.22.001.16777.
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Over time, they are more and more tools emerging to increase civic participation of young people at the local level. A form of manifestation of a given phenomenon are the Youth Municipal Council. As a result of their activities, young people stand a chance to gain valuable experience and consider the shape of local government policy. In Poland, there are already over 400 Youth Municipal Councils in which there are active members who want to make a real contribution and influence the local environment. There is a noticeable great potential for youth involvement, which, if properly used, can significantly increase the participation of young people in decision-making processes and, in the longer term, contribute to increased participation in political life. This article will present the example of the Youth Municipal Councils as a form of youth participation on the example of the Wielka Wieś Commune. The article focuses on several issues. Do young people share the idea of civic participation and want to take part in promoting it, and in what areas does the youth, through Youth Councils, influence changes in their local environment and what are the consequences of this? At the same time, it tries to verify the research hypothesis that the functioning of the Youth Municipal Councils – including the Wielka Wieś Commune, contributes to the strengthening and dissemination of the idea of civic participation among young people. Young people, gain- ing even marginal influence on the shape of the regulation at an early stage of its creation, will be more likely to become involved in its implementation later. The methodological core of the work is the analysis of the literature on the subject, good practices and partial research results related to the subject of the article among councilors from the Youth Municipal Councils in Wielka Wieś.
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Cabaleiro-Casal, Roberto, and Enrique J. Buch-Gómez. "Women in Spanish Municipal Councils and Budgetary Policies." Urban Affairs Review 56, no. 6 (August 21, 2019): 1715–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087419869844.
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As men and women are sociologically different, scientific literature attempts to explain differences in public outcomes in terms of the gender of elected representatives. In the municipal sphere, few studies have analyzed the short- and long-run effects of the gender of the mayor and the councillors on global budgetary policy. Our research aims to fill this gap. One of our main findings is that a change from a male to a female mayor, or a change in the proportion of female councillors ideologically alienated from a female mayor, has a significant impact on budgetary policy. We have also verified that the presence of female politicians with a right-wing ideology on a municipal council leads the municipality to lower levels of current expenditure with respect to non-social spending in both the short and the long term.
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Pinto, José Reginaldo, Kamyla de Arruda Pedrosa, Pollyanna Martins, Antonio Rodrigues Ferreira Júnior, and Bruna Dayane Rocha Maranhão. "(Dis) connections between health councils and audit: advancements and challenges in the democratization of public health management." Cadernos Saúde Coletiva 27, no. 1 (March 2019): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1414-462x201900010296.
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Abstract Background Aware of the importance of consolidating social control in the qualification of the Brazilian government’s Unified Health System (SUS) management, it is important to highlight that the audit must implement technical cooperation actions with the municipal, state and national health councils and with the three management spheres. Objective Analyze the interaction between the Municipal Health Councils and the SUS audit service. Method The research, with a qualitative approach, had the participation of 20 municipal health counselors, who worked in the largest health region of Ceará, Brazil, composed of 24 municipalities. The thematic content analysis data were collected using self-administered questionnaire. Results We observed a weak interaction between the Municipal Health Council and the SUS audit sector in the municipalities. Conclusion Counselors are unaware of their competencies and the functions of the municipal audit sector.
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Freedman, Warren. "The Legislative Authority of the Local Sphere of Government to Conserve and Protect the Environment: A Critical Analysis of Le Sueur v eThekwini Municipality [2013] ZAKZPHC 6 (30 January 2013)." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 17, no. 1 (April 21, 2017): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2014/v17i1a2263.
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Legislative authority in South Africa is divided among the national, provincial and local spheres of government. Section 43 of the Constitution provides in this respect that the legislative authority of the national sphere of government is vested in Parliament; that the legislative authority of the provincial sphere of government is vested in the provincial legislatures; and that the legislative authority of the local sphere of government is vested in the municipal councils. The allocation of legislative authority to municipal councils gives rise to a number of complex questions. One of these is the extent to which municipal councils are entitled to pass legislation that deals with the conservation and protection of the "environment". This issue was considered by the KwaZulu-Natal High Court: Pietermaritzburg in Le Sueur v eThekwini Municipality [2013] ZAKZPHC 6 (30 January 2013). In this case the High Court found that even though the functional area of "environment" has been explicitly allocated to the national and provincial spheres of government and not to the local sphere by the Constitution (see Schedule 4A of the Constitution), municipal councils are entitled to pass legislation that deals with the conservation and protection of the "environment", at least in those circumstances where it forms a part of "municipal planning". While there is no doubt that the functional area of "municipal planning" does encompass certain specific environmental matters at the local level, it does not encompass the broad area of the "environment", as the High Court suggests in its judgment. The approach adopted by the High Court, therefore, is open to some criticism. The purpose of this article is to set out and discuss the High Court’s judgment as well as the criticisms that may be levelled against it in the light of the allocation of legislative authority to the three spheres of government.
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Matveeva, Е., and А. Alagoz. "INFORMATION POLICY OF MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES ON THE COVERAGE OF PUBLIC COUNCILS’ ACTIVITIES (BASED ON THE CASE OF MONITORING IN KUZBASS)." Transbaikal State University Journal 27, no. 9 (2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-9-71-79.
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The article focuses on studying the information content of the official web sites of municipal entities regarding the coverage of activities of the public councils formed under the municipal authorities in Kuzbass. The purpose of the article was to monitor the web sites of municipalities in terms of their highlighting the work of public councils and to develop recommendations for improving the information policy of municipal authorities on this issue. The recommendations made are addressed to both municipalities and the Public Chamber of Kemerovo Region-Kuzbass and Kuzbass Legislature and suggest amending the regulatory framework. The research results have a practical orientation, since they allow to develop a unified standard of methodological recommendations for improving the information policy of municipalities. Along with the results of the monitoring of official websites, the study analyzes such source as publications of Russian researchers on the issue of public councils under authorities. The methodological basis of the research was formed by a set of methodological approaches – the systematic approach of Th. Parsons, comparative and regulatory approaches. The choice of these methods was associated with the need to study different types of sources available on the websites of municipal authorities – regulatory legal acts and minutes of meetings of public councils. With regard to the term “information policy”, the authors rely on the definition proposed by A. F. Garifullina, who considers information policy as a system of information channels connecting state and municipal authorities with society. As part of the monitoring of web sites of municipalities, the authors studied issues related to the availability of information on the work of public councils, determined the qualitative characteristics of the social and professional composition of council members, and considered the issue of the implementation of the public control function. Among the recommendation proposed as a result, the following should be stressed: the need to systematize information about the work of the public council in a separate page on the municipality’s website, the need to arrange information about the work of the public council and to expand the possibilities for implementing the function of public control by councils through monitoring, expertise, inspections and other forms
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Azevedo, Daniel Abreu. "Modelos de democracia e espaços políticos: o caso da democracia participativa/Models of democracy and political spaces: the case of participatory democracy." Geografares, no. 26 (August 10, 2018): 126–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7147/geo26.21002.
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RESUMOO presente artigo tem como objetivo principal trazer o conceito de espaço político e sua relação com o sistema político democrático, analisando, especificamente, o caso dos Conselhos Municipais e o modelo da democracia participativa. A partir dessa discussão teórico-conceitual, busca-se lançar luz, através de uma perspectiva geográfica, sobre a forma de governo que, ao mesmo tempo em que se expande no mundo, também tem sua legitimidade questionada. A partir de pesquisa empírica desenvolvida nos Conselhos Municipais do Rio de Janeiro entre os anos de 2015-2016, o artigo analisa especificamente o caso dos Conselhos Tutelares e questiona a legitimidade democrática dessas novas instituições brasileiras.Palavras-chave: espaço político, democracia participativa, Conselhos Municipais, Conselhos Tutelares, Rio de Janeiro. ABSTRACTThe main objective of this article is to bring the concept of political space and its relation to the democratic political system, specifically analyzing the case of Municipal Councils and the model of participatory democracy. From this theoretical-conceptual discussion, we seek to highligh, through a geographical perspective, the form of government that, at the same time it expands in the world, also it has its legitimacy questioned. Based on empirical research developed in the Municipal Councils of Rio de Janeiro between the years 2015-2016, the article specifically analyzes the case of the Tutelary Councils and the democratic legitimacy of these new Brazilian institutions.Keywords: political space, participatory democracy, Municipal Councils, Tutelary Councils, Rio de Janeiro.
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Buczkowski, Łukasz. "Norma demograficzna w wyborach do rad gmin na gruncie Kodeksu wyborczego." Studia Politologiczne, no. 2/2022(64) (June 15, 2022): 288–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2022.64.16.
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An institution often associated with the concept of the local government electoral system is the demographic norm, which marks the boundary between the majority and proportional systems. The aim of this article was the analysis and evaluation of the course of legislative work devoted to the inclusion of the demographic norm in elections to municipal councils under the Electoral Code. The analysis allows for the assumption that the current model of appointing municipal councils is a compromise solution, partly taking into account the arguments of the supporters of the principle of majority and proportionality.
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Aguiar, Wagner José de, and Ricardo Augusto Pessoa Braga. "Entre la descentralización y la desconcentración de la gestión ambiental: alcances y límites en la actuación de consejos municipales de medio ambiente en el Semiárido Nordestino." Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental 22 (August 23, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2236117030452.
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The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 had an important role in the induction of political-administrative decentralization as in the elevation of municipalities as a federated entity. In environmental policy, these results have been expressed through the dissemination of municipal environmental councils. In the Northeast of Brazil, a region that has the fewest municipalities with established environmental councils and researches focused on their dynamics, new collegiate instances have been created, without a critical evaluation, among other factors, of the institutional capacity of small municipalities. In this sense, this article discusses the reaches and the limits identificated in the perfomance of municipal councils of environment in the Northeastern Semiarid, taking as an analytical reference the logics of the decentralization and the desconcentration. Through a bibliographical survey and a case study carried out in the semi-arid municipalities of Pernambuco, it is possible to identify reaches but, above all, limits that hinder the deliberative autonomy of the councils, even in large and economically dynamic municipalities. New studies are suggested, considering the pioneering and new environmental councils, especially in the northeastern states that exhibit the lowest levels of environmental management instruments implemented.
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Syna, Helena Desivilya, Michal Palgi, and Maha Sabbah Karkabi. "Unpacking the politics of equality, diversity and inclusion: The case of Israeli Jewish and Palestinian women in municipal councils." Research in Social Change 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 4–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rsc-2020-0001.
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Abstract This research aims to unpack the politics of gender equality and inclusion in municipal councils, focusing on the patterns of women’s political practices; the institutional impact of the national and local cultures on the organizational cultures. It is based on action-research and mixed-method format. Eight municipal councils in small and medium size Jewish, Arab and Jewish-Arab towns in the Northern district participate in the study. Initial findings suggest that women's meaningful involvement in the municipal strategic decision-making is partial. There is a significant gap between the declared strive for gender equality and inclusion and women's actual influence in decision-making. This gap looms particularly large in the Arab towns. The mechanisms of exclusion and potential avenues of counteracting them are discussed.
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Tajadura Tejada, Javier. "El futuro de las provincias y las diputaciones provinciales ante una reforma de la Constitución territorial." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 43 (May 23, 2019): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.43.2019.24409.
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Este artículo es una contribución al debate sobre la conveniencia o no de suprimir las diputaciones provinciales (de régimen común). El trabajo expone el origen y la evolución del régimen provincial en España, desde 1812, y examina después el marco constitucional vigente y su desarrollo legislativo. Con esas premisas se analiza el principal argumento para justificar el mantenimiento de las Diputaciones provinciales: el minifundismo municipal, y se confronta con la praxis de los últimos años. En este contexto se defiende la intermunicipalidad como respuesta más lógica y coherente (también en el Derecho comparado) a un mapa municipal excesivamente fragmentado y se propone la supresión de las diputaciones provinciales.This article is a contribution to the debate on whether or not to abolish provincial councils. The work exposes the origin and evolution of the provincial regime in Spain, since 1812, and then examines the current constitutional framework and its legislative development. With these premises is analyzed the main argument to justify the maintenance of provincial councils: municipal minifundismo, and is confronted with the praxis of recent years. In this context, intermunicipality is defended as the most logical and coherent response (also in comparative law) to an excessively fragmented municipal map and the suppression of provincial councils is proposed.
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Kuligovski, Marcia Patricia, and Silvana Stremel. "A pesquisa sobre Conselhos Municipais de Educação no Brasil: levantamento de teses e dissertações (1998-2019)." Revista de Estudios Teóricos y Epistemológicos en Política Educativa 5 (2020): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/retepe.v.5.17250.025.
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The objective of this work is to present an overview of how research on Municipal Councils of Education has been developed in Brazil. This is a review study that had as its initial reference Souza and Vasconcelos’s (2006) article, which addressed the production regarding the Councils related to Education from 1996 to 2002. This research, in turn, covers a broader period and was carried out based on the survey of Doctoral dissertations and Master’s theses available in the Catalog of Dissertations and Theses and Open Data of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - CAPES. Altogether, 111 dissertations and theses were identified across the country, defended between 1998 and 2019, with the highest concentration of research being observed in the Southeast region. The theoretical and methodological framework included discussions by authors such as: Cury (2004), Bordignon (2009), Mainardes (2018, 2021), Gil (2019), among others. It was verified that the production around this theme has grown over the years, with a predominance of case studies, in which the specific aspects of the Municipal Councils of Education are analyzed and how they act in the face of educational demands, denoting special interest of researchers about democratic management, participatory democracy and representativeness in the Municipal Councils of Education. At the end of this text, the systematization of the survey carried out is presented, with the works organized in 19 categories.
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Kuligovski, Marcia Patricia, and Silvana Stremel. "A pesquisa sobre Conselhos Municipais de Educação no Brasil: levantamento de teses e dissertações (1998-2019)." Revista de Estudios Teóricos y Epistemológicos en Política Educativa 5 (2020): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/retepe.v.5.17250.025.
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The objective of this work is to present an overview of how research on Municipal Councils of Education has been developed in Brazil. This is a review study that had as its initial reference Souza and Vasconcelos’s (2006) article, which addressed the production regarding the Councils related to Education from 1996 to 2002. This research, in turn, covers a broader period and was carried out based on the survey of Doctoral dissertations and Master’s theses available in the Catalog of Dissertations and Theses and Open Data of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - CAPES. Altogether, 111 dissertations and theses were identified across the country, defended between 1998 and 2019, with the highest concentration of research being observed in the Southeast region. The theoretical and methodological framework included discussions by authors such as: Cury (2004), Bordignon (2009), Mainardes (2018, 2021), Gil (2019), among others. It was verified that the production around this theme has grown over the years, with a predominance of case studies, in which the specific aspects of the Municipal Councils of Education are analyzed and how they act in the face of educational demands, denoting special interest of researchers about democratic management, participatory democracy and representativeness in the Municipal Councils of Education. At the end of this text, the systematization of the survey carried out is presented, with the works organized in 19 categories.
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Boratyn, Dominik. "Rady młodzieżowe jako podmioty partycypacji młodzieży w społecznościach lokalnych – analiza prawna artykułu 5b ustawy o samorządzie gminnym z 8 marca 1990 r." Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego 68, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2022.04.18.
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The article is part of a publication cycle on research on the institution of communal youth councils in local self-government communities in Poland. This publication analyzes the current legal regulations regulating the functioning of youth councils. Additionally, the legal basis for participation was presented, taking into account the provisions of the Polish Constitution as well as the act on municipal self-government. The essential part of the article is the analysis of the original wording of Art. 5b of the Act on Municipal Self-Government and the changes that have occurred in it after the amendment of April 20, 2021.
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Spicer, Zachary. "A Patchwork of Participation: Stewardship, Delegation and the Search for Community Representation in Post-Amalgamation Ontario." Canadian Journal of Political Science 49, no. 1 (March 2016): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423916000275.
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AbstractIn the wake of wide-ranging municipal amalgamations Ontario, the provincial government promoted the use of community councils, citizen-led boards that would have input in local matters. Community councils were touted as a way of preserving local identity and policy control. However, more than a decade removed from Ontario's restructuring process, few municipalities have community councils in place. Those that have implemented community councils established them with purely advisory functions. This paper asks why community councils were so inconsistently implemented and introduced with such limited powers. Overall, it is found that community councils were victims of restructuring politics. Blocked by city councillors fearing decentralization would dilute their authority and foster political rivals, constrained through a restrictive legislative framework and pushed aside by city officials fearing they would effectively recreate a two-tier system, community councils were either abandoned or installed with a limited mandate.
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Черкасов, Александр Игоревич. "Mayors and their interaction with municipal councils in the countries of Eastern Europe." Studia Politologiczne 2020, no. 58 (November 15, 2020): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2020.58.9.
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This article deals with the institute of mayor and his interaction with municipal councils in the countries of Eastern Europe. The author points out that the mayor personifies the whole urban governance mechanism and acts as an arbitrator in the struggle of various interests coming into confrontation at the level of a modern city. The article contains analyses of the trend towards “presidentialization” of the local political system and decollectivization of the decision making process at the municipal level common for many modern cities. On the basis of popular support and expectations the mayor begins to increasingly squeeze positions of local councils in the municipal mechanism. Direct mayoral elections are becoming more common and increase the independence of the head of local administration from political parties and slightly reduce the role of the latter in the decision making process
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Abdullah Atallah Gibeal Al- marazqah, Abdullah Atallah Gibeal Al marazqah. "Government agencies overseeing municipal council funds: رقابة الأجهزة الحكومية على أموال المجالس البلدية." مجلة العلوم الإقتصادية و الإدارية و القانونية 5, no. 24 (December 30, 2021): 55–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.d010321.
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The research aims to identify the main internal and external monetary supplies to municipalities and their role in turning municipalities to development institutions. IN addition, this research identified the main supervision practices over the municipal councils, which are carried out by some government agencies. The effect of such practices on the adequacy of work has also been identified. the descriptive approach has been used to handle these monetary supplies based on the legislations and regulations that are related to them. the analytical approach has also been employed by analyzing some legal provisions that are related to the research. In conclusion, after having handled the surveillance of the government agencies over municipal councils funds. It is essential to show the main results that we concluded as well as stating some recommendations, which are five. Among the most important results of the study: The financial autonomy that municipalities have is not absolute and relative, which emphasizes the idea that municipalities funds are subject to control by the central authority. this can sometimes lead to imposing some restrains on the jurisdiction of the municipal councils. The study recommended Increasing the financial autonomy of the municipalities as imposing censorship over the financial autonomy may be a cause of shortage of funds.
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Linde Paniagua, Enrique. "Las diputaciones provinciales y su futuro incierto." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 41 (May 28, 2018): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.41.2018.22119.
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Las diputaciones provinciales son en la actualidad indispensables, habida cuenta del minifundismo municipal español. No obstante nada impide que las diputaciones se extingan y sus funciones se pasen a desempeñar por otras corporaciones representativas. En el trabajo se sostiene la tesis de que resulta posible la supresión de las diputaciones y su sustitución por las comunidades autónomas. Pero es igualmente posible la sustitución de las diputaciones provinciales por entes locales que pongan fin al minifundismo municipal. La primera alternativa supondría el incremento considerable de las competencias de las comunidades autónomas con merma de la autonomía local. Por el contrario, la segunda alternativa pondría fin al minifundismo municipal y preservaría de manera más efectiva la autonomía local. Finalmente se considera que el futuro de las diputaciones provinciales no debe trazarse de manera independiente de la nueva configuración del Estado de las Autonomías, pues la elección de una de las dos soluciones apuntadas, o de otras, depende de dicha nueva configuración.Provincial councils are currently indispensable, given the Spanish municipal smallholding. However nothing prevents the deputies are extinguished and their functions are transferred to other representative corporations. In the work the thesis is sustained that it is possible the suppression of the deputations and their substitution by the autonomous communities. But it is also possible to substitute provincial councils for local entities that put an end to municipal smallholding. The first alternative would involve a considerable increase in the competences of the autonomous communities, with a reduction in local autonomy. On the contrary, the second alternative would put an end to municipal smallholding and preserve local autonomy more effectively. Finally, it is considered that the future of the provincial councils should not be traced independently of the new configuration of the State of the Autonomous Regions, since the choice of one of the two pointed solutions, or others, depends on this new configuration.
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Plotnikova, Maria. "Regional development without social conflicts on municipal territories. Subjects of public municipalities’ control as institutions for forming public opinion and relieving social tension." SHS Web of Conferences 94 (2021): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219403010.
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Public councils and Public chambers, as subjects of public control at the federal, regional and municipal levels, are channels for forming public opinion of citizens about the government’s activities by performing their institutional functions and tasks. Their effective activity contributes to the accumulation of public initiatives aimed at providing the region’s development, improving the level and quality of people’s life, ensuring their retransmission to the authorities for making the necessary decisions. And if at the federal and regional levels their legal status is fixed by normative legal acts, at the municipal level there is no legal certainty to regulate the methods of creating and organizing the activities of local Public chambers. The author conducted a study to identify efficiency criteria for the realization of the institutional functions of regional Public chambers and by necessity of efficiency criteria, formed on their basis for Public chambers and councils of the municipal level, which may differ, and by necessity of development of proposals for additional resources to increase their effectiveness.
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Klein, Markus, Frederik Springer, Philipp Becker, and Yvonne Lüdecke. "Wer kandidiert für wen? Rekrutierungspotenziale politischer Parteien und kommunaler Wählergemeinschaften im Vergleich." Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 52, no. 1 (2021): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0340-1758-2021-1-43.
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In Germany, there are an estimated 200,000 seats to be filled at the local level in city and municipal councils, city council assemblies, and district councils . It is of fundamental importance for the functioning of local democracy that a sufficient number of candidates can be found for these mandates . Against this background, the recruitment potential of political parties and municipal voters’ associations with regard to candidates for mandates at the local level is examined comparatively . The data basis is a representative population survey conducted as part of the 2017 German Party Membership Study . It is shown that a good quarter of the population can in principle be won over to a candidacy at the municipal level . Ten percent would only run for a party, six percent only for a municipal voters’ association and a further ten percent for both political groups . These three candidate potentials each have a specific profile regarding their socio-structural composition and their political attitudes .
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Naor, Moshe. "Sephardi Leadership in Israel." Israel Studies Review 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/isr.2020.350103.
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This article seeks to examine the impact of the transition from Yishuv to state on the Sephardi and Mizrahi leadership, as reflected in the patterns of organization and action of the Sephardi community councils in general, and the Councils of the Sephardi Community in Tel Aviv and Haifa in particular. Against the background of the growing centralized power of the state under the leadership of Mapai and the application of the principle of statism (mamlachtiut), the article will discuss the activities of the Councils of the Sephardi Community in Haifa and Tel Aviv. The article analyzes the process that led in 1951 to the dissolution of the Sephardi and Oriental Communities Union as a political framework, as well as the decision made in the same year by the community councils in Haifa and Tel Aviv to withdraw from political activity.
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Quamar, Md Muddassir. "Municipal Elections in Saudi Arabia, 2015." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 3, no. 4 (December 2016): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347798916664623.
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The third municipal elections in Saudi Arabia held on December 12, 2015 were significant because for the first time women participated both as voters and candidates. An important development so far as broadening the legitimacy of the electoral process is concerned. On the other hand, the lower turnout highlights the limitations of the electoral process as well as the functioning of the municipal councils. Nonetheless, seen within the context of slow and gradual reforms and priorities of the monarchy, one can argue that the municipal elections are a work in progress.
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Caffé, Samuel Cronemberger, Lucia Marisy Souza Ribeiro de Oliveira, Marcia Bento Moreira, Samuel Horácio de Oliveira, and Nilo Ramos Moreira de Souza. "Municipal councils for sustainable development and their relationship with agroecology." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 9, no. 7 (2022): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.97.16.
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This article discusses the institutionalization of Municipal Sustainable Development Councils and their relationship with the emergence of agroecology in family farming, taking as a cut the approach to the theme in the State of Bahia and specifically in the municipality of Jaguarari. The sources of evidence for data collection were based on a bibliographic and documental review, as well as an approach by the qualitative method. For its elaboration, it was necessary to go through routes of consultations and detailed readings that endorsed that the mobilizations and popular social struggles in Brazil were the way to arrive at institutionalized councils as spaces for decisions taken before exclusively within the scope of the Public Power. Another aspect of the article that is intertwined with the achievements of participation of collegiate decisions in the municipalities and in the sphere of family agriculture is the recognition of agroecology as a relevant support for the structuring and organization of an alternative form of democratic society, environmentally sustainable and responsible for the current and future generations.
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Sancton, Andrew. "What is a meeting? Municipal councils and the Ontario ombudsman." Canadian Public Administration 58, no. 3 (September 2015): 426–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/capa.12123.
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Ventura, Carla A. A., Mauro Serapioni, Marcela J. Miwa, and Márjore S. Jorge. "Scope and Limitations of Municipal Health Councils: A Case Study." World Medical & Health Policy 10, no. 1 (March 2018): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.259.
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Wachhaus, Aaron. "The Ties That Bind." Administration & Society 46, no. 9 (October 20, 2014): 1109–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399714554682.
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This article examines cases of municipal dissolution and the impact of the loss of government on a place, its people, and the surrounding area. A framework of three components of municipal community—people, place, and government—is presented. The interrelation of these elements is explored through cases where not all elements are present. Particular attention is given to the removal of government from community through municipal dissolution. The impacts of dissolution on community, and its potential as a governance strategy, are addressed.
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Glinka, Kamil, Michał Klonowski, Karolina Niemczyk, and Maciej Onasz. "Impact of the Election Formula Change on the Structure of Competition in Local Legislatures: Lessons from Poland." Politologický časopis - Czech Journal of Political Science 30, no. 1 (2023): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/pc2023-1-25.
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The aim of the article is to illustrate the political consequences of changes in the electoral system for elections to municipal councils in Poland introduced in 2018. For the purposes of the article, the following hypothesis is formulated: the changes in the electoral formula for elections to municipal councils with more than 20,000 inhabitants (excluding CCS), introduced under the 2018 amendment to the electoral law, alters the structure of political competition. The changes include: decreasing the advantage of the victorious election committee over its main rival (CI index), decreasing the number of relevant participants in the struggle for power (ENP index), broadening the extent to which the distribution of seats reflects the preferences of voters (PI index), and decreasing the ‘ownership’ of the most powerful electoral committee (AI index).
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Majola, Brian K. "Political Party and Municipal Councils’ Strategies in Empowering Women Ward Councillors in South Africa." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 11, no. 2 (March 5, 2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2022-0050.
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In South Africa, women and Black people became councillors after the first non-racial democratic local government elections between 1995 and 1996. One can be elected as councillor irrespective of race, gender or level of education. The country’s electoral system allows women’s presence in politics to largely depend on political parties. However, the number of women ward councillors has been unstable as some women leave the office after one term. It is political parties and municipal councils that can shape and ensure women’s stay in politics by empowering them. The paper aims to determine whether there are any strategies employed by selected municipal councils to empower women ward councillors. It explores whether there is any training provided by the municipal council to sensitise both council and community members on gender issues. The paper strives to explore whether political parties are grooming enough women to participate in politics and contest in elections. The study is exploratory and qualitative in nature. It focuses on Ward and PR councillors, from six local municipalities in the KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape Provinces who were interviewed using an interview guide. The findings of the study were analyzed using content analysis and themes were induced from the interview data. The results indicated that there were no strategies adopted by the municipal councils to empower women councillors. There was no training to sensitise both council and community members about gender issues and women are not groomed by their political parties to be ready to contest the elections.
Received: 28 September 2021 / Accepted: 21 January 2022 / Published: 5 March 2022
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Ackaert, Johan. "Imperiali, D'Hondt en Niemeyer als verdelingstechnieken bij de gemeenteraadsverkiezingen : Een simulatie aan de hand van de gemeenteraadsverkiezingen van 9 oktober 1988." Res Publica 32, no. 4 (December 31, 1990): 537–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v32i4.19254.
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Earlier research pointed out that the processing of the results of the municipal council elections shows a serious distorsion favouring the strongest lists and prejudicing the weaker ones. The Belgian Parliament will discuss at an early date two different proposals of law on that problem. One prefers the "D'Hondt"-method (which is used for all the other elections in Belgium), the other suggests the "Niemeyer"-technique, which is used in Germany. Both systems seem to be more proportional than the "Imperiali"-way (which is used naw). However, the "Niemeyer"-technique is not always able to transform an absolute majority of votes into a majority of seats in the municipal councils. A modification of the seatsdistributionsystem will seriously reduce the number of absolute majorities in the municipal councils. This could pose problems of political and administrative stability in local government. A modification will also produce negative ejfects on the positions of the christian-democrats in Flanders and the socialists and christian-democrats in the Walloons. Nearly all the other parties and particularly the small ones will improve their positions.