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Journal articles on the topic 'Dissipative cellular automata'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Ladd, Anthony J. C., and Daan Frenkel. "Dissipative hydrodynamic interactions via lattice‐gas cellular automata." Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 2, no. 11 (November 1990): 1921–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.857667.

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2

Ohta, Jun, and Ikuo Matsuba. "Analysis of earthquakes based on a dissipative cellular-automata model." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part III: Fundamental Electronic Science) 82, no. 2 (February 1999): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6440(199902)82:2<20::aid-ecjc3>3.0.co;2-s.

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3

Gunji, Yukio-Pegio, and Daisuke Uragami. "Computational Power of Asynchronously Tuned Automata Enhancing the Unfolded Edge of Chaos." Entropy 23, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23111376.

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Asynchronously tuned elementary cellular automata (AT-ECA) are described with respect to the relationship between active and passive updating, and that spells out the relationship between synchronous and asynchronous updating. Mutual tuning between synchronous and asynchronous updating can be interpreted as the model for dissipative structure, and that can reveal the critical property in the phase transition from order to chaos. Since asynchronous tuning easily makes behavior at the edge of chaos, the property of AT-ECA is called the unfolded edge of chaos. The computational power of AT-ECA is evaluated by the quantitative measure of computational universality and efficiency. It shows that the computational efficiency of AT-ECA is much higher than that of synchronous ECA and asynchronous ECA.

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4

Wessling, B. "Cellular Automata Simulation of Dissipative Structure Formation in Heterogeneous Polymer Systems, Formation of Networks of a Dispersed Phase by Flocculation." Journal de Physique II 6, no. 3 (March 1996): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp2:1996184.

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5

Imai, Katsunobu, Takahiro Hori, and Kenichi Morita. "Self-Reproduction in Three-Dimensional Reversible Cellular Space." Artificial Life 8, no. 2 (April 2002): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454602320184220.

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Due to inevitable power dissipation, it is said that nano-scaled computing devices should perform their computing processes in a reversible manner. This will be a large problem in constructing three-dimensional nano-scaled functional objects. Reversible cellular automata (RCA) are used for modeling physical phenomena such as power dissipation, by studying the dissipation of garbage signals. We construct a three-dimensional self-inspective self-reproducing reversible cellular automaton by extending the two-dimensional version SR8. It can self-reproduce various patterns in three-dimensional reversible cellular space without dissipating garbage signals.

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6

Chua, Leon O. "CNN: A Vision of Complexity." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 07, no. 10 (October 1997): 2219–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127497001618.

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CNN is an acronym for either Cellular Neural Network when used in the context of brain science, or Cellular Nonlinear Network when used in the context of coupled dynamical systems. A CNN is defined by two mathematical constructs: 1. A spatially discrete collection of continuous nonlinear dynamical systems called cells, where information can be encrypted into each cell via three independent variables called input, threshold, and initial state. 2. A coupling law relating one or more relevant variables of each cell Cij to all neighbor cells Ckl located within a prescribed sphere of influence Sij(r) of radius r, centered at Cij. In the special case where the CNN consists of a homogeneous array, and where its cells have no inputs, no thresholds, and no outputs, and where the sphere of influence extends only to the nearest neighbors (i.e. r = 1), the CNN reduces to the familiar concept of a nonlinear lattice. The bulk of this three-part exposition is devoted to the standard CNN equation [Formula: see text] where xij, yij, uij and zij are scalars called state, output, input, and threshold of cell Cij; akl and bkl are scalars called synaptic weights, and Sij(r) is the sphere of influence of radius r. In the special case where r = 1, a standard CNN is uniquely defined by a string of "19" real numbers (a uniform thresholdzkl = z, nine feedback synaptic weights akl, and nine control synaptic weights bkl) called a CNN gene because it completely determines the properties of the CNN. The universe of all CNN genes is called the CNN genome. Many applications from image processing, pattern recognition, and brain science can be easily implemented by a CNN "program" defined by a string of CNN genes called a CNN chromosome. The first new result presented in this exposition asserts that every Boolean function of the neighboring-cell inputs can be explicitly synthesized by a CNN chromosome. This general theorem implies that every cellular automata (with binary states) is a CNN chromosome. In particular, a constructive proof is given which shows that the game-of-life cellular automata can be realized by a CNN chromosome made of only three CNN genes. Consequently, this "game-of-life" CNN chromosome is a universal Turing machine, and is capable of self-replication in the Von Neumann sense [Berlekamp et al., 1982]. One of the new concepts presented in this exposition is that of a generalized cellular automata (GCA), which is outside the framework of classic cellular (Von Neumann) automata because it cannot be defined by local rules: It is simply defined by iterating a CNN gene, or chromosome, in a "CNN DO LOOP". This new class of generalized cellular automata includes not only global Boolean maps, but also continuum-state cellular automata where the initial state configuration and its iterates are real numbers, not just a finite number of states as in classical (von Neumann) cellular automata. Another new result reported in this exposition is the successful implementation of an analog input analog output CNN universal machine, called a CNN universal chip, on a single silicon chip. This chip is a complete dynamic array stored-program computer where a CNN chromosome (i.e. a CNN algorithm or flow chart) can be programmed and executed on the chip at an extremely high speed of 1 Tera (1012) analog instructions per second (based on a 100 × 100 chip). The CNN universal chip is based entirely on nonlinear dynamics and therefore differs from a digital computer in its fundamental operating principles. Part II of this exposition is devoted to the important subclass of autonomous CNNs where the cells have no inputs. This class of CNNs can exhibit a great variety of complex phenomena, including pattern formation, Turing patterns, knots, auto waves, spiral waves, scroll waves, and spatiotemporal chaos. It provides a unified paradigm for complexity, as well as an alternative paradigm for simulating nonlinear partial differential equations (PDE's). In this context, rather than regarding the autonomous CNN as an approximation of nonlinear PDE's, we advocate the more provocative point of view that nonlinear PDE's are merely idealizations of CNNs, because while nonlinear PDE's can be regarded as a limiting form of autonomous CNNs, only a small class of CNNs has a limiting PDE representation. Part III of this exposition is rather short but no less significant. It contains in fact the potentially most important original results of this exposition. In particular, it asserts that all of the phenomena described in the complexity literature under various names and headings (e.g. synergetics, dissipative structures, self-organization, cooperative and competitive phenomena, far-from-thermodynamic equilibrium phenomena, edge of chaos, etc.) are merely qualitative manifestations of a more fundamental and quantitative principle called the local activity dogma. It is quantitative in the sense that it not only has a precise definition but can also be explicitly tested by computing whether a certain explicitly defined expression derived from the CNN paradigm can assume a negative value or not. Stated in words, the local activity dogma asserts that in order for a system or model to exhibit any form of complexity, such as those cited above, the associated CNN parameters must be chosen so that either the cells or their couplings are locally active.

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7

Feng, Tianjun, Keyi Liu, and Chunyan Liang. "An Improved Cellular Automata Traffic Flow Model Considering Driving Styles." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15020952.

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An improved cellular automata model (CA model) considering driving styles is proposed to analyze traffic flow characteristics and study traffic congestion’s dissipation mechanism. The data were taken from a particular case in the Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) program, which selected US-101 as the survey location from 7:50 a.m.–8:05 a.m. to investigate vehicle trajectory information. Different driving styles and the differences in vehicle parameters (speed, acceleration, deceleration, etc.) were obtained using principal component analysis and the k-means clustering method. The selected model was proposed for improvement based on analyzing the existing CA models and combining them with the actual road conditions. Considerations of driving styles and two operation mechanisms (over-acceleration and speed adaptation) were introduced in the improved model. The result obtained after the traffic simulation shows that the improved CA model is effective, and the mutual transformation of different traffic flow phases can be simulated. In the improved CA model, dissipating traffic congestion effectively and balancing the overall flow of the road are realized to improve the traffic capacity up to around 115% compared to the NaSch model and meet the demand of all kinds of drivers expecting to drive at the safest distance, which provides a theoretical basis for relieving traffic congestion. The various driving styles in terms of safety, comfort, and effectiveness are performed differently in the improved CA model. An aggressive driving style contributes to increasing traffic capacity up to around 181% compared to a calm driving style, while the calm style contributes to maintaining traffic flow stability.

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8

Timler, John, and Craig S. Lent. "Power gain and dissipation in quantum-dot cellular automata." Journal of Applied Physics 91, no. 2 (January 15, 2002): 823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1421217.

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9

Rahimi, Ehsan. "Energy dissipation of quantum‐dot cellular automata logic gates." Micro & Nano Letters 11, no. 7 (July 2016): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2015.0535.

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10

Ghasemi Farbod, Adeleh, and Ehsan Rahimi. "Non‐adiabatic energy dissipation of quantum cellular automata logic devices." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 14, no. 5 (July 10, 2020): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds.2019.0301.

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11

Pidaparthi, Subhash, and Craig Lent. "Exponentially Adiabatic Switching in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 8, no. 3 (September 7, 2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea8030030.

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We calculate the excess energy transferred into two-dot and three-dot quantum dot cellular automata systems during switching events. This is the energy that must eventually be dissipated as heat. The adiabaticity of a switching event is quantified using the adiabaticity parameter of Landau and Zener. For the logically reversible operations of WRITE or ERASE WITH COPY, the excess energy transferred to the system decreases exponentially with increasing adiabaticity. For the logically irreversible operation of ERASE WITHOUT COPY, considerable energy is transferred and so must be dissipated, in accordance with the Landauer Principle. The exponential decrease in energy dissipation with adiabaticity (e.g., switching time) distinguishes adiabatic quantum switching from the usual linear improvement in classical systems.

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12

Pidaparthi, Subhash S., and Craig S. Lent. "Energy dissipation during two-state switching for quantum-dot cellular automata." Journal of Applied Physics 129, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 024304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0033633.

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13

Bhattacharjee, Pritam, Kunal Das, Arijit Dey, Debashis De, and Swarnendu Kumar Chakraborty. "Estimation of Power Dissipation in Ternary Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Cell." Journal of Low Power Electronics 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jolpe.2017.1485.

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14

Yan, Aibin, Runqi Liu, Zhengfeng Huang, Patrick Girard, and Xiaoqing Wen. "Designs of Level-Sensitive T Flip-Flops and Polar Encoders Based on Two XOR/XNOR Gates." Electronics 11, no. 10 (May 23, 2022): 1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11101658.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata is a novel nanotechnology that has the advantages of low energy dissipation, easy integration, and high computing speed. It is regarded as one of the powerful alternative technologies for the next generation of integrated circuits because of its unique implementation concept. In this paper, two XOR/XNOR gates are proposed. Level-sensitive T flip-flops, negative edge-trigger T flip-flops, two-to-one multiplexers, reversible gates, and (8, 4) polar encoders are implemented based on these two proposed logic gates. Simulation results show that, compared with the existing level-sensitive T flip-flops, the second proposed level-sensitive T flip-flop has fewer cells and lower energy dissipation; compared with the best (8, 4) polar encoder, the cell count and area of the second proposed (8, 4) polar encoder are decreased by 13.67% and 12.05%, respectively. The two XOR/XNOR gates have a stable output and low energy dissipation, which can be flexibly designed into complex quantum-dot cellular automata circuits.

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15

Rahimi, Ehsan, and Jeffrey R. Reimers. "Molecular quantum cellular automata cell design trade-offs: latching vs. power dissipation." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 26 (2018): 17881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02886a.

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A new way of using molecules to enact switches in quantum cellular automata (QCA) is proposed, utilizing monostable molecules that neither provide latching nor consume power; properties are compared to those for conventional bistable switches that both latch and consume power.

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16

Bahar, Ali Newaz, Mohammad Maksudur Rahman, Nur Mohammad Nahid, and Md Kamrul Hassan. "Energy dissipation dataset for reversible logic gates in quantum dot-cellular automata." Data in Brief 10 (February 2017): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2016.12.050.

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17

Blair, Enrique P., Eric Yost, and Craig S. Lent. "Power dissipation in clocking wires for clocked molecular quantum-dot cellular automata." Journal of Computational Electronics 9, no. 1 (November 11, 2009): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-009-0304-0.

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18

Deng, Feifei, Guangjun Xie, Shaowei Wang, Xin Cheng, and Yongqiang Zhang. "An Ultra-Low-Power Five-Input Majority Gate in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 29, no. 11 (January 15, 2020): 2050176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126620501765.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a highly attractive alternative to CMOS for future digital circuit design, relying on its high-performance and low-power-consumption features. This paper analyzes and compares previously published five-input majority gates. These designs do not perform well in terms of physical properties, especially concerting power consumption. Therefore, an ultra-low-power five-input majority gate in one layer is proposed, which uses a minimum number of cells and smaller area, and achieves the expected highly polarized output compared with previous designs. In order to evaluate its practicability, a new one-bit coplanar full-adder is proposed. The analysis results show that this full-adder performs well compared with existing multilayer and single-layer designs. The number of cells of the proposed design is reduced by 7.14% to get the same area and clock delay compared with the best coplanar full-adder. In addition, its power dissipation is also reduced by 9.28% at 0.5[Formula: see text], 11.09% at 1[Formula: see text] and 12.66% at 1.5[Formula: see text] in terms of average energy dissipation compared with the best single-layer design. QCADesigner tool is used to verify the simulation results of the proposed designs and QCAPro tool is used to evaluate the power dissipation of all considered designs.

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19

Vahabi, Mohsen, Pavel Lyakhov, Ali Newaz Bahar, Akira Otsuki, and Khan A. Wahid. "Novel Reversible Comparator Design in Quantum Dot-Cellular Automata with Power Dissipation Analysis." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (August 4, 2022): 7846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157846.

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In very large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits, a partial of energy lost leads to information loss in irreversible computing because, in conventional combinatorial circuits, each bit of information generates heat and power consumption, thus resulting in energy dissipation. When information is lost in conventional circuits, it will not be recoverable, as a result, the circuits are provided based on the reversible logic and according to reversible gates for data retrieval. Since comparators are one of the basic building blocks in digital logic design, in which they compare two numbers, the aim of this research is to design a 1-bit comparator building block based on reversible logic and implement it in the QCA with the minimum cell consumption, less occupied area, and lower latency, as well as to design it in a single layer. The proposed 1-bit reversible comparator is denser, cost-effective, and more efficient in quantum cost, power dissipation, and the main QCA parameters than that of previous works.

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Xiao, Lan, Wei Pan, and Yu Xue. "Starting Energy Dissipation of Traffic Flow with On-Ramp." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 2640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.2640.

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The starting energy dissipation of on-ramp system with open boundary condition is investigated by means of cellular automata simulations. We study the influence of the injection rate of on-ramp, the injection rate of main road and the removal rate of main road on the starting energy dissipation of each road. It is found that even though the injection rates neither of on-ramp nor main road have influence on the starting energy dissipation when critical values achieved, the removal rate of main road has a major impact on the starting energy dissipation of the system all along.

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Rojas, F., E. Cota, and S. E. Ulloa. "Magnetic Field and Dissipation Effects on the Charge Polarization in Quantum Cellular Automata." IEEE Transactions On Nanotechnology 3, no. 1 (March 2004): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnano.2004.824009.

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22

Abdullah-Al-Shafi, Md, Ali Newaz Bahar, Md Ahsan Habib, Mohammad Maksudur Rahman Bhuiyan, Firdous Ahmad, Peer Zahoor Ahmad, and Kawsar Ahmed. "Designing single layer counter in quantum-dot cellular automata with energy dissipation analysis." Ain Shams Engineering Journal 9, no. 4 (December 2018): 2641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.05.010.

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23

Kozelov, B. V., and T. V. Kozelova. "Cellular automata model of magnetospheric-ionospheric coupling." Annales Geophysicae 21, no. 9 (September 30, 2003): 1931–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-1931-2003.

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Abstract. We propose a cellular automata model (CAM) to describe the substorm activity of the magnetospheric-ionospheric system. The state of each cell in the model is described by two numbers that correspond to the energy content in a region of the current sheet in the magnetospheric tail and to the conductivity of the ionospheric domain that is magnetically connected with this region. The driving force of the system is supposed to be provided by the solar wind that is convected along the two boundaries of the system. The energy flux inside is ensured by the penetration of the energy from the solar wind into the array of cells (magnetospheric tail) with a finite velocity. The third boundary (near to the Earth) is closed and the fourth boundary is opened, thereby modeling the flux far away from the tail. The energy dissipation in the system is quite similar to other CAM models, when the energy in a particular cell exceeds some pre-defined threshold, and the part of the energy excess is redistributed between the neighbouring cells. The second number attributed to each cell mimics ionospheric conductivity that can allow for a part of the energy to be shed on field-aligned currents. The feedback between "ionosphere" and "magnetospheric tail" is provided by the change in a part of the energy, which is redistributed in the tail when the threshold is surpassed. The control parameter of the model is the z-component of the interplanetary magnetic field (Bz IMF), "frozen" into the solar wind. To study the internal dynamics of the system at the beginning, this control parameter is taken to be constant. The dynamics of the system undergoes several bifurcations, when the constant varies from - 0.6 to - 6.0. The Bz IMF input results in the periodic transients (activation regions) and the inter-transient period decreases with the decrease of Bz. At the same time the onset of activations in the array shifts towards the "Earth". When the modulus of the Bz IMF exceeds some threshold value, the transition takes place from periodic to chaotic dynamics. In the second part of the work we have chosen as the source the real values of the z-component of the interplanetary magnetic field taken from satellite observations. We have shown that in this case the statistical properties of the transients reproduce the characteristic features observed by Lui et al. (2000).Key words. Magnetospheric physics (magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions) – Space plasma physics (nonlinear phenomena)

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24

Deng, Xuefeng, Yi Shao, Jiaxin Song, and Hui Wu. "Traffic flow simulation of modified cellular automata model based on producer-consumer algorithm." PeerJ Computer Science 8 (September 20, 2022): e1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1102.

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With the rise of new technologies such as the Internet of Vehicles and the Internet of Things, research on the intelligent connected vehicle has become a hot topic in contemporary times. The modeling and simulation of traffic flow are mainly used to analyze the characteristics of traffic flow and study the formation and dissipation mechanism of traffic congestion to better guide the real traffic. Cellular automata are suitable for the simulation of complex giant systems. Because of the randomness and discreteness of vehicle driving, cellular automata are often used to model and analyze traffic flow. This article mainly studies the traffic flow formed by intelligent connected vehicles. Based on the traditional NaSch model, the producer-consumer algorithm is introduced to form a multi-buffer vehicle information access mode, and an improved cellular automata model with random updates is constructed. The simulation results show that the improved cellular automata model improves the traffic congestion significantly compared with the original NaSch model in the intelligent network environment, which is consistent with the actual traffic situation. Therefore, the algorithm proposed in this article can effectively simulate the traffic flow characteristics of intelligent connected vehicles, and provide a theoretical basis for solving traffic problems.

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25

Latha Gade, Mary Swarna, and Sudanthiraveeran Rooban. "A cost-efficient reversible logic gates implementation based on measurable quantum-dot cellular automata." ACTA IMEKO 11, no. 2 (June 16, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v11i2.1240.

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<p class="Abstract"><span lang="EN-US">In order to improve the density on a chip, the scaling of CMOS-based devices begins to shrink in accordance with Moore's laws. This scale affects the execution of the CMOS device due to specific limitations, such as energy dissipation and component alignment. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) have been replaced to overcome the inadequacies of CMOS technology. Data loss is a major risk in irreversible digital logic computing. As a result, the market for nano-scale digital operations is expanding, reducing heat dissipation. Reversible logic structures are a strong competitor in the creation of efficient digital systems. A reversing logic gate is an important part of reversible circuit design. The QCA design of basic reversible logic gates is discussed in this study. These gates are built using a new QCA design with XOR gates with two and three inputs. QCADesigner tests simulation performance by simulating the specified reversible logic gate layouts<span>. </span>The measurement and optimization of design techniques at all stages is required to reduce power, area, and enhance speed. The work describes experimental and analytic approaches for measuring design metrics of reversible logic gates using QCA, such as ancilla input, garbage output, quantum cost, cell count, and area, while accounting for the effects of energy dissipation and circuit complexity. The parameters of reversible gates with modified structures are measured and then compared with the existing designs. The designed F2G, FRG, FG, RUG and UPPG reversible logic gates using QCA technology shows an improvement of 42 %, 23 %, 50 %, 39 % and 68 % in terms of cell count and 31 %, 20 %, 33 %, 20 % and 72 % in terms of area with respect to the best existing designs. The findings illustrate that the proposed architectures outperform previous designs in terms of complexity, size, and clock latency.</span></p>

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Sherif, Noora H., Mohammed Hussien Ali, and Najim Abdallah Jazea. "Design and implementation reversible multiplexer using quantum-dot cellular automata approach." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2022): 3383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i6.4307.

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Rapid progress in the field of nanotechnology includes using quantum dot-cellular automata (QCA) as a replacement for conventional transistor-based complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits in the construction of nano-circuits. Due to ultra low thermal dissipation, rapid clocking, and extremely high density, the QCA is a rapidly growing field in the nanotechnological field to inhibit the field effect transistor (FET)-based circuit. This paper discusses and evaluates two multiplexer (MUX) architectures: an innovative and effective 4×1 MUX structure and an 8×1 MUX structures using QCA technology. The suggested architectural designs are constructed using the Fredkin and controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates. These constructions were designed to simulate using tool QCA designer 2.0.3. The 591 and 1,615 cells would be used by the 4×1 and 8×1 QCA MUX architectures, respectively. The simulation results demonstrate that, when compared to the previous QCA MUX structures, the suggested QCA MUX designs have the best clock latency performance and use of different gate types.

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Gassoumi, Ismail, Lamjed Touil, Bouraoui Ouni, and Abdellatif Mtibaa. "An Efficient Design of DCT Approximation Based on Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) Technology." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2019 (October 2, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9029526.

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Optimization for power is one of the most important design objectives in modern digital image processing applications. The DCT is considered to be one of the most essential techniques in image and video compression systems, and consequently a number of extensive works had been carried out by researchers on the power optimization. On the other hand, quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) can present a novel opportunity for the design of highly parallel architectures and algorithms for improving the performance of image and video processing systems. Furthermore, it has considerable advantages in comparison with CMOS technology, such as extremely low power dissipation, high operating frequency, and a small size. Therefore, in this study, the authors propose a multiplier-less DCT architecture in QCA technology. The proposed design provides high circuit performance, very low power consumption, and very low dimension outperform to the existing conventional structures. The QCADesigner tool has been utilized for QCA circuit design and functional verification of all designs in this work. QCAPro, a very widespread power estimator tool, is applied to estimate the power dissipation of the proposed circuit. The suggested design has 53% improvement in terms of power over the conventional solution. The outcome of this work can clearly open up a new window of opportunity for low power image processing systems.

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Mukherjee, Chiradeep, Saradindu Panda, Asish K. Mukhopadhyay, and Bansibadan Maji. "Towards the Design of Cost-efficient Generic Register Using Quantum-dot Cellular Automata." Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia 10, no. 4 (August 26, 2020): 534–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210681209666190412142207.

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Background: The advancement of VLSI in the application of emerging nanotechnology explores quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) which has got wide acceptance owing to its ultra-high operating speed, extremely low power dissipation with a considerable reduction in feature size. The QCA architectures are emerging as a potential alternative to the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Experimental: Since the register unit has a crucial role in digital data transfer between the electronic devices, such study leading to the design of cost-efficient and highly reliable QCA register is expected to be a prudent area of research. A thorough survey on the existing literature shows that the generic models of Serial-in Serial Out (SISO), Serial-in-Parallel-Out (SIPO), Parallel-In- Serial-Out (PISO) and Parallel-in-Parallel-Out (PIPO) registers are inadequate in terms of design parameters like effective area, delay, O-Cost, Costα, etc. Results: This work introduces a layered T gate for the design of the D flip flop (LTD unit), which can be broadly used in SISO, SIPO, PISO, and PIPO register designs. For detection and reporting of high susceptible errors and defects at the nanoscale, the reliability and defect tolerant analysis of LTD unit are also carried out in this work. The QCA design metrics for the general register layouts using LTD unit is modeled. Conclusion: Moreover, the cost metrics for the proposed LTD layouts are thoroughly studied to check the functional complexity, fabrication difficulty and irreversible power dissipation of QCA register layouts.

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Bahar, Ali Newaz, Mustain Billah, Mohammad Maksudur Rahman Bhuiyan, Md Abdullah-Al-Shafi, Kawsar Ahmed, and Md Asaduzzaman. "Ultra-efficient convolution encoder design in quantum-dot cellular automata with power dissipation analysis." Alexandria Engineering Journal 57, no. 4 (December 2018): 3881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2018.02.007.

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30

Ahmed, Suhaib, and Syed Farah Naz. "Design of quantum dot cellular automata based fault tolerant convolution encoders for secure nanocomputing." International Journal of Quantum Information 18, no. 06 (September 2020): 2050032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021974992050032x.

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The issues faced by Complementary metal oxide semi-conductor (CMOS) technology in the nanoregime have led to the research of other possible technologies which can operate with same functionalities however, with higher speed and lower power dissipation. One such technology is Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA). At present, logic circuit designs using QCA have been comprehensively researched and one such application area being investigated is data transmission. Various data transfer techniques for reliable data transfer are available and among them convolution coding is being widely used in mobile, radio and satellite communications. Considering the evolution towards nano communication networks, in this paper an ultra-proficient designs of 1/2 rate and 1/3 rate convolution encoders based on a cost-efficient and fault tolerant XOR gate design have been proposed for application in nano communication networks. Based on the performance analysis, it is observed that the proposed designs are efficient in respect to cell count, area, delay and circuit cost and achieves performance improvement up to 40.21% for 1/2 encoder and 31.81% for 1/3 encoder compared to the best design in the literature. In addition to this, the energy dissipation analysis of the proposed designs is also presented. The proposed designs can thus be efficiently utilized in various nanocommunication applications requiring minimal area and ultra-low power consumption.

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Jayalakshmi, R., M. Senthil Kumaran, and R. Amutha. "A Step Towards Optimisation of 2 to 4 Decoder Using Farooq-Nikesh-Zaid Gate with Coplanar Crossing in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 2120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8857.

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The limitations of the existing Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor are leading the momentum to various new approaches like Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA). QCA offers low power dissipation, less area and high switching speeds. The Majority Voter is the basic structure that votes out on the majority of the inputs to implement a Boolean Function. The QCA architectures are created by using majority gates with inverters or by using universal gates like AND–OR-Inverter and NAND–NOR-Inverter gate. This paper proposes a quantum-dot cellular automata 2 to 4 decoder using Universal Farooq-Nikesh-Zaid gate, which utilizes the NAND gate logic to implement the functionality. The design offers 33% reduction in the cell count, reduction in the area with Six Clock Phases in simple co planar wire crossing. The proposed design is validated using the QCA Designer tool.

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Khallouk, A., H. Binoua, N. Lakouari, H. Echab, R. Marzoug, and H. Ez-Zahraouy. "The energy dissipation at roundabout system." International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, no. 04 (February 10, 2019): 1950007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219500073.

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In this paper, we propose a cellular automata model to study the energy dissipation in the roundabout system. The energy dissipation and the phase diagram of the system in the space ([Formula: see text]) are constructed. The energy dissipation profile (SE[Formula: see text](i)), and the effect of the rate [Formula: see text] (i.e., the rate of vehicles with no aimed exit point) and the probability P[Formula: see text] of choosing the next exit point to leave the circulating lane on the energy dissipation are shown. The simulation results show that the energy dissipation explains the nature of the phases, the quasi-free-flow (Q-FF) phase take place on the free flow phase because some vehicles decelerate at the entry point. Likewise, the results also indicate that the energy dissipation takes small values with the increases of the two probability [Formula: see text] and P[Formula: see text] which enhance the environmental statutes of the roundabout system.

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Sandhu, Amanpreet, and Sheifali Gupta. "An Area and Energy Efficient RAM Cell Design in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 4179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8499.

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The Conventional Complementary Metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology has been revolutionized from the past few decades. However, the CMOS circuit faces serious constraints like short channel effects, quantum effects, doping fluctuations at the nanoscale which limits them to further scaling down at nano meter range. Among various existing nanotechnologies, Quantum dot Cellular Automata (QCA) provides new solution at nanocircuit design. The technical advancement of the paper lies in designing a high performance RAM cell with less QCA cells, less occupational area and lower power dissipation characteristics. The design occupies 12.5% lower area, 16.6% lower input to output delay, and dissipates 18.26% lesser energy than the designs in the literature. The proposed RAMcell is robust due to lesser noise variations. Also it has less fabrication cost due to absence of rotated cells.

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Bahar, Ali Newaz, Radhouane Laajimi, Md Abdullah-Al-Shafi, and Kawsar Ahmed. "Toward Efficient Design of Flip-flops in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata with Power Dissipation Analysis." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 57, no. 11 (August 23, 2018): 3419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10773-018-3855-7.

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Verma, Vinay Kumar, and Neeraj Kumar Misra. "Study and Performance Analysis of MOS Technology and Nanocomputing QCA." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 9, no. 02 (December 25, 2017): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v9i02.10868.

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One of the critical issues in VLSI circuit is High Power dissipation. Quantumdot Cellular Automata (QCA) which is widely utilized in nanocomputing era. QCA has Landauer clocked based synthesis approach and it has clocked based information flow. This manuscript analysis and design a combinational digital circuits in an emerging QCA framework. The design is evaluated and formulated in terms of area, latency and power dissipation. QCA Designer tool has been taken for the design of quantum cell-based combinational circuits and simulation purpose. Moreover, it is believed based on experimental analysis that the QCA based combination circuits will make a contribution to high computing speed and low power paradigm.

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Bahadori, Golnaz, Monireh Houshmand, and Mariam Zomorodi-Moghadam. "Design of a fault-tolerant reversible control unit in molecular quantum-dot cellular automata." International Journal of Quantum Information 16, no. 01 (February 2018): 1850010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749918500107.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a promising emerging nanotechnology that has been attracting considerable attention due to its small feature size, ultra-low power consuming, and high clock frequency. Therefore, there have been many efforts to design computational units based on this technology. Despite these advantages of the QCA-based nanotechnologies, their implementation is susceptible to a high error rate. On the other hand, using the reversible computing leads to zero bit erasures and no energy dissipation. As the reversible computation does not lose information, the fault detection happens with a high probability. In this paper, first we propose a fault-tolerant control unit using reversible gates which improves on the previous design. The proposed design is then synthesized to the QCA technology and is simulated by the QCADesigner tool. Evaluation results indicate the performance of the proposed approach.

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Umira, S., R. Qadri, Z. A. Bangi, M. Tariq Banday, and G. Mohiuddin Bhat. "A Novel Enhanced-Majority-Voter Universal Gate in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata with Energy Dissipation Analysis." Journal of Nano- and Electronic Physics 9, no. 3 (2017): 03034–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/jnep.9(3).03034.

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Heikalabad, Saeed Rasouli, Mazaher Naji Asfestani, and Mehdi Hosseinzadeh. "A full adder structure without cross-wiring in quantum-dot cellular automata with energy dissipation analysis." Journal of Supercomputing 74, no. 5 (December 4, 2017): 1994–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11227-017-2206-4.

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Bahar, Ali Newaz, Sajjad Waheed, Nazir Hossain, and Md Asaduzzaman. "A novel 3-input XOR function implementation in quantum dot-cellular automata with energy dissipation analysis." Alexandria Engineering Journal 57, no. 2 (June 2018): 729–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.01.022.

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Gassoumi, Ismail, Lamjed Touil, and Bouraoui Ouni. "Design of efficient quantum Dot cellular automata (QCA) multiply accumulate (MAC) unit with power dissipation analysis." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 13, no. 4 (June 3, 2019): 534–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds.2018.5196.

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Sasamal, Trailokya Nath, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, and Umesh Ghanekar. "Toward Efficient Design of Reversible Logic Gates in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata with Power Dissipation Analysis." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 57, no. 4 (December 27, 2017): 1167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10773-017-3647-5.

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Asthana, Amita, Dr Anil Kumar, Dr Preeta Sharan, and Dr Sumita Mishra. "Design of Arm Processor’s Elements Using QCA." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.23793.

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Quantum dot Cellular Automata is one of the promising future nano-technology for transistor-less computing which takes advantage of the coulomb force interacting between electrons. The aim of this paper is to consider the logical circuits of ARM processors and further reducing their size in nanometres like 2:1 multiplexer , D Flip Flop, scan Flip Flop, 2:1 multiplexer with enable, encoder, decoder, SR FF, shift register, memory cell and program counter are designed using QCAD tool . Their cell count, area, kink energy are taken in consideration to calculate power and energy dissipation.

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Singh, Rupali, and Devendra Kumar Sharma. "Fault Tolerant Reversible Gate Based Sequential Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Circuits: Design and Contemplation." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 15, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2020.2745.

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In the era of quantum computing, Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a phenomenal technology which can produce low power, high speed and area efficient circuits. On the other hand, reversible logic is a promising paradigm which is used to construct low power circuits. This paper presents a design of a unique reversible gate based on QCA. This gate can facilitate the design of complex, cost efficient sequential circuits. The proposed gate is examined for various performance parameters such as realization of standard Boolean functions, cost function, energy dissipation and fault characterization. It is observed that the proposed gate exhibits superior performance as compared to the previously reported cost efficient designs in all the performance parameters. Furthermore, to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed QCA gate, reversible sequential latches are designed. The proposed structures of latches excel over the similar existing designs and have shown 50% improvement in latency, 58% improvement in effective cell area and around 70% improvement in cost function. The proposed latches are further investigated for temperature alterations to find the operating range of temperature for the circuits. The reversible QCA gate, proposed in this paper can be effectively used to design D latch, T latch, JK latch with improved performance. Hence, the proposed gate can find extensive scope in designing cost effective, low power, reversible sequential and combinational circuits.

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Gassoumi, Ismail, Lamjed Touil, and Abdellatif Mtibaa. "An Efficient Design of QCA Full-Adder-Subtractor with Low Power Dissipation." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2021 (January 7, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8856399.

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The continuous market demands for high performance and energy-efficient computing systems have steered the computational paradigm and technologies towards nanoscale quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). In this paper, novel energy- and area-efficient QCA-based adder/subtractor designs have been proposed. First, a QCA-based 3-input XOR gate is designed and then a full adder and a full subtractor are realized. The power consumption of the proposed design was tested via the QCAPro estimator tool with different kind of energy (γ = 0.5 Ek, γ = 1.0 Ek, and γ = 1.5 Ek) at temperature T = 2 in Kelvin. QCADesigner 2.0.03 software was applied to evaluate the simulation results of the proposed designs. The proposed design has better complexity than the conventional designs in terms of cell count, area, and power dissipation.

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Gassoumi, Ismail, Lamjed Touil, and Abdellatif Mtibaa. "An Efficient Design of QCA Full-Adder-Subtractor with Low Power Dissipation." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2021 (January 7, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8856399.

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The continuous market demands for high performance and energy-efficient computing systems have steered the computational paradigm and technologies towards nanoscale quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). In this paper, novel energy- and area-efficient QCA-based adder/subtractor designs have been proposed. First, a QCA-based 3-input XOR gate is designed and then a full adder and a full subtractor are realized. The power consumption of the proposed design was tested via the QCAPro estimator tool with different kind of energy (γ = 0.5 Ek, γ = 1.0 Ek, and γ = 1.5 Ek) at temperature T = 2 in Kelvin. QCADesigner 2.0.03 software was applied to evaluate the simulation results of the proposed designs. The proposed design has better complexity than the conventional designs in terms of cell count, area, and power dissipation.

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Patidar, Mukesh, and Namit Gupta. "An efficient design of edge-triggered synchronous memory element using quantum dot cellular automata with optimized energy dissipation." Journal of Computational Electronics 19, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-020-01457-x.

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Sherizadeh, Robab, and Nima Jafari Navimipour. "Designing a 2-to-4 decoder on nanoscale based on quantum-dot cellular automata for energy dissipation improving." Optik 158 (April 2018): 477–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.12.055.

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Afrooz, Sonia, and Nima Jafari Navimipour. "Memory Designing Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata: Systematic Literature Review, Classification and Current Trends." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 26, no. 12 (August 2017): 1730004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126617300045.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) has come out as one of the potential computational structures for the emerging nanocomputing systems. It has a large capacity in the development of circuits with high space density and dissipation of low heat and allows faster computers to develop with lower power consumption. The QCA is a new appliance to realize nanolevel digital devices and study and analyze their various parameters. It is also a potential technology for low force and high-density memory plans. Large memory designs in QCA show unique features because of their architectural structure. In QCA-based architectures, memory must be maintained in motion, i.e., the memory state has to be continuously moved through a set of QCA cells. These architectures have different features, such as the number of bits stored in a loop, access type (serial or parallel) and cell arrangement for the memory bank. However, the decisive features of the QCA memory cell design are the number of cells, to put off the use of energy. Although the review and study of the QCA-based memories are very important, there is no complete and systematic literature review about the systematical analyses of the state of the mechanisms in this field. Therefore, there are five main types to provide systematic reviews about the QCA-based memories; including read only memory (ROM), register, flip-flop, content addressable memory (CAM) and random access memory (RAM). Also, it has provided the advantages and disadvantages of the reviewed mechanisms and their important challenges so that some interesting lines for any coming research are provided.

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Huang, Lei, De-Yong Guan, and Xin-Hong Qiang. "Modeling the kinetic energy dissipation of road system considering actual weather conditions." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 07 (March 10, 2019): 1950073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919500738.

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Traffic flow dynamics and energy consumption differs under dissimilar weather conditions, while seldom investigations have been conducted with a cellular automata model. In this paper, the friction coefficient between ground and tire is considered as the quantitative label of weather, a dynamic safe gap based on friction coefficient to avoid rear-end crash is introduced. We developed a safer one-dimensional model to examine the kinetic energy consumption under different weathers. Numerical results show that previous models overestimated the kinetic energy consumption in medium density flow (density [Formula: see text]0.5). In medium flow, speed limit will not reduce energy consumption on rainy and snowy days in most cases, but is necessary for prevention of accidents. Inversely, the effect of speed control on energy consumption is obvious under extreme weather. Our work can promote a better understanding of traffic dynamics, reduce energy dissipation and be applied to real traffic management.

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Gassoumi, Ismail, Lamjed Touil, Bouraoui Ouni, and Abdellatif Mtibaa. "An Ultra-Low Power Parity Generator Circuit Based on QCA Technology." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2019 (October 7, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1675169.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) technology is one of the emerging technologies that can be used for replacing CMOS technology. It has attracted significant attention in the recent years due to its extremely low power dissipation, high operating frequency, and a small size. In this study, we demonstrate an n-bit parity generator circuit by utilizing QCA technology. Here, a novel XOR gate is used in the synthesis of the proposed circuit. The proposed gate is based on electrostatic interactions between cells to perform the desired function. The comparison results demonstrate that the designed QCA circuits have advantages compared to other circuits in terms of cell count, area, delay, and power consumption. The QCADesigner software, as widely used QCA circuit design and verification, has been used to implement and to verify all of the designs in this study. Power dissipation has been computed for the proposed circuit using accurate QCAPro power estimator tool.

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