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Journal articles on the topic 'Dispositional approach'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Hauska, Jan. "The Causal Nature of Dispositions and Modality." Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 77, no. 4 (January 31, 2022): 1213–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17990/rpf/2021_77_4_1213.

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Theories of modality which invoke possible worlds have recently been challenged by accounts that appeal to dispositional properties. A prominent strand of the accounts maintains that there is an intimate link between dispositions and possibility. The link is said to be captured by the proposition that, at first approximation, a state of affairs is possible just in case there is some actual disposition whose manifestation is (or includes) the state. Focusing on the most detailed exposition and defence of this approach, put forward by Barbara Vetter, I critically examine the adequacy of the view of dispositional properties on which it rests and which seems to be required by any plausible dispositionalist account of possibility. In the course of doing so, I offer arguments in favour of the causal nature of dispositions.

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PARAMESWARAN, GIRI, CHARLES M. CAMERON, and LEWIS A. KORNHAUSER. "Bargaining and Strategic Voting on Appellate Courts." American Political Science Review 115, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 835–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055421000083.

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Many appellate courts and regulatory commissions simultaneously produce case dispositions and rules rationalizing the dispositions. We explore the properties of the American practice for doing this. We show that the median judge is pivotal over case dispositions, although she and others may not vote sincerely. Strategic dispositional voting is more likely when the case location is extreme, resulting in majority coalitions that give the appearance of less polarization on the court than is the case. The equilibrium policy created in the majority opinion generically does not coincide with the ideal policy of the median judge in either the dispositional majority or the bench as a whole. Rather, opinions approach a weighted center of the dispositional majority but often reflect the preferences of the opinion author. We discuss some empirical implications of the American practice for jointly producing case dispositions and rules.

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3

Toyama, Miki. "Dispositional optimism and approach coping." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 77 (September 19, 2013): 1EV—074–1EV—074. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.77.0_1ev-074.

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4

Tiles, J. E. "A ‘rationalist’ approach to dispositional concepts." Theoria 51, no. 1 (February 11, 2008): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-2567.1985.tb00083.x.

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5

Valtierra, Kristina M., and Lesley N. Siegel. "Dispositions for Inclusive Literacy: Fostering an Equitable and Empowering Education for Academically Diverse Learners." Journal of Curriculum and Teaching 8, no. 3 (August 25, 2019): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jct.v8n3p111.

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This article offers teacher educators’ practical methods for, and shares findings from a study of, developing teachercandidate dispositions for inclusive literacy. Based on the extensive teacher disposition literature, the authors discernthat dispositions for inclusive literacy include the belief that all students have valid ways of being literate; the valueof inclusive literacy experiences for all students; and an attitude that all students should be participants in meaningfulliteracy experiences. Using a within-site case study approach, qualitative thematic analysis of three assignments usedin a literacy teaching methods course suggest that it is possible to shift narrow dispositions to broader and moreinclusive conceptualizations that support struggling readers and students with disabilities in the general educationclassroom. Conclusions suggest that dispositional development toward inclusive literacy can support teachercandidates’ implementation of inclusive literacy practices; thus, fostering an equitable and empowering education foracademically diverse learners.

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Whitaker, Manya C., and Kristina Marie Valtierra. "The dispositions for culturally responsive pedagogy scale." Journal for Multicultural Education 12, no. 1 (April 9, 2018): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jme-11-2016-0060.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the dispositions for culturally responsive pedagogy scale (DCRPS). Design/methodology/approach Scale development consisted of a six-step process including item development, expert review, exploratory factor analysis, factor interpretation, confirmatory factor analysis and convergent and discriminant validity analyses. Findings The final scale contains 19 Likert items across three dispositional domains: Disposition for Praxis, Disposition for Community and Disposition for Social Justice. The alpha reliability value for the overall scale was 0.92. Practical implications The DCRPS can be used in teacher preparation programs for programmatic evaluation, for teacher candidate growth assessment or for career counseling. Originality/value Other scales related to multicultural education reflect teachers’ general beliefs about diversity and/or inclusive education. The DCRPS is the first scale that assesses teachers’ beliefs and attitudes underlying culturally responsive teaching practices.

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Mantel, Susanne. "Three Cheers for Dispositions: A Dispositional Approach to Acting for a Normative Reason." Erkenntnis 82, no. 3 (July 26, 2016): 561–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-016-9832-8.

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8

Kihlstrom, John F., Patricia A. Register, Irene P. Hoyt, Jeanne Sumi Albright, Ellen M. Grigorian, William C. Heindel, and Charles R. Morrison. "Dispositional Correlates of Hypnosis: A Phenomenological Approach." International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 37, no. 3 (July 1989): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207148908414476.

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9

Dilworth, John. "A Naturalistic, Reflexive Dispositional Approach to Perception." Southern Journal of Philosophy 43, no. 4 (December 2005): 583–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2005.tb01970.x.

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10

Allen, Tammy D. "Mentoring others: A dispositional and motivational approach." Journal of Vocational Behavior 62, no. 1 (February 2003): 134–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-8791(02)00046-5.

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11

Spector, Paul E. "Introduction: the dispositional approach to job satisfaction." Journal of Organizational Behavior 26, no. 1 (2004): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.297.

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12

Pokropski, Marek. "Mental concepts: theoretical, observational or dispositional approach?" Hybris 38, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1689-4286.38.05.

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In the article I discuss the conceptual problem of other minds and different approaches to mental concepts. Firstly, I introduce the conceptual problem and argue that solutions proposed by theory-theory and direct perception approach are inadequate. I claim that mental concepts are neither theoretical terms nor observational terms. Then, I consider third option which states that mental concepts are dispositional terms, i.e. they concern particular patterns (stereotypes) of behavior. Finally, I argue that dispositional approach is to some extent coherent with phenomenological account and that phenomenological concept of embodiment can improve this position.

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13

Burns, Gary N., and Nathan A. Bowling. "Dispositional Approach to Customer Satisfaction and Behavior." Journal of Business and Psychology 25, no. 1 (August 30, 2009): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9129-x.

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14

Busseri, Michael A. "How Dispositional Optimists and Pessimists Evaluate their Past, Present and Anticipated Future Life Satisfaction: A Lifespan Approach." European Journal of Personality 27, no. 2 (March 2013): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1854.

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Dispositional optimism is typically conceptualized with respect to generalized positive expectancies for personal future outcomes. The present work draws on lifespan development theory to evaluate how dispositional optimists and pessimists from across the lifespan evaluate their past, present and anticipated future life satisfaction (LS). Using data from an American probability sample (n = 3871, ages = 30–84 years, 55% female), I compared dispositional optimists and pessimists across six age decades. Subjective LS trajectories reflected in mean trends in ratings of past, present and future LS were contoured by lifestage, revealing inclining trajectories among young dispositional optimists and pessimists and declining trajectories among older optimists and pessimists. After adjusting for age–specific normative trends, however, differences between dispositional optimists and pessimists in subjective LS trajectories were consistent across lifestage, revealing a single dissociative pattern wherein optimists rated their past, present and anticipated future LS more positively than did pessimists. Of the three temporal perspectives, evaluations of present (rather than past or future) LS were most consistently related to dispositional optimism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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15

Ertel, Ilya. "DISPOSITIONAL ONTOLOGY AS A BASIS FOR STRUCTURAL REALISM." Respublica literaria, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47850/s.2020.1.19.

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M. Esfeld has proposed to use the ontology of external causal properties, or dispositions, of objects as a basis for ontic structural realism. It is this approach that makes possible realism towards objects as they are understood by S. French and J. Ladyman –objects are mere nodes in the structure. In our paper dispositional ontology is con-trasted withD. Lewis’ metaphysics of categorical properties, and through this juxtaposition the last is rendered inappropriate and the first appears promising as a foundation for structural realism and scientific metaphysics.

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16

Medeiros, Emerson Diógenes de, Ana Karla Silva Soares, Anderson Mesquita do Nascimento, Jéssica Bruna Santana Silva, and Valdiney Veloso Gouveia. "An Ungrateful Disposition: Psychometric Properties of the Dispositional Envy Scale in Brazil." Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) 26, no. 65 (August 4, 2016): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272665201605.

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Abstract Envy appears to be found among all cultures, and most individuals seem capable of experiencing it. The aim of this research was to gather evidence of the validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of the Dispositional Envy Scale. For that, we performed two studies, each with 246 university students. In the first study, the results indicated that the instrument is composed of a single component. The second study confirms this structure based on the good fit indices and presents adjustment indicators that comply or approach the recommended criteria in the literature. Both studies demonstrate that the single component instrument presents a good level of reliability, as indicated by levels of internal consistency and homogeneity that exceed those recommended for such studies. Accordingly, it was concluded that the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Dispositional Envy Scale presents acceptable psychometric characteristics and that it may, therefore, be used to assess the tendency or predisposition to feel envy.

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17

Levin, Ira, and Joseph P. Stokes. "Dispositional approach to job satisfaction: Role of negative affectivity." Journal of Applied Psychology 74, no. 5 (October 1989): 752–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.5.752.

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18

Chun, Boomee. "A Dispositional Approach to Some Problematic Properties of Middles." Journal of Language Sciences 22, no. 3 (August 30, 2015): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.14384/kals.2015.22.3.199.

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19

McNall, Laurel A., and Jesse S. Michel. "A Dispositional Approach to Work–School Conflict and Enrichment." Journal of Business and Psychology 26, no. 3 (July 20, 2010): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9187-0.

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20

Schminke, Marshall. "A dispositional approach to understanding individual power in organizations." Journal of Business and Psychology 7, no. 1 (1992): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01014343.

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21

Benitez, Federico, and Diego Maltrana. "Dispositions and the Least Action Principle." Disputatio 14, no. 65 (November 1, 2022): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/disp-2022-0006.

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Abstract This work deals with obstacles hindering a metaphysics of laws of nature in terms of dispositions, i.e., of fundamental properties that are causal powers. A recent analysis of the principle of least action has put into question the viability of dispositionalism in the case of classical mechanics, generally seen as the physical theory most easily amenable to a dispositional ontology. Here, a proper consideration of the framework role played by the least action principle within the classical image of the world allows us to build a consistent metaphysics of dispositions as charges of interactions. In doing so we develop a general approach that opens the way towards an ontology of dispositions for fundamental physics also beyond classical mechanics.

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22

Koscik, Timothy R., and Daniel Tranel. "Abnormal Causal Attribution Leads to Advantageous Economic Decision-making: A Neuropsychological Approach." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 8 (August 2013): 1372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00398.

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People tend to assume that outcomes are caused by dispositional factors, for example, a person's constitution or personality, even when the actual cause is due to situational factors, for example, luck or coincidence. This is known as the “correspondence bias.” This tendency can lead normal, intelligent persons to make suboptimal decisions. Here, we used a neuropsychological approach to investigate the neural basis of the correspondence bias, by studying economic decision-making in patients with damage to the ventromedial pFC (vmPFC). Given the role of the vmPFC in social cognition, we predicted that vmPFC is necessary for the normal correspondence bias. In our experiment, consistent with expectations, healthy (n = 46) and brain-damaged (n = 30) comparison participants displayed the correspondence bias during economic decision-making and invested no differently when given dispositional or situational information. By contrast, vmPFC patients (n = 17) displayed a lack of correspondence bias and invested more when given dispositional than situational information. The results support the conclusion that vmPFC is critical for normal social inference and the correspondence bias. The findings help clarify the important (and sometimes disadvantageous) role of social inference in economic decision-making.

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23

Winata, Caroline, and Esther Widhi Andangsari. "Dispositional Gratitude and Social Comparison Orientation among Social Media Users." Humaniora 8, no. 3 (October 19, 2017): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v8i3.3620.

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The study aimed to explore the relationship between dispositional gratitude and social comparison orientation among social media users. The present study used a non-experimental research design with a quantitative approach with survey technique by distributing questionnaires to 296 Bina Nusantara University students aged 18-24 who used social media. The correlation between dispositional gratitude and social comparison orientation was calculated by Spearman correlation technique. The result shows that dispositional gratitude and social comparison orientation have a significant negative correlation.

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Holmgren, Robin A., Nancy Eisenberg, and Richard A. Fabes. "The Relations of Children’s Situational Empathy-related Emotions to Dispositional Prosocial Behaviour." International Journal of Behavioral Development 22, no. 1 (March 1998): 169–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502598384568.

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Although empathy-related responding has frequently been associated with prosocial behaviour directed towards the target of an individual’s vicarious emotional responding, relations between dispositional prosocial behaviour and sympathy or personal distress have seldom been examined, particularly with a multimethod approach. Kindergarten to third-graders’ empathy-related responses to a ”lm were examined as predictors of dispositional prosocial behaviour as reported by teachers, parents, and peers. Teachers’ ratings of dispositional behaviour were related to children’s facial and skin conductance reactions to the ”lm. Parents’ and peers’ ratings of dispositional prosocial behaviour were infrequently associated with children’s empathy-related responding, although peer reports were positively related to heart rate acceleration for boys. Reasons for the differential patterns of relations for different reporters are considered.

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25

Nes, Lise Solberg, and Suzanne C. Segerstrom. "Dispositional Optimism and Coping: A Meta-Analytic Review." Personality and Social Psychology Review 10, no. 3 (August 2006): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_3.

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The relation between dispositional optimism and better adjustment to diverse stressors may be attributable to optimism's effects on coping strategies. A meta-analytic review ( K = 50, N = 11,629) examined the impact of dispositional optimism on coping. Dispositional optimism was found to be positively associated with approach coping strategies aiming to eliminate, reduce, or manage stressors or emotions ( r = .17), and negatively associated with avoidance coping strategies seeking to ignore, avoid, or withdraw from stressors or emotions ( r = -.21). Effect sizes were larger for the distinction between approach and avoidance coping strategies than for that between problem and emotion-focused coping. Meta-analytic findings also indicate that optimists may adjust their coping strategies to meet the demands of the stressors at hand, and that the optimism-coping relationship is strongest in English-speaking samples.

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26

Staw, Barry M., Nancy E. Bell, and John A. Clausen. "The Dispositional Approach To Job Attitudes: A Lifetime Longitudinal Test." Administrative Science Quarterly 31, no. 1 (March 1986): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2392766.

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27

Tziner, Aharon, Ronit Waismal-Manor, Netanel Vardi, and Adiel Brodman. "The Personality Dispositional Approach to Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment." Psychological Reports 103, no. 2 (October 2008): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.2.435-442.

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The extent to which personality traits as defined by the Big Five model account for the unique variance in job satisfaction and organizational commitment was studied. Analyses of data obtained from 96 employees of two public institutions showed that 58 and 44% of the explained variance in job satisfaction and organizational commitment, respectively, were accounted for by factors in this personological framework.

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TZINER, AHARON. "THE PERSONALITY DISPOSITIONAL APPROACH TO JOB SATISFACTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT." Psychological Reports 103, no. 6 (2008): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.6.435-442.

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29

Robinson, Michael D., Ryan L. Boyd, and Michelle R. Persich. "Dispositional anger and the resolution of the approach–avoidance conflict." Emotion 16, no. 6 (2016): 838–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000189.

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30

Pichonnaz, David. "Connecting Work To Workers’ Social Past: A Dispositional Analysis of Police Work." British Journal of Criminology 61, no. 1 (July 24, 2020): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa052.

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Abstract This article explores the impact of experiences police officers went through before they joined the Force on how they see and perform their job. I propose a new approach to police culture and practices based on a Bourdieu-inspired model of analysis, which includes its subsequent development by Lahire’s ‘dispositional analysis’. The model looks at how dispositions interiorized—particularly through the experience of social mobility and gender socialization—have a great impact on how police officers see and perform their job. The results suggest that divisions within police culture, long acknowledged by criminologists and sociologists, can be explained by the prior socialization of police officers.

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31

Nyquist, Mons. "On Complete Information Dispositionalism." Philosophia 48, no. 5 (March 26, 2020): 1915–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11406-020-00196-4.

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Abstract In a trio of recent articles, Johnson and Nado (2014, 2016, Philosophia, 45, 717–734, 2017) defend a form of metasemantic dispositionalism, arguing for a novel approach to the “error”-problem, based on speakers’ dispositional states under what they call a state of “full information”. In this article, I argue that their brand of dispositionalism fails to solve the “error”-problem, because of what I think of as counterexamples to it. In the final sections, I propose a way to amend the theory to shield it from some of the counterexamples, based on the idea that what determines meaning is not only dispositions to apply words under full information, but also dispositions to evaluate one’s prior usage, under full information.

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Pujol-Cols, Lucas, and Guillermo E. Dabos. "Dispositional and situational factors at work." Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 33, no. 1 (July 12, 2019): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-12-2017-0355.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Core Self-Evaluations Scale (CSES) and the Brief Index of Affective Job Satisfaction (BIAJS) in terms of internal consistency and factor structure and to, subsequently, analyze the influence of a set of dispositional factors (namely, core self-evaluations, CSEs) and situational factors (namely, psychosocial factors) on job satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach In total, 209 academics from an Argentinian university completed online surveys at two stages, separated in time, to reduce the common method bias. Findings The Spanish version of the CSES and the BIAJS showed acceptable psychometric properties, which were similar to those previously reported in North-American, European and Asian settings. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that both situational and dispositional factors are significant predictors of job satisfaction. Research limitations/implications The CSES and the BIAJS seem to be valid and reliable instruments for assessing CSEs and job satisfaction, respectively, in Latin America. The adoption of an interactionist approach that includes both situational and dispositional factors is crucial in future research examining job satisfaction. Practical implications Managers should carefully evaluate the personality traits of candidates during personnel selection, as well as the working conditions they offer to their employees, since both factors seem to affect job satisfaction. Originality/value This paper contributes to the validation of two scales that may promote future organizational behavior/psychology research in Latin America. In addition, it provides empirical evidence on the relative influence of a set of situational and dispositional factors on job satisfaction, thus contributing to the resolution of the person-situation debate.

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Kim, Dganit Jenia, and Tal Siloni. "The Dative Dispositional Construction in Russian." Linguistic Inquiry 51, no. 2 (March 2020): 237–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00341.

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The article sheds new light on the so-called dative dispositional construction in Russian. We revise the characterization of the classes of verbs able to feed the construction, showing that its input is best defined in terms of the Theta System (Reinhart’s ( 2002 , 2016 ) approach to thematic relations). To resolve controversies in the literature regarding the licensing conditions of the construction and its possible interpretations, we ran two surveys whose design and findings we report. We then discuss the properties of the construction comparatively, define the operation deriving it, and provide evidence that the operation is lexical. This has consequences regarding the nature of the lexical component.

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34

Levine, Allison. "Preliminary Establishment of the Dispositional Development Scale: Incorporating the Working Alliance in Professional Disposition Assessment." Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/re-19-21.

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This article discusses the initial development of an instrument which was designed to aid educators in assessing professional dispositions in rehabilitation counselor education students, in accordance with the 2016 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) Standards. Furthermore, the development of the instrument was embedded with the concept of the working alliance (Bordin, 1979). The current study leads to the introduction of the Dispositional Development Scale (DDS), which was created using a two-phase approach, including content validation by Certified Rehabilitation Counselors (n = 148). The implications for using DDS in rehabilitation counselor education are significant and include a systematic, more transparent method of evaluating students' nonacademic competencies.

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Pan, Po-Lin. "A dispositional approach to hostility toward sports commentators in online arenas." Computers in Human Behavior 29, no. 4 (July 2013): 1725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.013.

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Nikolaev, Boris, Nadav Shir, and Johan Wiklund. "Dispositional Positive and Negative Affect and Self-Employment Transitions: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 44, no. 3 (January 23, 2019): 451–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042258718818357.

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Affect is increasingly studied within entrepreneurship. We develop a partial mediation model in which positive and negative dispositional affect influences entry into entrepreneurship, suggesting that those experiencing greater negative affect experience less job satisfaction and are more likely to enter entrepreneurship. Using a novel methodological approach to capture affective disposition, we test our model on a large panel dataset from Australia, finding support for our hypotheses. These findings provide a much-needed counterbalance to the prevailing focus in entrepreneurship on the positive consequences of positive affect and introduce affect into the study of the fundamental question of why some people but not others become entrepreneurs in the first place.

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Solé, Sílvia, Philipp Röthlin, and Angel Blanch. "Dispositional Mindfulness and Injury Time Loss in Soccer." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 8104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13148104.

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Soccer injuries have a low prevalence, albeit prompting detrimental effects for individuals and teams, particularly with prolonged convalescence periods. Age and injury severity appear as the most robust correlates with recovery duration. The role of dispositional mindfulness remains unknown, however, despite considerable evidence that highlights positive effects of mindfulness on injury rehabilitation. This study sought to examine whether dispositional mindfulness explained additional variability in injury time loss in an elite sample of soccer players (N = 207). A series of moderated regression analyses examined whether dispositional mindfulness interacted with either age or injury severity in explaining the length of recovery from an injury. The main findings suggest that dispositional mindfulness was unrelated with length of recovery. In contrast, age and injury severity related robustly with the length of lesion recovery, which was even longer for the older players with very severe injuries. The current findings constitute a novelty in the study of injuries in soccer and open new research lines to determine whether mindfulness interventions are likely to contribute to shorten objective rehabilitation length for a more sustainable approach to sports injury

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38

Smith, Daniel, and Emily Oliver. "Dispositional goals and academic achievement: Refining the 2x2 achievement goal model." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 16, no. 1 (April 2020): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2020.16.1.20.

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Achievement goal theory (AGT) is widely used to examine the influences of goal adoption on academic and sporting achievement. Striving for methodological coherence with AGT’s ever expanding scope (Korn & Elliot, 2016), we examined the 2x2 framework and propose a refined model outlining the theoretical differences between achievement goal orientations. Building on Van Yperen’s concept of a dominant achievement goal approach we developed and tested a method of representing a dominant dispositional achievement goal (DDAG). The construct symbolises preference for one achievement goal while recognising that multiple achievement goals can be valued in a dispositional orientation. Finally, we measured the relationship between dispositional achievement goals, including work-avoidance goals and the DDAG, and academic performance of 165 university students. Contrary to expectations, mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performanceapproach and performance-avoidance positively correlated with academic grade, although approach goals predicted performance more strongly than avoidance goals. Consistent with previous studies of pharmacy students, work-avoidance negatively predicted academic grade. However, although the DDAG successfully captured dominant goal distribution, scores did not predict academic attainment. We argue for the application of consistent conceptualisations of AGT to clarify the role of achievement goals in promoting learning and academic performance to inform educational practice in sport and exercise psychology.

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39

Arora, Ridhi, and Santosh Rangnekar. "Dispositional traits influence on mentoring relationships." South Asian Journal of Global Business Research 5, no. 3 (October 17, 2016): 306–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sajgbr-04-2016-0030.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of personality factors in influencing mentoring relationships in the South-Asian context. Design/methodology/approach The sample included 363 subjects from public and private sector organizations in North India. Findings Results revealed that in the Indian context, conscientiousness acts as significant predictor of perceived psychosocial mentoring, agreeableness acts as significant predictor of perceived career mentoring support, and emotional stability acts as significant predictor of both categories of mentoring relationships. Further, managers employed in public sector organizations were found to be high on all the Big Five personality factors and mentoring functions in contrast to managers from private sector organizations. Research limitations/implications Overall, the results suggest that mentoring relationships should operate in organizations with a firm understanding of employees’ personality traits. Implications and future research directions were also discussed. Further, suggestions have also been given for incorporating various interventions in order to handle employees with different personality attributes such as counseling for helping emotionally unstable employees manage their emotions and stress. Originality/value To the knowledge, this is the first study that seeks to examine impact of personality factors on mentoring relationships in the South-Asian context.

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40

Bellingham, Bruce. "The History of Childhood Since the “Invention of Childhood”: Some Issues in the Eighties." Journal of Family History 13, no. 3 (July 1988): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319908801300305.

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One approach to the history of childhood examines change in private dispositions toward the young. Another approach concentrates on the proliferation of public institutions for managing child life. The history of sentiments has led to a futile debate over the relative extent of dispositional change or continuity in feeling for children without considering the ways in which notionally primordial or elemental dispositions were constructed or contaminated by the normative, politicized meanings of childhood. The upshot is that the symbolic politics of childhood arising from intergroup moral conflict, returns to haunt current interpretations in the guise of timeless psychological or bio-social truths. Study of the official processing of children errs in the opposite direction, losing sight of the personal thought and action of children and their parents, as if their historical experiences were fundamentally comprised of policy and administration. Actual children vanish and an implausibly intrusive account is offered of policy itself. Family history, especially accounts of agrarian and working class family strategies, helps put each history of childhood in a more realistic context and may bridge the two.

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S. Michel, Jesse, Shaun Pichler, and Kerry Newness. "Integrating leader affect, leader work-family spillover, and leadership." Leadership & Organization Development Journal 35, no. 5 (July 1, 2014): 410–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-06-12-0074.

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Purpose – Despite the abundance of dispositional affect, work-family, and leadership research, little has been done to integrate these literatures. Based primarily on conservation of resources theory, which suggests individuals seek to acquire and maintain resources to reduce stress, the purpose of this paper is to provide an empirical examination of the relationships between leader dispositional affect, leader work-family spillover, and leadership. Design/methodology/approach – Survey data were collected from a diverse sample of managers from a broad set of occupational groups (e.g. financial, government, library). Regression and Monte Carlo procedures were used to estimate model direct and indirect effects. Findings – The results indicate that dispositional affect is a strong predictor of both work-family spillover and leadership. Further, the relationship between negative/positive affect and leadership was partially mediated by work-family conflict/enrichment. Research limitations/implications – Data were cross-sectional self-report, which does not allow for causal interpretations and may increase the risk of common method bias. Practical implications – This study helps address why leaders experience both stress and benefits from multiple work and family demands, as well as why leaders engage in particular forms of leadership, such as passive and active leadership behaviors. Originality/value – This study provides the first empirical examination of leader's dispositional affect, work-family spillover, and leadership, and suggests that manager's dispositional affect and work-family spillover have meaningful relationships with leader behavior across situations.

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Kalogirou, Stefanos. "A Dispositional Approach to Personality Development: Self-Development Trait (SDT) & Organizations." Academy of Management Proceedings 2013, no. 1 (January 2013): 17006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2013.17006abstract.

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Staw, Barry M., and Jerry Ross. "Stability in the midst of change: A dispositional approach to job attitudes." Journal of Applied Psychology 70, no. 3 (1985): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.70.3.469.

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Wright, Jack C., and Walter Mischel. "A conditional approach to dispositional constructs: The local predictability of social behavior." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53, no. 6 (1987): 1159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.6.1159.

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Gerhart, Barry. "The (affective) dispositional approach to job satisfaction: sorting out the policy implications." Journal of Organizational Behavior 26, no. 1 (2004): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.298.

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Awagu, Chrysantus, and Debra Z. Basil. "Fear appeals: the influence of threat orientations." Journal of Social Marketing 6, no. 4 (October 10, 2016): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-12-2014-0089.

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Purpose This paper aims to assess the interactive impact of dispositional threat orientation and affirmation (both self-affirmation and self-efficacy) on the effectiveness of fear appeals. Design/methodology/approach A 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 fully crossed, mixed experimental design is used. The study is conducted through an on-line survey platform. Participants are nationally representative in terms of age, gender and geographic location within the USA. Findings Threat orientation impacts individuals’ responses to fear appeals. Control-oriented individuals respond in a more adaptive manner, heightened-sensitivity-oriented individuals are a “mixed-bag” and denial-oriented individuals respond in a more maladaptive manner. Affirmations (both self-affirmation and self-efficacy) interact with threat orientation in some cases to predict response to threat. Research limitations/implications This research used a cross-sectional approach in an on-line environment. A longitudinal study with a stronger self-affirmation intervention and self-efficacy manipulation would offer a stronger test. Practical implications Social marketers should consider whether their primary target market has a general tendency toward a particular threat orientation when considering the use of fear appeals. Social marketers should consider the potential benefits of a self-affirmation intervention. Social implications Individuals’ personality dispositions impact how they respond to fear appeals, which may explain why some seemingly well executed fear appeals are unsuccessful whereas others succeed. Originality/value Little or no research has examined the use of self-affirmation to overcome the challenges posed by dispositional threat orientation. This research gives an early glimpse into how these issues interplay.

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K. Miller, Brian, and Robert Konopaske. "Dispositional correlates of perceived work entitlement." Journal of Managerial Psychology 29, no. 7 (September 2, 2014): 808–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-12-2012-0386.

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Purpose – Drawing on an equity theory framework, the purpose of this paper is to examine the degree to which dispositional correlates – Machiavellianism and Protestant work ethic (PWE) – predict perceived work entitlement in employed persons. Design/methodology/approach – In two independent samples (n=270 and n=214), currently employed participants completed self-report surveys. Multiple regression analyses were used to test the hypotheses and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to assess common method variance and provide evidence of construct validity. Findings – In Study 1, a general measure of Machiavellianism was positively related to perceived work entitlement, but PWE was not significantly related to the criterion. In Study 2, three sub-scales of Machiavellianism, as well as a different measure of the PWE, were positively related to perceived work entitlement. However, the fourth sub-scale of Machiavellianism was negatively related and therefore in the opposite direction of that which was hypothesized. Research limitations/implications – The primary limitations of the research are the cross-sectional research design and minor risk of common method bias. However, numerous a priori and post hoc procedures were incorporated in an attempt to minimize this risk. Practical implications – Managers need to understand how certain dispositional factors influence the degree to which employees perceive that they are entitled to rewards that at times are inconsistent with their contribution to the organization. Social implications – As the workforce ages and older employees are replaced, understanding the dispositional influences on perceived work entitlement helps explain why some, often times younger, workers feel more entitled to organizational rewards than do others. Originality/value – This paper is one of the first to examine relevant dispositional correlates of perceived work entitlement, which is a construct developed from equity theory.

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Mather, Phillip, Tony Ward, and Richard Cheston. "Presence and personality: A factoral exploration of the relationship between facets of dispositional mindfulness and personality." Counselling Psychology Review 34, no. 1 (June 2019): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpr.2019.34.1.27.

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Background/Aims/Objectives:The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between the discrete facets of personality and dispositional, or trait-like, mindfulness.Methodology/Methods:The study employed a factoral quantitative design and 229 participants completed two online measures, the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the NEO-PI-R Personality Questionnaire. The latter measured the ‘Big Five’ factors of personality (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness) and their 30 associated facets. Participant data was analysed via factor analysis utilising scores across all 35 variables, that is, the five dispositional mindfulness domains plus the 30 personality facets.Results/Findings:Analysis resulted in the emergence of a five-factor model. These five ‘new’ factors aligned closely with the ‘Big Five’ personality factors. Hence, dispositional mindfulness domains were statistically indistinct from established factors of personality. Notably, three out of the five FFMQ dispositional mindfulness domains (namely, Non-Judging of Inner Experience, Non-Reactivity to Inner Experience, and Acting with Awareness) loaded inversely on to the ‘Neuroticism’ factor. Additionally, two FFMQ domains (Acting with Awareness and Describing) loaded positively on to ‘Conscientiousness’, while one FFMQ domain (Observe) loaded positively on to ‘Openness’. These results align with previous studies conducted at factor level and deepen understanding of facet- level relationships.Discussion/Conclusions:Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention is now utilised extensively, often within the context of a broader counselling approach. The results of this study suggest that tailoring such clinical mindfulness interventions more to the client’s particular personality and needs may maximise benefit and negate the possibility of harmful consequences. For example, accentuating self-compassion, perhaps by setting the work in the context of a richer compassion-based approach, could be beneficial for a deeply self-critical client scoring highly on Neuroticism.

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Druică, Elena, Călin Vâlsan, Rodica Ianole-Călin, Răzvan Mihail-Papuc, and Irena Munteanu. "Exploring the Link between Academic Dishonesty and Economic Delinquency: A Partial Least Squares Path Modeling Approach." Mathematics 7, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7121241.

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This paper advances the study of the relationship between the attitude towards academic dishonesty and other types of dishonest and even fraudulent behavior, such as tax evasion and piracy. It proposes a model in which the attitudes towards two types of cheating and fraud are systematically analyzed in connection with a complex set of latent construct determinants and control variables. It attempts to predict the tolerance towards tax evasion and social insurance fraud and piracy, using academic cheating as the main predictor. The proposed model surveys 504 student respondents, uses a partial least squares—path modeling analysis, and employs two subsets of latent constructs to account for context and disposition. The relationship between the outcome variable and the subset of predictors that account for context is mediated by yet another latent construct—Preoccupation about Money—that has been shown to strongly influence people’s attitude towards a whole range of social and economic behaviors. The results show academic dishonesty is a statistically significant predictor of an entire range of unethical and fraudulent behavior acceptance, and confirm the role played by both contextual and dispositional variables; moreover, they show that dispositional and contextual variables tend to be segregated according to how they impact the outcome. They also show that money priming does not act as a mediator, in spite of its stand-alone impact on the outcome variables. The most important result, however, is that the effect size of the main predictor is large. The contribution of this paper is two-fold: it advances a line of research previously sidestepped, and it proposes a comprehensive and robust model with a view to establish a hierarchy of significance and effect size in predicting deviance and fraud. Most of all, this research highlights the central role played by academic dishonesty in predicting the acceptance of any type of dishonest behavior, be it in the workplace, at home, or when discharging one’s responsibilities as a citizen. The results presented here give important clues as to where to start intervening in order to discourage the acceptance of deviance and fraud. Educators, university professors, and academic administrators should be at the forefront of targeted campaigns and policies aimed at fighting and reducing academic dishonesty.

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Burešová, Iva, Martin Jelínek, Jaroslava Dosedlová, and Helena Klimusová. "Predictors of Mental Health in Adolescence: The Role of Personality, Dispositional Optimism, and Social Support." SAGE Open 10, no. 2 (April 2020): 215824402091796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020917963.

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In line with the current psychological approach to health in general, mental health is perceived not only as the absence of psychopathological disorders, but also the presence of well-being. The study contributes to the identification of possible sources affecting mental health in adolescence. This cross-sectional study focuses on the role of personality traits, dispositional optimism, and perceived social support in predicting mental health in adolescence. Mental health was assessed using Mental Health Continuum, personality traits using Big Five Inventory, dispositional optimism using Life Orientation Test—Revised and social support by Close Relationships and Social Support Scale. The research sample consisted of 1,239 respondents aged 12 to 19 years (mean age 15.56 years), 54.3% females and 45.7 % males. Sequential regression analysis revealed that demographic variables and personality characteristics together explained 33.5% of mental health variance, the strongest predictors being extraversion and neuroticism. Including dispositional optimism and perceived social support resulted in a significant increase of the explained variance. All predictors together explained 46.0% of the mental health variance.

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