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Journal articles on the topic 'Disposal'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Almeida, Maria Angélica Randoli de, Ana Maria Miranda Martins Wilson, and Maria Angélica Sorgini Peterlini. "Evaluating pharmaceutical waste disposal in pediatric units." Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 50, no. 6 (December 2016): 922–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0080-623420160000700007.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE To verify the disposal of pharmaceutical waste performed in pediatric units. METHOD A descriptive and observational study conducted in a university hospital. The convenience sample consisted of pharmaceuticals discarded during the study period. Handling and disposal during preparation and administration were observed. Data collection took place at pre-established times and was performed using a pre-validated instrument. RESULTS 356 drugs disposals were identified (35.1% in the clinic, 31.8% in the intensive care unit, 23.8% in the surgical unit and 9.3% in the infectious diseases unit). The most discarded pharmacological classes were: 22.7% antimicrobials, 14.8% electrolytes, 14.6% analgesics/pain killers, 9.5% diuretics and 6.7% antiulcer agents. The most used means for disposal were: sharps’ disposable box with a yellow bag (30.8%), sink drain (28.9%), sharps’ box with orange bag (14.3%), and infectious waste/bin with a white bag (10.1%). No disposal was identified after drug administration. CONCLUSION A discussion of measures that can contribute to reducing (healthcare) waste volume with the intention of engaging reflective team performance and proper disposal is necessary.
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Manjunatha, M., VC Sunil Kumar, Badami Vijetha, and P. R. Pradeep. "Biomedical Waste Management: A Review." Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 6, no. 3 (2012): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/johcd-6-3-141.

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ABSTRACT Various national and international agencies have shown their concern towards proper handling, treatment and disposal of biomedical waste, as they may cause serious infectious diseases like hepatitis, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. Most of the hospitals do not have effective disposal system leading to complex problem of hygiene and sanitation in hospitals. The use of disposable items has reduced the rate of infection but at the same time has increased the volume of the waste which needs to be disposed properly. Effective waste disposal can be achieved only by considering the various components of the waste management system and this should be made an integral part of hospital planning and designing.
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3

Indumathy M and Mukesh S. "Biomedical waste management – A review." International Journal of Social Rehabilitation 6, no. 2 (July 16, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56501/intjsocrehab.v6i2.425.

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Various national and international agencies have shown their concern toward proper handling, treatment and disposal of biomedical waste, asthey may cause serious infectious diseases such as hepatitis, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Most of the hospitals do not have effective disposalsystem leading to complex problem of hygiene and sanitation in hospitals. The use of disposable items has reduced the rate of infection but at the same time has increased the volume of the waste which needs to be disposed properly. Effective waste disposal can be achieved only by considering the various components of the waste management system and this should be made an integral part of hospital planning and designing.
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Muhammad, Usman Lawan, Ibrahim Muhammad Shamsuddin, Aliyu Abubakar Shehu, Kurfi Muhammad Yahaya, and Ma’aruf Nuhu. "Environmental Impacts of Waste Disposal: An Overview on the Disposal of Polyethylene Bags in Gusau City Zamfara State." Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences (BirEx) Journal 1, no. 4 (October 27, 2019): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birex.v1i4.482.

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The environmental impacts of waste disposal of polyethylene bags and seasonal variation of polyethylene disposal in Gusau City of Zamfara state, Nigeria was investigated. General public waste disposals from homes, schools and daily markets, were randomly selected for data collection. The data showed that polyethylene waste is generated more in the dry season than the wet season. The result also showed that table water sachet has 75% disposal. This is because, sachet water is cheap and consumed throughout the year with very little seasonal variation while at homes and markets also, displayed a very interesting pattern. The study revealed that in the market, polyethylene for table water sachets (10%) was the least, followed by ice cream sachets (6%), assorted items (5%) and biscuits wrappers (4%). On the other hand, the results showed that, at home, polyethylene for assorted items was the highest (61%), closely followed by biscuit wrappers (20%), table water sachets (14%) and ice cream wrappers (5%) respectively. Polyethylene waste poses various threats to public health and adversely affects flora and fauna as well as the environment especially when it is not appropriately collected and properly disposed. And based on this research, it was found that most of the public do not know the advantages, disadvantages and the health effects of rampant and improper disposal of polyethylene bags. It is concluded that aggressive campaign and enlightenment of the masses on the threats posed by polyethylene bags pollution should be carried out to prevent further negative environmental impact.
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HOSOBUCHI, Kazunari, and Shoken USUDA. "Disposal methods for disposable medical devices after use." Journal of Environmental Conservation Engineering 16, no. 8 (1987): 540–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5956/jriet.16.540.

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6

Sadiku, Matthew N. O., Nana K. Ampah, and Sarhan M. Musa. "Green Waste Disposal." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-2 (February 28, 2019): 492–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21359.

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Kuitunen, Elina M., and Gregory F. Lane-Serff. "ICONE19-44165 ILW DISPOSAL : MODELLING THE RESATURATION OF GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL FACILITY." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2011.19 (2011): _ICONE1944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2011.19._icone1944_53.

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8

Harbaugh, Calista M., Preeti Malani, Erica Solway, Matthias Kirch, Dianne Singer, Michael J. Englesbe, Chad M. Brummett, and Jennifer F. Waljee. "Self-reported disposal of leftover opioids among US adults 50–80." Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 45, no. 12 (October 6, 2020): 949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2020-101544.

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ObjectiveTo test the association between self-reported opioid disposal education and self-reported disposal of leftover opioids among older adults.DesignWeb-based survey from the National Poll on Healthy Aging (March 2018) using population-based weighting for nationally representative estimates.SubjectsOlder adults aged 50–80 years who reported filling an opioid prescription within the past 2 years.MethodsRespondents were asked whether they received education from a prescriber or pharmacist on how to dispose of leftover opioids and whether they disposed of leftover opioids from recent prescriptions. The association between self-reported opioid disposal education and self-reported disposal of leftover opioids was estimated with multivariable logistic regression, testing for interactions with respondent demographics.ResultsAmong 2013 respondents (74% response rate), 596 (28.9% (26.8%–31.2%)) were prescribed opioids within the past 2 years. Education on opioid disposal was reported by 40.1% of respondents (35.8%–44.5%). Among 295 respondents with leftover medication, 19.0% (14.6%–24.5%) disposed of the leftover medications. Opioid disposal education was associated with a greater likelihood of self-reported disposal of leftover opioids among non-white respondents as compared with white non-Hispanic respondents (36.7% (16.8%–56.6%) vs 7.8% (0.1%–15.6%), p<0.01).ConclusionsIn this nationally representative survey, 49% had leftover opioids, yet only 20% of older adults reported disposal of leftover opioids. Opioid disposal education was variable in delivery, but was associated with disposal behaviors among certain populations. Strategies to promote disposal should integrate patient education on the risks of leftover opioid medications and explore additional barriers to accessing opioid disposal methods.
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Yang, Lijun, Weicheng Fang, Shuosi Zheng, and Xinqi Huang. "Analysis on the influencing factors of residents dispose of discarded masks base on Probit regression model." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 983, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/983/1/012080.

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Abstract Objective Understanding the influencing factors of discarded masks disposed by residents in Dongguan City during the period of COVID-19 epidemic, so as to provide basis for avoiding the environmental pollution caused by discarded masks in the future. Methods Using random sampling way to make an Internet questionnaire survey among 1042 permanent residents in Dongguan city and using Probit regression model to analyze the current situation and influencing factors of disposing the discarded masks. Results The installation of disposal bins, residents’ environmental concern level and education level positively influenced the residents’ disposal behavior, while the residents’ age and total household size negatively influenced the residents’ willingness to dispose. These influencing factors are basically consistent with those derived from other scholars’ studies on residents’ willingness to dispose of household waste, it shows that residents do not treat the disposal of discarded masks differently from other household waste and ignore the potential environmental hazards of discarded masks. Conclusion In order to motivate residents to properly dispose of discarded masks, it is necessary to clarify and standardize the requirements for discarded mask disposal and increase publicity to enhance the public’s awareness of environmental concerns and hygiene. To avoid environmental problems such as microplastics brought by discarded masks, disposable masks should be replaced by reusable elastic respirators; the use of polypropylene in masks should be reduced; new mask materials should be developed.
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Tokarevskyi, O., K. Fuzik, S. Kondratiev, and Z. Alekseeva. "Analysis of Safety Aspects of Disused Sealed Radiation Source Disposal." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 2(86) (June 12, 2020): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2020.2(86).09.

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Sealed radiation sources (SRS) are extensively used worldwide in agriculture, industry, medicine and different research areas. If further use of SRS is not envisaged, and the decision is made on declaration of these disused SRSs (DSRS) as radioactive waste (RW), then legislative and regulatory requirements for RW management are fully applicable from that point. Since DSRSs have essential distinctions from other types of RW, in particular, high specific activity, it is critically important to ensure safe management of DSRS, declared as RW, at all stages of their management including disposal. DSRS disposal as RW is the final phase of SRS lifecycle and final stage of their safe and reliable management. In this paper, there are considered safety issues for management of DSRS, declared as RW. Approaches to DSRS disposal recommended by IAEA, advantages and drawbacks of different disposal options for DSRS are analyzed. DSRS disposal needs shall be considered taking into account safety requirements for RW disposal. First, DSRS shall be attributed to specific RW class to address respective disposal needs. This is a challenging issue because the approaches for categorization of SRS and classification of RW are essentially different. DSRS declared as RW may be disposed of either together with other RW in the existing or planned RW disposal facilities, or in the disposal facilities designed and constructed specially for DSRS. Current situation with DSRS management in Ukraine is analyzed. DSRS management strategy in Ukraine envisages their long-term storage in the centralized facility for 50 years with subsequent transfer for disposal. At that, there are neither specified disposal facilities where DSRS will be disposed of, nor established generic waste acceptance criteria for DSRS disposal. Recommendations on further steps for solving challenging issues related to safe disposal of DSRS in Ukraine are provided. Solution of a set of challenging issues related to DSRS management revealed in the paper will promote implementation of comprehensive approach to safe disposal of DSRS in Ukraine.
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Husain, Tazeen, Sadaf Farooqi, Madeeha Khan, Rabia Humayoon, and Sabahat Jabeen. "MEDICATION DISPOSAL;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 09 (September 8, 2017): 1380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.09.813.

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Introduction: Due to irresponsible and unsafe methods of drug disposal employedby consumers pharmaceutical waste enters the ecosystem, ultimately having a detrimentaleffect on both human health and environment. Objectives: The purpose of the study is tomeasure attitude and practice of local community in Karachi, Pakistan regarding safe disposalof unwanted medicines and assess willingness of participants to take part in a medicationtake-back program. Study Design: A two-phase observational study was conducted usingconvenience sampling. Period: January to February, 2016. Methodology: In Phase I (n = 200)students enrolled in various health sciences institutions in the study were asked to take part inthe survey. In Phase II(n = 300) household consumers were contacted by telephone and socialmedia. Results: Participants (response rate 84.4%) were given a questionnaire to explore theirattitudes towards medicine disposal. More than half of the consumers surveyed reported storingunused/expired medications in their homes, and majority threw away unwanted medicine in thegarbage. The most common reason was unawareness of expiry date (32.7%). Only 12.32%reported returning medication to a pharmacy for disposal. Majority of the consumers had neverreceived advice about medication disposal by a health care provider but were aware of thepossible negative consequences and were willing to participate in national pharmacy take-backprograms if implemented by the government. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that effectivecommunication and established protocols will promote appropriate disposal practices. Publicservices in Pakistan, and especially pharmacies, must play a more proactive role in this regard.
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Karnalim, Oscar, Oscar Wongso, Vincent Elbert Budiman, Felix Christian Jonathan, Bertha Alan Manuel, and Marlina Marlina. "A Persuasive Technology for Managing Waste Disposal through Smart Trash Bin and Waste Disposal Tracker." International Journal on Information and Communication Technology (IJoICT) 6, no. 1 (June 20, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21108/ijoict.2020.61.117.

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<p>Waste management issue is a relevant topic that had been focused on many persuasive technologies. This issue is not only related to getting disposed of waste in proper places but also reducing waste disposal volume. This paper proposes a persuasive system that aims both goals by providing a smart trash bin and waste disposal tracker. The smart trash bin is an IoT-featured trash bin whereas waste disposal tracker is a mobile application which can record user daily waste disposal volume statistic. Based on the evaluation, our proposed system has achieved both goals. Additionally, it also solves several impediments such as incapability of moral background to encourage people to dispose waste on the trash bin, boring and monotonous waste disposal activity, and discouragement for disposing waste due to full trash bin. In order to attract people, our system includes attractive mechanisms such as playful experience, reflective experience, and gamification. Playful experience is applied to a smart trash bin, whereas the other two are applied to the waste disposal tracker.</p>
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Montonen, Outi, Timo Ranta, and Marko M. Mäkelä. "Planning the Schedule for the Disposal of the Spent Nuclear Fuel with Interactive Multiobjective Optimization." Algorithms 12, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a12120252.

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Several countries utilize nuclear power and face the problem of what to do with the spent nuclear fuel. One possibility, which is under the scope in this paper, is to dispose of the fuel assemblies in the disposal facility. Before the assemblies can be disposed of, they must cool down their decay heat power in the interim storage. Next, they are loaded into canisters in the encapsulation facility, and finally, the canisters are placed in the disposal facility. In this paper, we model this process as a nonsmooth multiobjective mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problem with the minimization of nine objectives: the maximum number of assemblies in the storage, maximum storage time, average storage time, total number of canisters, end time of the encapsulation, operation time of the encapsulation facility, the lengths of disposal and central tunnels, and total costs. As a result, we obtain the disposal schedule i.e., amount of canisters disposed of periodically. We introduce the interactive multiobjective optimization method using the two-slope parameterized achievement scalarizing functions which enables us to obtain systematically several different Pareto optimal solutions from the same preference information. Finally, a case study adapting the disposal in Finland is given. The results obtained are analyzed in terms of the objective values and disposal schedules.
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Carton, Geoffrey, and Andrzej Jagusiewicz. "Historic Disposal of Munitions in U.S. and European Coastal Waters, How Historic Information Can be Used in Characterizing and Managing Risk." Marine Technology Society Journal 43, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.43.4.1.

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AbstractSea disposal of wastes from industry and government was accepted internationally as a safe and efficient practice until the 1970s. Options available for addressing excess, obsolete, and unserviceable munitions prior to the 1970s were limited to salvage, destruction by open detonation or open burning, or burial on land or at sea. Sea disposal of conventional and chemical munitions and other waste material was considered appropriate until the enactment of the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter in 1972 and its 1996 Protocol prohibiting sea disposal of chemical and biological agents. The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention contains a similar ban. Sea-disposed munitions pose two types of risk. These are acute—injury or death caused by either detonation or direct exposure to chemical agents—and chronic—adverse health impacts resulting from prolonged exposure to munition constituents. The type and configuration of sea-disposed munitions, disposal location, water body properties (e.g., depth, current), and its usage (e.g., commercial fishing, recreation, pipeline construction) are factors in determining the relative risk posed by munitions. The collection, analysis, and sharing of historical information allow more efficient investigation and management of risks from sea-disposed munitions.
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Montoya, Jordan M., Bithika M. Thompson, Mary E. Boyle, Melinda E. Leighton, and Curtiss B. Cook. "Patterns of Sharps Handling and Disposal Among Insulin-Using Patients With Diabetes Mellitus." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 15, no. 1 (October 22, 2019): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296819882926.

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Background: The objective of this study was to assess disposal patterns for “sharps” among a cohort of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) receiving insulin therapy. Method: A convenience sample of inpatients and outpatients was surveyed about how they disposed of sharps, how often they reused lancets and needles, and what education they had received about proper disposal. Safe disposal was defined as discarding sharps into a formal sharps or sealable container; otherwise, disposal was categorized as unsafe. Results: Of 150 respondents, 56% were men and 75% were white. The mean (SD) age was 56 (15) years; duration of DM, 20 (13) years; and hemoglobin A1c, 8.1% (2.0%). Half the respondents reused a lancet two or more times, and 21% reused an insulin needle two or more times. Thirty-eight percent of respondents discarded lancets unsafely, and 33% discarded insulin needles unsafely, typically by throwing these items into household trash. Most respondents (75%) discarded insulin pens, vials, cartridges, insulin pump supplies, and continuous glucose monitor sensors into household trash. Most (64%) indicated that they had not received education on safe sharps-disposal practices, and 84% had never visited their municipal website for information on medical waste disposal. Conclusion: Approximately one-third of patients unsafely disposed of sharps. Unsafe disposal could cause millions of sharps to appear in the municipal solid waste stream, thereby posing a substantial public health hazard. Point-of-care patient education is important, but a broader public health campaign may be required.
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Diakonov, V. I., I. M. Buzina, and D. D. Khainus. "Environmental methods for disposal of disposed list and plant waste." Taurian Scientific Herald, no. 111 (2020): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32851/2226-0099.2020.111.35.

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Agestika, Lina, Neni Sintawardani, Umi Hamidah, Sikopo Nyambe, and Taro Yamauchi. "Pattern of child faeces management and disposable diaper usage among under-fives in an Urban Slum of Bandung, Indonesia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 12, no. 1 (October 25, 2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.099.

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Abstract Children's faecal waste is a major environmental health issue despite increasing access to sanitation facilities and sanitary products in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study investigated child faecal management practice and disposable diaper usage among under-fives living in an urban slum of Indonesia. Data on household socio-demographics, child characteristics, and child faeces management practices were collected from 184 randomly selected pairs of mothers and children through interviews and observations. Findings revealed children's common defaecation sites as improved toilet, disposable diaper, and reusable diaper at 33.7, 33.2, and 16.3%, respectively. However, hygienic child faeces disposal was at 45%. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that the common use of disposable diapers and bathroom floor as the child's defaecation site increased unhygienic disposal. This prevalence decreased for mothers with higher education and those who had initiated toilet training. Promoting mothers' disposal of child faeces from disposable diapers, preventing child defaecation on the bathroom floor, and initiating toilet training as soon as a child can walk alone are thus potential interventions.
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Kullberg, P. G., and T. J. Fredette. "Management of Dredged Material Capping Projects: An Example from New England." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1993): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0626.

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Capping of contaminated sediments with cleaner sediments is a technique that has been used by the US Army Corps of Engineers, New England Division (NED) since 1979, to avoid or minimize the impacts of contaminated sediments disposed at open water sites. A case study of contaminated sediments from a project on the Thames River, capped at a disposal site offshore of New London, Connecticut, illustrates the application of this technique. Several steps, both regulatory and operational, must be accomplished to ensure proper employment of this technique. First, once it is determined through the permit evaluation process that material to be dredged from a project is not suitable for unconfined open water disposal, the quantity of uncontaminated dredged material needed to achieve a desired cap thickness of 50 to 100 cm must be identified. This quantity may be determined by the use of a computer model - the DAMOS (Disposal Area Monitoring System) Capping Model - which simulates the disposal events and mound formation. Next, the applicant/project proponent must submit a capping plan to NED, which includes provisions for obtaining the necessary quantity of cap material and a schedule for dredging and disposal of both contaminated and cap materials. Upon approval of this plan by NED, the contaminated material may be dredged and disposed at a taut-wire moored buoy located at a specified set of coordinates. The use of such a buoy is critical to the success of capping, since it aids in limiting the distribution of the contaminated material on the seafloor. Post-disposal bathymetric and sediment-profile camera surveys of the contaminated material are conducted to delineate the areal extent of the mound formed during disposal. Several sets of coordinates are then chosen by NED for disposal of the cap material, with the aim of covering all contaminated sediments. The operational success of the capping technique is measured by adequate areal coverage and thickness of the cap over the contaminated material. Thus, following disposal (and sometimes during disposal) of cap material, additional surveys are conducted for this purpose.
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Lamplot, Joseph D., Ajay Premkumar, Evan W. James, Cort D. Lawton, and Andrew D. Pearle. "Postoperative Disposal of Unused Opioids: A Systematic Review." HSS Journal®: The Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15563316211001366.

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Introduction: Opioid misuse and overprescription have contributed to a national public health crisis in the United States. Postoperatively, patients are often left with unused opioids, which pose a risk for diversion if not appropriately disposed of. Patients are infrequently provided instructions on safe disposal methods of surplus opioids. Purpose: We sought to determine the current rates of disposal of unused opioids and the reported disposal mechanisms for unused opioids that were prescribed for acute postoperative pain control. Methods: A systematic review was performed of the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases for relevant articles from their earliest entries through October 2, 2019. We used the search terms “opioid” or “narcotic” and “disposal” and “surgery.” Studies were considered for inclusion if they reported the rate of disposal of unused opioids following surgery. A screening strategy was used to identify relevant articles using Covidence. For studies meeting inclusion criteria, relevant information was extracted. Results: Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria. We found that surplus opioid disposal rates varied widely, from 4.9% to 87.0%. Among studies with no intervention (opioid disposal education or drug disposal kit/bag), rates of opioid disposal ranged from 4.9% to 46.5%. While 7 studies used opioid disposal education as an intervention, only 3 showed a significant increase in surplus opioid disposal compared with standard care. All 3 studies that used an opioid disposal kit or bag as an intervention demonstrated significant increases in opioid disposal. Conclusions: Baseline rates of surplus opioid disposal are relatively low in the postoperative setting. Our findings suggest that opioid disposal kits significantly increase rates of surplus opioid disposal postoperatively. Further research, including a large-scale cost-benefit analysis, will be necessary prior to recommending widespread implementation of drug disposal kits or bags.
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Goldstein, L. "Refuse disposal." Analysis 62, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/62.3.236.

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Woodhead, C. M. "Sharps disposal." British Dental Journal 165, no. 5 (September 1988): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4806552.

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Martellini, Maurizio. "Plutonium disposal." Nature 386, no. 6621 (March 1997): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/386111b0.

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Hutchinson, Ezzie. "Garbage disposal." Nature Reviews Cancer 4, no. 2 (February 2004): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc1280.

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Foxcroft, P. "Casualty disposal." Veterinary Record 128, no. 10 (March 9, 1991): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.128.10.240-d.

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&NA;. "Medicine disposal." Nursing 43, no. 5 (May 2013): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nurse.0000428693.33851.1d.

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Davies, Gareth. "Radwaste disposal." Marine Pollution Bulletin 19, no. 11 (November 1988): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(88)90005-7.

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Hayes, Kath. "Sharps disposal." Vital 6, no. 1 (December 2008): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/vital867.

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Kuehn, Bridget M. "Drug Disposal." JAMA 297, no. 12 (March 28, 2007): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.12.1307-b.

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Kiran, K. G., Sanjay Kini, Ravi K., Santhosh N. P., and N. Udaya Kiran. "KAP study of solid waste disposal of households in Kuttar & Manjanadi Panchayath covered under gramaskhema programme of K.S. Hegde Medical Academy." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 05, no. 03 (September 2015): 029–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703908.

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AbstractAn important problem faced by many societies across the world is unhealthy disposal of solid wastes. Knowledge, attitude, practices of people plays a crucial role as their view point is extremely vital in providing solutions to future environmental problems. A cross sectional study was conducted among the households of Kuttar and Manjanadi villages and a sample of 120 households were studied. Majority had a good knowledge about the ill effects of improper solid waste disposal and that 82.5% said collectively that it causes disease, unpleasant odour, unpleasant site and rodent nuisance. Majority of them had a positive attitude towards solid waste disposal and 98.3% felt that improper solid waste removal and disposal effects environment. Regarding household waste disposal practice it was found to be unsatisfactory as 78 households disposed of household wastes by just throwing away outside the house. Strict surveillance, supervision and timely removal for disposal of solid waste by management are the key factors in reducing environmental hazards.
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Haverland, MD, MS, Rachael, Todd Luckritz, PharmD, RPh, Elisabeth Lim, MPH, Matthew R. Buras, MS, and Johnny Yi, MD. "Engaging the opioid epidemic head on: Improving proper disposal of unused opioid medications after surgery." Journal of Opioid Management 17, no. 3 (July 19, 2021): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2021.0629.

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Background: Currently, in the United States, there is an epidemic of opioid abuse. While this problem is well known to the public due to significant media and political attention, patients are poorly educated on the proper handling and disposal of unused opioids. Instead, the onus has fallen on the healthcare provider to minimize the number of opioids prescribed.Study objective: To improve proper opioid disposal rates after gynecologic surgery by providing educational materials along with a disposal bag.Study design: We performed a prospective study evaluating baseline understanding of medication disposal using a questionnaire given to the patients during their preoperative visit. Subsequently, patients were provided written information on proper disposal of their medications and an activated charcoal medication disposal bag. Study patients completed a survey about disposal of their unused opioids at their last post-operative visit. The success of education and proper disposal of opioid medications were evaluated.Results: Thirty-five patients, average age of 45 (range 20-77), were enrolled, and 31 patients successfully completed both surveys. The surgeries performed included hysterectomy 23 percent (n = 7), laparoscopic excision of endometriosis 32 percent (n = 10), laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy 23 percent (n = 7), prolapse repair 3 percent (n = 1), and midurethral sling procedures 19 percent (n = 6). Chronic pelvic pain was identified in 39 percent (n = 12) of our patient population. Prior to education, 52 percent (n = 16) of patients did not dispose of their opioids. Furthermore, 71 percent (n = 22) of patients stated they had never been educated by a medical provider regarding appropriate disposal. Nineteen percent (n = 6) confirmed they have used an opioid medication prescribed to someone else. Demographic data show 65 percent (n = 20) of these patients had completed a college degree or greater. After education and being given a reliable option for medication disposal with the Deterra® bag, 94 percent (n = 29) of patients properly disposed of their opioids after surgery, demonstrating a 45 percent (p 0.001) increase in proper disposal. In our study alone, 491 tablets of 5mg oxycodone were properly disposed. The majority of patients, 77 percent (n = 24) used the drug disposal bag, and when queried, stated they would be willing to pay on average $7.70 (range 0-20) per bag. Without education and a simple option for disposal, 422 tablets prescribed may have been subject to inappropriate diversion.Conclusion: This study clearly shows that patient education, coupled with a reliable option for opioid disposal, is effective. We strongly encourage other surgical institutions to implement similar practices not only for our surgical patients’ safety, but also for the tens of thousands of patients who died of opioid abuse in the last year.
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Howard, Susanna Davis, Anish Agarwal, Kit Delgado, Edward Rodriguez-Caceres, Disha Joshi, Paul Marcotte, Ali Ozturk, et al. "Opioid disposal rates after spine surgery." Surgical Neurology International 12 (September 20, 2021): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_856_2021.

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Background: Diversion of prescription opioids pills is a significant contributor to opioid misuse and the opioid epidemic. The goal of this study was to determine the frequency and quantity of excess opioid pills among patients undergoing spine surgery. Further, we wanted to determine the frequency of appropriate opioid disposal. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of patients undergoing elective spine surgery within a multi-hospital, academic, urban university health system enrolled in a text-messaging program used to track postoperative opioid disposal. Patients who self-reported discontinuation of opioid use but with leftover pills were contacted via telephone and surveyed on opioid disposal. Results: Of the 291 patients who enrolled in the text-messaging program, 192 (66%) patients reported discontinuing opioids within 3 months of surgery. Although 76 (40%) reported excess opioid pills after cessation of use, only 47 (62%) participated in the telephone survey regarding opioid disposal. The median number of leftover pills among these 47 patients was 5 (5, 15) and 64% had not disposed of their prescription. Conclusion: Among the 47 telephone survey participants, a persistent gap remained in postoperative opioid excess and improper disposal. Future efforts must focus on initiatives to improve opioid disposal rates to reduce the quantity of opioids at risk for diversion and to reduce excess prescribing.
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Amoabeng, Ivy Anima, Bernice Araba Otoo, Godfred Darko, and Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye. "Disposal of Unused and Expired Medicines within the Sunyani Municipality of Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Survey." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (May 26, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6113346.

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The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is a global challenge. Pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics and analgesics have been reported in various environmental matrices at varying concentrations. The major disposal route for unused and expired pharmaceuticals in Ghana is throwing them into dustbins. Although there are laws on the proper disposal patterns of drugs, these laws are poorly implemented. Sunyani is a fast-growing community with several health facilities that dispense medications daily. The purchase and use of medications among households are also high. However, no data exist on the disposal patterns of pharmaceuticals within the Sunyani Municipality. This study aims to identify the disposal patterns for unused and expired medications by households and pharmacies within the Sunyani Municipality, Ghana. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 persons in homes and 35 persons from randomly selected pharmacies and over-the-counter medication shops (OTCMs) within the Sunyani Municipality. A face-to-face interview approach using structured questionnaires for each respondent was employed. Household respondents disposed of unused and expired medications mainly through dumping in garbage cans (70.8%), incineration (11.5%), and flushing down the sink (9%). Pharmaceutical shop respondents also disposed of unused and expired medications into dump cans, by incineration, through the Food and Drugs Authority of Ghana, and took back to pharmaceutical wholesalers. Disposal practices observed in this study by households and pharmacy respondents were largely inappropriate. This could be due to the lack of education on the proper disposal patterns available to these respondents. It is recommended that guidelines on safe disposal be put in place, and a structured procedure for collecting unused and expired pharmaceuticals should be introduced.
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Sasidaran, Sarani, Prateek Kachoria, Antony Raj, Sudha Ramalingam, Brian R. Stoner, Katelyn L. Sellgren, and Sonia Grego. "Physical properties of menstrual hygiene waste as feedstock for onsite disposal technologies." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.262.

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Abstract Onsite incinerators offer a promising solution to the challenges of menstrual waste disposal, particularly in institutional settings. However, thermochemical processes are well known to depend on the nature of the feedstocks and their moisture content (MC). An analysis is presented of the physical properties of menstrual waste as potential feedstock for onsite incinerators. Waste was generated in three institutional settings – from women of wide age range and from people with different socioeconomic backgrounds such as workers and students. Over 10 separate collections, 613 discarded menstrual pads were obtained with over 93% of the waste representing commercially disposable pads and less than 7% of the waste appearing to be homemade cloth pads. A surprising finding of this study was that a significant fraction of the commercially disposed pads (23–37%) had a large wet weight (over 20 g) which was associated with MC exceeding 50 wt%. This high MC was attributed to the practice of washing the pads prior to disposal, and it was much higher than what is standard for thermal processing. These data suggest that testing protocols for menstrual waste incinerator technology performance should include an evaluation of the effects of higher MC, unfolded pads, and occasional cloth pads.
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Muller, Richard A., Stefan Finsterle, John Grimsich, Rod Baltzer, Elizabeth A. Muller, James W. Rector, Joe Payer, and John Apps. "Disposal of High-Level Nuclear Waste in Deep Horizontal Drillholes." Energies 12, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 2052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112052.

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Spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste can be disposed in deep horizontal drillholes in sedimentary, metamorphic or igneous rocks. Horizontal drillhole disposal has safety, operational and economic benefits: the repository is deep in the brine-saturated zone far below aquifers in a reducing environment of formations that can be shown to have been isolated from the surface for exceedingly long times; its depth provides safety against inadvertent intrusion, earthquakes and near-surface perturbations; it can be placed close to the reactors and interim storage facilities, minimizing transportation; disposal costs per ton of waste can be kept substantially lower than for mined repositories by its smaller size, reduced infrastructure needs and staged implementation; and, if desired, the waste could be retrieved using “fishing” technology. In the proposed disposal concept, corrosion-resistant canisters containing unmodified fuel assemblies from commercial reactors would be placed end-to-end in up to 50 cm diameter horizontal drillholes, a configuration that reduces mechanical stresses and keeps the temperatures below the boiling point of the brine. Other high-level wastes, such as capsules containing 137Cs and 90Sr, can be disposed in small-diameter horizontal drillholes. We provide an overview of this novel disposal concept and its technology, discuss some of its safety aspects and compare it to mined repositories and the deep vertical borehole disposal concept.
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Bailie, George R., Steven F. Kowalsky, George Eisele, and Michael S. Schwartzman. "Disposal of CAPD Waste in the Community." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 11, no. 1 (January 1991): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686089101100115.

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Fifty-nine patients returned a confidential mailed questionnaire, to determine their procedures for disposal of CAPO waste including bags, fluids and needles, and to assess their instruction and opinions on health risks from their wastes. Patients came predominantly from rural communities. Sixty four percent used disposal boxes for used needles, 80% discarded drained bags in the garbage without wrapping them in plastic and 7 to 17% of patients discarded needles straight to the garbage, depending on circumstances. Thirty seven percent did not recall receiving instruction on waste disposal, and of those who did, instructions came predominantly from nurses. Twenty of 32 patients who had suffered peritonitis disposed of their bags during peritonitis in the same manner as when they did not have peritonitis. Most patients (61%) felt issues dealing with CAPO waste disposal were “important” or “very important”, but fewer “agreed” or “strongly agreed” that it posed a health risk to others (16%) or to the environment (10%). Inconsistencies in methods of disposal and potential risks of infection dictate that guidelines must be developed to deal with these issues.
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Edwards, Margo H., Roy Wilkens, Chris Kelley, Eric DeCarlo, Kathryn MacDonald, Sonia Shjegstad, Michael Van Woerkom, et al. "Methodologies for Surveying and Assessing Deep-Water Munitions Disposal Sites." Marine Technology Society Journal 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.46.1.6.

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AbstractThe Hawaii Undersea Military Munitions Assessment (HUMMA) was designed to develop methodologies for surveying and assessing a historic deep-water munitions sea disposal site to determine the potential impact of the ocean environment on sea-disposed munitions and of sea-disposed munitions on the ocean environment and those that use it. HUMMA is the most comprehensive deep-water investigation conducted in the United States to look at both chemical and conventional munitions. Recognizing that each sea-disposed munitions site poses unique logistical and environmental challenges, the HUMMA approach emphasizes adaptability. Here, we describe the techniques used to determine the spatial extent and distribution of munitions, evaluate the integrity of munitions casings, and sample sediments and seawater near munitions present at water depths ranging from 330 to 550 m. We discuss integration and management of the diverse and voluminous datasets that the program produced. Notable results from HUMMA include demonstrating that reconnaissance-style mapping effectively locates distinctive trails of disposed munitions in sandy environments and that visual observations, in combination with acoustic data, constrain the poorly documented historical disposal process. Based on our findings, we conclude with several suggested future avenues of research for evaluating sea-disposed munitions sites.
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37

Chandrashekar, Ashok, and Thomas C. Dougless. "Commodity Indexed Surplus Asset Disposal in the Reverse Logistics Process." International Journal of Logistics Management 7, no. 2 (July 1, 1996): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09574099610805520.

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An important function in purchasing is the disposal of excess material. Often the material is in the form of waste products such as paper, metals and plastics which are difficult to value. However, by utilizing a commodity‐market based approach, many items can now be disposed of in a timely, profitable and environmentally friendly manner. This paper discusses some of the issues involved in disposing of surplus material using commodity indices. The discussion also shows how surplus asset disposal is linked to developments in environmental logistics, reverse logistics and recycling. The general methods, issues and challenges in commodity disposal have been explained through a case study. The case study includes a total cost model showing the costs and the benefits of commodity based or commodity indexed disposal.
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Ushin, Vasilii V., Vitaly V. Zotov, Elena A. Prelikova, and Ulyana V. Yushina. "Population Readiness for Separate Collection of Municipal Solid Waste (Example of Disposable Diapers)." Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Economics, Sociology and Management 11, no. 6 (2021): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1552-2021-11-6-199-211.

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The relevance of the study is due to the constantly growing environmental damage caused by used disposable diapers. The purpose of the study was to determine the potential of public participation in the disposal of disposable diapers. Objectives: to determine the intensity and volume of use of disposable diapers, the possibility of abandoning them and switching to alternatives, to determine the readiness of the population for the disposal of household waste, including disposable diapers. The research methodology is based on the scientific concepts of the reform of solid municipal waste management (garbage reform), which involves the involvement of citizens in the process of solving socially significant environmental problems. The analysis of the population's attitude to the disposal of disposable diapers was carried out on the basis of data from mass sociological surveys conducted by the authors in 2020. The results of the study make it possible to state: the use of disposable diapers has become an integral part of parents' lives and the rejection of this hygiene product is unlikely to happen in the near future, therefore, the relevance of recycling and recycling of disposable diapers will not be reduced. The target audience of users of disposable diapers is mainly married women aged 26 to 45 years, living in a nucleic family of 3-4 people in apartment buildings without a trash or private houses. The income per family member in the target group ranges from one to two times the minimum wage. The target group under study considers the problem of sorting household waste to be important and is ready to separate disposable diapers from household waste. Under these conditions, economic incentives are needed to implement separate collection. The possibility of receiving bonuses when buying a new batch of goods or providing free packaging of used diapers can positively influence the decision to separate a disposable diaper from household waste. Conslusions. The authors conclude that the authorities should take into account the results of the survey before developing measures for the disposal of disposable diapers and draw conclusions about how to come to a compromise solution.
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39

Palmer, Tony. "1997 Awards for Innovation and Excellence in Primary Health Care - Health Promotion: Syringe Disposal Hotline." Australian Journal of Primary Health 3, no. 3 (1997): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py97028.

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Brief Description of the Program: Although needle and syringe exchange programs (NSEP) remain integral to Australia's internationally recognised response to the pandemic, the public have very real concerns about the health risks posed by syringes that are improperly disposed. The Syringe Disposal Hotline provides a seven days per week advice, referral, collection and disposal service for local residents concerned about inappropriately discarded sharps.
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40

Zhao, Shu, Si Qing Liu, Bao Xu Song, and Ji Ze Pan. "A Comparison on Tailings Treatment and Disposal of Aba Lead-Zinc Concentrator." Advanced Materials Research 511 (April 2012): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.511.32.

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Tailings from Aba zinc-lead concentrator cannot be discharged in tailings dam by traditional wet disposal method due to the location restriction and environmental consideration. Treatment and disposal of the tailings become a serious problem that should be solved. Through investigation of tailings disposal in similar concentrators of China, a joint process of dewatering by hydrocyclones and pressure filters has put forward, in which a dry material can be obtained and disposed in dry manner, and the water produced in the process can be reused. This process is expected to set a good example for concentrators where construction of tailings dam is impossible
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41

CAMPBELL, ROBERT L. "The Other View of Disposable Diapers." Pediatrics 89, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.89.2.350.

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To The Editor.— I'm writing to you to express my extreme disappointment at the publication of the commentary titled "Baby Bottoms and Environmental Conundrums: Disposable Diapers and the Pediatrician" that appeared in the August 1991 issue of Pediatrics.1 Public Health Issue About Diaper Disposal. The authors have treated briefly the issue of public health and diaper disposal.1,p387 The reader is left with a perception that discarded diapers pose public health hazards. While the issue of public health and the disposal of diapers and other solid wastes is important, it is treated neither adequately nor fairly in this commentary.
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42

Tong, Alfred, Barrie Peake, and Rhiannon Braund. "Disposal practices for unused medications in New Zealand community pharmacies." Journal of Primary Health Care 3, no. 3 (2011): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc11197.

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INTRODUCTION: One of the recommended methods for households to dispose of unused medications in many countries is to return them to community pharmacies. However, such a practice will only reduce the environmental levels of pharmaceuticals if the medications are also disposed of and destroyed properly by the pharmacies. AIM: This study reports the results of a questionnaire sent to New Zealand community pharmacists regarding disposal practices for unused or expired medications in their workplaces. METHODS: A pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire was sent to 500 randomly selected community pharmacies from all areas of New Zealand. The participants were asked how they disposed of a variety of medications. In addition, participants were also asked about whether they knew how unused medications were destroyed if their pharmacy used a third-party contractor or distributor to dispose of them. RESULTS: Of the 265 respondents, 80.4% and 61.1% respectively reported that solid and semi-solid medications were removed by contractors. However liquid and Class B controlled drugs were predominantly disposed of down the pharmacy sink. Over 60% of the participating pharmacists indicated that they believed the contractors incinerated the collected pharmaceutical waste, and over 90% of the participating pharmacists indicated their wish for a state-run disposal and destruction system. DISCUSSION: Liquid medications and Class B controlled drugs, which were commonly reported to be disposed of down the sewerage system, may increase the potential for environmental pollution by pharmaceuticals in New Zealand. There is a need for increased environmental awareness amongst community pharmacists in New Zealand. KEYWORDS: Medication disposal; pharmaceutical waste; environment; excess medication; community pharmacist
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43

Sea, Jonghan, and Eric Beauregard. "Body Disposal: Spatial and Temporal Characteristics in Korean Homicide." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 7 (February 1, 2017): 1947–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17692060.

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This study explores the body disposal patterns in a sample of 54 Korean homicides that occurred between 2006 and 2012. Based on information collected by the police during their investigation, factors that could influence body disposal patterns were examined, such as homicide classification, intention, whether an accomplice was present, and offender mental disorder. Bivariate analyses showed that the majority of the victims who were disposed of were acquaintances of the offenders. Moreover, several offenders were more likely to dispose of the dead body “within hours” of killing the victim. Dead bodies were usually recovered in agricultural areas, forest/wooded areas, as well as residential areas. It was also noteworthy that, in 47 cases, the offender had knowledge of the geographic area where the body was dumped. In cases of “expressive” homicide, victims were more likely to be disposed of somewhere far away (e.g., over 40 km) from the crime scene, whereas “instrumental” homicide victims appeared to be disposed of somewhere closer (e.g., within 30 km) to the crime scene. Results are discussed in light of their practical implications for homicide investigations.
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Tsai, Chi-Yang, and Sugarla Edwin Nagaraj. "Waste Disposal Models for Manufacturing Firm and Disposal Firm." Industrial Engineering and Management Systems 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7232/iems.2011.10.2.115.

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45

Wolf, Patrick, and Robert Bollinger. "Medical waste disposal: Procuring on-site technology for disposal." Journal of Chemical Health and Safety 20, no. 3 (May 2013): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchas.2013.03.189.

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46

Hasan, Ummu Atiyyah, Suhaily Mohd Hairon, Najib Majdi Yaacob, Aziah Daud, Anees Abdul Hamid, Norzaihan Hassan, Mohd Faiz Ariffin, and Lau Yi Vun. "Factors Contributing to Sharp Waste Disposal at Health Care Facility Among Diabetic Patients in North-East Peninsular Malaysia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13 (June 26, 2019): 2251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132251.

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Background: Type 2 diabetic patients are major users of medical sharps in the community. Proper sharp disposal practice among them, however, was reported to be low. The current study was aimed to determine the factors contributing to sharp waste disposal at a health care facility among Type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, Type 2 diabetic patients who were on insulin therapy attending health clinics were randomly selected and interviewed using a validated questionnaire. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied. Results: Out of 304 respondents, only 11.5% of them brought their used sharps to be disposed at health care facilities. Previous advice on sharp disposal from health care providers, knowledge score, and duration of diabetes were significant contributing factors for sharp waste disposal at health care facilities: (Adj. OR 6.31; 95% CI: 2.63, 15.12; p < 0.001), (Adj. OR 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.08; p < 0.001), and (Adj. OR 2.51; 95% CI: 1.06, 5.93; p = 0.036), respectively. Conclusion: Continuous education and a locally adapted safe sharp disposal option must be available to increase awareness and facilitate diabetic patients adopting proper sharp disposal behavior.
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Marzouk, Mohamed, and Mohamed Abd El-Razek. "Selecting Demolition Waste Materials Disposal Alternatives Using Fuzzy TOPSIS Technique." International Journal of Natural Computing Research 6, no. 2 (July 2017): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijncr.2017070103.

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This article describes how in developing countries, millions of tons of construction and demolition wastes (CDWs) are lost every year due to lack of knowledge of recycling significance and/or procedures. Despite the high value of CDWs, high percentage of this waste is either dumped illegally or disposed in the landfills. Disposal methods should consider saving natural resources and maintaining the environmental conditions through maximizing the value of CDWs. This article aims at choosing the most sustainable disposal alternative using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Process, considering several sustainability measure indicators. The research introduces a list containing the most relevant and significant sustainable indicators that affect the selection of alternative for disposal of CDWs. Then, fuzzy TOPSIS technique is applied considering the significant indicators on each alternative to rank and choose the best alternative for disposal of CDWs.
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48

Mshelia, Alfred D. "Assessment Of Hair Barbing Salon Waste Management Practices In Bama Township Of Borno State, Nigeria." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 5 (May 31, 2015): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss5.367.

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The study assessed hair barbing salon Waste Management Practices in Bama. A set of questionnaire was administered to barbing salon proprietors to obtain their current barbing salon waste management styles, viz a viz the types of waste generated and methods of waste disposal. Data obtained were analyzed descriptively and reveals hair as the dominant waste generated in barbing salon operations. The hair wastes are swept and packed using coconut brooms and plastic hand shovel and stored in paper cartons. They are hence disposed on weekly or monthly basis or whenever cartons are filled up at refuse disposal points along streets within the neigbourhood, outskirt of the town, a large trench left behind by Cubits Civil Engineering Construction Company and the Yedseram river valley or at best burnt or buried. The adoption of these disposal techniques is more or less the same technique used in the disposal of all forms of refuse in the study area where wastes are disposed with impunity. In the same vein, there is a significant level of awareness of the impact of salon waste management practices on the environment/society by perpetrators. The study recommended steps for better barbing salon waste management to include salon waste reuse and recycling by researching into how barbing salon wastes can be a resource.
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Moreira, Ricardo Cosme Arraes, Geraldo Resende Boaventura, Sandra Alves Nunes, Luciano de Almeida Pinheiro, Carlos Tadeu Carvalho do Nascimento, Davi Rodrigues da Silva, and Christiane de Pinna Lira. "Geochemical and Geophysical Study in a Degraded Area Used for Disposal of Sludge from a Water Treatment Plant." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/489182.

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The effects of disposal of sludge from water treatment plant (WTS) in area damaged by laterite extraction and its consequences to soil and groundwater were investigated. Therefore, the presence and concentration of anthropogenic elements and chemical compounds were determinated. WTS disposal's influence was characterized by electroresistivity method. The WTS's geochemical dispersion was noticed in the first meters of the nonsaturated zone from the lending area. Lateritic profiles were characterized due to the large variation in chemical composition between the horizons. Infiltration and percolation of rainwater through the WTS have caused migration of total dissolved solids to the groundwater. WTS's disposing area has more similarities to local preserved vegetation than to gravel bed area. WTS can be considered a noninert residue if disposed in degraded areas located in regions with similar geological and hydrochemical characteristics.
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Newell, K. David, Shelby Peterie, Michael Killion, Brandy DeArmond, Carrie Ridley, Rolfe Mandel, and Rex Buchanan. "Diminishing Depth to Water in Cambrian-Ordovician Arbuckle Group Disposal Wells in Kansas." Midcontinent Geoscience 1 (June 30, 2020): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/mg.v1i.15525.

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Industrial and municipal wastewater and oilfield brines have been disposed of into the Cambrian-Ordovician Arbuckle Group for decades in Kansas and nearby states in the midcontinent United States. The industrial and municipal wastewater disposal wells (designated Class I disposal wells) are regulated by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment. The oilfield brines are disposed of in Class II disposal wells, which are regulated by the Kansas Corporation Commission. Annual testing of formation pressure and static fluid levels in Class I wells compose a body of data that is useful in monitoring movement of water and fill-up of Arbuckle disposal zones. In western Kansas, the depth to water in wells penetrating the Arbuckle can be several hundred to more than a thousand feet (305 m) below ground surface, but in parts of southern and southeastern Kansas, the depth to water locally can be less than 100 ft (31 m). Furthermore, most Class I wells indicate Arbuckle fluid levels in central and south-central Kansas are rising ~10 ft (~3 m) annually, suggesting that at current disposal rates, the Arbuckle may lose its capacity to accept wastewater under gravity flow in parts of the state in the next few decades, principally south-central and southeastern Kansas along the Oklahoma state line. At present in parts of six Kansas counties along the Oklahoma state line, low-density (~1.0 g/cc or slightly greater density) wastewater in a wellbore does not have a sufficient hydrostatic head by gravity alone to force its way into the more dense resident Arbuckle formation water. In general, Arbuckle formation water flows west to east in Kansas. Arbuckle disposal wells in Kansas collectively dispose of ~800,000,000 barrels (~127,000,000 m3) of wastewater per year, although some of this is recycled from Arbuckle oil production. Declines in oil price since mid-2014 have resulted in less oilfield disposal in the Arbuckle since 2015. The number of Class I wells recording annual fluid rises have also declined since 2015, as has the median of their annual change in static fluid level, but overall, more Class I wells are still recording fluid rises. There is a poor correlation between changes in fluid levels in Class I wells and the volume of fluid disposed in them annually, thereby indicating that more regional characteristics may control water movement in the Arbuckle. More monitoring wells are needed to better understand the movement of water in the deep subsurface and to anticipate any potential problems that may occur with reduced disposal capacity and possible migration of fluids through unplugged or improperly plugged older wells.
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