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1

Monahan, R., A. Blonk, H. Middelkoop, M. Kloppenburg, T. Huizinga, N. Van der Wee, and G. M. Steup-Beekman. "POS0708 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (NPSLE)." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 603.2–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.423.

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Background:Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may present with psychiatric disorders. These are important to recognize, as they influence quality of life and treatment outcomes and strategies.Objectives:We aimed to study the frequency of psychiatric morbidity as classified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) in patients with SLE and neuropsychiatric symptoms of different origins.Methods:In the neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) clinic of the Leiden University Medical Center, patients undergo a standardized multidisciplinary assessment by a neurologist, neuropsychologist, vascular internal medicine, rheumatologist, physician assistant and psychiatrist. After two weeks, a multidisciplinary consensus meeting takes place, in which the symptoms are attributed to SLE requiring treatment (major NPSLE) or to minor involvement of SLE or other causes (minor/non-NPSLE). Consecutive patients visiting the NPSLE clinic between 2007-2019 were included. Data of psychiatric evaluation and current medication use were extracted from medical records. The presence of cognitive dysfunction was established during formal neuropsychological assessment.Results:371 consecutive SLE patients were included, of which 110 patients had major NPSLE (30%). Mean age was 44 ± 14 years and 87% was female.The most frequently diagnosed psychiatric disorders in the total group were cognitive dysfunction (42%) and depression (23%), as shown in Table 1. Furthermore, anxiety was present in 5% and psychotic disorders in 4% of patients. In patients with minor/non-NPSLE, especially depression (26% vs 15%) and anxiety (6% vs 2%) were more common than in major NPSLE. Cognitive dysfunction (54% vs 36%) and psychotic disorders (6% vs 4%) were more common in patients with major NPSLE than minor/non-NPSLE.Psychiatric medication was used in 33% of patients, of which antidepressants and benzodiazepines the most frequently (both: 18% in both subgroups). Antipsychotics were more often used in patients with NPSLE (10% vs 7%) and benzodiazepines more often in minor/non-NPSLE (20% vs 14%).In addition, 17 patients (5%) had a history of suicide attempt, which was more common in patients with minor/non-NPSLE than major NPSLE (6% vs 2%).Conclusion:Psychiatric morbidity, especially cognitive dysfunction and depression, are common in patients with lupus and differ between underlying cause of the neuropsychiatric symptoms (minor/non-NPSLE vs major NPSLE).Table 1.Presence of psychiatric diagnoses in patients with SLE and neuropsychiatric symptomsAll patients(n = 371)Minor/non-NPSLE(n = 261)Major NPSLE(n = 110)DSM V diagnosis, n (%)Neurodevelopmental disorder5 (1)2 (1)3 (2)Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders16 (4)10 (4)6 (6)Bipolar and related disorders7 (2)5 (2)2 (2)Depressive disorders84 (23)68 (26)16 (15)Anxiety disorders17 (5)15 (6)2 (2)Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders1 (0)1 (0)0 (0)Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders16 (4)12 (5)4 (3)Dissociative Disorders2 (1)2 (1)0 (0)Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders1 (0)1 (0)0 (0)Feeding and Eating Disorders0 (0)1 (0)0 (0)Elimination Disorders0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)Sleep-wake disorders2 (1)2 (1)0 (0)Sexual dysfunctions0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)Gender dysphoria0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorder0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)Substance-related and addictive disorders9 (2)8 (3)1 (1)Cognitive dysfunction154 (42)95 (36)59 (54)Personality disorders10 (3)9 (3)1 (1)Paraphilic disorders0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)Other mental disorders12 (3)7 (3)5 (5)Medication-Induced Movement Disorders and Other Adverse Effects of Medication0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)Unknown3 (1)3 (1)0 (0)NPSLE = neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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2

Aleksandrowicz, Jerzy. "Neurotic “disorders” or “disorder”?" Psychiatria Polska 53, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/pp/onlinefirst/97374.

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3

Anwar, Sara, and David Cawthorpe. "What “big population data” tells us about neurological disorders comorbidity." Journal of Hospital Administration 5, no. 6 (October 13, 2016): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v5n6p75.

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Objective: To use a large population dataset to examine neurological disorder comorbidity. Seventeen main classes of Diagnosed International Classification of Disease (ICD) disorder codes were grouped and compared to ICD-9 Nerurological disorder codes.Methods: Calgary, Alberta, health zone diagnosis, sex and age data from 1994-2009 physician billings (n = 763,449) were grouped and tallied on the basis of the presence or absence of any neurological disorder across the 17 remaining ICD main disorder classes and represented as odds ratios (ORs with 95% confidence intervals).Results: Within the ICD categories the 17 classes were ranked by ORs: Ill-defined conditions (OR 7.42), musculoskeletal and connective tissue system disorders (OR 4.22), and psychiatric disorders (OR 3.81) were the ranked the highest main classes, respectively. Thirteen additonal main classes had ORs greaeter than 2.00.Conclusions: There was a strong relationship between neurological disorders and the ICD main classes. The results of this broad stroke analysis point to the requirement for analysis of the both the temporal relationships (e.g., before vs. after) between neurological disorders and comorbid disorderss as well as more fine-grained description of the specifice intra-class disorders underlying the reported odds ratios.
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4

Ming, Xue, and Arthur S. Walters. "Autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and sleep disorders." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 15, no. 6 (November 2009): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mcp.0b013e3283319a9a.

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5

Casalini, F., N. Mosti, S. Belletti, V. Mastria, S. Rizzato, A. Del Carlo, M. Fornaro, L. Dell’Osso, and G. Perugi. "Bipolar disorder and disreactive disorders." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 28 (December 2012): e34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.yic.0000423296.62412.57.

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6

Karamuctafalioĝlu, K. O., and N. Karamuctafalioğlu. "DYSTHYMIC DISORDER AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS." Clinical Neuropharmacology 15 (1992): 518B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199202001-01010.

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7

Hollander, E. "Obsessive-compulsive disorder related disorders." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 11 (December 1996): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004850-199612005-00007.

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8

Lense, Miriam D., Eniko Ladányi, Tal-Chen Rabinowitch, Laurel Trainor, and Reyna Gordon. "Rhythm and timing as vulnerabilities in neurodevelopmental disorders." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1835 (August 23, 2021): 20200327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0327.

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Millions of children are impacted by neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), which unfold early in life, have varying genetic etiologies and can involve a variety of specific or generalized impairments in social, cognitive and motor functioning requiring potentially lifelong specialized supports. While specific disorders vary in their domain of primary deficit (e.g. autism spectrum disorder (social), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (attention), developmental coordination disorder (motor) and developmental language disorder (language)), comorbidities between NDDs are common. Intriguingly, many NDDs are associated with difficulties in skills related to rhythm, timing and synchrony though specific profiles of rhythm/timing impairments vary across disorders. Impairments in rhythm/timing may instantiate vulnerabilities for a variety of NDDs and may contribute to both the primary symptoms of each disorder as well as the high levels of comorbidities across disorders. Drawing upon genetic, neural, behavioural and interpersonal constructs across disorders, we consider how disrupted rhythm and timing skills early in life may contribute to atypical developmental cascades that involve overlapping symptoms within the context of a disorder's primary deficits. Consideration of the developmental context, as well as common and unique aspects of the phenotypes of different NDDs, will inform experimental designs to test this hypothesis including via potential mechanistic intervention approaches. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
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9

Balakireva, E. E., S. G. Nikitina, A. V. Kulikov, A. A. Koval-Zaitsev, T. E. Blinova, N. S. Shalina, O. V. Shushpanova, and A. G. Alekseeva. "Mood Disorders in Schizotypal Disorder with Leading Syndrome of Eating Disorders." Psikhiatriya 22, no. 3 (July 24, 2024): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/2618-6667-2024-22-3-24-33.

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Background: сoverage of the problem of mood disorders in patients with schizotypal disorder with leading eating disorders (EDs), in childhood and adolescence is relevant. However, concomitant disorders in eating disorder in childhood and adolescence and their dynamics have not been sufficiently studied. The aim: to study the clinical and psychopathological structure of mood disorders in patients with schizotypal disorder and eating disorders leading in the clinical picture. Patients and methods: the study included 50 patients (9 boys, 41 girls), aged 7 to 16 years. Inclusion criteria: 1) schizotypal disorder; 2) eating disorders; 3) mood disorders. Research methods: clinical-psychopathological, psychometric (HDRS, PANSS), follow-up, somatic observation. Results: in patients with schizotypal and mood disorders, the following variants of eating disorder were observed: anorexia nervosa (AN — first type), anorexia nervosa with dominance of bulimia (ANB — second type), anorexia nervosa with dominance of bulimia and vomitomania (ANB + B — third type). Mood disorders in the first type of eating disorder were characterized by a pronounced depressive triad, suicidal thoughts and stupor at the cachectic stage of the disease. Mood disorders in the second type of eating disorder were characterized by a mixed affective state: short unproductive mania, ideas of dysmorphophobia, ideas of attitude, followed by a prolonged depressive state with senesto-hypochondriacal disorders, asthenia, and an increase in cognitive impairment. Mood disorders in the third type of eating disorder were characterized by the presence, of pronounced delusional and dysmorphophobic disorders and ideas of attitude, psychopathic behavior, depersonalization-derealization disorders, asthenia and cognitive impairment. Affective pathology in schizotypal disorder with eating disorder, as well as body dysmorphic syndrome, persisted for a long time. The most severe course was observed in the third group of patients (NANB + B), which was due to a significant proportion of psychotic disorders in the structure of the syndrome and somatic complications due to vomiting behavior. Conclusions: patients with schizotypal disorder with leading symptoms of eating disorder and mood disorders require an integrated approach to therapy, including somatic and psychopharmacological treatment.
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Marmorstein, Naomi R. "Anxiety disorders and substance use disorders: Different associations by anxiety disorder." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 26, no. 1 (January 2012): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.09.005.

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11

Hattori, Junri, Tatsuya Ogino, Kiyoko Abiru, Kousuke Nakano, Makio Oka, and Yoko Ohtsuka. "Are pervasive developmental disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder distinct disorders?" Brain and Development 28, no. 6 (July 2006): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2005.11.009.

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12

Szuhany, Kristin L., and Naomi M. Simon. "Anxiety Disorders." JAMA 328, no. 24 (December 27, 2022): 2431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.22744.

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ImportanceAnxiety disorders have a lifetime prevalence of approximately 34% in the US, are often chronic, and significantly impair quality of life and functioning.ObservationsAnxiety disorders are characterized by symptoms that include worry, social and performance fears, unexpected and/or triggered panic attacks, anticipatory anxiety, and avoidance behaviors. Generalized anxiety disorder (6.2% lifetime prevalence), social anxiety disorder (13% lifetime prevalence), and panic disorder (5.2% lifetime prevalence) with or without agoraphobia are common anxiety disorders seen in primary care. Anxiety disorders are associated with physical symptoms, such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Brief screening measures applied in primary care, such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7, can aid in diagnosis of anxiety disorders (sensitivity, 57.6% to 93.9%; specificity, 61% to 97%). Providing information about symptoms, diagnosis, and evidence-based treatments is a first step in helping patients with anxiety. First-line treatments include pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, eg, sertraline) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs, eg, venlafaxine extended release) remain first-line pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. Meta-analyses suggest that SSRIs and SNRIs are associated with small to medium effect sizes compared with placebo (eg, generalized anxiety disorder: standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.55 [95% CI, −0.64 to −0.46]; social anxiety disorder: SMD, −0.67 [95% CI, −0.76 to −0.58]; panic disorder: SMD, −0.30 [95% CI, −0.37 to −0.23]). Cognitive behavioral therapy is the psychotherapy with the most evidence of efficacy for anxiety disorders compared with psychological or pill placebo (eg, generalized anxiety disorder: Hedges g = 1.01 [large effect size] [95% CI, 0.44 to 1.57]; social anxiety disorder: Hedges g = 0.41 [small to medium effect] [95% CI, 0.25 to 0.57]; panic disorder: Hedges g = 0.39 [small to medium effect[ [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.65]), including in primary care. When selecting treatment, clinicians should consider patient preference, current and prior treatments, medical and psychiatric comorbid illnesses, age, sex, and reproductive planning, as well as cost and access to care.Conclusions and RelevanceAnxiety disorders affect approximately 34% of adults during their lifetime in the US and are associated with significant distress and impairment. First-line treatments for anxiety disorders include cognitive behavioral therapy, SSRIs such as sertraline, and SNRIs such as venlafaxine extended release.
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13

Mueser, K. T., S. D. Rosenberg, R. E. Drake, K. M. Miles, G. Wolford, R. Vidaver, and K. Carrieri. "Conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder and substance use disorders in schizophrenia and major affective disorders." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 60, no. 2 (March 1999): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1999.60.278.

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14

Batta, Anil. "Comparative Study of Anxiety Disorders and Personality Disorders in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." Saudi Journal of Medicine 04, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjm.2019.v04i11.004.

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15

Lochner, Christine, and Dan J. Stein. "Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Other Anxiety Disorders." Psychopathology 43, no. 6 (2010): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000321070.

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16

Brand, Bethany L., and Ruth A. Lanius. "Chronic complex dissociative disorders and borderline personality disorder: disorders of emotion dysregulation?" Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation 1, no. 1 (2014): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2051-6673-1-13.

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17

Favre, Dre Dragana. "Collectivity Disorders." Mental Health & Human Resilience International Journal 7, no. 2 (2023): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/mhrij-16000228.

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Remember those games of anthropomorphizing countries, flowers, trees, and animals, for example: If Switzerland were a flower, it would be...” and similar? I have always enjoyed them; that was “a very human” type of fun.” However, sometimes it is far from fun. Working in psychiatric emergency care makes emergency care makes us scan rapidly for the personality types of the patients. It is overly unprofessional and again human as well. The wish for survival comes before the wish for curiosity. The severely alcoholized patient who is acting with access to violence can be a sad person expressing the suppressed rage of abandonment but could be a potentially dangerous person looking for the pain, own or that of others. Instinctively we scan for danger before we look for origins of the behavior. Rapid jumping to conclusions could have long-lasting consequences
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18

Rosa, Eni Folendra, and Nelly Rustiaty. "Affective Disorders in The Elderly: The Risk of Sleep Disorders." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v7i1.9960.

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The purpose of this study is to look at the relationship of sleep disorders to the incidence of affective disorders. In addition, assess whether the relationship remains significant after controlled variable bullies that also affect the occurrence of sleep disorders and or affective disorders in elderly. Observational study with unmatched case control study design. Individual population age 60 years or older, sampling probability proportional to size, consist of case group that is experiencing sleep disturbance (n=165) and control group (n=330). Respondent sleep disturbance affective disorder 23.6%. There is a significant relationship of sleep disorders to affective disorders. Sleep disorders at risk 2.47 times affective disorder. Sleep disorders can be insomnia, awakening at night or waking up too early which can lead to psychological disorders such as psychological disorders such as anger, unstable emotions, sadness, distress, anxiety is also a physical disorder such as pain in the body. If not immediately addressed can continue to occur depression and even threaten psychiatric disorders. Further research needs to be done to overcome sleep disorders in the elderly.<p> </p>
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19

Gelder, M. G. "The Classification of Anxiety Disorders." British Journal of Psychiatry 154, S4 (May 1989): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000295731.

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The classification of anxiety disorders is a controversial subject, and this controversy is reflected in the differences between the systems adopted in DSM-III-R and in the draft of ICD-10. The scheme in ICD-10 is the simpler: anxiety disorders are divided into phobic disorders and other anxiety disorders, and each is divided further into three subgroups. The three phobic disorders are: agoraphobia, social phobia, and specific phobia. The three subgroups of ‘other anxiety disorders’ are panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, and mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. The subdivisions of phobic disorder are those now generally adopted in most countries, and are uncontroversial. The subdivisions of generalised anxiety disorder, and mixed anxiety depressive disorder are also widely accepted, the latter group being particularly frequent among patients seen in general practice and not referred on to psychiatrists. Only the category of panic disorder is controversial. In addition to these categories which are specifically allocated to anxiety disorders, two others are relevant: ‘reactions to severe stress and adjustment disorders’, and anxious personality disorder.
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20

MANGWETH, B., J. I. HUDSON, H. G. POPE, A. HAUSMANN, C. De COL, N. M. LAIRD, W. BEIBL, and M. T. TSUANG. "Family study of the aggregation of eating disorders and mood disorders." Psychological Medicine 33, no. 7 (September 25, 2003): 1319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703008250.

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Background. Family studies have suggested that eating disorders and mood disorders may coaggregate in families. To study further this question, data from a family interview study of probands with and without major depressive disorder was examined.Method. A bivariate proband predictive logistic regression model was applied to data from a family interview study, conducted in Innsbruck, Austria, of probands with (N=64) and without (N=58) major depressive disorder, together with 330 of their first-degree relatives.Results. The estimated odds ratio (OR) for the familial aggregation of eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder) was 7·0 (95% CI 1·4, 28; P=0·006); the OR for the familial aggregation of mood disorders (major depression and bipolar disorder) was 2·2 (0·92, 5·4; P=0·076); and for the familial coaggregation of eating disorders with mood disorders the OR was 2·2 (1·1, 4·6; P=0·035).Conclusions. The familial coaggregation of eating disorders with mood disorders was significant and of the same magnitude as the aggregation of mood disorders alone – suggesting that eating disorders and mood disorders have common familial causal factors.
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21

Millichap, J. Gordon. "Sleep Disorders in Attention Deficit Disorder." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 13, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-13-9-11.

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22

Cosci, Fiammetta, Koen R. J. Schruers, Kenneth Abrams, and Eric J. L. Griez. "Alcohol Use Disorders and Panic Disorder." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68, no. 06 (June 15, 2007): 874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v68n0608.

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23

CUMELLA, EDWARD J. "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder With Eating Disorders." American Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 6 (June 1999): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.6.982.

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24

Lopez-Ibor, J. J. "Obsessive compulsive disorder and other disorders." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 7 (June 1992): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004850-199206001-00006.

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25

Rijkers, Cleo, Maartje Schoorl, Daphne van Hoeken, and Hans W. Hoek. "Eating disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 32, no. 6 (November 2019): 510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000545.

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26

Verri, A., Re Nappi, E. Vallero, C. Galli, G. Sances, and E. Martignoni. "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder and eating disorders." Cephalalgia 17, no. 20_suppl (December 1997): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102497017s2008.

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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) can be differentiated from Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) by the use of the research criteria provided by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) IV. Indeed, PMS corresponds to mild clinical symptoms, such as breast tenderness, bloating, headache and concomitant minor mood changes, while premenstrual magnification occurs when physical and psychological symptoms of a concurrent axis I disorder get worse during the late luteal phase. Changes in appetite and eating behavior have been documented in women suffering from PMS, with an increased food intake occurring during the luteal phase. Moreover, in women with PMS, a major effect of the phase of the menstrual cycle on appetite has been documented and a high correlation with self-ratings of mood, particularly depression, has been described only in such disturbance. The aim of the present study was to analyse the clinical similarities between PMDD and Eating Disorders (in particular Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder). Thus, we compared the DSM III-R comorbidity, the personality dimensions and the eating attitudes in these patients, attempting to identify any relationship between groups. Twelve PMDD women (mean age 28 years), diagnosed using DSM IV criteria and premenstrual assessor form, were compared with 10 eating disorder (ED) women (6 Bulimia Nervosa, 4 Binge Eating Disorder) (mean age 25 years) and with 10 control women matched for age. The following instruments were used: (i) clinical interview with DSM III-R criteria (SCID); (ii) a psychometric study with TPQ for the evaluation of three personality dimensions (novelty seeking, harm avoidance and reward dependence); (iii) EAT/26 for the evaluation of eating attitudes. Results show that a high comorbidity for mood and anxiety disorders in PMDD and ED is well documented. Our PMDD patients share a 16.6% of comorbidity with ED, whereas such an association is present onlv in 2.3% of the general population. In addition, as a common clue, the personality dimension, harm avoidance, linked to a serotonin mediation is significantly more frequent in PMDD and ED than in normal controls. In conclusion: from the present study it seems clear that a certain degree of similarity exists between the PMDD and ED. However, whether or not these two disorders really share common ground from a physiopathological point of view still has to be clarified by more extensive studies.
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27

Liebowitz, Michael R. "Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder." Neuropsychobiology 37, no. 2 (1998): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000026480.

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Baer, Lee, and Michael A. Jenike. "Personality Disorders in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 15, no. 4 (December 1992): 803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30210-7.

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López-Ibor, J. J. "Obsessive-compulsive disorder and other disorders." European Neuropsychopharmacology 1, no. 3 (September 1991): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-977x(91)90523-w.

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Pallia, R. "Sleep disorder in autism spectrum disorders." Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence 60, no. 5 (July 2012): S58—S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurenf.2012.05.234.

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31

Gralton, Ernest, and Julie Crocombe. "Psychopathic disorder and autistic spectrum disorders." Psychiatric Bulletin 23, no. 11 (November 1999): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.23.11.692.

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Winkley, Linda. "Psychopathic disorder and autistic spectrum disorders." Psychiatric Bulletin 24, no. 4 (April 2000): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.24.4.155.

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Ding, Hui, Mengyuan Ouyang, Jinyi Wang, Minyao Xie, Yanyuan Huang, Fangzheng Yuan, Yunhan Jia, Jun Wang, Na Liu, and Ning Zhang. "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Metabolic Disorders." Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease 210, no. 12 (December 2022): 951–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000001594.

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Chilcoat, Howard D., and Naomi Breslau. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Drug Disorders." Archives of General Psychiatry 55, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.10.913.

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35

Hepp, Urs, and Gabriella Milos. "Gender identity disorder and eating disorders." International Journal of Eating Disorders 32, no. 4 (October 17, 2002): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.10090.

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36

Ansell, E. B., A. Pinto, M. O. Edelen, J. C. Markowitz, C. A. Sanislow, S. Yen, M. Zanarini, et al. "The association of personality disorders with the prospective 7-year course of anxiety disorders." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 5 (September 14, 2010): 1019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710001777.

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BackgroundThis study prospectively examined the natural clinical course of six anxiety disorders over 7 years of follow-up in individuals with personality disorders (PDs) and/or major depressive disorder. Rates of remission, relapse, new episode onset and chronicity of anxiety disorders were examined for specific associations with PDs.MethodParticipants were 499 patients with anxiety disorders in the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study, who were assessed with structured interviews for psychiatric disorders at yearly intervals throughout 7 years of follow-up. These data were used to determine probabilities of changes in disorder status for social phobia (SP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia.ResultsEstimated remission rates for anxiety disorders in this study group ranged from 73% to 94%. For those patients who remitted from an anxiety disorder, relapse rates ranged from 34% to 67%. Rates for new episode onsets of anxiety disorders ranged from 3% to 17%. Specific PDs demonstrated associations with remission, relapse, new episode onsets and chronicity of anxiety disorders. Associations were identified between schizotypal PD with course of SP, PTSD and GAD; avoidant PD with course of SP and OCD; obsessive-compulsive PD with course of GAD, OCD, and agoraphobia; and borderline PD with course of OCD, GAD and panic with agoraphobia.ConclusionsFindings suggest that specific PD diagnoses have negative prognostic significance for the course of anxiety disorders underscoring the importance of assessing and considering PD diagnoses in patients with anxiety disorders.
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Camilleri, Roberta. "Personality disorders." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 11, no. 7 (July 2018): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738018769685.

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Personality disorders are complex to both identify and manage. All humans have a unique personality. Personality is what distinguishes us from each other and shapes our thoughts, emotions and behaviour. Personality disorders may be diagnosed when behaviour differs from expected norms, and abnormal traits in behaviour are persistent, pervasive and problematic. This article will provide an overview of the classification of personality disorders and the factors that contribute to their development. It will then consider dissocial personality disorder, the personality disorder encountered most often by GPs, in more detail. Finally, the benefits of countertransference are considered in an overview of the interaction between GPs and patients with a personality disorder.
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Shah, Moulika, Nitin Kshirsagar, and Indrajeet Bhosale. "Study of Correlation between Thyroid Disorders and Menstrual Disorders." Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 3 (P-1) (2019): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijog.2321.1636.7319.1.

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Waszkiewicz, Napoleon. "Mentally Sick or Not—(Bio)Markers of Psychiatric Disorders Needed." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8 (July 25, 2020): 2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082375.

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Psychiatric disorders, also called mental illnesses or mental disorders, constitute a wide group of disorders including major depression disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia (SCZ) and other psychoses, anxiety disorders (ANX), substance-related disorders (SRD), dementia, developmental disorders e [...]
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Baldaçara, Leonardo, João Guilherme Fiorani Borgio, Acioly Luiz Tavares de Lacerda, and Andrea Parolin Jackowski. "Cerebellum and psychiatric disorders." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 3 (September 2008): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008000300016.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this update article is to report structural and functional neuroimaging studies exploring the potential role of cerebellum in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. METHOD: A non-systematic literature review was conducted by means of Medline using the following terms as a parameter: "cerebellum", "cerebellar vermis", "schizophrenia", "bipolar disorder", "depression", "anxiety disorders", "dementia" and "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". The electronic search was done up to April 2008. DISCUSSION: Structural and functional cerebellar abnormalities have been reported in many psychiatric disorders, namely schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, dementia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Structural magnetic resonance imaging studies have reported smaller total cerebellar and vermal volumes in schizophrenia, mood disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies using cognitive paradigms have shown alterations in cerebellar activity in schizophrenia, anxiety disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In dementia, the cerebellum is affected in later stages of the disease. CONCLUSION: Contrasting with early theories, cerebellum appears to play a major role in different brain functions other than balance and motor control, including emotional regulation and cognition. Future studies are clearly needed to further elucidate the role of cerebellum in both normal and pathological behavior, mood regulation, and cognitive functioning.
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Mohammed, Hussein. "Elimination Disorders and their relationship to anxiety disorders in mentally disabled children with autism." Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Educational and Psychological Sciences 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 94–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.54940/ep51372350.

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The current research aims to identify the patterns of Elimination Disorders and their relationship to anxiety disorders in a sample of mentally handicapped children with autism spectrum disorder, numbering (70) of them (43 males, 27 females), ranging in age from (5-9 years) with an average age of (5.89). And a standard deviation of (1.22), from Israr Association and Ayyad Najd Center in Arar, Northern Borders Region. The study relied on the descriptive correlative approach. The results of the research have revealed the prevalence of some patterns of Elimination Disorders and anxiety disorders in children in the research sample, and there is a correlation between patterns of Elimination Disorders and anxiety disorders resulting from them in children with autism spectrum disorder who are mentally handicapped, as well as the contribution of Elimination Disorders(Enuresis- Encopresis- dysury- dysuria) in predicting anxiety disorders (specific phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder) in mentally disabled children with autism spectrum disorder.
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Marcos Altable and Jesús Romero-Imbroda. "Psychiatric comorbidities in conduct disorders and neurobiological bases." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 20, no. 1 (October 30, 2023): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.20.1.2016.

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Conduct disorder is rarely isolated, and the international literature shows a high and very diverse comorbidity. This article presents in particular the psychiatric comorbidity of conduct disorder with other externalized disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and internalized disorders such as mood disorder (depressive and bipolar disorder), anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders (abuse/dependence). These disorders seem to have a neurobiological substrate which implicates brain and hormonal changes, neurotransmitters alterations and environmental influences.
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Huang, Leyao. "Cluster B Personality Disorder, Treatment, Comorbidity and Stigma." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 7, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/7/2022912.

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Schizoid, paranoid, and schizotypal personality disorders are examples of unusual or eccentrictraits shared by Cluster A. Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders all fall under the category of cluster B personality disorders. Cluster B personality disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and performance personality disorder, will be the focus of this paper. The problems encountered in treating the disorders are investigated by comparing the similarities and co-morbidity of Cluster B personality disorders in parallel. Highlighted how people with personality disorders can be stigmatized in their lives and therapy. Elaborated on the negative impact of stigma on treating Cluster B personality disorder and how to counteract stigma. Through discussing this kind of personality disorders, we can put forward a scientific basis for how to prevent personality disorders in the future.
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NAZANIN, RAZAZIAN, and REZAEI MANSOUR. "SLEEP DISORDERS." Professional Medical Journal 19, no. 04 (August 7, 2012): 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2012.19.04.2269.

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Background: It has been estimated that 20% of adults and children have sleep disorder symptoms and signs. Sleep disordersremain largely undiagnosed in the general population. Increasing evidence suggests that sleep alterations could favor subsequent depressionand behavioral disturbances. Aim of the study: Regarding high prevalence of sleep disorders in the general population and their effect onmental and physical functions, this study was aimed to assess the prevalence of sleep disorders among medical students in KermanshahUniversity of Medical Sciences. Methods: Assessment of sleep disorders was done by Global Sleep Assessment Questionnaire (GSAQ). Inthis descriptive study, frequency of insomnia, daytime sleepiness, non-idiopathic insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome andparoxysmal leg movement, nightmares, sleep walking and a sense of depression or anxiety was calculated. Results: A total number of 393medical students, 151 male and 242 female, were recruited. One or more kinds of sleep disorders have been reported by 254 persons (64%).The most frequent disorder was non-idiopathic insomnia (50.9%). Frequency of idiopathic insomnia was 29.5%. Prevalence of daytimesleepiness was 21.4%. The least frequent disorder was sleep walking (1.5%). Subjective sense of anxiety or depression was reported by 109persons (27.7%). Only 39 (9.9%) of the respondents had no disorder. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that sleep disorders are frequent inour studied population of medical students. More education about sleep disorders, sleep hygiene, and management of a life style whichnecessarily includes shift work and long hours of study, may lead to improved sleep patterns in medical students.
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Martín Calvo, M. J., L. Fernández Mayo, I. García del Castillo, R. Carmona Camacho, E. Serrano Drozdowskyj, S. Ovejero García, and E. Baca García. "Comorbidity of affective disorders." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73418-6.

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IntroductionThe studies about the comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) have increased in the last years. The comorbidity with Axis I psychiatric disorders complicates the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.ObjectivesTo analyze the prevalence of affective disorders associated with another Axis I psychiatric disorders to treat correctly from the beginning of the diagnosis and to improve the course of the disorder and the quality of life of these patientsMethodsThe subjects who participated in the study were diagnosed of bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder and MDD, according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. The sample (n = 114) was divided into three groups: MDD (n = 58), BD (n = 31) and a control group of healthy subjects (n = 25). The diagnosis and stability were assessed using the MINI International Neuropsyquiatric Interview and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS).ResultsBD had a significantly association with risk of suicide (38%), anxiety disorder (3.3%) and social phobia (12.9%). It was also reported a significant association between MDD and risk of suicide (71%), manic/hypomanic episodes (25.9%), anxiety disorder (37.9%), social phobia (25.9%) and generalized anxiety disorder (37.9%).ConclusionsIt is necessary for clinical practice an integrative model which takes into account the comorbidity of affective disorders to improve the response to treatment and the prognosis of these mental disorders
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Marchenko, Vladislav Y., and Dmitry S. Petelin. "Vegetative disorders in anxiety disorder: A review." Consilium Medicum 25, no. 11 (March 6, 2024): 736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2023.11.202486.

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Vegetative disorders are characteristic of patients with anxiety disorders, which are becoming more common and negatively affect the quality of life of both the patients themselves and their environment. Almost 20% of the population suffers from anxiety disorders, and women are more prone to these diseases than men. Anxiety disorders include panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and other disorders. In most cases, anxiety disorders are accompanied by vegetative symptoms, such as palpitations, sweating, trembling, changes in appetite and others. Vegetative disorders often mimic somatic and neurological disorders in patients with anxiety disorders, therefore they create problems for diagnosis. In our country, a significant part of patients with anxiety disorders are observed by neurologists with a diagnosis of somatoform dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system or autonomic dystonia. The therapy of the underlying disease, which includes lifestyle optimization, psychotherapy and medications, is of leading importance in reducing vegetative disorders.
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Aslanov, I. A., Yu V. Sudorgina, and A. A. Kotov. "Influence of Category Label and Metaphor on Judgments About Mental Disorder Characteristics." Клиническая и специальная психология 9, no. 3 (2020): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2020090304.

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Category labels affect people’s judgments regarding mental disorders which are unknown to them. Descriptions of these ‘unknown’ disorders that do have a name, are assumed by people to be more stable and having reasons to exist, when compared with the same descriptions of disorders - without a specific name [3]. However, it is not clear whether this effect can be evoked by other linguistic parameters, for instance, by metaphors. We hypothesized that including a metaphor in the description of a mental disorder would lead to the same effect even without a category name. We replicated a study by Giffin and colleagues’ and added a new experimental condition in which participants read texts with the descriptions of a person’s unusual behaviour without the disorder's name, but with its metaphoric description. After reading the texts, participants assessed a few statements concerning some characteristics of the disorder. The results showed that the effect of a category label was replicated, and the metaphoric description also evoked a significant effect, but it was found in judgments of different characteristics of the disorder.
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Capobianco, Micaela, and Luca Cerniglia. "Communicative, cognitive and emotional issues in selective mutism." Interaction Studies 19, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.17018.cap.

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Abstract Selective mutism (SM) is a developmental disorder characterized by a child’s inability to speak in certain contexts and/or in the presence of unfamiliar interlocutors. This work proposes a critical discussion of the most recent studies on SM, with respect to clinical and diagnostic features, as well as the etiology and treatment of this disorder. At present, all research work supports the hypothesis that SM is a complex anxiety disorder with multifactorial etiology (interaction among biological and environmental causes). The latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) places SM mutism among “Anxiety Disorders”, and no longer among “Other Childhood, Infant and Adolescent Disorders” (as in DSM-IV). Other important aspects relate to cognitive biases and emotional states at the base of SM, which partly explain the disorder’s persistence and represent an important objective of intervention work. No data in the literature point to a total remission of SM, but good results are achieved with cognitive behavior intervention and multimodal therapy (MMT) involving a variety of child interaction contexts.
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Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer, Natalie Momen, Nanna Weye, and John McGrath. "O7.1. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PATTERNS OF COMORBID MENTAL DISORDERS AND MORTALITY-RELATED ESTIMATES. A NATIONWIDE, REGISTER-BASED COHORT STUDY BASED ON 7.5 MILLION INDIVIDUALS LIVING IN DENMARK." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa028.036.

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Abstract Background Comorbidity within mental disorders is common – individuals with one type of mental disorder are at increased risk of subsequently developing other types of disorders. Previous studies are usually restricted to temporally-ordered pairs of disorders. While more complex patterns of comorbidity have been described (e.g. internalizing and externalizing disorders), there is a lack of detailed information on the nature of the different sets of comorbid mental disorders. Additionally, mental disorders are associated with premature mortality, and people with two or more types of mental disorders have a shorter life expectancy compared to those with exactly one type of mental disorder. The aims of this study were to: (a) describe the prevalence and demographic correlates of combinations of mental disorders; and (b) estimate the excess mortality for each of these combinations. Methods We conducted a population-based cohort study including all 7,505,576 persons living in Denmark in 1995–2016. Information on mental disorders and mortality was obtained from national registers. First, we described the most common combinations of mental disorders defined by the ICD-10 F-subchapters (substance use disorders, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, mood disorders, neurotic disorders, etc.). Then, we investigated excess mortality using mortality rate ratios (MRRs) and differences in life expectancy after disease diagnosis compared to the general population of same sex and age. Results At the end of the 22-year observation, 6.2% individuals were diagnosed with exactly one type of disorder, 2.7% with exactly two, 1.1% with exactly three, and 0.5% with four or more types. The most prevalent mental disorders were neurotic disorders (4.6%) and mood disorders (3.8%), even when looking particularly at persons with a specific number of disorders (exactly one type, exactly two types, etc.). We observed 616 out of 1,024 possible sets of disorders, but the 52 most common sets (with at least 1,000 individuals each) represented 92.8% of all persons with diagnosed mental disorders. Mood and/or neurotic disorders, alone or in combination with other disorders, were present in 64.8% of individuals diagnosed with mental disorders. People with all combinations of mental disorders had higher mortality rates than those without any mental disorder diagnosis, with MRRs ranging from 1.10 (95% CI 0.67 – 1.84) for the two-disorder set of developmental-behavioral disorders to 5.97 (95% CI 5.52 – 6.45) for the three-disorder set of schizophrenia-neurotic-substance use disorders. Additionally, any combination of mental disorders was associated with shorter life expectancies compared to the general population, with estimates ranging from 5.06 years [95% CI 5.01 – 5.11] for the one-disorder set of organic disorders to 17.46 years [95% CI 16.86 – 18.03] for the three-disorder set of schizophrenia-personality-substance use disorders. Discussion Within those with mental disorders, approximately 2 out of 5 had two more types of mental disorders. Our study provides prevalence estimates of the most common sets of mental disorders – mood disorders (e.g. depression) and neurotic disorders (e.g. anxiety) commonly co-occur, and contribute to many different sets of comorbid mental disorders. The association between mental disorders comorbidity and mortality-related estimates revealed the prominent role of substance use disorders with respect to both elevated mortality rates and reduced life expectancies. Substance use disorders are relatively common, and these disorders often feature in sets of mental disorders. In light of the substantial contribution to premature mortality, efforts related to the ‘primary prevention of secondary comorbidity’ warrant added scrutiny.
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Fiani, Dimitri, Solangia Engler, Sherecce Fields, and Chadi Albert Calarge. "Iron Deficiency in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders, and Movement Disorders." Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 32, no. 2 (April 2023): 451–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2022.08.015.

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