Journal articles on the topic 'Disordered Zones'
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Hu, Ran, Tian Lan, Guan-Ju Wei, and Yi-Feng Chen. "Phase diagram of quasi-static immiscible displacement in disordered porous media." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 875 (July 19, 2019): 448–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.504.
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Immiscible displacement in porous media is common in many practical applications. Under quasi-static conditions, the process is significantly affected by disorder of the porous media and the wettability of the pore surface. Previous studies have focused on wettability effects, but the impact of the interplay between disorder and contact angle is not well understood. Here, we combine microfluidic experiments and pore-scale simulations with theoretical analysis to study the impact of disorder on the quasi-static displacement from weak imbibition to strong drainage. We define the probability of overlap to link the menisci advancements to displacement patterns, and derive a theoretical model to describe the lower and upper bounds of the cross-over zone between compact displacement and capillary fingering for porous media with arbitrary flow geometry at a given disorder. The phase diagram predicted by the theoretical model shows that the cross-over zone, in terms of contact angle range, expands as the disorder increases. The diagram further identifies four zones to elucidate that the impact of disorder depends on wettability. In zone I, increasing disorder destabilizes the patterns, and in zone II, a stabilizing effect plays a role, which is less significant than that in zone I. In the other two zones, invasion morphologies are compact and fingering, respectively, independent of both contact angle and disorder. We evaluate the proposed diagram using pore-scale simulations, experiments in this work and in the literature, confirming that the diagram can capture the effect of disorder on displacement under different wetting conditions. Our work extends the classical phase diagrams and is also of practical significance for engineering applications.
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TARRAS, I., N. MOUSSA, M. MAZROUI, Y. BOUGHALEB, and A. HAJJAJI. "COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR OF INTERACTING PARTICLES: RADIUS-DEPENDENT PHASE TRANSITION." Modern Physics Letters B 27, no. 04 (January 17, 2013): 1350028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984913500280.
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The aim of this paper is to study and discuss the effect of three zones (repulsion zone, orientation zone and attraction zone) on the phase transition in 2D-collective moving particles. Our main motivation is to better understand the complex behavior of non-equilibrium multi-agent system by extending the earlier and original model proposed by Viscek et al. [T. Viscek et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.75 (1995) 1226] for one zone. The analysis is performed over different situations by using a numerical simulation method. It is found that the radius R2 of orientation zone plays an important role in the system. In effect, by varying the parameter R2 a phase transition can be achieved from disordered moving of individuals to a group to highly aligned collective motion. The results also show that, the critical value of R2 at which the transition emerges depends strongly on the size of the repulsion zone but not on the size of attraction one.
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Kurnosov, V. B., B. A. Sakharov, A. R. Geptner, Yu I. Konovalov, and E. O. Goncharov. "Clay minerals in sediments from contact zones with basalt sills." Литология и полезные ископаемые, no. 3 (May 31, 2019): 234–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0024-497x20193234-247.
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Clay minerals (fraction <0.001 mm) of Upper Pleistocene clayey-sandy-silty sediments recovered by DSDP Holes 481 and 481A in the Northern Trough, Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, were studied by X-ray based on the modeling of diffraction patterns and their comparison with experimental diffractograms. Terrigenous clay minerals are represented mainly by dioctahedral micaceous varieties (mixed-layer disordered illite-smectites, illite) with the chlorite admixture and by kaolinite in the upper section of unaltered sediments. Intrusion of hot basalt sills (total thickness of the complex is about 27 m) provoked alterations in the phase composition of clay minerals in sediments (7.5 m thick) overlying the sill complex. These sediments include newly formed triooctahedral layered silicates (mixed-layer chlorite-smectites, smectite). Sediments inside the sill complex include trioctahedral mixed-layer mica-smtctite-vermiculite or trioctahedral smectite. The trioctahedral mixed-layer chlorite-smectite coexisting with smectite was found in a single sample of the same complex.
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Wang, Jin, De Gang Duan, and Jie Shen. "A Research on the Planning Strategy of Eco-Demonstration Zones in High Altitude Areas — a Case Study of Tanggula Town." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 1632–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1632.
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The unruled development of construction land, along with the disordered planning and deteriorating living environment, etc. has long been prevalent in those small towns in the Qinghai- Tibet Plateau. This paper, thus, conducts some on-the-spot investigations and analyses of Tanggula town. The paper departs from the disparities between the current conditions of Tanggula town and the standards of eco- demonstration zone, proposing some strategies in the aspects of development direction, land use layout, facility layout, architecture and the town's features, aiming to exert positive influence upon the planning of small towns in plateaux.
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Götze, Jens, Harry Berek, and Klaus Schäfer. "Micro-structural phenomena in agate/chalcedony: spiral growth." Mineralogical Magazine 83, no. 02 (October 3, 2018): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2018.156.
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AbstractAgates with spectacular micro-structural features were found in volcanic rocks at several occurrences in the Saar-Nahe region (Germany). These agates include spirals of several tens up to several hundreds of μm in size within zones lacking the characteristic structural agate banding. A combined mineralogical study by polarising microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence microscopy and spectroscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction provided evidence that the spirals consist of well-ordered trigonal α-quartz, whereas the surrounding matrix is composed of strongly disordered or amorphous SiO2 phases. The quartz micro-crystals show a systematic rotation of the crystal orientation perpendicular to the direction of the spiral loops indicating helical growth.It is assumed that the spiral growth is initiated by dislocations with a screw component. The lacking symmetry of the strongly disordered or amorphous matrix initiated a curved development by a screw dislocation in a system far from equilibrium. The atoms/molecules are packed into spiral layers, which is energetically favoured in comparison with the incorporation into plane crystal faces. Such self-organisation growth and polymerisation initiated by a screw dislocation can produce variable spiral morphologies sometimes resembling living forms.
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Liu, Xu, Ruiling Jia, Huixia Zhang, Wenhua Cheng, and Xiwei Zhai. "EBSD Characterization of the Microstructure of 7A52 Aluminum Alloy Joints Welded by Friction Stir Welding." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 24, 2021): 6362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216362.
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The microstructure and texture of materials significantly influence the mechanical properties and fracture behavior; the effect of microstructure in different zones of friction stir-welded joints of 7A52 aluminum alloy on fracture behavior was investigated in this paper. The microstructural characteristics of sections of the welded joints were tested using the electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) technique. The results indicate that the fracture is located at the advancing side of the thermomechanically affected zone (AS-TMAZ) and the stir zone (SZ) interface. The AS-TMAZ microstructure is vastly different from the microstructure and texture of other areas. The grain orientation is disordered, and the grain shape is seriously deformed under the action of stirring force. The grain size grows unevenly under the input of friction heat, resulting in a large amount of recrystallization, and there is a significant difference in the Taylor factor between adjacent grains and the AS-TMAZ–SZ interface. On the contrary, there are fine and uniform equiaxed grains in the nugget zone, the microstructure is uniform, and the Taylor factor is small at adjacent grains. Therefore, the uneven transition of microstructure and texture in the AS-TMAZ and the SZ provide conditions for crack initiation, which become the weak point of mechanical properties.
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Tančić, Pavle, Aleksandar Kremenović, and Predrag Vulić. "Structural dissymmetrization of optically anisotropic Grs64±1Adr36±1Sps2 grandite from Meka Presedla (Kopaonik Mt., Serbia)." Powder Diffraction 35, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715619000897.
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In this paper, grandite core with Grs64±1Adr36±1Sps2 composition was crystallographically studied. This core represents zone A of the macroscopically visible five A–E zones of the optically anisotropic Grs58–64Adr36–42Sps2 grandite. The applied procedure includes the detailed analysis of the powder diffraction patterns, and the Rietveld refinements of the crystal structures in a series of 18 space groups and two mixtures, which were followed by the comparative analysis of the R-values, site occupancy factors, and the bond lengths and angles. Synthesis of all of the presented results allows us to undoubtedly conclude that studied grandite is not cubic, neither as monophase nor as multiple phases in a mixture. Namely, it was established that structural dissymmetrization occurred and that it crystallized in the disordered rhombohedral $R\bar{3}c$ or orthorhombic Fddd space groups, whereby the first one is more probable. Beside the established lower symmetry of the studied grandite, which could be treated as the primary cause, the residual strain is also not excluded as the second possible cause for its slight optical anisotropy.
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Edmondson, P. D., R. C. Birtcher, V. M. Vishnyakov, P. Lopez, L. Pelaz, L. A. Marques, and S. E. Donnelly. "An in situ transmission electron microscope study of the anomalous annealing of spatially isolated disordered zones in silicon." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 26 (February 22, 2006): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/26/1/068.
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Mousselmal, H. D., B. Remaki, C. Malhaire, and L. Petit. "Nanostructured Membranes for MEMS Energy Harvester." Key Engineering Materials 543 (March 2013): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.543.208.
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The development of embedded systems and autonomous microsystems requires significant progress in the research of MEMS energy converters. Converting mechanical vibrations into electricity is an efficient way to collect environmental energy by using MEMS. Our contribution to this hot topic is based on the study of piezoelectric converters on silicon membranes. Due to the nature of the energy sources such as motorized machines, miniaturized devices working at low frequencies (few hundred hertz) with efficient coupling coefficient are needed and make essential the emergence of innovative solutions. In this work we propose an improved approach based on the insertion of nanostructured porous zones in circular monocrystalline silicon membranes used as resonating structures of piezoelectric converters. We have shown (in previous work) that nanostructured porous silicon exhibits an unexpected low rigidity due to the disordered interconnections of the crystallites in the porous zones (the Young modulus is divided by a factor of 10 for porosities around 50%). Using such porous silicon properties, ring-shaped nanostructured zones allowing the creation of low rigidity membranes combined with central seismic masses were realized and tested. Interesting potentialities for the development of high quality factor devices at low resonant frequencies have been then demonstrated. The effect of the position, the shape and the size of the nanostructured zones on the resonant frequency and the quality factor of the membrane were experimentally investigated. Complementary numerical simulations were performed using ANSYS software on same modelled structures. Keywords: MEMS on silicon, piezoelectric micro generator, porous silicon, self-powered microsystem
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Thomson, B. "B1 subdivisions in thin komatiites at Kambalda, Western Australia." Geological Magazine 126, no. 3 (May 1989): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800022354.
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AbstractB1 subdivisions are narrow foliated zones of stubby, skeletal olivine blades, situated at the top of the granular olivine cumulates (B2) in ponded komatiite lavas. They developed at a late stage in pond crystallization as a result of compaction-related circulation of intercumulus liquids through and along the top of the cumulates. The total thickness of a B1 and its degree of blade parallelism are related to lateral position within ponded lavas. The deeper, hotter and longer-lived core regions generated a thick B1 with a high degree of blade parallelism (ordered B1), whereas the shallower, peripheral regions produced a narrow B1 with a poor degree of blade parallelism (disordered B1), or failed to develop one at all.
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Majzlan, Juraj. "Processes of metastable-mineral formation in oxidation zones and mine waste." Mineralogical Magazine 84, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2020.19.
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AbstractOxidation zones and mine wastes are metal-rich, near-surface environments, natural and man-made critical zones of ore deposits, respectively. They contain a number of minerals which, despite their metastability, occur consistently and in abundance. Field studies, presented as examples in this work, show that metastable minerals form not only directly from aqueous solutions, but also from more complex precursors, such as nanoparticles, gels, X-ray amorphous solids, or clusters. Initial precipitation of metastable phases and their conversion to stable phases is described by the Ostwald's step rule. Thermodynamic data show that there is a tendency, but no rule, that structurally more complex phases are also thermodynamically more stable. The Ostwald's step rule could then state that the initial metastable phases are structurally simple and easily assembled from aqueous solutions, nanoparticles, gels, disordered solids, or clusters. The structural similarity of the precursor and the forming phase is a kinetic factor favouring the crystallisation of the new phase. Calculation of saturation indices for mine drainage solutions show that they are mostly supersaturated with respect to the stable phases and the aqueous concentrations are sufficient to precipitate metastable minerals. In our fieldwork, we often encounter gelatinous substances with copper, manganese or tungsten that slowly convert to metastable oxysalt minerals. Another possibility is the crystallisation of various metastable minerals from solid, homogeneous ‘resins’ that are X-ray amorphous. Minerals typical for near-surface environments may be stabilised by their surface energy at high specific surface areas. For example, ferrihydrite is often described as a metastable phase but can be shown to be stable with respect to nanosised hematite.
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Chou, T. C., and T. G. Nieh. "Solid state reactions between Ni3Al and SiC." Journal of Materials Research 5, no. 9 (September 1990): 1985–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1990.1985.
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Solid state reactions between SiC and Ni3Al were studied at 1000°C for different times. Multi-reaction-layers were generated in the interdiffusion zone. Cross-sectional views of the reaction zones show the presence of three distinguishable layers. The Ni3Al terminal component is followed by NiAl, Ni5.4Al1Si2, Ni(5.4−x)Al1Si2 + C layers, and the SiC terminal component. The Ni5.4Al1Si2 layer shows carbon precipitation free, while modulated carbon bands were formed in the Ni(5.4−x)Al1Si2 + C layer. The NiAl layer shows dramatic contrast difference with respect to the Ni3Al and Ni5.4Al1Si2 layers, and is bounded by the Ni3Al/NiAl and Ni5.4Al1Si2/NiAl phase boundaries. The kinetics of the NiAl formation is limited by diffusion, and the growth rate constant is measured to be 2 ⊠ 10−10 cm2/s. The thickness of the reaction zone on the SiC side is always thinner than that on the Ni3Al side and no parabolic growth rate is obeyed, suggesting that the decomposition of the SiC may be a rate limiting step for the SiC/Ni3Al reactions. The carbon precipitates were found to exist in either a disordered or partially ordered (graphitic) state, depending upon their locations from the SiC interface. The formation of NiAl phase is discussed based on an Al-rejection model, as a result of a prior formation of Ni–Al–Si ternary phase. A thermodynamic driving force for the SiC/Ni3Al reactions is suggested.
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Chen, Chieh-Hung, Xiaoning Su, Kai-Chien Cheng, Guojie Meng, Strong Wen, and Peng Han. "Seismo-Deformation Anomalies Associated with the M6.1 Ludian Earthquake on August 3, 2014." Remote Sensing 12, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12071067.
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A time-frequency method retrieving the acceleration changes in the terminal stage of theM6.1 Ludian earthquake in China is discussed in this article. The non-linear, non-stationaryseismo-demformation was obtained by using the Hilbert–Huang transform and followed by aband-pass filter. We found that the temporal evolution of the residual GNSS-derived orientationexhibits a unique disorder-alignment-disorder sequence days before the earthquake whichcorresponds well with the four stages of an earthquake: elastic strain buildup, crack developments,deformation, and the terminal stage of material failure. The disordering orientations are graduallyaligned with a common direction a few days before the terminal stage. This common direction isconsistent with the most compressive axis derived from the seismological method. In addition, theregion of the stress accumulation, as identified by the size of the disordered orientation, isgenerally consistent with the earthquake preparation zones estimated by using numerical models.
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Donnelly, Eve, Rebecca M. Williams, Seth A. Downs, Michelle E. Dickinson, Shefford P. Baker, and Marjolein C. H. van der Meulen. "Quasistatic and dynamic nanomechanical properties of cancellous bone tissue relate to collagen content and organization." Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 2106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0259.
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Cancellous bone plays a crucial structural role in the skeleton, yet little is known about the microstructure-mechanical property relationships of the tissue at the microscale. Cancellous tissue is characterized by a microstructure consisting of layers interspaced with transition zones with different proportions of collagen and mineral. In this study, the quasistatic and dynamic mechanical properties of lamellar and interlamellar tissue in human vertebrae were assessed with nanoindentation, and the collagen content and organization were characterized with second harmonic generation microscopy. Lamellar tissue was 35% stiffer, 25% harder, and had a 13% lower loss tangent relative to interlamellar tissue. The stiff, hard lamellae corresponded to areas of highly ordered, collagen-rich material, with a relatively low loss tangent, whereas the compliant, soft interlamellar regions corresponded to areas of disordered or collagen-poor material. These data suggest an important role for collagen in the tissue-level mechanical properties of bone.
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Garcia-Ramirez, Marta, Nuria Toran, Antonio Carrascosa, and Laura Audi. "Anomalous Costochondral Cartilage in Fetal Anencephaly." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 3, no. 3 (May 2000): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100249910033.
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Anencephaly is a human fetal malformation with absence of brain and calvarium superior to the orbits. The consequent absence of hypothalamus provides a unique model for studying human development, and therefore skeletal growth, in the absence of hypothalamic hormones and their regulatory functions. To assess the influence of hypothalamic insufficiency on cartilage development, we studied costochondral cartilage sections from eight anencephalic fetuses (18–22 weeks old) and seven controls (16–22 weeks old) with pathologies not directly related to skeletal growth. We found a previously undescribed anomalous organization of the cartilage in the anencephalic. The proliferative chondrocytes showed a disordered appearance with an increased proliferative zonal length (156 ± 28 μm in anencephalic fetuses vs. 103 ± 14 μm in controls, p = 0.006) and a concomitant decrease in the maturing portion, where cells form ordered isogenic groups (58 ± 13 μm in anencephalic fetuses vs. 93 ± 19 μm in controls, p = 0.003). In addition, cell density was significantly decreased in the proliferating and maturing zones in the anencephalic cases (84 ±21 vs. 130 ± 21 cells/40 μm2 in proliferating zone; 53 ± 8 vs. 94 ± 8 in maturing portion, p < 0.005). These alterations in the developing cartilage of the anencephalic may contribute to the observed growth retardation in these fetuses and reflect modifications in pituitary hormones and growth factors resulting from reduction in hypothalamopituitary function.
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Jean-Francois, Frantz, Juan Elezgaray, Marie-Héléine Metz-Boutigue, and Erick J. Dufourc. "Disordered Pore Formation At Rigid/Fluid Boundary Zones As A New Mechanism For Peptide-Membrane Interaction With The Beta-sheeted Antimicrobial Peptide Cateslytin." Biophysical Journal 96, no. 3 (February 2009): 390a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.2911.
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Leligny, H., D. Grebille, O. Pérez, A. C. Masset, M. Hervieu, and B. Raveau. "A five-dimensional structural investigation of the misfit layer compound [Bi0.87SrO2]2[CoO2]1.82." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 56, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768199012586.
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The structure of the misfit layer compound [Bi_{0.87}SrO_2]_2[CoO_2]_{1.82}, bismuth strontium cobaltite, was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction using the five-dimensional superspace-group formalism. This composite crystal, of monoclinic symmetry, is composed of two subsystems exhibiting incommensurate periodicities along b, the binary axis direction. The first composite part [Bi_{0.87}SrO_2] displays an intrinsic modulation of planar monoclinic type characterized by the wavevector {\bf q}{^*} = 0.293 {\bf a}{^*}+0.915 {\bf c}{^*}. The second composite part [CoO_2] shows two different centered lattice variants. The structure of the misfit layer crystal can be described as an alternation along c of distorted rock-salt-type slabs, formed from [BiO] and [SrO] layers (first subsystem), and of [CoO_2] layers (second subsystem) displaying a distorted CdI_2-type structure. Two main structural results are obtained. First, as a consequence of the intrinsic modulation, disordered zones, characterized by Bi vacancies, are regularly distributed in the [BiO] layers. Second, strong chemical bonds are implied between the strontium atoms of the first subsystem and the oxygen atoms of the second one.
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Izadi, S., Gh Akbari, K. Janghorban, and M. Ghaffari. "The investigation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of ordered alominide-iron (boron) nanostructures produced by mechanical alloying and sintering." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 05 (January 2012): 488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512002383.
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In this study, mechanical alloying (MA) of Fe -50 Al , Fe -49.5 Al -1 B , and Fe -47.5 Al -5 B (at.%) alloy powders and mechanical properties of sintered products of the as-milled powders were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the addition of B caused more crystallite refinement compared to the B -free powders. To consider the sintering and ordering behaviors of the parts produced from cold compaction of the powders milled for 80 h, sintering was conducted at various temperatures. It was found that the sintering temperature has no meaningful effect on the long-range order parameter. The transformation of the disordered solid solution developed by MA to ordered Fe - Al - ( B ) intermetallics was a consequence of sintering. Also, the nano-scale structure of the samples was retained even after sintering. The microhardness of pore-free zones of the nanostructured specimens decreased by increasing the sintering temperature. Moreover, the sintering temperature has no effect on the compressive yield stress. However, the fracture strain increased by increasing the sintering temperature. The samples containing 1 at.% B showed more strain to fracture compared with the B -free and 5 at.% B samples.
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Walker, Alfredo, Dina el Demellawy, and Jorge Davila. "Rickets: Historical, Epidemiological, Pathophysiological, and Pathological Perspectives." Academic Forensic Pathology 7, no. 2 (June 2017): 240–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2017.024.
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Rickets was a common metabolic disease of bone a century ago in Europe, North America, and East Asia (mainly due to vitamin D deficiency) but was largely eradicated in growing children by use of cod liver oil and the introduction of vitamin D fortification of milk in the 1930s in the United States. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) remains the most common form of metabolic bone disease that is entirely preventable and treatable. Historically, rickets has appeared in sporadic epidemics and, despite the introduction of numerous preventive strategies, VDD has remained a global health problem amongst children. Moreover, developed countries such as Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States have not been exempt from this. The radiological and histological features of rickets are both distinctive and characteristic and they reflect the underlying pathophysiological issue of decreased mineralization of bone as a result of VDD. The radiological features include 1) metaphyseal cupping and fraying, 2) poor mineralization of epiphyseal centers, 3) irregular and widened epiphyseal plates, 4) increased distance between the end of shaft and epiphyseal center, 5) cortical spurs at right angles to the metaphysis, 6) coarse trabeculation, and 7) periosteal reactions. Fractures may also be evident. The histological features of rickets reflect the failure of cartilage to mineralize and undergo resorption. This results in 1) disordered proliferation of chondrocytes in the hypertrophic zone secondary to a lack of apoptosis, 2) loss of the columnar arrangement of chondrocytes that results in thickening and disorganization of the hypertrophic zone, 3) tongue-like projections of cartilage that extend into the spongiosa, 4) irregularity of the limit between the proliferative and hypertrophic zones, and 5) penetration of blood vessels into the hypertrophic zone. The case of a premature 3-month-old female infant, born in the winter months in the arctic region of Canada who died from a lobar pneumonia with an incidental finding of radiological and pathological evidence of rickets, is presented. The case is used to review the entity of rickets from historical, pathophysiological, radiological, and histological perspectives.
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Burenin, Vladimir Arsenievich, and Elizaveta Vladimirovna Burenina. "Features of business administration in the context of global chaordic business environment (part two)." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 10 (October 25, 2021): 787–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2110-05.
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The purpose of the article is to create professional guidelines for politicians, managers of organizations of various profiles and levels (national, regional and municipal), who have to take into account in their business practice the presence of uncertainty, turbulence and chaos in their business environment, including its international segment. It is known that administration as a bureaucratic method of management has long been widely used in routine, repetitive processes of business practice. But when the business process becomes more complicated, communications grow, the manager drowns in the flow of information, does not have time to make decisions, when the situation is unexpectedly and constantly changing, the efficiency of administration falls catastrophically and creates new more complex problems. Moreover, the higher the level of a manager, the more time they spend on the administration process, and the more in such cases it becomes a hindrance to development processes, causes them significant harm and becomes a catalyst for the strengthening or formation of new chaotic zones in the business environment. Numerous practical problems associated with attempts of managers to work constructively in chaos zones and effective management in conditions of increased uncertainty and turbulence in the business environment gradually began to form and make it possible to generalize significant experience in this area, called chaos management. The article systematizes the author’s many years of experience as an independent consultant on organizational and strategic development in Russian and foreign companies, which was associated with the search for effective solutions to improve the manageability of a business (company) in the face of constant turbulent changes in the market. The object of systematization is the administration processes for solving problems that arise in the business environment of modern companies, which the business community did not have to deal with so often and regularly early. The essence is that there is a tendency of the need for a significant rethinking of the approach to the work of modern managers-administrators, a revision of their work technologies and the structure of management functionality in a chaordic business environment. New skills of business thinking are required that are adequate to the principles of the theory of social chaos, which describes the features of the behavior of modern nonlinear systems (events), which at first glance seem random, unpredictable and disordered. Otherwise, the administrator will be «pulled» into the chaos zones and by his unprofessional actions will only expand and deepen them, stimulating the diffusion of the zones of instability and instability, i.e. the penetration of chaos into other areas (systems), where it can be claimed or borrowed, but for other purposes.
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HORE, VICTORIA R. A., JOHN B. TROY, and STEPHEN J. EGLEN. "Parasol cell mosaics are unlikely to drive the formation of structured orientation maps in primary visual cortex." Visual Neuroscience 29, no. 6 (October 30, 2012): 283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523812000338.
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AbstractThe receptive fields of on- and off-center parasol cell mosaics independently tile the retina to ensure efficient sampling of visual space. A recent theoretical model represented the on- and off-center mosaics by noisy hexagonal lattices of slightly different density. When the two lattices are overlaid, long-range Moiré interference patterns are generated. These Moiré interference patterns have been suggested to drive the formation of highly structured orientation maps in visual cortex. Here, we show that noisy hexagonal lattices do not capture the spatial statistics of parasol cell mosaics. An alternative model based upon local exclusion zones, termed as the pairwise interaction point process (PIPP) model, generates patterns that are statistically indistinguishable from parasol cell mosaics. A key difference between the PIPP model and the hexagonal lattice model is that the PIPP model does not generate Moiré interference patterns, and hence stimulated orientation maps do not show any hexagonal structure. Finally, we estimate the spatial extent of spatial correlations in parasol cell mosaics to be only 200–350 μm, far less than that required to generate Moiré interference. We conclude that parasol cell mosaics are too disordered to drive the formation of highly structured orientation maps in visual cortex.
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Malakhov, Andrey, Alexander Epishin, Igor Denisov, Ivan Saikov, and Gert Nolze. "Morphology and Structure of Brass–Invar Weld Interface after Explosive Welding." Materials 15, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 8587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238587.
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This paper presents the results of a study of the morphology and structure at the weld interface in a brass–Invar bimetal, which belongs to the class of so-called thermostatic bimetals, or thermobimetals. The structure of the brass–Invar weld interface was analyzed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with the use of energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry and back-scattered electron diffraction (BSE) to identify the phases. The distribution of the crystallographic orientation of the grains at the weld interface was obtained using an e-Flash HR electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) detector and a forward-scatter detector (FSD). The results of the study indicated that the weld interface had the wavy structure typical of explosive welding. The wave crests and troughs showed the presence of melted zones consisting of a disordered Cu–Zn–Fe–Ni solid solution and undissolved Invar particles. The pattern quality map showed that the structure of brass and Invar after explosive welding consisted of grains that were strongly elongated towards the area of the highest intensive plastic flow. In addition, numerous deformation twins, dislocation accumulations and shear bands were observed. Thus, based on the results of this study, the mechanism of Cu–Zn–Fe–Ni structure formation can be proposed.
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Natkaniec-Nowak, Lucyna, Magdalena Dumańska-Słowik, Adam Gaweł, Anna Łatkiewicz, Joanna Kowalczyk-Szpyt, Anna Wolska, Stanislava Milovská, Jarmila Luptáková, and Karolina Ładoń. "Fire agate from the Deer Creek deposit (Arizona, USA) – new insights into structure and mineralogy." Mineralogical Magazine 84, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2020.8.
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AbstractFire agates from Deer Creek are highly appreciated gemstones due to the presence of optical phenomena and rainbow colours that cause fiery effects to be observed on their characteristic brown base. The specific morphology of poorly ordered chalcedony (crystallinity index = 0.1–1.5) with an admixture of mogánite (av. 6.6%), micro-quartz and opal-C forming a colloform texture seems to be responsible for the presence of fire effect in these agates. The multi-layered silica spheroidal forms (‘bubble’-like structure), already noted in hand specimens, could be the centres of reflection and interference of white light. Numerous, microscopic inclusions of Fe and Ti compounds randomly scattered within some silica zones, together with microstructural features of agate, could determine the colour and size of the domains with the optical effect. Deer Creek fire agates form veins within their host volcanic rocks. The silica mineralisation filling the network of fissures in the host rocks was supplied cyclically with aqueous fluids of varying composition, enriched periodically in CO2, Fe, Ti, Mn, Zn and Ca. As a result, the red-brown colour of fire agates was created by scattered pigments of tiny iron oxides (magnetite, maghemite) and titanium oxides (rutile, anatase) within the silica matrix. The precipitation of strongly disordered silica with a characteristic colloform texture is diagnostic for boiling processes in this area.
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Podļesnaja, Marija, Mara Pilmane, and Modris Ciems. "Characterization of morphology in healthy, traumatized and aged knee meniscus of different species: A pilot study." Papers on Anthropology 28, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2019.28.1.08.
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Meniscus is a fibrocartilaginous anatomical structure that realizes complicated biomechanical functions in the knee joint. However, no comparative morphology studies have been done on different species and conditions regarding the meniscus. Thus, the aim of our pilot study was to compare the morphology of traumatized and aged human and healthy deer meniscus to reveal the tissue ground, growth, degeneration, cell death and inflammation factors.
The study included surgery materials from one deer and two humans. Biotin-streptavidin immunohistochemistry was performed for detection of tissue TGFβ1, MMP2, MMP9, collagen I, caspase, Il-1, Il-6, Il-10. The results were evaluated semiquantitatively. An abundant number of Collagen I positive cells were detected in the disordered human meniscus but not in the deer one. TGFβ1 was seen in numerous to abundant number of cells in all the three cases. MMPs and caspase were distributed with numerous to abundant cells in both human and deer meniscus. Numerous to abundant cells of traumatized and aged human menisci showed IL-1 and IL-6, while the deer meniscus demonstrated cytokine expression in a moderate number of cells only in limited zones. The traumatized human meniscus possessed an abundant number of IL-10 positive cells, while the deer and the aged human meniscus showed mainly a moderate number of IL-10 cells with some elevation of cytokine in superficial and deepest layers of the meniscus.
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Mitra, Sachinath, Tapan Pal, and Taraknath Pal. "Petrogenetic implication of the Mössbauer hyperfine parameters of Fe3+-chromites from Sukinda (India) ultramafites." Mineralogical Magazine 55, no. 381 (December 1991): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1991.055.381.06.
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AbstractChromites from two horizons of the Sukinda area (India) marked as ‘grey ore’ and ‘brown ore’ zones have been studied by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, which revealed that both chromite types are oxidised and have a type of disordered spinel structure in which octahedral sites are occupied by Fe2+ ions.The spectra of the grey ore sample can be fitted to three doublets corresponding to Fe2+ (A), Fe3+ (A) and Fe2+ (B) sites. This sample is less oxidised than the brown ore, in which progressive oxidation in the magmatic (?) stage led to the complete conversion of Fe2+ in A sites to Fe3+. The spectra of the brown ore are characterised by two doublets correpsonding to two tetrahedral (A) sites of Fe3+ with different next-nearest neighbour configurations and a third doublet for Fe2+ at the B site. The brown ores have higher chromium and Fe3+ content and have lesser amounts of Ni and Al in comparison to the grey ores. Megascopically, the former shows larger crystal sizes. The high Fe3+ content in the brown ore suggests that this type of chromite was formed in a region of high ƒO2 in the magmatic environment. This perhaps occurred at the part of the mantle where the temperature was higher and the rate of cooling was slower than that of the grey ores which crystallised in the magmatic melt.
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Segman, Yosef (Joseph). "Device and Method for Noninvasive Glucose Assessment." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 12, no. 6 (March 24, 2018): 1159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296818763457.
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Background: Intensive monitoring of blood glucose levels is crucial in diabetes management. This article presents a new device, the TensorTip Combo Glucometer (CoG), developed by Cnoga Medical Ltd, which enables to predict capillary tissue glucose concentration noninvasively. Methods: Noninvasive glucose readings usually provide irregular or disordered mathematical manifold over the measurement space. To establish a transfer function, which correctly correlates the noninvasive raw data and the actual invasive glucose level, we suggest a mathematical concept that employs a personal calibration procedure to associate glucose pattern and multiple optical signals derived from tissue response to light emission in the range of visible to IR. The traversed light is detected by a color image sensor to predict the tissue glucose concentration at the fingertip. This article presents the mathematical concept underlying the technology and the requirements for device operation. Results: The device was clinically evaluated and compared to standard invasive blood glucose monitoring devices in few medical centers and by home users. Based on consensus error grid analysis, more than 98% of the measurements of each study were in zones A (more than 81%) and B (more than 11%). Postmarketing evaluations showed high correlations comparing the CoG to other invasive reference devices. Conclusions: The CoG device employs a unique mathematical approach to predict glucose concentrations based on multiple optical signals. The first clinical results indicate that the device may show appropriate agreement with reference methods to be used for pain-free glucose assessment in daily routine.
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Osovskaya, Iraida Ivanovna, and Veronika Sergeyevna Antonova. "THE INFLUENCE OF LOW-TEMPERATURE PROCESSING OF CELLULOSE ON HEATS OF HYDRATION AND STRUCTURE CELLULOSE." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2019045324.
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The urgency of the problem of modification of cellulose is dictated by the need to create the latest environmentally friendly technologies for processing cellulose using physical methods of exposure. The complex structure of crystalline and disordered zones, the presence of energetically-unequal system of hydrogen bonds largely determines the sorption, hydrophilic and paper-forming properties of cellulose composites. The method is developed of low-temperature processing of cellulose to create promising environmentally friendly technologies, in particular, for the production of fluff pulp and paper of low mechanical strength with high absorbency. The study of the freezing process of wet cellulose characterizes the behavior of cellulose as a high-molecular polymer with a mobile, plastic structure, easily changed under the influence of various factors. The dependence of the conditions of low-temperature treatment of cellulose on the absorption, hydrophilicity and structure of cellulose fiber is established from the standpoint of the thermodynamic method. Optimum conditions are revealed conditions of freezing wet cellulosic fibers to improve the hydrophilicity and ability formation of links of cellulose. The minimum water content under different conditions of low-temperature treatment of cellulose for the formation of water clusters and ice formation was established. The results of the density measurements by the gradient column method and the sorption of the direct green trisazo dye are consistent with the regularities found in the measurement of the enthalpy of wetting and sorption isotherms.
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Farhadian, Nafiseh. "A Mimetic Amorphous Active Carbon Model Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 829 (November 2013): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.199.
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Porous carbons are disordered materials with applications in many areas such as catalysis, molecular separation, and energy storage/conversion. Among porous materials, active carbons are the most popular materials in separation processes. They are non-crystalline materials with heterogeneous pore structures. This property does not permit accurate structural determinations by diffraction techniques. Thus only limited structural information can be extracted from experimental techniques. Consequently, a molecular model of nanoporous carbon can't be constructed that is based solely on experimental data. Computer simulation techniques provide an alternative way to tackle this problem. So, in this study, the synthesis process of an amorphous active carbon is investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. Simulations are carried out at constant temperature in the box containing specific numbers of pure carbon sheets. Two different types of ensembles have been used for simulation includingNPTandNVT. Calculated results show that the final structure of porous carbons is in agreement with SEM images of some commercial active carbons. Also, results indicate that the final structure is consisted of three different pore size (r) zones: r<2 nm which produces micro pores,250 nm which named macro pores. These observations are exactly the same as what is observed in experiments. These various pore sizes especially micro and meso pores are observed in radial distribution function curve, too. At last, the temperature effect on the pore size is investigated. Three different temperatures of 973K, 1073 K and 1173 K are applied for the simulation. Calculated results show that increasing the temperature does not have any significant effects on the pore size and structure.
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Beamer, W. G., H. O. Sweet, R. T. Bronson, J. G. M. Shire, D. N. Orth, and M. T. Davisson. "Adrenocortical dysplasia: a mouse model system for adrenocortical insufficiency." Journal of Endocrinology 141, no. 1 (April 1994): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1410033.
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Abstract A spontaneous autosomal recessive mutation causing disordered morphogenesis of the adrenal cortex has been identified in DW/J inbred strain mice and named adrenocortical dysplasia (acd). The acd mutant gene has been mapped just proximal to oligosyndactyly (Os) and esterase-1 (Es-1) in the central region of chromosome 8. Both male and female acd/acd mice are characterized by reduced survival, retarded growth, skin hyperpigmentation, poorly developed pelage and focal ureteral blockage leading to hydronephrosis. Morphometric measurements showed that acd/acd cortical cells and nuclei were increased sevenfold in volume; nuclei often showed a variety of inclusions. Cortical cells of acd/acd mice contained large numbers of mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets characterisitic of steroidogenic cells. While cortical X-zones failed to develop in acd/acd adrenals, medullary cells and nuclei were unaffected by mutant gene action. Resting serum corticosterone levels in female, but not male, mutant mice were significantly lower than in +/? normal littermates, whereas ACTH levels were significantly elevated in mutants of both sexes. Serum aldosterone levels were normal in acd/acd mice. Functional studies of adrenals cultured in vitro revealed that acd/acd adrenals secreted reduced amounts of corticosterone per pair of glands under both basal and ACTH-stimulated conditions. However, correction of the corticosterone secretion data to mg cortical mass in culture showed that the mutant cortical tissue secreted the same amount of glucocorticoid as did their +/? normal littermate glands. We conclude that the acd mutant gene acts in an unknown fashion to cause a fundamental defect in cellular proliferation in the adrenal cortex, leading to compensatory marked hypertrophy of cortical cells and grossly enlarged nuclei. The role of acd action in adrenal cortical development remains to be established. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 141, 33–43
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Moggach, Stephen A., David R. Allan, Stewart J. Clark, Matthias J. Gutmann, Simon Parsons, Colin R. Pulham, and Lindsay Sawyer. "High-pressure polymorphism in L-cysteine: the crystal structures of L-cysteine-III and L-cysteine-IV." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 62, no. 2 (March 15, 2006): 296–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768105038802.
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The crystal structure of the orthorhombic phase of L-cysteine (hereafter L-cysteine-I) consists of chains of molecules linked via NH...O hydrogen bonds. The chains are linked into a layer by other NH...O hydrogen bonds, forming R_4^4(16) ring motifs. The layers are linked by further NH...O and disordered SH...S/SH...O interactions. The main effects of compression to 1.8 GPa are to contract voids in the middle of the R_4^4(16) rings and to reduce S...S distances from 3.8457 (10) to 3.450 (4) Å. The latter is at the lower limit for S...S distances and we suggest that strain about the S atom is responsible for the formation of a new phase of L-cysteine, L-cysteine-III, above 1.8 GPa. The phase transition is accompanied by a change in the NCCS torsion angle from ca 60 to ca −60° and small positional displacements, but with no major changes in the orientations of the molecules. The structure of L-cysteine-III contains similar R-type ring motifs to L-cysteine-I, but there are no S...S contacts within 3.6 Å. L-Cysteine-III was found to be stable to at least 4.2 GPa. On decompression to 1.7 GPa, another single-crystal to single-crystal phase transition formed another previously uncharacterized phase, L-cysteine-IV. This phase is not observed on increasing pressure. The structure consists of two crystallographically independent cysteine molecules in the same conformations as those found in L-cysteine-I and L-cysteine-III. The structure separates into zones with are alternately phase I-like and phase III-like. L-Cysteine-IV can therefore be thought of as an unusual example of an intermediate phase. Further decompression to ambient pressure generates L-cysteine-I.
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Murzin, Serguei P., and Nikolay L. Kazanskiy. "Arrays Formation of Zinc Oxide Nano-Objects with Varying Morphology for Sensor Applications." Sensors 20, no. 19 (September 29, 2020): 5575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195575.
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The regularities and features of the formation of arrays of zinc oxide nano-objects with varying morphology are determined by CO2 laser processing with intensification of diffusion processes in the solid state of Cu–Zn metallic materials which are selectively oxidizable. In the process of laser treatment in air using the synergy of heat exposure and vibrations induced by laser with a force fundamental frequency of 100 Hz, the brass surface of samples is oxidized mainly with the generation of ZnO nanowires. The condition for intensification is the local non-stationary deformation caused by sound waves induced by laser. Upon the initiation of the processes of exfoliation of the initially formed layers on the material surface, apart from a disordered structure, a structure was formed in the central region containing two-dimensional objects made of zinc oxide with characteristic thicknesses of 70–100 nm. Such arrays can provide the potential to create a periodic localized electric field applying direct current, this allows the production of electrically switched diffraction gratings with a variable nature of zones. It has been established that during laser pulse-periodic irradiation on brass, the component of the metal alloy, namely, zinc, will oxidize on the surface in the extent that its diffusion to the surface will be ensured. During laser pulse-periodic heating under conditions of the experiment, the diffusion coefficient was 2–3 times higher than from direct heating and exposure to a temperature of 700 °C. The study of the electrical resistance of the created samples by the contact probe method was performed by the four-point probe method. It was determined that the specific electrical resistance at the center of the sample was 30–40% more than at the periphery. To determine the possibility of using the obtained material based on zinc oxide for the creation of sensors, oxygen was adsorbed on the sample in an oxygen–argon mixture, and then the electrical resistance in the central part was measured. It was found that the adsorbed oxygen increases the electrical resistivity of the sample by 70%. The formation of an oxide layer directly from the metal substrate can solve problem of forming an electrical contact between the gas-sensitive oxide layer and this substrate.
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Saganeiti, Lucia, Antonella Favale, Angela Pilogallo, Francesco Scorza, and Beniamino Murgante. "Assessing Urban Fragmentation at Regional Scale Using Sprinkling Indexes." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 13, 2018): 3274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093274.
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Artificial land use trends could represent an effective indicator of the settlement process quality and could also provide information about the efficacy of protection and exploitation policies in natural and rural areas. This work discusses an analytic procedure for the time series investigation of urban settlement development at the regional scale to verify the nexus between urban growth and demographic trends connected with the phenomenon of land take. In Italy, since 1950, the land take phenomenon has been a consequence of several factors: urbanization, realization of transport infrastructures including ports, airports, and highways, and the enhancement of industrial and productive systems. We analyzed all these territorial transformations that create waterproof soil, and more generally, a transition from natural and semi-natural uses toward artificial land use. After World War II, the demographic growth and the consequent housing demand generated a strong urbanization process in the main poles of economic development areas in Italy. Since the early 2000s, the situation has completely changed and the land take phenomenon is no longer mainly based on real need for new urban expansion areas based on effective urban planning tools, but is strongly related to a scattered demand for new housing in a weak territorial spatial planning system not able to drive effective urban development that minimizes speculative real estate initiatives. This uncontrolled occupation of soil generated, in Italy, a landscape fragmentation called the urban sprinkling phenomenon, different from urban sprawl, which is a wider phenomenon characterized by disordered urban growth. The present document aims to assess how uncontrolled expansion in areas characterized by low settlement density can generate fragmentation. To define if the territory is affected by the urban sprinkling phenomenon, two 50-year time series concerning urban expansion of buildings and demographic trends are analyzed calculating population and building density indices and their variation over the years. The sprinkling index is used to analyze the variation in the fragmentation degree at two different scales (regional and municipal). Finally, we discuss the context where this phenomenon has developed, analyzing the buildings located in hydrogeological risk zones and protected areas, and the correlation between demographic changes and the degree of territorial fragmentation variation.
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Shchepetova, O. V., A. V. Korsakova, P. S. Zelenovskiy, and D. S. Mikhailenko. "The mechanism of disordered graphite formation in uph diamond-bearing complexes." Доклады Академии наук 484, no. 2 (April 13, 2019): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524842215-219.
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Kyanite gneiss from the "New Barchinsky" locality (Kokchetav Massif) was studied in detail. This rock is characterized by zonal distribution of the C and SiO2 polymorphs in kyanite porphyroblasts: (1) porphyroblast cores with graphite and quartz inclusions; (2) clean overgrowth zone with inclusions of cuboctahedral diamond crystals. The Raman mapping of SiO2 polymorphs originally showed the presence of an association of disordered graphite + coesite “prohibited” in HT diamond-bearing rocks. Graphitization of diamond is the only likely mechanism of the disordered graphite formation in HT diamond-bearing rocks. However, the absence of disordered graphite in association with diamond in kyanite porphyroblasts from kyanite gneiss from the "New Barchinsky" locality eliminates the process of diamond graphitization at the retrograde stage. Most likely, crystallization of disordered graphite occurred at the retrograde stage from the UHP C-O-H fluid.
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Pashkevych, Volodymyr, Volodymyr Krayovskyy, Andriy Horpenyuk, Volodymyr Romaka, Yurii Stadnyk, Lyubov Romaka, Andriy Horyn, and Vitaliy Romaka. "CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMOMETRIC MATERIAL Lu1-xScxNiSb." Measuring Equipment and Metrology 83, no. 2 (2022): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcmtm2022.02.021.
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The results of modeling the properties of the semiconductor solid solution Lu1-xScxNiSb, x=0–0.10, which is a promising thermometric material for the manufacture of sensitive elements of thermocouples, are presented. Modeling of the electronic structure of Lu1-xScxNiSb was performed by the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) method in the approximation of coherent potential and local density and by the full-potential method of linearized plane waves (FLAPW). KKR simulations were performed using the AkaiKKR software package in the local density approximation for the exchange-correlation potential with parameterization Moruzzi, Janak, Williams. The Elk software package was used in the FLAPW calculations. To check the limits of the existence of the thermometric material Lu1-xScxNiSb by the KKR method, the change of the values of the period of the unit cell a(x) in the range x=0–0.10 was calculated. It is established that the substitution of Lu atoms in the crystallographic position 4a by Sc atoms is accompanied by a decrease in the values of the unit cell period a(x) Lu1-xScxNiSb. This behavior of a(x) Lu1-xScxNiSb is since the atomic radius Sc (rSc=0.164 nm) is smaller than that of Lu (rLu=0.173 nm). In this case, structural defects of neutral nature are generated in Lu1-xScxNiSb, because the atoms Lu (5d 1 6s 2 ) and Sc (3d 1 4s 2 ) are located in the same group of the Periodic Table of the Elements and contain the same number of d-electrons. To study the conditions for obtaining thermometric material Lu1-xScxNiSb, x=0–0.10, and to establish the energy feasibility of its formation in the form of a continuous solid solution, modeling of thermodynamic characteristics in the approximation of harmonic oscillations of atoms within the DFT density functional theory. The low values of the enthalpy of mixing ΔHmix(x) and the nature of the dependence behavior indicate the energy expediency of substitution in the crystallographic position 4a of Lu atoms for Sc atoms and the existence of a solid substitution solution for the studied samples Lu1-xScxNiSb, x=0–0.10. To understand the mechanisms of electrical conductivity of the thermometric material Lu1-xScxNiSb, x=0–0.10, various models of crystal and electronic structures of the basic semiconductor LuNiSb are considered. Assuming that the crystal structure of Lu1-xScxNiSb is ordered (crystallographic positions are occupied by atoms according to the MgAgAs structural type), the Elk software package was used to model the DOS electronic state density distribution for LuNiSb and Lu0.875Sc0.125NiSb. It is shown that in the LuNiSb compound the Fermi level lies in the middle of the band gap , and the bandwidth is =190.5 meV. DOS simulations for the ordered variant of the Lu0.875Sc0.125NiSb crystal structure show a redistribution of the density of DOS electronic states and an increase in the band gap . In this case, the Fermi level , as in the case of LuNiSb, lies in the middle of the band gap , and the generated structural defects are neutral. The DOS calculation for the disordered variant of the crystal structure of the LuNiSb compound was performed using a model that can be described by the formula Lu1+yNi1-2ySb. In this model, the Lu atoms partially move to the 4c position of the Ni atoms, and in this position, a vacancy (y) occurs simultaneously. Moreover, as many Lu atoms additionally move to the 4c position of Ni atoms, so many vacancies arise in this position. In this model of the crystal structure of the LuNiSb compound and the absence of vacancies (y=0), the calculation of the DOS electronic state density distribution indicates the presence of the band gap εg , and the Fermi level εF lies near the valence band εV. In the model of the structure of the LuNiSb compound at vacancy concentrations y=0.01, the DOS calculation also shows the presence of the band gap εg , and the Fermi level εF still lies near the valence band εV. Since Ni atoms make the greatest contribution to the formation of the conduction band εC, even at a concentration of y=0.02, the DOS calculation shows that the Fermi level εF now lies near the conduction band εC. This means that the main carriers of the electric current of the LuNiSb compound at y=0.02 are electrons, which does not correspond to the results of experimental studies. Based on the above model of the disordered crystal structure of the LuNiSb compound, the density distribution of DOS electronic states was calculated for the disordered variant of the crystal structure of the thermometric material Lu1-xScxNiSb, which is described by the formula Lu1-x+yScxNi1-2ySb. In this model of the Lu1-xScxNiSb crystal structure, the calculation of the DOS electronic state density distribution shows the presence of a band gap εg , in which small energy levels ("tail tails") are formed, which overlap with the zones of continuous energies. In this case, the Fermi level εF is localized at low energy levels, which makes it impossible to accurately determine the depth from the Fermi level εF. The proposed model is correct only for a small number of impurity Sc atoms since the partial occupation of the 4c position of Ni atoms by Lu atoms significantly deforms the structure with its subsequent decay. The results of experimental studies of the kinetic, energy, and magnetic properties of the thermometric material Lu1-xScxNiSb will show the degree of adequacy of the proposed model.
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YURTSEVEN, H., and D. KAVRUK. "RAMAN FREQUENCIES CALCULATED FROM THE VOLUME DATA AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AT HIGH PRESSURES FOR THE DISORDERED PHASE II OF NH4I." International Journal of Modern Physics B 25, no. 04 (February 10, 2011): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979211058146.
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In this study, we calculate the Raman frequencies as a function of temperature for the fixed pressures of 706, 1080 and 6355 bars using the volume data for phase II of ammonium iodide. The Raman frequencies calculated here are for the translational optic ν5 TO M (125 cm -1) lattice mode that is located at the zone boundary (M point) of the Brillouin zone of phase II for NH 4 I . For this calculation the volume data obtained at zero pressure, is used through the mode Grüneisen parameter for the disordered phase II (β phase) which has the CsCl structure of NH 4 I . Our predicted frequencies of the ν5 TO M (125 cm -1) mode can be compared when the Raman data for this lattice mode is available at various temperatures for fixed pressures of 706, 1080 and 6355 bars in the disordered phase II of ammonium iodide.
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Zhang, Z. G., Z. Y. Jiang, X. F. Wang, and Q. Q. Tian. "Correlation between grain deviation angles and the partial ordering transformation of grain line in Bi4Si3O12 microcrystals." Science of Sintering 44, no. 3 (2012): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1203257z.
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Bismuth silicate micro-crystals with grain line structure were prepared by sintering method under atmosphere pressure. The samples were characterized for structural and surface morphological properties by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The result shows that Bi4Si3O12 grains are always distributed in pairs on both sides of a complete grain line. There is highly positive correlation between grain deviation angles on both sides of a stable complete line. Although the grains distribute in pairs, there is zero correlation between grain angles on both sides of an unstable complete line. By the reduction of grain angle on one side, grain sizes on the side gradually decrease. After adjustment, grain angles have highly positive correlation and the line turns stable. If there is disordered structure on one side of a line and ordered structure on the other side, the disordered structure may turn to highly ordered structure. The partial ordering transformation on the disordered side has no effect on the structure on the other side. While the growth directions of the grains on one side of a line face to a disordered grain distribution zone, the line loses the characteristic of grain growth in pairs.
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Mukherjee, Binayak, Eleonora Isotta, Carlo Fanciulli, Narges Ataollahi, and Paolo Scardi. "Topological Anderson Insulator in Cation-Disordered Cu2ZnSnS4." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 2595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102595.
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We present the first candidate for the realization of a disorder-induced Topological Anderson Insulator in a real material system. High-energy reactive mechanical alloying produces a polymorph of Cu2ZnSnS4 with high cation disorder. Density functional theory calculations show an inverted ordering of bands at the Brillouin zone center for this polymorph, which is in contrast to its ordered phase. Adiabatic continuity arguments establish that this disordered Cu2ZnSnS4 can be connected to the closely related Cu2ZnSnSe4, which was previously predicted to be a 3D topological insulator, while band structure calculations with a slab geometry reveal the presence of robust surface states. This evidence makes a strong case in favor of a novel topological phase. As such, the study opens up a window to understanding and potentially exploiting topological behavior in a rich class of easily-synthesized multinary, disordered compounds.
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Kapinos, V. G., and D. J. Bacon. "A model of disordered zone formation in Cu3Au under cascade-producing irradiation." Philosophical Magazine A 72, no. 5 (November 1995): 1413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418619508236265.
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Nurkeldieva, Dilbar. "A Modern Approach To The Psychological And Pedagogical Diagnosis Of Developmental Disorders In Children." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 03 (March 31, 2021): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue03-71.
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The article highlights the issues of psychological and pedagogical diagnostics of children with developmental disorders. It has been substantiated that mental processes and personality traits are not the result of the maturation of individual zones or areas of the brain. They take shape in ontogenesis and depend on the social situation of the child's development.
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Chauhan, Ritvik, Ashish Dhamaniya, and Shriniwas Arkatkar. "Analysing driver’s decision in dilemma zone at signalized intersections under disordered traffic conditions." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 89 (August 2022): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2022.06.016.
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Munns, C. F. J., I. A. Glass, R. LaBrom, M. Hayes, S. Flanagan, M. Berry, V. J. Hyland, J. A. Batch, G. E. Philips, and D. Vickers. "HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF LERI-WEILL DYSCHONDROSTEOSIS: DISORDERED GROWTH PLATE." Hand Surgery 06, no. 01 (July 2001): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810401000424.
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Leri-Weill syndrome (LWS) is a dominant (pseudoautosomal) skeletal dysplasia with mesomelic short stature and bilateral Madelung deformity, due to dyschondrosteosis of the distal radius. It results from the loss of one copy of the Short Stature Homeobox Gene (SHOX) from the tip of the short arm of the X or Y chromosome. SHOX molecular testing enabled us to evaluate the histopathology of the radial physis in LWS patients with a documented SHOX abnormality. A widespread disorganisation of physeal anatomy was revealed with disruption of the normal parallel columnar arrangement of chondrocytes. Tandem stacking of maturing chondrocytes within columns was replaced by a side-by-side arrangement. The presence of hypertrophic osteoid with micro-enchondromata in the radial metaphysis suggests abnormal endochondral ossification. The Vickers' ligament was confirmed to blend with the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC). This histopathological study demonstrates that the zone of dyschondrosteosis in LWS is characterised by marked disruption of normal physeal chondrocyte processes and that a generalised physeal abnormality is present.
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Yasuda, Kazuhiro, Tomokazu Yamamoto, and Syo Matsumura. "Characterization of Disordered Zone Induced by High Density Electronic Excitation in Magnesium Aluminate Spinel." Materia Japan 48, no. 12 (2009): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.48.632.
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Berdekas, D. "Study of the Raman spectra of phonons in disordered GaSb/AlSb (001) superlattices." Canadian Journal of Physics 88, no. 9 (September 2010): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p10-048.
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In the present work, we study the influence of disorder in the Raman spectra of the phonons of (GaSb)n/(AlSb)n (001) superlattices (SLs), for n = 1, 2. Τhe disordered superlattices are approximated with primitive cells that are much larger than the primitive cells of the corresponding perfect SLs. We propose that disorder appears because of deviations from the sequence of the GaSb and AlSb layers, which is imposed by symmetry, or because of intermixing of Ga and Al in the cation lattice planes. The dynamical matrix of each SL is constructed from the combination of the dynamical matrices of the bulk crystalline constituents, which have been calculated at certain points of the Brillouin zone with a ten-parameter valence overlap shell model. Further, we have calculated the Raman spectra of the disordered 1 × 1 and 2 × 2 superlattices grown along the (001) direction, using an eight-parameter bond polarizability model, away from resonance conditions. Our results show that intermixing of Ga and Al cations produce Raman activity that is not present in the phonon spectra of perfect superlattices.
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Tiki, Takele. "Prevalence of Alcohol use Disorder among Prisoners in Ambo Town, West Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, 2019." Journal of Clinical Research and Reports 4, no. 5 (July 15, 2020): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/077.
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Withers, Ray. "A modulation wave approach to the long range order hidden in nominal 'disorder'." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331409963x.
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While the definition of a crystal in terms of pure point diffraction/sharp Bragg reflections only is undoubtedly an excellent approximation for many crystalline materials, there exists a large and growing family of phases for which such a description is grossly inadequate: namely crystalline materials whose reciprocal spaces exhibit highly structured, continuous, diffuse intensity distributions which are essentially long range ordered in at least one or more dimensions (see e.g. Fig.1). To gain insight into both the local order, as well as the long range order, hidden in disordered materials of this type it is very helpful, if not essential, to use the language of modulated structures. An approach of this type automatically emphasizes the close relationship between the crystallography of disordered structures and aperiodic crystallography in general. In this contribution, the use of such an approach to understand the often highly structured shapes of such diffuse distributions, the characteristic extinction conditions frequently associated with them and the long range crystal chemical rules underlying their existence will be highlighted. Fig.1: <11-2> and <-110> zone axis electron diffraction patterns of (a) β-cristobalite and (b) SiO2-tridymite.
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Pini, S., M. Affronte, and M. F. Brigatti. "Magnetic behaviour of trioctahedral mica-2M1 occurring in a magnetic anomaly zone." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 5 (October 2008): 1035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.5.1035.
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AbstractThis work relates the crystal chemistry and the magnetic behaviour of a trioctahedral mica (chemical formula: (K0.90Na0.01Ca0.01Ba0.01 ☐0.07)(Al0.05Fe2+1.10Mg1.38Ti0.32Mn0.01☐0.04)(Al1.12Si2.88)O10 (F0.27OH1.27O0.46); unit cell parameters: a = 5.345(2) Å, b = 9.261(4) Å, c = 20.189(8) Å; β = 95.075(8)°) from Minto Block (Ungava peninsula, northern Quebec, Canada), a region characterized by high magnetic anomalies. Crystallographic and X-ray absorption spectroscopy data suggest a prevalent divalent oxidation state for Fe and a disordered Fe 2+ distribution in the two octahedral sites Ml and M2. The real part of magnetic susceptibility shows two peaks at ∼5.2 K and 120 K. However, as demonstrated by AC magnetic susceptibility measurements, the origin of the two effects is different: the peak position of the first one (i.e. the effect revealed at 5.2 K) is frequency-dependent, thus suggesting a spin-glass like behaviour. The effect at 120 K can instead be attributed to the occurrence of diluted phases in mica matrix, such as Fe oxides.
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Lins, Eduardo José Melo, Kalinny Patricia Vaz Lafayette, Ariela Rocha Cavalcanti, Luciana Cássia Lima da Silva, Josiane Maria de Santana Melo Lins, and Jonas da Silva Bezerra. "Análise Multitemporal do Uso e Ocupação do Solo no Puntal Del Chifre - Olinda/PE." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 14, no. 4 (2021): 2015–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v14.4.p2015-2027.
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Population growth patterns are linked to almost all the challenges that humanity faces, including the scarcity of adequate sites for human and environmental development. Thus, in the coastal zone of Puntal Del Chifre, many areas have given way to disordered urban occupation. The present study aims to evaluate the changes in land use and occupation occurring in the Puntal Del Horn located in the municipality of Olinda / PE, between 1975 and 2014, through the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The results point to a significant increase in the urban area and decrease of the vegetation area.
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GETS, KIRILL V., OLEG S. SUBBOTIN, and VLADIMIR R. BELOSLUDOV. "PECULIARITIES OF VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF AMORPHOUS ICES." International Journal of Computational Materials Science and Engineering 01, no. 01 (March 2012): 1250008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s204768411250008x.
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Dynamic properties of low (LDA), high (HDA) and very high (VHDA) density amorphous ices were investigated within the approach based on Lattice Dynamics simulations. In this approach, we assume that the short-range molecular order mainly determines the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of amorphous ices. Simulation cell of 512 water molecules with periodical boundary conditions and disordering allows us to study dynamical properties and dispersion curves in the Brillouin zone of pseudo-crystal. Existence of collective phenomena in amorphous ices which is usual for crystals but anomalous for disordered phase was confirmed in our simulations. Molecule amplitudes of delocalized (collective) as well as localized vibrations have been considered.
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Zhang, Nan, Marek Paściak, A. M. Glazer, Jirka Hlinka, Matthias Gutmann, Hazel A. Sparkes, T. R. Welberry, et al. "A neutron diffuse scattering study of PbZrO3and Zr-rich PbZr1–xTixO3." Journal of Applied Crystallography 48, no. 6 (October 13, 2015): 1637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576715017069.
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A combined neutron diffuse scattering study and model analysis of the antiferroelectric crystal PbZrO3is described. Following on from earlier X-ray diffuse scattering studies, supporting evidence for disordering of oxygen octahedral tilts and Pb displacements is shown in the high-temperature cubic phase. Excess diffuse scattering intensity is found at theMandRpoints in the Brillouin zone. A shell-model molecular dynamics simulation closely reproduces the neutron diffuse scattering pattern. Both in-phase and antiphase tilts are found in the structural model, with in-phase tilts predominating. The transition between disordered and ordered structure is discussed and compared with that seen in Zr-rich PbZr1−xTixO3.
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Su, Xin, G. M. Xu, and Y. H. Feng. "Effect of Magnetostatic Field on Microstructure of 7075 Aluminum Alloy Strip Manufactured by Twin-Roll Casting." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 2427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.2427.
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In this paper, the effect of magnetostatic field on the microstructure and microsegregation of 7075 aluminum alloy strip by twin-roll casting is researched , and the result shows that when no electromagnetic field is applied during the process of roll-casting , the microstructure of 7075 strip is most composed of coarse columnar and dendritic crystal , the direction of grains is equal to roll-casting direction. When the magnetostatic field with 0.13T intensity is applied during the twin-roll casting, the microstructural of strip becomes uniform ,refined and equiaxed at the central zone of strip, and the dendritic crystal at the surficial is disordered and refined significantly.