Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dislocations dans les métaux – Densité'
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Christiaen, Benjamin. "Modélisation multi-échelle de la déformation d’alliage de zirconium sous irradiation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R008/document.
Full textZirconium alloys are used to manufacture fuel cladding as well as fuel assemblies of pressurized water nuclear reactors. Under irradiation, they show a dimensional change commonly called growth. Experimental observations have shown that above a threshold dose, these alloys are subject to accelerated growth called "breakaway". It has been well established that the irradiation formation of and dislocation loops is directly responsible for the growth of irradiated zirconium alloys and that the appearance of loops is correlated with this growth acceleration. However, the nucleation mechanisms of the loops that seem to be influenced by the presence of alloying elements are still poorly understood. In order to improve our understanding, a multi-scale modelling approach has been used to simulate the evolution of zirconium microstructure under irradiation. Atomic-scale calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) and empirical potentials are used to determine the properties of clusters of point defects (dislocation loops, cavities, pyramids of stacking faults). The results obtained are then used as input parameters of an object kinetic Monte Carlo (OKMC) code which allows us to simulate the microstructure evolution of the material under irradiation. Our results show that it is necessary to consider an anisotropic migration of the vacancies to predict the growth acceleration
Al, Zohbi Maryam. "Contributions to the existence, uniqueness, and contraction of the solutions to some evolutionary partial differential equations." Thesis, Compiègne, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COMP2646.
Full textIn this thesis, we are mainly interested in the theoretical and numerical study of certain equations that describe the dynamics of dislocation densities. Dislocations are microscopic defects in materials, which move under the effect of an external stress. As a first work, we prove a global in time existence result of a discontinuous solution to a diagonal hyperbolic system, which is not necessarily strictly hyperbolic, in one space dimension. Then in another work, we broaden our scope by proving a similar result to a non-linear eikonal system, which is in fact a generalization of the hyperbolic system studied first. We also prove the existence and uniqueness of a continuous solution to the eikonal system. After that, we study this system numerically in a third work through proposing a finite difference scheme approximating it, of which we prove the convergence to the continuous problem, strengthening our outcomes with some numerical simulations. On a different direction, we were enthused by the theory of differential contraction to evolutionary equations. By introducing a new distance, we create a new family of contracting positive solutions to the evolutionary p-Laplacian equation
Goncalves, Diogo. "Modélisation polycristalline du comportement élasto-viscoplastique des aciers inoxydables austénitiques 316L(N) sur une large gamme de chargements : application à l'étude du comportement cyclique à température élevée." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS089/document.
Full textThe 316L(N) stainless steels is the reference material for the primary circuit structures of fourth-generation nuclear reactors. This alloy present high mechanical resistance at the operation temperature range of these reactors, of the order of 550 °C. This PhD allowed to develop a polycrystalline model based on the description of the viscoplastic dislocation slip at high temperatures, with straightforward implementation and with identification of a limited number of material parameters. The modeling process was progressive. In a first step, we proposed and validated a mean-field elastic-viscoplastic homogenization law, in comparison to numerous finite element calculations, considering crystalline plastic hardening and crystalline viscosity. Then, a model of crystalline viscoplasticity, based on the evolution laws of the different dislocations densities was implemented and the predictions were validated considering a very large number of experimental results at low temperature. The model was then enhanced to take into account the additional physical mechanisms observed at high temperature, such as dislocation climb, dynamic strain aging and the appearance of a very heterogeneous dislocation structure. The proposed model requires the adjustment of only three parameters by inverse identification, using only monotonic tensile tests at different strain rates. The mechanical behavior predictions in uniaxial and cyclic loading are also in good agreement with experimental measurements at high temperature
Dezerald, Lucile. "Modélisation ab-initio des dislocations dans les métaux de transition cubiques centrés." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI048.
Full textWe performed electronic structure ab initio calculations based on density functional theory(DFT) to study the h111i screw dislocation properties in body-centered cubic transition metals(V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W and Fe). In all investigated elements, the nondegenerate easy coreis the minimum energy configuration and the split core configuration has a high energy nearor above that of the hard core, contrary to interatomic potential predictions. A strong groupdependence of the core energy of the easy dislocation is also evidenced, related to the positionof the Fermi level with respect to the minimum of the pseudogap of the electronic density ofstates. Our work also reveals an atypical behavior in Fe, with a low relative energy at the hardcore position, close to that of the saddle configuration between easy cores, resulting in a flatPeierls potential around the hard core configuration, at variance with other elements. Fromthese DFT calculations, the two-dimensional energetic landscape in the {111} plane (Peierlspotential) is constructed and we investigated several properties of dislocation glide and in particular,the kink-pair formation enthalpy, as well as the dependence of the Peierls stress oncrystal orientation. We proposed a simple modification to the Schmid law that takes accountof the non-straight trajectory of the dislocation and that qualitatively explains why the twinning/antitwinning asymmetry is less pronounced in Fe than in other body-centered cubic metals
Geslin, Pierre-Antoine. "Contribution à la modélisation champs de phase des dislocations." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066608.
Full textThe plastic behavior of metallic alloys is often influenced by the interactions between second phase precipitates and dislocations. The dynamics of these linear defects can be investigated by phase-field methods whose main advantage is their variational nature, which enables a natural coupling with the dynamics of other defects (solute atoms, vacancies, second phase precipitates. . . ). The purpose of this thesis is to develop phase field models able to study dislocations behavior, their interactions with second phase precipitates and climb mechanisms by vacancy absorption/emission. We first propose an elastically non-linear phase-field model that naturally accounts for dislocations glide, nucleation and cross-slip. Using this model, we confirm that coherency loss of precipitates can occur by prismatic punching mechanisms, as proposed in previous studies. Then, we propose a coupling between this approach and a phase field model for microstructural evolutions and apply it to the analysis of AlS_3SSc precipitates in an aluminum matrix. We show that dislocations can modify significantly the precipitate interface morphology, which in turn can influence the mechanical response of the alloy. Finally, we propose a phase-field model for dislocation climb by vacancy diffusion and absorption/emission. We specially investigate the limiting character of the absorption/emission mechanisms at the dislocation core
Langlois, Laurent. "Évolutions propres de la microstructure de dislocations et conséquences sur le comportement élastoplastique des métaux." Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Langlois.Laurent.SMZ0023.pdf.
Full textSchmitt, Jean-Hubert. "Contribution à l'étude de la micro-macroplasticité des aciers." Grenoble INPG, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPG0031.
Full textJacques, Vincent. "Application de la diffraction cohérente des rayons X à l’étude de défauts topologiques dans les structures atomiques et électroniques." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112244.
Full textIn the present work, coherent x-ray diffraction has been used to highlight various physical phenomena. In most cases, the detection of topological defects allows drawing conclusions about the order or disorder in the periodic arrangements, and coherent x-ray diffraction is well suited for their detection. First of all, the notion of coherence will be exposed, and the main characteistics of the profiles obtained by coherent x-ray diffraction when a topological defect is present in the illuminated volume will be exposed through measurements carried out in a silicon sample containing well-known dislocation loops. This technique was then used for the study of electronic crystals, such as incommensurate Charge Density Wave (CDW) and Spin Density Wave (SDW) compounds. Several systems were studied : pure monocrystalline chromium, blue bronze K0. 3M0O3, and NbSe 3. In the case of chromium, our results show that the SDW and the CDW behave differently, and are not organized the same way, which raises the question of the link between these two modulations. Besides, an isolated bulk magnetic dislocation was detected, and allowed to extract the SDW force constant of chromium. Blue bronze and NbSe3 were studied under electric field, in the sliding CDW state. A very long range order was observed in this regime. A description in terms of a soliton-like lattice is proposed
Moulin, Antoine. "Etude de la plasticité du silicium à une échelle mésoscopique par simulation numérique 3D." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECAP0542.
Full textBelabbas, Imad. "Simulation à l’échelle atomique des cœurs de dislocations dans le nitrure de gallium." Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN2009.
Full textIn the state of art of atomistic simulations, we have investigated energetics, atomic and electronic structures of different core configurations of prismatic and basal dislocations in wurtzite GaN. For that purpose, we have used three different methods: ab-initio DFT, tight-binding (SCC-DFTB) and an empirical potential (Modified Stillinger-Weber). We have provided the first atomistic models for the mixed dislocation core, where the configuration with a double 5/6-atoms ring corresponds to the structure already observed by Z-contrast imaging. We have also proposed, for the screw dislocation, a new core configuration, with a double 6-atoms ring, which is more energetically favourable than the configuration, with a single 6-atoms ring, known up to now. For this dislocation, we have, moreover, shown the presence of extended channels running along the core that may be at the origin of leakage currents, usually observed in GaN based devices. In case of basal dislocations, we have demonstrated for screw dislocations that the most energetically favourable core configuration belongs to the shuffle set, while a complete reconstruction of dangling bonds at the core of glide configurations do not lead necessarily to a lowering in core energy. For the mixed 60° dislocation, we have shown that the most energetically favourable core belongs to the glide set and possesses nitrogen polarity. A shuffle configuration with a complex 5/8/5-atoms ring structure, that contains wrong bonds, was found to be energetically favourable for the edge dislocation. This configuration is expected to result from a 90° bending of a screw dislocation with a double 6-atoms ring core during an ELO growth. All the core configurations of the edge dislocation were found to exhibit a large stress field. This may be a driving force for contamination of GaN layers grown by ELO with Si and O atoms which form the mask
Coupeau, Christophe. "Etude in situ de la déformation plastique par microscopie à force atomique." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2255.
Full textShi, Xiaoli. "Analyse des mécanismes élémentaires gouvernant les propriétés mécaniques de Ni3Al." Paris 13, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA132017.
Full textRoqueta, Fabrice. "Piégeage d'impuretés métalliques par implantation d'hélium : applications aux composants intégrés de puissance." Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR4032.
Full textIn the industry of the semiconductor, the contamination of silicon by metal impurities, like iron, in particular during thermal treatments at high temperatures, involves a degradation of the electrical characteristics as well as some reliability problems. Until now, the gettering stage was filled by a phosporus diffusion step after a POCI3 deposition. However this technique is not always sufficient or even possible on several types of components. A promising alternative is the use of helium implantation as gettering stage. The aim of this work was to study the evolution of the defects created by helium implantation, as well as the kinetics of trapping of metal impurity, iron. The influence of this trapping stage was observed through the evolution of electrical quantities, measured on Schottky and bipolar diodes. Using this technique, we have observed a reduction of the free iron concentration is observed and accompanied by a reduction of the leakage currents. In some components, it becomes inevitable to carry out a lateral gettering. Within this framework, we studied the lateral gettering using helium implantation, this element being implanted in periphery of the devices. The obtained results confirm the capacity of lateral gettering of the metal impurities by helium implantation. The lateral extension, using this type of gettering, can reach several millimeters, phenomenon being limited by the diffusion of the impurity to trap. The tests of this helium implantation step on a protection diode (produced by STMicroelectronics) have shown a great improvement of the fabrication yields
Ton-That, Laurent. "Interactions dissolution/plasticité dans les alliages cubiques à faces centrées-Fluage du cuivre mono et polycristallin assisté par la dissolution anodique." Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EMSE0003.
Full textWe studied the influence of anodic dissolution on the ambient creep behaviour of copper single crystals and polycrystals in acetic acid – sodium acetate buffer solution. The results show that accelerated creep rates of polycrystals and multiple glide single crystals are essentially due to the loss of section caused by anodic dissolution according to Faraday’s law (mechanical effect). On the other hand, results on single crystals oriented for single glide shows that the mechanical effect justify the accelerated creep rates of single crystals at a level of 50%. Results of microscopic investigations - Atomic Force Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy – highlighted a surface dislocations multiplication mechanism
Poty, Alexandre. "Etude de la plasticité dans les métaux hexagonaux à l'échelle atomique : dynamique des dislocations par dynamique moléculaire." Thesis, Metz, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011METZ010S/document.
Full textThe forming of a material requires the deformation at an atomic level of his structure. This deformation involves the creation and movement of defaults like the dislocations. The dislocations mobility plays a major role in the plasticity of the materials. There are different types of dislocations gliding on different gliding systems. Currently the principal gliding systems are well known but the secondary systems aren't. Our work is to define the principal and the secondary gliding systems, to rank them and to calculate the value of the critical resolved shear stress responsible for the dislocation movement. For that we chose to use Molecular Dynamics with EAM (Embedded Atom Method) potentials. We began our studies by comparing the results of several EAM potentials for Zirconium and Titanium to the plastic and elastic properties obtained experimentally or by ab initio calculation.We studied edge dislocations in the prismatic, basal and pyramidal 1 planes. We calculated the critical resolved shear stress of these dislocations in Zirconium and Titanium. Finally we got interested in the fault energies of several gliding planes of Zirconium and Titanium. For that we calculated the γ surfaces of those planes. We compared results obtained by molecular dynamics to results obtained by ab initio calculation. We finally gave a classification of those planes
Rodney, David. "Dislocations et processus élémentaires de la plasticité dans les métaux CFC : apport des simulations à l'échelle atomique." Grenoble INPG, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPG0184.
Full textLemoine, Xavier. "Analyse micromécanique de la formation des cellules de dislocations et conséquences sur le comportement des aciers." Metz, 1995. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1995/Lemoine.Xavier.SMZ9524.pdf.
Full textThe formation of microstructure of dislocation cells at intragranular level is generaly responsible for physical mechanisms of plastic localisation by shear band. The microstructure induced by prestrain, implicates from a second path, strong internal stresses and complex reactions between dislocations. With hypothesis of scale separation, this work establishes the behavior law of grain to take into account the formation of dislocation cells. The driving forces of plastic strains and cells morphology are obtained by a thermomicromechanical approach describing a volum with discontinuity surfaces of plastic strain. Applied to simplify representation of dislocation microstructure, the introduction of complementary laws translating the effect of non local hardening allows to deduce the elastoplastic behavior of grain. An usual self-consistent transition in elastoplasticity allows to reach the behavior of polycrystal
Laurent, Bruno. "Le platine dans les redresseurs rapides : influence des défauts, des interfaces et de la précipitation sur les performances des caractéristiques inverses." Aix-Marseille 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX30014.
Full textGold and platinum diffusion in silicon decreases the reverse recovery time (Trr) of rectifiers lifetime by introducing deep levels in the band gap which reduces the minority carriers lifetime. The location of the platinum levels with regard to the middle gap is more favorable then the gold ones allowing leakage currents in reverse bias to be reduced. However, these impuriries and specially platinum degrade the electrical reverse characteiristics giving rise to micro-plasma which induce soft breakdown. In this work, using SGS-Thomson fast rectifiers, we performed chemical and structural characterization at the different steps of the manufactoring process, this allowed us, by comparison with electrical results, to define the different parameters influencing the existence of the soft reverse characteristics. We shown that these bad electrical characteristics are correlated with crystallographic defects induced by electrical doping and also with the presence od silicon-silicon oxyde interface. .
Ghouati, Omar. "Identification et modélisation numérique directe et inverse du comportement viscoplastique des alliages d'aluminium." Besançon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BESA2035.
Full textRaujol, Sonia. "Influence du vieillissement sur le comportement en fluage d'un superalliage pour disques d'une turbine." Toulouse, INSA, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ISAT0015.
Full textThe purpose of the national project called «Future Supersonic Transport Airplane» concerns the creation of a successor for Concorde able to have a life time four times longer and an increase of the aeroengine output. A new powder metallurgy superalloy called NR3, developed at ONERA, was then elaborated at SNECMA to be used for turbine disks in order to resist the new real working conditions. They are defined by a creep deformation near 700°C under 300 MPa during 20. 000 hours and the long time maintenance, at such a temperature, of this two-phase alloy, inducing a microstructural change negative for the mechanical properties must be understood. The aim of our work is to study, after different thermal treatments, the evolution of the deformation micro-mechanisms during this microstructural ageing, in order to deduce its impact on the creep resistance of the alloy. Several different experimental techniques were used at different scales: macroscopic creep tests, post mortem and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and EDX spectroscopy. Finally, a particular emphasis is made on the decrease of the population of the smallest “tertiary” precipitates during ageing. Their important role is revealed by TEM observations through the evolution of the micro-mechanisms responsible for the deformation. It is clearly demonstrated that their dimension, the channel width between them, their chemistry and the quality of their order control at this temperature the variation of the creep resistance of the alloy
Dablij, Mohammed. "Étude expérimentale de l'effet Portevin-Le Chatelier dans trois alliages aluminium-magnésium dans des conditions de vitesse de déformation ou de contrainte imposées." Metz, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1998/Dablij.Mohammed.SMZ9863.pdf.
Full textInstability of plastic flow associated with the effect PLC is manifested in the appearance and the propagation of deformation bands. The resulting homogeneous flow degrades the material formability and gives a rigorous aspect to the surface after been formated. To avoid these bad effects, it is necessary to master those factors conditionning the releasing of the instabilities. Thought the PLC phenomenon was well known, the modilisation and the experimental results are still elementary and often contradictory. The object of the present investigation is to characterize the plastic instability PLC in three alloys of Al-Mg at room temperature ; on the one hand, by studying the characteristics of bands deformation and the different aspects of the instability on the stress strain curves; on the other hand, by making evident both influence of magnesium tenor and the initial microstructural estate on the releasing of PLC effect. The experimental study performed on a large scale of stress rate using two types of tensile machine: a hard machine where strain rate is imposed and a soft one where the stress rate using two types of tensile machine : a hard machine where strain rate is imposed and a soft one where the stress rate is imposed. The critical strain evolution in which PLC effect appears with stress rate, presents two ways : one increasing, described by the models based on the process of dynamic strain aging, and the other one decreasing predictable by the models taking into account dynamic precipitation effects and the precipitate shearing. While the deformation was taking place, a saturation and a strain rate sensitivity of squeezing were observed on hard machine. These results correspond to the macroscopic models of PLC effect based on strain rate sensitivity. The study of the variations of PLC bands' characteristics while deformation was taking place under the stress rate was performed. The diminution of propagation rate and the stress rate correspond quantitatively to certain theoretical models' previsions. We have found that the evolution of the strain and strain rate in bands are similar. Finally, the comparative study of the three alloys shows that the Mg tenor and the initial microstructural estate affect significatively the conditions of appearance and the aspect of PLC phenomenon
Taisne, Aude. "Interaction "dislocations/interfaces" dans des bicristaux d'acier austénoferritique : rôle de l'hydrogène sur les défauts." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112305.
Full textInternal interfaces are sites at which stress concentrations build-up and possibly relax during deformation. Thus, the interaction mechanisms of lattice dislocations with interphase boundaries and the interfacial stress accommodation processes must be investigated at a microscopic level in order to understand and possibly control the material behavior under mechanical solicitation. The microscopic study of the deformation performed on α/γ bicrystals, has two goals : 1) to determine the influence of the orientation relationship between crystals 2) to investigate the role in the deformation micromechanisms of the position of the notch made in the α-phase or in the γ-phase. This study has been made by using the combination of transmission electron microscopy techniques assisted by image contrast simulation. While only geometry determines the type of dislocation transfer, "direct" or "indirect", in grain boundaries, intrinsic elastic properties of the two phases play an important role in interface interphase processes. .
Champiot, Bayard Fréderic. "Etude et modélisation de la propagation des fissures de fatigue de roulement amorcées en sous-couche dans l'acier M50(80 Mo Cr V 42)." Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0110.
Full textThis work deals with the experimental study and the modelling of the propagation of cracks nucleated in M50 bearing steel subsurface under rolling contact fatigue. Its aim consists in developing a numerical modelisation using micromechanics and physical metallurgy concepts taking into account the micro structural properties of the material. The first part of this work is devoted to the experimental characterisation of the M50 mechanical properties. The M50 elasto-viscoplastic behavior is studied and a special attention is paid to the thermally activation mechanism which control the • plastic deformation. Then, the physical mechanisms responsible for the crack propagation are investigated through two specific experiments. On one hand, we have simulated the crack propagation in rolling by means of a compressive device. On the other hand, the ultrasonic echography technique has allowed us to follow the crack propagation through interrupted rolling fatigue tests. In the second part of this work, we have developed a modelisation of the crack propagation in mode II by the description of the emission and the thermally activated motion of dislocations in front of the crack. Then, this model has been adapted to the specific mode of loading of a crack nucleated in subsurface under rolling fatigue. In the framework of a determinist description, a calculation of the fatigue limit, for which the propagation of the nucleated cracks are observed to stop, is proposed. Finally, an estimation of the number of cycles to crack propagation from its nucleation area to the contact surface is presented
Gaillard, Yves. "Initiation de la plasticité sous nanoindentation dans MgO et LiF : étude de l'organisation des dislocations et des contraintes associées." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2276.
Full textThe aim of this work is to understand the deformation mechanisms in MgO and LiF monocrystals during the first stages of plasticity involved during a nanoindentation test. In this way, we have developed a new technique (nanoetching) based upon chemical etching, controlled chemo-mechanical polishing and further AFM observations. Nanoetching provide a full description of the 3 dimensional dislocation structure (burgers vectors and glide planes) and the dislocation interaction. This technique had also allow to clarify the process of dislocation nucleation, especially during the elastic - elasto-plastic transition. Finally, some of these dislocation structure, quite simple, were modelled from the expression of the stress field created around a spherical indenter
Charvieux, Franck. "Caractérisation de la plasticité cyclique de l'aluminium polycristallin dans le domaine 90-300 K : Utilisation de la technique de couplage onde ultrasonore - contrainte basse fréquence." Lyon, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAL0083.
Full textThe aim of our work is to study and understand the influence of the temperature on the cyclic plasticity of pure aluminium. At low temperature the saturation stage of the fatigue process is longer to reach and the saturation stress is far higher than at room temperature. In order to characterize fatigue states, the coupling technique, that is ultrasonic waves superimposed on a low frequency bias stress, has been used during cyclic plasticity interruptions. The ultrasonic measurements can provide informations about evolution of the interactions between dislocation-point defects, dislocation-dislocation and dislocation lattice involved in cyclic plasticity. In addition, the heterogeneous repartition of dislocation within the materials is expected to be the source of the polarized internal stress witch has been observed by the ultrasonic measurements. Indeed, using the concept of composite materials and the Eshelby's method we have determined quantitatively this internal stress. Thus, we have shown that the strong increase in the saturation stress observed at low temperature can be explained mainly by the increase in the volume f r action of the dislocation rich region
Anglade, Pierre-Matthieu. "Etude du comportement mécanique du tantale sous pression par dynamique moléculaire." Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MARN0214.
Full textSlimani, Abdelwahab. "Etude par émission acoustique de la déformation cyclique de polycristaux d'aluminium 5N sollicités en traction-compression." Lyon, INSA, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ISAL0015.
Full textSauter, Fabien. "Comportement viscoplastique du dioxyde d'uranium à haute température." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPL009N.
Full textAntoine, Pascal. "Influence de la microstructure sur le coefficient d'écrouissage des aciers sans interstitiels stabilisés au titane (aciers Ti-IF)." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-99.pdf.
Full textNgantcha, Jean Pierre. "Relations entre microstructure et spectrométrie mécanique à haute température dans un alliage de cuivre à oxydation interne." Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT2274.
Full textMajimel, Jérôme. "Etude de la précipitation et des mécanismes de dislocations dans l'alliage Al(CuMg)2650." Toulouse, INSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ISAT0023.
Full textSevere flying conditions have been retained for the future Supersonic Civil Transport aircraft: this aircraft is planned to have a four times longer lifetime than Concorde's one. The selected aluminium alloy for fuselage skin, the 2650(AlCuMg) one, has therefore to exhibit both a high damage tolerance and a strong resistance to long term creep in the 100ʿC-130ʿC temperature range. My thesis aims consequently at : 1)understanding the dislocation mechanisms which control the alloy plasticity under such conditions, 2)improving the knowledge of the hardening precipitation in this alloy. The main part of this investigation has been carried out using the transmission electron microscopy in its conventional and high resolution modes. We show that thermal activation allows cross-slip events on the dislocations and therefore, dislocation multiplication and precipitates by-passing. Three type of precipitates have been identified, two of them introducing strain fields in the matrix
Tortel, Hervé. "Etude par effet tunnel des composés Mo4O11 et NbSe3 dans l'état onde de densité de charge." Aix-Marseille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX11019.
Full textLei, Huaping. "Dislocations et puits quantiques dans les nitrures semiconducteurs III-V par des méthodes de dynamique moléculaire et du premier principe." Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN2023.
Full textThe properties of the threading dislocations and their possible interactions with the InGaN quantum wells are theoretically investigated by using a modified empirical Stillinger-Weber potential (SW) and the first principle calculations (SIESTA package). All types of pure threading dislocations: a-edge, c-screw, a-screw and c-edge in InN and AlN have been systematically studied by using SW in comparison with GaN. The new core structures of c-screw dislocations in AlN and InN are found as same in GaN with the wrong bonds located in a plane. With SIESTA, the a-edge dislocations were treated by using the quadrupolar supercells in AlN, GaN and InN. The image effect due to the periodic boundary condition has been considered by the quadrupole summation and ghost dislocation methods. The corrected core energies have indicated that 8-atom core is more energetically feasible than 4- or 5/7-atom cores. The transferability of the Stillinger-Weber potential to the large distortion system has been validated. The strain effect reduces the energetic stability of systems, and the role of c-screw dislocation on the phase separation is studied. The formation of In-rich clusters is not energetically feasible, but would be possible in the core of c-screw dislocation. The strain in InGaN/GaN heterostructures further reduces the energetic stability. Suffering from the strain, N-Ga and N-In bonds are compressed, and an abnormal behavior of N-Ga bonds takes place: N-Ga bond length is reduced as a function of indium concentration when the strain is larger than the critical value. A force balance model has been proposed to explain the abnormality of N-Ga bonds in the strained InGaN quantum wells
El, Halami Hafida. "Influence de la déformation plastique sur la réactivité du nickel dans la réaction d'évolution de l'hydrogène en milieu acide : approche cinétique et thermodynamique." La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS206.
Full textHydrogen role in hydrogen embrittlement has not been precisely identified. The aim of the present work is to investigate structural parameters influence on hydrogen adsorption and desorption steps (Hydrogen Evolution Reaction) which govern the first stages of the embrittlement. A kinetic and thermodynamic approach allows the determination of geometric and energetic parameters which describe these electrochemical steps. Correlations between structural characteristics and surface activity facing hydrogen have been drawn. They show that the two step rates are significantly affected by crystallographic orientation, and increase with plastic strain. The latter is responsible for the development of additional active sites, created by dislocations emergence, which modify the two steps activation energies end the effect of cathodic polarisation on this activation. The competition between these two effects leads to the enhancement of HER rate with strain increase, and to the reduction of this enhancement as dislocations concentrate to form a cell structure. The possible surface modification with hydrogenation probably leads to surface deactivation for further Hydrogen / Nickel attractive interaction, especially since diffusion circuits are increased. This adsorption / absorption transition step has to be investigated for better understanding of hydrogen entry into a metallic structure
Maire, Eric. "Relations entre les propriétés mécaniques statiques et la microstructure de composites à matrice métallique à renforts particulaires élaborés par Osprey™." Lyon, INSA, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ISAL0007.
Full textThis study deals with metal matrix composites reinforced by ceramic particles af!d elaborated by the Osprey™ route. The work is divided into four parts: - The study of the microstrusture shows that the dislocations repartition is heterogeneous in the matrix. - The elastic part of the tensile curve is studied by means of a mode! which permits to calculate the modulus of the composite. In this mode!, the particles population can be divided into several Families exhibiting different properties. - The determination of the mechanical behavior in the micro plastic domain permits to measure the elastic limit. The complex behavior observed is analyzed by means of calculations of the proportional limits and of the work hardening rates in the case of a complex thermo-mecanical loading. We propose a new mo del which permits to account for the heterogeneity of the dislocations repartition in the matrix. This mode! uses the results of the calculation of the dislocations positions (physical metallurgy approach). It also uses a mode! based on the micro mechanic approach to calculate the behavior of the composite : the N phases mode!. - The study of the damage resistance is performed by means of in situ tensile tests in a SEM. We propose a new approach of this technique, adapted to account for the statistical dispersion of the results. The observations are explained by means of theoretical considerations based on the calculation of the stress field in the particles
Hirel, Pierre. "Etude par simulations à l' échelle atomique de la formation de boucles de dislocation à partir d' irrégularités de surface d' un métal contraint." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Hirel-Pierre/2008-Hirel-Pierre-These.pdf.
Full textIn this PhD thesis, we studied the nucleation of dislocations from a surface in a fcc metal under stress, using atomic-scale simulations as well as models based on elastic theory of dislocations. Nucleation from surfaces, which initiate plasticity in nanometer-scale materials, requires the crossing of an energy barrier; this is possible through thermal activation. We were able to determine the role of different factors, such as temperature or the surface condition, on the nucleation event. Several atomistic methods were used to determine the activation parameters associated with the energy barrier: the critical radius the dislocations has to overcome in order to become stable and propagate, and the activation energy and volume. Finally, some information concerning dislocations dynamics and plastic phenomena subsequent to the nucleation process were obtained
Haddad, Ahmed. "Contribution à la détermination des courbes limites de formage en contraintes et en déformations à partir de la théorie 3G." Chambéry, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CHAMS032.
Full textSan, Juan Maria Luisa. "Etude par frottement intérieur de la mobilité des dislocations aux températures supérieures à 0,3 Tf dans l'aluminium de haute pureté : relation avec la microstructure." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO10010.
Full textDurocher, Arnaud. "Simulations massives de Dynamique des Dislocations : fiabilité et performances sur architectures parallèles et distribuées." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0423/document.
Full textDislocation dynamics simulations investigate the behavior of linear defects, called dislocations, in crystalline materials. It is an essential part multiscale modelling of the materials, used for instance in the nuclear industry to characterize the behavior and aging of materials under irradiation. The ability of dislocations to multiply, annihilate and interact presents many challenges, for instance in terms of storage and access to data. This thesis addresses some challenges of dislocation dynamics simulation on parallel and distributed computers. In this thesis, I improve the Optidis simulator to open the way to more complex simulations. My contributions focuses mainly on improving the reliability and performance of Optidis. A new interface to access simulation data is proposed to dissociate its implementation form the physical algorithms. This data structure allows better performance as well as better code maintainability, even with distributed data. A new fast and reliable collision detection and handling algorithm has been implemented. Collision detection techniques from the robotics and 3D animation industries are used to speedup the detection process. With the use of the new data structure and a more reliable design, this algorithm enables more precise collision handling and the use of a larger simulation timestep. The precision of the results have been measured by comparing Optidis to Numodis. The performance of the code has been studied on larger scale simulations with millions of segments and hundreds of CPU cores, demonstrating that such simulations can now be achieved
Kachit, Mahmoud. "Influence de la microstructure et du mode de sollicitation sur l'irréversibilité du glissement des dislocations lors d'une sollicitation mécanique cyclique." Lyon, INSA, 2004. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2004ISAL0025/these.pdf.
Full textThe goal of this study is to help to predict lasted of life of machine parts subjected to a cyclic request starting from a preliminary characterization of material. The rupture of the metal parts by cracking can be associated a critical density of dislocations. Starting from an initial state each cycle puts moving a quantifiable number of dislocations. Some of this dislocations do not disappear at the end from the cycle and accumulate while making grow the density of dislocations. The quantification of the irreversibility of the movement of dislocations, i. E. The increase in the density of dislocations, is thus the key of a prediction of the lasted of life
Portelette, Luc. "Analyse des mécanismes de glissement des dislocations dans l'UO2 à l'aide de la modélisation multi-échelles comparée à l'expérience." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0406/document.
Full textThis thesis is part of the study of fuel elements of pressurized water reactors and, more specifically, focus on the understanding and modelling of the viscoplastic behavior of uranium dioxide (UO$_2$) at polycrystalline scale. During the incidental operation of the reactor, the fuel undergoes a strong increase of temperature and thermal gradient between the center and the periphery of the pellet leading to viscoplastic strains due to dislocation movement mechanisms. First, a crystal plasticity model was developed in order to describe the viscoplastic anisotropy of the material considering the temperature and the loading rate. Finite element (FE) simulations on single crystals enabled to highlight that the three slip modes generally observed in UO$_2$ are crucial to describe the anisotropic behavior of the material. Secondly, coefficients of the interaction matrix have been identified specifically for UO$_2$ in order to improve the polycrystal modelling. Indeed, by calculating geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs), which are responsible of the great increase of the stored dislocation density in polycrystals, the interactions between dislocations enable to simulate de grain size sensitivity and hardening of the fuel pellet. Finally, the model adapted for polycrystals, have been validated by comparing FE simulations with pellet compression tests and by comparing the simulated intra-granular behavior with EBSD measurements. Thanks to the latter comparison, it is possible to indirectly compare the strain heterogeneities in the grains
Korzeczek, Laurent. "Modélisation mésoscopique en 3D par le modèle Discret-Continu de la stabilité des fissures courtes dans les métaux CFC." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC049/document.
Full textThe erratic behaviour of short cracks propagation under low cyclic loading in ductile metals is commonly attributed to a complex interplay between stabilisation mechanisms that occur at the mescopic scale. Among these mechanisms, the interaction with the existing dislocation microstructure play a major role. The dislocation microstructure is source of plastic deformation and heat transfer that reduce the specimen stored elastic energy, screen the crack field due to its self generated stress field or change the crack geometry through blunting mechanisms. For the first time, these mechanisms are investigated with 3D-DD simulations using the Discrete- Continuous Model, modelling three different crack orientations under monotonic traction loading promoting mode I crack opening.Surprisingly, screening and blunting effects do not seem to have a key role on mode I crack stabilisation. Rather, the capability of the specimen to deform plastically without strong forest hardening is found to be the leading mechanism. Additional investigations of two different size effects confirm those results and show the minor contribution of a polarised dislocations density and the associated kinematic hardening on crack stabilisation
Manole, Ciprian. "Analyse des contraintes internes dans les monocristaux cfc : vers une nouvelle loi de plasticité cristalline." Phd thesis, Chambéry, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00527162.
Full textCheneau-Späth, Nadine. "Comportement de monocristaux et de polycristaux de métaux hexagonaux en grandes déformations plastiques : compression plane du titane et du magnésium." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG4201.
Full textMompiou, Frédéric. "Contribution à l'étude de la plasticité des quasi-cristaux icosaèdriques AlPdMn et AlCuFe." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30058.
Full textChampion, Yannick. "Analyse structurale et modélisation des phases et interfaces hétéro phases dans le système zirconium-bore." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066081.
Full textToffano, Zeno. "Raies R. M. N. Dans les métaux organiques (TMTSF)₂PF₆ et (TMTSF)₂Cl O₄ : incommensurabilité de l'onde de densité de Spin." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112326.
Full textFor the first time, in the S. D. W. State of the organic conductors (TMTSF)₂ClO₄ and (TMTSF)₂PF₆, the amplitude δ f the order parameter and the nesting vector Q̅ are determined, from a detailed analysis of the methyl proton N. M. R. Line-shape for various magnetic field orientations. In the paramagnetic metallic state, the fast rotational tunneling of the two inequivalent methyl groups splits the line into one central line and two pairs of satellites with shifts depending on field orientation, in good agreement with theory. In the S. D. W. State, the local fields due to the ordered magnetic structure lead to an important broadening of the line. By a careful analysis of the lineshape and its evolution in terms of field orientation, we prove, for both compounds, that the S. D. W. Is incommensurate; we are able to determine the local fields at each methyl site and separate the dipolar contribution from the hyperfine contact term; we deduce both the amplitude δ and wave vector Q̅ of the S. D. W. The amplitude δ = 8% +̠ 2% (in unit μB per molecule) for PF₆ is much larger than previous estimates from N. M. R. Broadening. The b* component of the nesting vector Q̅b = (0. 20 + 0. 05) b̅* (b̅* reciprocal lattice basis vector) for PF₆ is in contradiction with simple theories leading to Q̅b = 0 or Q̅b = 0. 5 b̅* but agrees with the consequences of realistic tight binding band calculations. The Q̅ vector is different in (TMTSF)₂ClO₄, in agreement with the theoretical prediction that Q̅ depends on the nature of anion and experimental conditions like pressure
Covarel, Grégory. "Etude par spectrométrie mécanique isotherme à basse fréquence d'alliages CuAlNi et relation avec la microstructure." Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT2255.
Full textJacques, Vincent. "Application de la diffraction cohérente des rayons X à l'étude de défauts topologiques dans les structures atomiques et électroniques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00463496.
Full textStroe, MIOARA ELVIRA. "Hydrogen embrittlement of ferrous materials." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210889.
Full textThe aim of this work is twofold: to better understand the hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms and to translate the acquired knowledge into a more appropriate qualification test.
The phenomena of hydrogen entry and transport inside the metals, together with the different types of damages due to the presence of hydrogen, are presented.
The analysis of the most important models proposed up to now for hydrogen embrittlement (HE) indicated that the slow dynamic plastic straining is a key factor for the embritteling process. There is a synergistic effect of hydrogen – dislocations interactions: on one hand hydrogen facilitates the dislocations movement (according to the HELP mechanism) and on the other hand dislocations transport hydrogen during their movement when their velocity is lower than a critical value.
This work is focused on supermartensitic stainless steels, base and welded materials. The interest on these materials is due to their broad use in offshore oil production.
First, the material’s characterisation with regards to hydrogen content and localisation was performed. This was conducted in charging conditions that are representative of industrial applications.
Because of previous industrial experience it was necessary to find a more appropriate qualification test method to asses the risk of HE.
In this work we proposed the stepwise repeated slow strain rate test (SW R – SSRT) as a qualification test method for supermartensitic stainless steels.
This test method combines hydrogen charging, test duration, plastic, dynamic and slow strains. Thus, this test method is coherent with both the model HELP proposed for hydrogen embrittlement and the observations of industrial failures.
The stepwise repeated slow strain rate test (SW RSSRT) is interesting not only as a qualification test of martensitic stainless steels, but also as a qualification test of conditions for using these materials (type of straining, range of strain and stress, strain rate, hydrogen charging conditions, etc.).
Ce travail se rapporte à l’endommagement provoqué par la présence simultanée de l’hydrogène sous forme atomique et une contrainte (appliquée où résiduelle).
Ce travail a comme but une meilleure compréhension du mécanisme de la fragilisation par l’hydrogène (FPH) et la recherche d’un essai de qualification qui soit cohérent avec ce mécanisme.
Les phénomènes liés à l’entrée et au transport de l’hydrogène au sein des métaux, ensemble avec les différents types d’endommagements dus à la présence de l’hydrogène, sont présentés.
L’analyse des modèles proposés jusqu’au présent pour la fragilisation par l’hydrogène (FPH) suggère que la déformation lente plastique dynamique est le facteur clé pour le processus de la fragilisation. Il y a un effet synergétique des interactions entre l’hydrogène et les dislocations: d’un coté l’hydrogène facilite le mouvement des dislocations (d’après le modèle HELP) et d’un autre coté les dislocations transportent l’hydrogène pendant leur mouvement, pourvu que leur vitesse soit en dessous d’une valeur critique.
Le travail a été conduit sur des aciers supermartensitiques, matériau de base et soudé. L’intérêt pour ces matériaux réside de leur large utilisation dans la production du pétrole en offshore.
D’abord, le matériau a été caractérisé du point de vu de la teneur et de la localisation de l’hydrogène. Les essais ont été conduits dans des conditions représentatives pour les cas industriels.
L’expérience industrielle d’auparavant indique qu’il est nécessaire de trouver un test de qualification plus approprié pour estimer la susceptibilité à la fragilisation par l’hydrogène.
Dans ce travail on propose un essai de traction lente incrémentée (SW R – SSRT) comme méthode de qualification pour les aciers supermartensitiques.
L’essai combine le chargement en hydrogène, la durée d’essai, la déformation lente, plastique et dynamique. Donc, cette méthode d’essai est cohérente avec le modèle HELP proposé pour FPH et les observations des accidents industriels.
Cet essai est intéressant pas seulement comme essai de qualification pour les aciers supermartensitiques, mais aussi comme essai de qualification pour les conditions d’utilisation des ces matériaux (type de déformation, niveau de déformation et contrainte, vitesse de déformation, conditions de chargement en hydrogène, etc.).
Doctorat en sciences appliquées
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished