Academic literature on the topic 'Disintermediation/reintermediation'

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the remarkable trend of multisided platforms (MSPs) in the travel industry with the help of which travel agencies (TAs) and global distribution systems (GDSs) can reinforce their intermediary roles. Orthodox TAs face the threats of disintermediation because of the ever faster-changing developments in information and communication technologies, such as the emergence of metasearch engines, online travel agencies, direct bookings on airline websites and the widespread of mobile applications for travel related bookings. GDSs face similar threats of disintermediation from low-cost carriers and legacy carriers, as these carriers promote and encourage direct bookings via their official websites or via the new distribution capability. Design/methodology/approach This is a casestudy-oriented research, and the case selected is a MSP based in Turkey. The data are gathered using semi-structured interviews conducted from 15 international representatives of this MSP in different countries. Interviews were conducted either physically at the MSP’s headquarters in Antalya, Turkey, or virtually using Zoom application from January to October 2019. Findings The paper portrays the significance of MSPs in terms of their contributions toward the reintermediation of the two important intermediaries, namely, TAs and GDSs in the travel industry supply chain. Both of them are prone to the dangers of disintermediation because of the developments in technology, networking and communication channels; the worldwide accessibility of the stakeholders to the internet; and the direct reach of suppliers to consumers. The deteriorating role of TAs and GDSs is reignited by the successful launch, deployment and adoption of MSPs in the ecosystem of the travel industry. Originality/value This paper offers an insight into the prevailing trend of MSPs in business to business (B2B) trading from the perspective of two main intermediaries, TAs and GDSs, in the supply chain of the travel industry. The paper in a novel way compiles the data from the interviews to shed light on the adoption of MSPs by intermediaries in their business models to reintermediate themselves because the sole reliance of intermediaries on orthodox business models is pushing them on to the verge of disintermediation.

In this paper I address two issues of general relevance to contemporary debates in economic geography: first, the organisational and spatial implications of new information technologies for the economic landscape; and, second, the enduring role of place to digital capitalism. Specifically, I examine the organisational evolution of multichannel retailing in Toronto from a geographical perspective. Bricks-and-mortar retailers are increasingly pursuing a multichannel strategy by operating an Internet-based web store alongside the existing network of physical retail outlets. I therefore evaluate the organisational implications of the adoption of business-to-consumer e-commerce (e-tailing) technology for six Canadian bricks-and-mortar retailers based in Toronto and assess how the associated changes in business structure have been inscribed upon the urban landscape. The argument is developed in three sections. First, I discuss how the formula for competitive advantage in the new (r)etail markets of the developed world has shifted from a pure play to a multichannel organisational paradigm. Second, I provide a background to the development of Canadian e-commerce and an overview of the empirical methodologies employed during the research. Third, the focus of the paper moves ‘behind the web store’ to spatialise the physical places that constitute the fulfilment infrastructure of e-tailing as sequentially linked stages in Internet commodity chains. I evaluate the impact of the Internet commodity chain upon the geographical organisation of each retailer, and, in particular, consider whether the unique logistical requirements of e-tailing have stimulated spatial processes of disintermediation and reintermediation. It is argued that, when read through the lens of Toronto, e-tailing has incurred limited organisational disruption and is characterised by a distinctive geography of integration between online and offline retailing services within the urban space of the city. I conclude the paper by contextualising the findings within themes for conceptual debate in economic geography.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-110).
The objective of this thesis, entitled "Reintermediation or Disintermediation? The Impact of ECommerce on Commercial Real Estate Brokerage", is to evaluate the impact of e-commerce on the functional areas of commercial real estate (CRE) brokerage. Our selected functional areas include: database, search engine (sort/match), tour guide, analysis, negotiation, and documentation & closing. The Introduction and Chapter 1 provide an overview of the CRE brokerage industry and current e-commerce business models, Chapter 2 through Chapter 7 examine each functional area from current state and future outlook perspectives, and, lastly, the Conclusion presents our vision for the future of e-commerce and CRE brokerage industry. In the process of evaluating the six functional areas, we will analyze the current business models of the major CRE brokerage-related e-commerce companies and attempt to identify the business models' potential success factors in relation to the functional areas. We will also discuss how commercial real estate brokers can leverage technology to remain competitive in their evolving marketplace and how e-commerce is likely to impact the brokerage industry's future compensation structure.
by Lin Li-Williams and Derek Olsen.
S.M.

Purpose - The purpose of this master thesis is to identify critical factors and create guidelines for traditional consultant brokerage firms to stay competitive in a digital economy. Methodology - This qualitative study with an abductive approach, gathered data primary from semi-structured interviews. A total 18 interviews were conducted with travel agency executives as well as buyers, sellers, and matchmakers of consultant services. Collected data were analyzed using thematic coding. Findings - The main findings of this show that traditional matchmakers can take actions to stay competitive if a digital platform enters the market. In addition, the study suggests proactive and reactive measures that organizations can take to address these disruptive forces. Theoretical implications - The study will provide an understanding of consultant brokerage and their function as a matchmaker in the marketplace. Besides, it will provide an insight into how some traditional matchmakers can survive in a digital economy. Practical implications - This thesis will provide managers with concrete guidelines on how to react in the event of disintermediation of a matchmaker market. Keywords - Disintermediation, Business strategy, Reintermediation, Matchmakers, Intermediates, Consultants, Brokers Paper type - Master thesis

Depuis la fin des années 2000, les plateformes de financement participatif se développent en France avec la promesse d’une relation directe, désintermédiée, entre demandeurs de financement et financeurs, en facilitant l’accès aux fonds pour des porteurs de projet et en permettant aux Français de financer les projets de leur choix. Cette thèse vise à étudier ce phénomène à partir d’une enquête combinant observation ethnographique et entretiens menés auprès des différents acteurs qui se sont organisés pour faire exister et développer ce secteur d’activité. L’enquête montre que l’institutionnalisation du financement participatif en France résulte d’une action collective impliquant des professionnels du secteur, des représentants des pouvoirs publics, des partenaires de plateformes et des médias. Alors que les plateformes défendent un modèle d’auto-organisation et d’autonomie, il apparaît que le développement des plateformes n’aurait pas été possible sans l’intervention des pouvoirs publics qui ont créé un cadre juridique favorable au financement participatif, au nom d’une volonté de faire évoluer le rapport des Français à leur épargne et d’amener ces derniers à contribuer à la santé économique des entreprises dans un contexte de crise. L’enquête montre aussi que par-delà l’extrême hétérogénéité des trois modèles majoritaires de financement participatif étudiés (don/contrepartie, prêt et capital), un effort collectif est fait pour mettre en valeur les points communs et gommer l’hétérogénéité des secteurs concernés (d’un côté le monde de la création culturelle, de l’autre le monde de la finance). Les plateformes, en tant que dispositifs socio-techniques, cherchent à se présenter comme des instruments neutres qui favoriseraient un appariement naturel entre des demandeurs de fonds et des financeurs. Cette recherche montre au contraire que l’essor de ce modèle de financement est le fruit d’un travail marchand mené par les professionnels du secteur pour recruter deux types d’usagers sur leur plateforme : des demandeurs de fonds d’un côté et des financeurs de l’autre. L’enquête montre les arbitrages opérés par les plateformes entre une logique de volume et une logique de qualité. Pour réduire le risque, les plateformes mettent en place des systèmes de qualification et de sélection des projets, souvent importés de la finance traditionnelle, qui entrent en contradiction avec les discours de démocratisation de l’accès au financement. Dans leurs efforts de développement, elles cherchent aussi à nouer des relations avec les acteurs traditionnels du monde de la finance. Ce faisant elles réintroduisent de nouveaux intermédiaires qui viennent complexifier la relation entre demandeurs de fonds et financeurs
Since the end of the 2000s, crowdfunding platforms have been developing in France with the promise of a direct and disintermediated relationship between project owners and funders, facilitating access to funds for project owners and allowing French Internet users to fund projects of their choice. This PhD dissertation studies this phenomenon by combining ethnographic observation and interviews with various actors who have participated in the development of this activity. The research shows that the institutionalization of crowdfunding in France stems from a collective action involving industry professionals, representatives of public authorities, platform partners, and the media. While platforms defend a model of self-organization and autonomy, it appears that their development would not have been possible without the intervention of public authorities, who have created a favorable legal framework to crowdfunding, in order to change the relationship of the French population with its savings and to encourage the contribution to the economic health of new firms in a context of crisis. The study also shows that, despite the extreme heterogeneity of the three majority crowdfunding models studied (reward-based, lending-based, and equity-based), there is a collective effort to highlight common characteristics and to blur the heterogeneity of the sectors (on the one hand the world of cultural creation, on the other the world of finance). Platforms, as socio-technical devices, seek to present themselves as neutral instruments that favor a natural match between fund seekers and funders. This research shows that actually the growth of this financing model is the result of a market labor carried out by professionals in the sector to bring two types of users on their platform: the fund-seekers on one side and the funders on the other. The research also shows that the platforms strategic decisions try to balance out quantity and quality of projects. To reduce risks, platforms put in place qualification and project selection processes, often imported from traditional finance - contradicting the idea of democratization of access to funding. In their development efforts, they also seek to build relationships with traditional players from the world of finance. In doing so, they reintroduce new intermediaries that complicate the relationship between fund-seekers and funders

碩士
國立交通大學
經營管理研究所
95
Along with increasing penetration of the Internet, establishment of communication infrastructures and regulations and development of e-customer behaviors, the future of e-commerce for travel industry is getting more and more positive. The development trend of travel industry nowadays shows many upstream suppliers are seeking on-line business opportunities. Traditional travel players have been threatened due to the emergence of new Internet indermediaries. The paper discusses in encountering strong impacts caused by vigorous growth of the Internet, how traditional travel agencies apply limited resources to develop e-commerce, keep the cost down, improve competitiveness, and finally come disintermediated to optimize operational performance. Hence, the Internet is beneficial not harmful. The purpose of this study is to investigate the process of traditional travel firms being reintermediated while encountering disintermediation. The intermediation, disintermediation and reintermediation (IDR) framework propsed by Chircu & Kauffman(2000) explains how middlemen, in the presence of information technology innovations, change firm-level strategy choices and the structure of the marketplace. Intermediation describes the entry of a new company into the value chain that connects a buyer and a supplier, either as a provider of new and innovative services, or as a competitor to existing intermediaries. These new middlemen, also called infomediaries, can act on behalf of buyers in their interaction with sellers, leading to greater buyer power through the aggregation and consolidation of demand. Disintermediation occurs when a middleman gets pushed out by other firms, or when the services it provides become irrelevant in a marketplace that offers other ways to get the same kind of transaction done. In IT-mediated market, since intermediaries significantly increase the costs of the products, there is a strong incentive for their elimination from the value chain. Reintermediation occurs when the traditional player is able to adopt new and innovative ways for conducting transactions, often enhanced by the application of IT, and thus effectively fight back against other competitors that have created the pressures for disintermediation. In this context, the IDR framework is discussed to propose a workable business model as reference for travel firms.

Disintermediation, reintermediation, and cybermediation strategies are some of the most widely known strategies in e-commerce. Main benefits of perusing such strategies include reduction of costs and creation of values between buyers and sellers. However, these strategies may not be applicable for every scenario in the book, especially in the context of the growth of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). In order for intermediation strategies to be beneficial, organisations have to ensure that internal and external critical success factors are achieved. Hence, the purpose of this chapter is to analyse the role and relevance of disintermediation, reintermediation, and cybermediation in the context of MSME growth. This chapter will fill the gap in literature by explaining the possible connection between MSME growth and the three e-commerce strategies, whereby MSMEs can observe which strategies are vital for their growth via critical success factors.