Journal articles on the topic 'Disinfection and disinfectants Health aspects'
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1
Lapteva, Ekaterina S., and Marina R. Tsutsunava. "Current aspects of the safety hospital environment." Russian Family Doctor 21, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rfd2017338-44.
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When providing medical assistance either in terms of the medical institution or outside, there are always certain risks posing a threat to the patients and personnel health. According to the patients opinions, those risks are linked closely to medical practitioners professionalism level, their compliance with disinfection and sterilization regimes, proper hands decontamination, wearing gloves, availability of the disposable sterile equipment / instruments. Other studies found evidence of it in terms of health care setting and, specifically, indicate violation of the hospital hygiene and epidemiology standards, disinfection being carried out manually using the working disinfectant solutions, “human factor” demonstrating through non-compliance with the disinfectant application regimes. Only about one-third of the medical workers showed satisfactory knowledge on hand hygiene. All these problems mentioned and others require to explore conceptual framework of the educational program “Safe hospital environment” which is taught to the medical students and are supposed to be reviewed annually and updated accordingly, taking into account the latest scientific achievements. This article provides an overview of a new concept of “Safe hospital environment” as the educational module, included in the nursing discipline “Training for developing Basic Professional Skills, including Basic Skills in Scientific Research”. Discipline is studied by the first level medical students.
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Csoma, Zsanett Renáta, Péter Doró, Gyula Tálosi, Tamás Machay, and Miklós Szabó. "Neonatal skin care in tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Hungary." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 28 (July 2014): 1102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29910.
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Introduction: Skin physiology of neonates and preterm infants and evidence-based skin care are not well explored for health care providers. Aim: The aim of our present study was to investigate the skin care methods of the tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Hungary. Method: A standardized questionnaire was distributed among the 22 tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Units with questions regarding skin care methods, bathing, emollition, skin disinfection, umbilical cord care, treatment of diaper dermatitis, and use of adhesive tapes. Results: The skin care methods of the centres were similar in several aspects, but there were significant differences between the applied skin care and disinfectant products. Conclusions: The results of this survey facilitate the establishment of a standardized skin care protocol for tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Units with the cooperation of dermatologists, neonatologists and pharmacists. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(28), 1102–1107.
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Hossain, Sharif, Christopher W. K. Chow, David Cook, Emma Sawade, and Guna A. Hewa. "Review of Nitrification Monitoring and Control Strategies in Drinking Water System." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074003.
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Nitrification is a major challenge in chloraminated drinking water systems, resulting in undesirable loss of disinfectant residual. Consequently, heterotrophic bacteria growth is increased, which adversely affects the water quality, causing taste, odour, and health issues. Regular monitoring of various water quality parameters at susceptible areas of the water distribution system (WDS) helps to detect nitrification at an earlier stage and allows sufficient time to take corrective actions to control it. Strategies to monitor nitrification in a WDS require conducting various microbiological tests or assessing surrogate parameters that are affected by microbiological activities. Additionally, microbial decay factor (Fm) is used by water utilities to monitor the status of nitrification. In contrast, approaches to manage nitrification in a WDS include controlling various factors that affect monochloramine decay rate and ammonium substrate availability, and that can inhibit nitrification. However, some of these control strategies may increase the regulated disinfection-by-products level, which may be a potential health concern. In this paper, various strategies to monitor and control nitrification in a WDS are critically examined. The key findings are: (i) the applicability of some methods require further validation using real WDS, as the original studies were conducted on laboratory or pilot systems; (ii) there is no linkage/formula found to relate the surrogate parameters to the concentration of nitrifying bacteria, which possibly improve nitrification monitoring performance; (iii) improved methods/monitoring tools are required to detect nitrification at an earlier stage; (iv) further studies are required to understand the effect of soluble microbial products on the change of surrogate parameters. Based on the current review, we recommend that the successful outcome using many of these methods is often site-specific, hence, water utilities should decide based on their regular experiences when considering economic and sustainability aspects.
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Cho, J., H. Choi, I. S. Kim, and G. Amy. "Chemical aspects and by-products of electrolyser." Water Supply 1, no. 4 (June 1, 2001): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0080.
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The electrolyser is a disinfection device consisting of a series of porous graphite plates through which water flows while low voltage and current are applied. This electrolyser had been demonstrated successfully for efficient microbial (coliform bacteria, bacteriophage, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium) inactivation before this study. In this study, chemical aspects were evaluated in terms of the formation of disinfectants and/or oxidants as well as disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the disinfection by the electrolyser. Experiments were performed under constant electrolyser conditions but variable water quality conditions (electrolyte type and concentration, dissolved organic carbon, bromide ion (Br-) and, to an extent, pH). It was shown that disinfectants and (chlorinated or ozonated) DBPs could be measured successfully for the effluent samples from the electrolyser. Chlorination by-products did not pose any problem in compliance to drinking water regulations, while bromate and chlorate (ozonation by-products) were shown to be formed at levels near their respective regulation levels, but only under extreme water quality conditions.
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Di Martino, Giuseppina, Salvatore Pasqua, Bruno Douradinha, Francesco Monaco, Chiara Di Bartolo, Pier Giulio Conaldi, and Danilo D’Apolito. "Efficacy of Three Commercial Disinfectants in Reducing Microbial Surfaces’ Contaminations of Pharmaceuticals Hospital Facilities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020779.
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To evaluate and validate the efficacy of disinfectants used in our cleaning procedure, in order to reduce pharmaceutical hospital surfaces’ contaminations, we tested the action of three commercial disinfectants on small representative samples of the surfaces present in our hospital cleanrooms. These samples (or coupons) were contaminated with selected microorganisms for the validation of the disinfectants. The coupons were sampled before and after disinfection and the microbial load was assessed to calculate the Log10 reduction index. Subsequently, we developed and validated a disinfection procedure on real surfaces inside the cleanrooms intentionally contaminated with microorganisms, using approximately 107–108 total colony forming units per coupon. Our results showed a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal efficacy coherent to the acceptance criteria suggested by United States Pharmacopeia 35 <1072>. The correct implementation of our cleaning and disinfection procedure, respecting stipulated concentrations and contact times, led to a reduction of at least 6 Log10 for all microorganisms used. The proposed disinfection procedure reduced the pharmaceutical hospital surfaces’ contaminations, limited the propagation of microorganisms in points adjacent to the disinfected area, and ensured high disinfection and safety levels for operators, patients, and treated surfaces.
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Pope, Zachary C., Timothy J. Kottke, Aditya Shah, Richard G. Vile, and Stacey A. Rizza. "Inactivation of Replication-Competent Vesicular Stomatitis Virus as SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate on Common Surfaces by Disinfectants." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 7714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147714.
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Surface disinfection is part of a larger mitigation strategy to prevent the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus causing coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Research evaluating the time, nature, and extent of surface disinfection of replication-competent viruses is needed. We evaluated the efficacy of two disinfectants against a replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 surrogate on three common public surfaces. Vesicular stomatitis virus expressing green fluorescent protein (VSV-GFP) was our replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 surrogate. Disinfection occurred using Super Sani-Cloth Germicidal Disposable Wipes and Oxivir Tb spray per manufacturer instructions to test the efficacy at reducing the presence, viability, and later replication of VSV-GFP on stainless steel, laminate wood, and porcelain surfaces using standardized methods after recovery and toxicity testing. During the main trials, we placed 100 µL spots of VSV-GFP at viral titers of 108, 107, and 106 PFU/mL on each surface prior to disinfection. Trials were completed in triplicate and post-disinfection measurements on each surface were compared to the measurements of non-disinfected surfaces. Disinfectants were considered efficacious when ≥3-log10 reduction in the number of infectious VSV-GFP virus units was observed on a given surface during all trials. Both disinfectants produced a ≥3.23-log10 reduction in infectious VSV-GFP virus unit numbers, with all trials showing no viable, replication-competent VSV-GFP present on any tested surface. The two disinfectants eliminated the presence, viability, and later replication of VSV-GFP, our SARS-CoV-2 surrogate, on all surfaces. This information suggests that, if following manufacturer instructions, overcleaning surfaces with multiple disinfectant solutions may be unnecessary.
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Lempart, Anna, Edyta Kudlek, and Mariusz Dudziak. "Evaluation of different methods supporting swimming pool water disinfection in the aspect of removing organic micropollutants." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000044.
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As a result of the intensive development of analytical techniques that allow to reduce the detection limits of tested compounds, the latest scientific research alerts the growing number of organic micro-pollutants identified in the swimming pool water environment. These compounds can both react with the disinfectant, causing the formation of highly toxic disinfection by-products or constitute a serious health risk to swimmers due to their biological activity. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to evaluate the modern methods supporting disinfection used in swimming pool systems, in the aspect of removing compounds from the group of organic microorganisms. The total content of organic matter in systems using UV radiation and ozonation was compared. The identification of organic micropollutants was also carried out. The presence of two phthalates in the tested pools has been documented. It has been shown that their concentration depends on the disinfection method used. Photocatalytic degradation of phthalates in the pool water system allowed to obtain over 35% removal rate, while the efficiency of ozonation in the most favourable case was just over 16%.
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Sobsey, Mark D. "Inactivation of Health-Related Microorganisms in Water by Disinfection Processes." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0098.
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The recent literature on disinfection of health-related microorganisms in water and wastewater is reviewed. There is now considerable evidence that traditional microbial indicators of water and wastewater quality, such as total and fecal coliform bacteria, are inadequate to predict the presence or disinfection responses of several important, newly recognized bacterial, viral and protozoan pathogens. This review emphasizes the response to disinfection of waterborne microbial pathogens and potential indicators of recent recognition and public health concern. These organisms include heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria, frank and opportunistic bacterial pathogens, such as Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolytica, non-tubercular mycobacteria, Legionella spp. and pseudomonads; coliphage indicators and enteric viral pathogens, such as hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses and Norwalk virus; and protozoan pathogens, such as Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, and the free-living amoeba (e.g., Acanthamoeba spp. and Negleria spp.). The responses of these organisms to widely used, traditional disinfectants, such as free and combined chlorine, and to disinfectants of more recent interest, such as ozone, chlorine dioxide and ultraviolet light, are reviewed. This review also attempts to identify the variety of factors influencing disinfection efficiency, especially those that interfere with disinfection. It is apparent that traditional microbial indicators, such as total and fecal coliforms, are more sensitive to disinfection than such pathogens of recent concern as mycobacteria, enteric viruses and protozoan cysts. Therefore, efforts must be continued to find more reliable indicators of disinfection efficiency and microbial water quality and improved methods for water and wastewater disinfection.
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Lloyd-Evans, Nellie, V. Susan Springthorpe, and Syed A. Sattar. "Chemical disinfection of human rotavirus-contaminated inanimate surfaces." Journal of Hygiene 97, no. 1 (August 1986): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400064445.
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SUMMARYFomites may play a role in the transmission of rotavirus infections, and in view of this, 27 disinfectants were evaluated for their ability to inactivate human rotavirus (HRV) on contaminated non-porous inanimate surfaces. Disks of stainless steel, glass and two types of plastics were contaminated with about 107 plaque-forming units of HRV suspended in faecal matter. The inoculum was allowed todry and an equal volume of the product under test was applied to the contaminated surface. After contact for 1 min, the action of the disinfectant was stopped by dilution. Surviving infectious virus on the disks was determined by plaque assay in MA-104 cells. A product was considered to be effective if itcould reduce the virus titre by at least 3 log10. Only 33·3% (9/27) of the formulations tested proved to be effective. Further testing of the effective products, which included antiseptics, instrument soaks and hard-surface disinfectants, showed that all of them could, in fact, reduce the virus titre on contaminated surfaces by at least 6 log10. These findings show the relative resistance of HRV to a widerange of chemical disinfectants in common use, and also emphasize the need for a more thorough evaluation of the virucidal potential of formulations regularly employed in attempts to prevent and control outbreaks of rotaviral diarrhoea.
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Серов, Алексей Андреевич, Н. В. V. Шестопалов, Т. В. V. Гололобова, Л. С. S. Федорова, И. А. A. Храпунова, and А. Д. D. Меркульева. "The role of disinfectological investigations in the management of the complex of preventive activities." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 3 (April 20, 2020): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-3-235-241.
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Introduction. Among infectious agents associated with provision of medical care, resistant ones to disinfectants from various chemical groups are more often met. In this regard, disinfection measures carried out in a medical facility are not always effective enough. Material and methods. 9 strains of microorganisms were selected for research (Klebsiella pneumoniae -2 pcs., Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus warneri, Serratia rubidaea, Staphylococcus sciuri, Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecium - per 1 pcs.), isolated from the objects of hospital environment in operating unit, intensive care and trauma units, as well as 5 samples of disinfectants from different chemical groups (on the basis of quaternary ammonium salt, tertiary amine and polyhexamethyleneguanidine; on the basis of sodium percarbonate with activator; on the basis of hydrogen peroxide and didecyldimethylammonium chloride; in the form of tablets on the basis of sodium salt sodium dichloroisocyanurate acid), used in the specified divisions of medical facities. The studies were performed in accordance with the methodology set out in methodology instructions MU 3.5.1.3439-17 “Assessment of sensitivity to disinfectants of microorganisms circulating in medical organizations.” Results. When conducting chemical-analytical studies of samples of disinfectants 4 samples out of 5 were found to have inconsistencies in one or another quality indices. The analysis of instructions on application of disinfectants 4 means from 5 were showed to have unreasonably underestimated modes of application. According to the results of the evaluation of the sensitivity of microorganisms to disinfectants, the majority of isolated microorganisms was found to have resistance to the studied disinfectants Conclusion. Based on the results of the study of sensitivity of microorganisms to disinfectants, a new tactic for improving disinfection measures is proposed for medical facilities: rotation of disinfectants and an enhanced system of microbiological monitoring of the sensitivity of microorganisms to disinfectants
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Serov, Aleksey A., N. V. Shesotpalov, T. V. Gololobova, L. S. Fedorova, I. A. Khrapunova, and A. D. Merkulieva. "THE ROLE OF DISINFECTOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE COMPLEX OF PREVENTIVE ACTIVITIES." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 3 (April 20, 2020): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33029/0016-9900-2020-99-3-235-241.
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Introduction. Among infectious agents associated with provision of medical care, resistant ones to disinfectants from various chemical groups are more often met. In this regard, disinfection measures carried out in a medical facility are not always effective enough. Material and methods. 9 strains of microorganisms were selected for research (Klebsiella pneumoniae -2 pcs., Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus warneri, Serratia rubidaea, Staphylococcus sciuri, Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecium - per 1 pcs.), isolated from the objects of hospital environment in operating unit, intensive care and trauma units, as well as 5 samples of disinfectants from different chemical groups (on the basis of quaternary ammonium salt, tertiary amine and polyhexamethyleneguanidine; on the basis of sodium percarbonate with activator; on the basis of hydrogen peroxide and didecyldimethylammonium chloride; in the form of tablets on the basis of sodium salt sodium dichloroisocyanurate acid), used in the specified divisions of medical facities. The studies were performed in accordance with the methodology set out in methodology instructions MU 3.5.1.3439-17 “Assessment of sensitivity to disinfectants of microorganisms circulating in medical organizations.” Results. When conducting chemical-analytical studies of samples of disinfectants 4 samples out of 5 were found to have inconsistencies in one or another quality indices. The analysis of instructions on application of disinfectants 4 means from 5 were showed to have unreasonably underestimated modes of application. According to the results of the evaluation of the sensitivity of microorganisms to disinfectants, the majority of isolated microorganisms was found to have resistance to the studied disinfectants Conclusion. Based on the results of the study of sensitivity of microorganisms to disinfectants, a new tactic for improving disinfection measures is proposed for medical facilities: rotation of disinfectants and an enhanced system of microbiological monitoring of the sensitivity of microorganisms to disinfectants
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Muter, Olga, Madars Dâvids, Dagnija Vecstaudþa, Vilhelmîne Ðteinberga, Agnese Kukela, Valdis Segliòð, and Mâris Kïaviòð. "Waterless Cleaning Compositions with Disinfection Properties: Efficacy and Environmental Aspects / Bezûdens Tîrîðanas Lîdzekïi Ar Dezinficçjoðo Iedarbîbu: Efektivitâte Un Apkârtçjas Vides Aspekti." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 69, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2015-0047.
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Abstract The microbial ecology of different indoor environments determines the human microbiome. Hence, cleaning and disinfection of indoor environments like hospitals, apartments, automobiles, etc. are of great importance. Nonaqueous surface cleaning preparations (SCPs) are often used for this purpose. A cleaning composition may contain the following compounds: primary surfactant, cosurfactant, solvent, cosolvent, organotropic (organic solubilizing) agent, hydrotropic (water solubilising) agent, water and salts, and special additives. In this paper, the efficacy of complex preparations is discussed, focusing on the chemical composition and testing methods. Particular attention is paid to quaternary ammonium compounds, i.e. surfactants with disinfection properties, which are known to act as antistatic agents, detergents, oil-in-water emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, and lubricants. Specificity of target microorganisms, physicochemical properties of surrounding media and treatment mode are the main factors affecting the efficacy of disinfection. Due to the enormous economic importance and massive worldwide use of surfactants and disinfectants, their environmental impact needs to be evaluated and controlled. Increased knowledge and better understanding of the antimicrobial capacity of disinfectants are essential to optimise sanitation procedures, to reduce costs, environment waste and to improve shelf life.
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Alfa, Dorcas, Sudesh Rathilal, V. L. Pillay, Kumnandi Pikwa, and Martha N. Chollom. "Development and evaluation of a small scale water disinfection system." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 3 (July 8, 2016): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.093.
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Provision of microbiologically safe drinking water for people living in the rural areas of developing countries remains a major challenge to date. A simple gravity-driven membrane point of use system was developed based on woven fabric microfiltration (WFMF) membranes. The WFMF is a loose type of membrane (0.45 μm). However, complete disinfection is not achieved with the WFMF, hence it was incorporated with two disinfectants. This study aimed to combine the WFMF with two disinfectants (WaterGuard and bromochlor tablets) to bring the water to the accepted quality for drinking. Four different types of water were sourced, considering two factors: E. coli and turbidity content. The WFMF demonstrated excellent filtration performance by producing permeates with turbidity less than 1 NTU for feed turbidity ranging between 10 and 200 NTU. There was 95–99.8% E. coli removal for raw feeds with influent E. coli ranging between 500 and 44,500 CFU/100 mL. Total disinfection was achieved with both disinfectants; however, the effectiveness of the chemical disinfectants in E. coli removal was affected by the quality of water to be disinfected. The study showed that turbidity plays a major role in disinfection performances by increasing chlorine demand on water sources with high turbidity levels.
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Grenkova, T. A., A. I. Chizhov, M. P. Gusarova, and N. V. Gudova. "Study of the Effectiveness against Test Strain Mycobacterium terrae DSM 43227 of Some Substances Containing Fragment of Phenolic." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 15, no. 4 (August 20, 2016): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2016-15-4-37-41.
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Relevance. Multi-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been an important problem in public health around the world. However, development of effective methods and means of disinfection is now extremely urgent. Phenol is probably the oldest known disinfectant. Disinfectants based on substances containing phenolic practically used in almost every countries of the worldwide for the disinfection of medical devices, surfaces and hand hygiene. Goal. Comparative study of the activity of certain disinfectants containing phenol fragment against the test strain. Materials and methods. Multi-drug-resistant M. terrae, M. avium-intracellulara and M. tuberculosis have similar characteristics of resistance to chemical disinfectants, herefore M. terrae DSM 43227 used as the test strain. We studied five used in Russia for the production of disinfectants and antiseptics. substances containing a phenolic. Results. The disinfectant effect of substances with phenol compounds was detected in lower concentrations (from 0.02% for 2-benzil-4-chlorphenol to 1.0% for ortophenylphenol) than with substances containing glutaraldehyde or chloramine B compounds. Conclusions. Saving disinfecting effectiveness at low concentrations of the active substances in the working solutions can be recommended disinfectants based on phenolic compounds for disinfection measures in the complex of measures for prevention of occurrence and spread of tuberculosis.
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Anhäuser, Lea, and Udo Eickmann. "Dokumentierte Risiken beim Einsatz von Desinfektionsmitteln." ASU Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin 2021, no. 06 (May 25, 2021): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17147/asu-2106-8996.
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Documented risks when using disinfectants Objectives: Description of the occurrence of diseases through the use of disinfectants based on the data of the occupational disease routine database (BK-DOK) of the German Social Accident Insurance Institution for the health and welfare services (BGW) for the period from 2010 to 2019. Methods: An evaluation was carried out of the available data from the BK-DOK of the BGW on various diseases caused by chemical substances (BK 13xx), obstructive respiratory diseases (BK 4301/02) and skin diseases (BK 5101), which are possibly related to disinfection activities. The data covers the period from 2010 to 2019. The analysis drew a distinction between the 15 sectors of the BGW, the type of decision and the triggers for an occupational disease. Only decided cases were considered. Results: In the 10-year period, 81,960 cases of the selected occupational diseases were decided. Of these decisions, 92.2 % concerned BK 5101, 6.6 % BK 4301/02 and 1.2 % BK 13xx. Disinfectants were not documented as job-related reasons for the development of systemic diseases and only marginally for obstructive respiratory diseases. Disinfectants and wet work were documented as decisive influencing factors on the development of skin diseases. Conclusions: Skin diseases in particular occurred when handling disinfectants. This is attributed, on the one hand, to influences from the disinfectants themselves and, on the other hand, to the wet work caused by them. This was not only a problem in the health care sectors but affected every sector of the BGW. Increased prevention work and diligent risk assessment for disinfection and wet work are decisive factors in the reduction of occupational disease cases. Keywords: documentation of occupational diseases – disinfectants – wet work – skin diseases
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Hune, Samantha R., Ann-Marie DiGeorge Foushee, Meredith C. Ervin, Stephen J. Anderson, Mark D. Ervin, and Amber M. Mallory. "An Analysis of the Effectiveness of High-level Disinfection for Surgical Instruments Used by Department of Defense Austere Surgical Teams." Military Medicine 186, Supplement_1 (January 1, 2021): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa440.
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ABSTRACT Introduction The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of currently employed commercial disinfectants in a simulated austere surgical environment similarly faced by ground surgical teams in forward deployed positions. Severe contamination of traumatic combat wounds along with limitations of operations in austere environments may result in available disinfectants providing inadequate surgical instrument decontamination. Materials and Methods The study consisted of nine experimental groups and two control groups evaluating hemostatic forceps found in kits of ground surgical teams. Hemostats were contaminated in a manner replicating the use in austere wartime surgery, cleaned by manual debridement and soaked in a disinfectant. Initially, instruments were debrided in one of three initial liquids (potable water, sterile water, or potable water with Envirocleanse A) and subsequently treated with one of three terminal disinfectants (Cidex OPA, CaviCide, or Neutral Disinfectant Cleaner). Treated hemostats were placed in sterile wire-closure bags for various storage times and tested for viable bacteria measured by colony-forming units. Results Our findings indicated that mechanical debridement in water, independent of Envirocleanse A, followed by soaking in any of the three terminal disinfectants achieved a marked reduction in recovered bacteria from hemostats regardless of storage length. Of the three disinfectants tested, Cidex OPA appeared to be the most robust in terms of decontamination, followed by CaviCide and Neutral Disinfectant Cleaner. Conclusions This study supports the conclusion that all evaluated disinfectants are capable of rapidly producing instruments with minimal bacterial contaminants when standard sterilization is unavailable. Therefore, when lifesaving surgical intervention must be performed in a deployed environment, austere surgical teams can confidently utilize either product with minimal risk of infection. However, of the disinfectants, Cidex OPA appears to be most effective in reducing bacterial contamination for both rapid and slow turnover of instrument usage, and thus, the disinfectants are recommended for application when sterilization is not available.
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Crow, Sue. "Product Commentary: Housekeeping Products: The Choice Is Yours." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 9, no. 1 (January 1988): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/645731.
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For years, Infection Control Practitioners have been asked to identify the “ultimate” hospital::: disinfectant. Health care personnel seem to want a multipurpose product; one that can he used for handwashing for, instrument disinfection and for cleaning the commode. Simply stated, there is not one product that call successfully do all three. Antiseptic solutions, which are approved by the Food and Drug Administration are for use on skin (ie, handwashing and skirt preparation whereas disinfectants are for use in the inanimate environment and are approved by the Environmental Protection Agency.There are two classifications of' disinfectants housekeeping disinfectants and instrument disinfectants. Housekeeping disinfectants are generally low-level disinfectants, and quartenary ammonium compounds or phenol-based solutions are the most common. Instrument disinfectants are high-level disinfectants such as glutaraldehydes and chlorine dioxide.
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Rutala, William A., and David J. Weber. "Disinfectants used for environmental disinfection and new room decontamination technology." American Journal of Infection Control 41, no. 5 (May 2013): S36—S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.11.006.
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Sundari, Cok Dewi Widhya Hana, I. Gusti Ayu Sri Dhyanaputri, Nur Habibah, and Heri Setiyo Bekti. "Environmental Disinfection Training for the Community for the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 Transmission." Ahmar Metakarya: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 1, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.53770/amjpm.v1i2.50.
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Since its emergence at the end of 2019, WHO has designated COVID-19 as a pandemic after 114 countries were infected by the virus. The rate of transmission and spread of this virus is very massive. COVID-19 can be transmitted easily from human to human through close contact and droplets. According to several studies, the corona virus that sticks to various surfaces of objects can be effectively removed by using various types of disinfectants. The widespread use of disinfectant liquids in the community is not accompanied by sufficient knowledge, causing misuse which causes less effective disinfection and can even cause side effects for health and negative impacts on the environment. The purpose of this activity is to provide education to the public so that they understand how to manufacture and use disinfectants properly so that they are effective and avoid side effects on health. Implementation of this activity were 60 people, consisting of: representatives from the village apparatus, Sekehe Teruna Teruni, PKK and health cadres representing the Cempaga village, Bangli distric-Province of Bali. The method of devotion carried out in this activity are the lecture, discussion and training method. The training was held for 3 (three) days, consisting of lectures on disinfectants and environmental disinfection methods, as well as demonstrations of making disinfectants delivered by village representatives. The result of this activity is that there is an increase in knowledge about COVID-19 targeted training at the level of knowledge category both before training by 25% and after training to 63.33%. And there is an increase in knowledge about environmental disinfection for the prevention of COVID-19 training targets at the level of knowledge both before training by 16.67% and after training to 63.33%. It is recommended to carry out environmental disinfection in the surrounding environment using household materials and carry out environmental disinfection safely both for public health and for the surrounding environment.
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Springthorpe, V. Susan, Jodi L. Grenier, Nellie Lloyd-Evans, and Syed A. Sattar. "Chemical disinfection of human rotaviruses: efficacy of commercially-available products in suspension tests." Journal of Hygiene 97, no. 1 (August 1986): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400064433.
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SUMMARYSuspension tests were conducted on 69 commercial and 7 non-commercial disinfectant formulations to determine which classes of chemicals were most active against human rotavirus (HRV). Virus samples, in the presence of varying levels of organic matter, were exposed to the disinfectants for 1 min. The levels of remaining infectious virus were determined by plaque assay. Products were rated by their ability to reduce the levels of infectious virus by more than 3 log10in the presence or absence of tryptose phosphate broth (peptides and inorganic salts) or fecal matter.Of the commercially-available products tested, only 25% were rated as highly and 7% as moderately effective. The remaining 68% were either effective only in the absence of any additional organic matter (48%) or were completely ineffective (20%). The majority (64%) of the moderately and highly effective products were further examined for their ability to inactivate > 6 log10of infectious HRV in the presence of fecal matter or tryptose phosphate broth. With one exception, all these products were still effective. Products potentially suitable as topical antiseptics, hard surface disinfectants and instrument soaks were identified. The results emphasize the care that should be exercised in the selection of disinfectants for the control and prevention of rotaviral infections.
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Galal-Gorchev, Hend. "Chlorine in Water Disinfection." Pure and Applied Chemistry 68, no. 9 (September 30, 1996): 1731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199668091731.
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Disinfection of drinking-water is one of the main achievements of our time in the protection of public health. The use of chlorine for the destruction of microbiological pathogens is essential to protect the public from outbreaks of waterborne disease. Chlorine, as well as other disinfectants, produces a variety of chemical by-products. The risk from the presence of microbial pathogens in drinking-water is estimated to be several orders of magnitude greater than the risk from chlorination by-products. Any efforts to control these by-products must not compromise the microbiological quality of drinking-water.
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Al-Sayah, Mohammad Hussein. "Chemical disinfectants of COVID-19: an overview." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 5 (July 22, 2020): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.108.
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Abstract The outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) has led to a broad use of chemical disinfectants in order to sterilize public spaces and prevent contamination. This paper surveys the chemicals that are effective in deactivating the virus and their mode of action. It presents the different chemical classes of disinfectants and identifies the chemical features of these compounds that pertain to their biocidal activity, relevant to surface/water disinfection.
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Jaafarzadeh Haghighi Fard, Neematollah, Sahand Jorfi, Masoud Panahi Fard, and Maneli Ardashir Zadeh. "The effect of the use of disinfectants during COVID-19 pandemic on the bacterial contamination of dental unit waterlines." Environmental Health Engineering and Management 9, no. 3 (July 10, 2022): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ehem.2022.26.
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Background: The emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 has increased environmental disinfectant usage to reduce the transmission of this virus. Ethanol 70%-90% and 5% sodium hypochlorite have the highest consumption for disinfection of various environmental surfaces during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) are more susceptible to microbial contamination due to their particular structure. This study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing the use of disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic on the bacterial contamination of DUWLs. Methods: During November (before the COVID-19 pandemic) and December (during the COVID-19 pandemic), a questionnaire was used to assess the frequency of disinfection of unit surfaces and other environmental surfaces and the type of disinfectants used. The water samples were collected from different parts of DUWLs. The gram staining method followed by the biochemical method was used to identify the desired bacteria. Results: The results showed that the frequency of disinfection of dental units increased 8 times in December compared to November. There is a significant inverse relationship between the frequency of disinfection of dental units surfaces and the bacterial contamination of DUWLs. Conclusion: The microbial load in different parts of the DUWLs was less than 200 CFU/mL. The American Dental Association (ADA) recommended and indicated the allowable microbial concentration and the appropriate quality and water used in these units.
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Rahman, Fitria Setia, Rully Trihantana, and Ermi Suryani. "PELAKSANAAN KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN DAN PENGENALAN MANAJEMEN BISNIS SYARIAH DI DESA SUKAMAJU, KECAMATAN CIBUNGBULANG, KABUPATEN BOGOR." SAHID EMPOWERMENT JOURNAL 1, no. 01 (October 19, 2021): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.56406/sahidempowermentjournal.v1i01.25.
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Abstract
Covid-19 is a pandemic that occurs in various parts of the world and is a form of public concern. Transmission of this disease can be prevented by maintaining cleanliness, one of which can use antiseptics and disinfectants. This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of the use of antiseptics and disinfectants to prevent the transmission of Covid-19 in the Sukamaju village community. It can be concluded that the use of antiseptics and disinfectants to prevent the transmission of Covid-19 is effective if the selection is right and is used according to its designation. There is a need for further education by health workers to the public in order to be a preventive measure against the further spread of Covid-19. When the status of the Covid-19 pandemic was declared, various countries made efforts to prevent the transmission of the disease; Indonesia is no exception. One way to break the chain of transmission is to carry out disinfection. This article is a scoping review with the aim of getting an overview of the implementation of disinfection in preventing the transmission of Covid-19 in public areas and the possible health risks posed. The method of collecting data/information is by searching the websites of various ministries/agencies and online media within a period of 3 (three) months, starting from March 2020 (determination of the Covid-19 pandemic) until May 2020. The data and information collected includes references, locations, methods , the target of disinfection, as well as the disinfectant used, and its effect on health. Data analysis was done descriptively. The results show that disinfection in public areas, in offices, health facilities (hospitals and health centers), housing, shopping centers/malls/markets, and transportation areas (roads, terminals, bus stops, and vehicles) is carried out by spraying directly on the surface /objects that are frequently touched and in the disinfection booth, use a disinfectant that is irritating. The implementation of disinfection in several public areas is still not in accordance with the Disinfection Protocol/Guidelines in the Prevention of Covid-19 Transmission, so that it has the potential to pose a health risk. It can be concluded that the implementation of disinfection in public areas has the potential to pose a health risk. There is a need for supervision in the implementation of disinfection and socialization as well as education about potential health risks to the community.
Keywords: Covid-19, Disinfection Protocol/Guidelines, education about Shariah Business Management to the community.
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Assis, Marcelo Souza de, Renata Alves de Andrade Moreira Araújo, and Angela Maria Moed Lopes. "Safety alert for hospital environments and health professional: chlorhexidine is ineffective for coronavirus." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 66, suppl 2 (2020): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.s2.124.
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SUMMARY An alarming fact was revealed by recent publications concerning disinfectants: chlorhexidine digluconate is ineffective for disinfecting surfaces contaminated by the new coronavirus. This is a finding that requires immediate disclosure since this substance is widely used for the disinfection of hands and forearms of surgeons and auxiliaries and in the antisepsis of patients in minimally invasive procedures commonly performed in hospital environments. The objective of this study is to compare the different disinfectants used for disinfection on several surfaces, in a review of worldwide works. Scientific studies were researched in the BVS (Virtual Health Library), PubMed, Medline, and ANVISA (National Health Surveillance Agency) databases. The following agents were studied: alcohol 62-71%, hydrogen peroxide 0.5%, sodium hypochlorite 0.1%, benzalkonium chloride 0.05-0.2%, povidone-iodine 10%, and chlorhexidine digluconate 0.02%, on metal, aluminum, wood, paper, glass, plastic, PVC, silicone, latex (gloves), disposable gowns, ceramic, and Teflon surfaces. Studies have shown that chlorhexidine digluconate is ineffective for inactivating some coronavirus subtypes, suggesting that it is also ineffective to the new coronavirus.
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Savych, A. M. "Peculiarities of care for patients with coronavirus infection. Important safety issues for health care workers." Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 3.2 (December 15, 2020): 254–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2020-3.2-254-256.
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Background. In case of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), contact persons include, but are not limited to, health care workers (HCW) and caregivers of COVID-19 patients. Personal protective equipment is required for HCW working with patients or individuals with suspected COVID-19. Correct sequence and the correct technique of putting them on is very important.
Objective. To describe the safety measures for HCW in care of patients with COVID-19.
Materials and methods. Analysis of literature sources on this topic.
Results and discussion. Contaminated environmental surfaces take part in the contact route of transmission. To reduce the role of fomites in the transmission of the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, special recommendations of the Ministry of Health on surface cleaning and disinfection have been developed. After cleaning, disinfectants must be used to reduce the viral load on the surface. These disinfectants are also effective against other pathogens that are important in health care settings. Such agents include ethanol 70-90 %, chlorine-based agents, and hydrogen peroxide >0.5 %. The register of disinfectants of Ukraine contains more than 200 brands. The vast majority of them are represented by alcohol- and chlorine-containing solutions of various concentrations, colors and odors. The use of these solutions is limited to the torso and extremities. These solutions have a number of limitations and caveats in their use. For instance, in case of contact with mucous membranes, they have an irritating effect and require rinsing with plenty of water. Vapors of some of them should not be inhaled, so they should be used in well-ventilated areas or with protective equipment. Alcohol-based products should not be applied to damaged areas of the skin due to protein denaturation. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends to use the chlorine- and alcohol-based solutions with caution due to the lack of evidence of their safety. The decamethoxine-based solution Yusept (“Yuria-Pharm”) is intended for disinfection of hands and other parts of the body, including the face; for disinfection of HCW gloves and gloves in other places; for disinfection and pre-sterilization cleaning of all medical devices from various materials; for disinfection of hairdresser’s, manicure, pedicure and cosmetic accessories; for disinfection of rooms, furniture, patient care items, hygiene products, utensils, containers, sanitary equipment, rubber carpets; for current, final and preventive disinfection; for use in aerosol disinfection systems such as Yu-box and other disinfection systems. Proper hand washing technique is also an important preventive measure. The effectiveness of prevention of HCW infection during their professional duties depends on how serious the problem is taken by the management of the health care institution and the HCW, who work with infectious patients, themselves.
Conclusions. 1. For HCW working with patients or persons with suspected COVID-19, the use of personal protective equipment is mandatory. 2. Contaminated surfaces take part in the implementation of the contact route of infections’ transmission. 3. The vast majority of disinfectant solutions are alcohol- and chlorine-containing ones, which have a number of limitations and precautions in use. 4. Yusept solution is intended for disinfection of hands and other parts of the body, including the face; for disinfection and pre-sterilization cleaning of all medical devices; for disinfection of rooms, furniture, patient care items; for use in aerosol disinfection systems.
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Gere, Dóra, Eszter Róka, Gyula Záray, and Márta Vargha. "Disinfection of Therapeutic Spa Waters: Applicability of Sodium Hypochlorite and Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Disinfectants." Water 14, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050690.
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The microbial water quality of therapeutic pools operating without disinfection is recurrently compromised, posing a risk to bathers’ health. The complex composition of such waters and the sensitivity of their therapeutic components hinder the use of traditional chlorine-based disinfectants. The present study aimed to investigate the applicability of a hydrogen peroxide-based disinfectant in therapeutic water in comparison with hypochlorite. Disinfection efficacy, byproduct formation, and the fate of therapeutic components were tested for both disinfectants under laboratory conditions, applying different doses and contact times. Disinfection efficacy was found to be matrix-dependent, especially that of hydrogen peroxide against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a 10- to 1000-fold difference). Hypochlorite treatment presented a significant chemical risk through the generation of byproducts, mainly brominated and iodinated compounds and combined chlorine. Of the alleged therapeutic components, sulfide ions were eliminated (≥86% loss) by both disinfectants, and hypochlorite reacted with iodide ions as well (≥70% removal). Based on their composition, only 2% of Hungarian therapeutic waters can be treated by chlorination due to high concentrations of ammonia and/or organic compounds. Hydrogen peroxide is applicable to 82% of the waters, as the presence of sulfide ions is the only limiting factor. Due to the matrix effect, close control of residual disinfectant concentration is necessary to ensure microbial safety.
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Glaze, William H., Julian B. Andelman, Richard J. Bull, Rory B. Conolly, Charles D. Hertz, Ronald D. Hood, and Rex A. Pegram. "Determining Health Risks Associated With Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products: Research Needs." Journal - American Water Works Association 85, no. 3 (March 1993): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb05955.x.
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Qiu, Huanmin, and Weiwei Du. "Evaluation of the Effect of PDCA in Hospital Health Management." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (December 20, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6778045.
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PDCA plays a very important role in the hygienic management of hospital operating rooms. Before the PDCA management from February 2018 to February 2019, routine hygiene management in the operating room was adopted; after the PDCA management from February 2018 to February 2019, PDCA cycle management was adopted. 500 surgical patients were randomly selected from both groups. We compare the quality control checklist scores of hand hygiene management, environmental hygiene management, medical waste management, and disinfection and isolation management in the routine group and the PDCA group. We also compared the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in surgical incisions of the routine group and the PDCA group and the infection rate of various surgical incisions, air samples, surface samples, disinfectants, and sterilization rates of sterile items. The PDCA group’s hand hygiene management score, environmental hygiene management score, medical waste management score, and disinfection and isolation management score were higher than those in the conventional group ( P < 0.05 ). The detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in the PDCA group, the infection rate of type I, type II, and type III incisions, and the total infection rate of surgical incisions were lower than those in the conventional group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ). The qualified rate of air samples and surface samples in the PDCA group was higher than that in the conventional group ( P < 0.05 ), and the difference in the qualified rate of disinfectants and sterile items between the two groups was not statistically significant ( P > 0.05 ). The hygiene management of the operating room adopts PDCA sustainable improvement management measures to effectively increase the qualification rate of disinfection and sterilization, reduce the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria and infection rate of surgical incisions, and strengthen the management quality of hand hygiene, environmental hygiene, medical waste, and disinfection and isolation.
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Rozman, Urška, Darja Duh, Mojca Cimerman, and Sonja Šostar Turk. "Hygiene of Medical Devices and Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations for Alcohol-Based and QAC Disinfectants among Isolates from Physical Therapy Departments." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 14690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214690.
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Disinfectants are used intensively to control and prevent healthcare-associated infections. With continuous use and exposure to disinfectants, bacteria may develop reduced susceptibility. The study aimed to check the hygiene of devices in the physiotherapy department. For isolated bacterial strains, we aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of five different disinfectant wipe products currently in use. Microbiological environmental sampling in four various institutions in four different cities from two counties was performed, followed by CFU calculation and identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization with time-of-flight analyzer mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). The sampling was performed on three different occasions: before patient use, after patient use, and after disinfection. The susceptibility of isolates to three different alcohol-based and three different quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) disinfectant wipes was examined by determining the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). We identified 27 different bacterial species from 11 different genera. Gram-positive bacteria predominated. The most abundant genera were Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Bacillus. The average MIC values of alcohol-based disinfectants range between 66.61 and 148.82 g/L, and those of QAC-based disinfectants range between 2.4 and 3.5 mg/L. Distinctive strains with four-fold increases in MIC values, compared to average values, were identified. The widespread use of disinfectants can induce a reduction in the susceptibility of bacteria against disinfectants and affect the increase in the proportion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, it is urgent to define clear criteria for defining a microorganism as resistant to disinfectants by setting epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) values and standardizing protocols for testing the resistance of microorganisms against disinfectants.
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Kapoor, Abhilasha, and Rumpa Saha. "Hand washing agents and surface disinfectants in times of Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak." Indian Journal of Community Health 32, no. 2 (Supp) (April 20, 2020): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2020.v32i02supp.008.
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Coronavirus pandemic has led to thousands of cases and hundreds of deaths worldwide. India, too, is on the verge of this health risk at the national scale. The only measures to prevent this pandemic from spreading are physical distancing, hand hygiene, and surface disinfection, and wearing of appropriate masks. Many hand sanitizers and surface cleaning agents are being made available which are being claimed to be virucidal and to be effective against coronavirus. Here, we present a review of the hand washing agents and surface disinfectants which have virudical properties and are effective against coronaviruses. This review will help dispel misconceptions about various hand washing agents and surface disinfectants and also help to make informed decisions regarding these items.
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Akinbomi, J. G., and E. C. Ikhide. "EVALUATION OF ALOE VERA POTENTIAL AS A SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SUBSTITUTE FOR WELL-WATER DISINFECTION." Engineering and Technology Research Journal 5, no. 2 (September 20, 2020): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47545/etrj.2020.5.2.063.
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The need to find alternative water disinfectants without negative consequential health effects is imperative in view of the link that had been established between human consumption of chlorinated water and diseases such as cancer. Therefore, this study was set out to evaluate and compare the water disinfection potential of aloe vera and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in order to determine the suitability of using aloe vera as sodium hypochlorite substitute. The coliform count of the faecal thermo-tolerant coliform (non-Ecoli) isolated from well water sample was 49 cfu/100ml. Disinfectant efficacies of the NaOCl and Aloe Vera, stored under various conditions, were evaluated and compared using disc diffusion method to determine disinfection susceptibility of the isolated coliform. The two disinfectants showed increase in level of zone of inhibition of the isolated coliforms with increase in disinfectants storage concentration and sun exposure period. As a disinfectant, aloe vera seemed to be more stable when compared with NaOCl at the storage temperatures of 0, 25 and 35oC. The p-values for using aloe vera and NaOCl as disinfectants under various conditions of concentration, temperature and sun exposure period ranged between 0.247 and 1.000 indicating non-significant difference when aloe vera was used as sodium hypochlorite substitute.
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Cadena, Myrna, Todd Kelman, Maria L. Marco, and Maurice Pitesky. "Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Profiles of Salmonella Biofilm and Planktonic Bacteria Challenged with Disinfectants Commonly Used During Poultry Processing." Foods 8, no. 7 (July 22, 2019): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8070275.
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Foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella that survive cleaning and disinfection during poultry processing are a public health concern because pathogens that survive disinfectants have greater potential to exhibit resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants after their initial disinfectant challenge. While the mechanisms conferring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) after exposure to disinfectants is complex, understanding the effects of disinfectants on Salmonella in both their planktonic and biofilm states is becoming increasingly important, as AMR and disinfectant tolerant bacteria are becoming more prevalent in the food chain. This review examines the modes of action of various types of disinfectants commonly used during poultry processing (quaternary ammonium, organic acids, chlorine, alkaline detergents) and the mechanisms that may confer tolerance to disinfectants and cross-protection to antibiotics. The goal of this review article is to characterize the AMR profiles of Salmonella in both their planktonic and biofilm state that have been challenged with hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDP), peracetic acid (PAA), sodium hypochlorite (SHY) and trisodium phosphate (TSP) in order to understand the risk of these disinfectants inducing AMR in surviving bacteria that may enter the food chain.
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Prakasam, Praveen Kumar, Namrata K. Bhosale, and K. S. Seetha. "Assessment of the routinely used surface disinfectants in hospital care settings by using different quantitative methods." Biomedicine 41, no. 2 (July 2, 2021): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v41i2.792.
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Introduction and Aim: Disinfectants play a vital role in the prevention of nosocomial infections. A variety of disinfectants with different mechanism of action are available in the market. Most of the hospitals and health care centres select the disinfectants trusting the claims made by the manufacturers which may not be authentic.
Materials and Methods: Plenty of standardised in-house disinfection testing methods are available but because of their complex procedure most of them are not feasible. Thus, in our study we employed a simple “quantitative suspension method” for testing the efficiency of the disinfectants. Commercially available disinfectants- Srivlon, Emplura, Hospal-OT, and NICE were tested against three nosocomial pathogens - Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA, and Candida albicans.
Results: In this study, the commercial disinfectants wereacted effectively against all the three organisms. Hospal-OT had the maximum bactericidal activity followed bySrivlondisinfectant.
Conclusion: Our study concluded that all the four commercial disinfectants were acted against the pathogens viz., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA and Candida albicans. Among four disinfectants, Srivlon needs a regular monitoring because of poor performance. Therefore, the proper usage of concentration and contact period of disinfectant will provide an efficient action against the pathogenic microbial population.
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Athena, Athena, Eva Laelasari, and Tities Puspita. "PELAKSANAAN DISINFEKSI DALAM PENCEGAHAN PENULARAN COVID-19 DAN POTENSI RISIKO TERHADAP KESEHATAN DI INDONESIA." JURNAL EKOLOGI KESEHATAN 19, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/jek.v19i1.3146.
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ABSTRACT
When the Covid-19 pandemic was established, various countries made efforts to prevent the transmission of the disease; Indonesia is no exception. One way to break the chain of transmission is to disinfect. This article is a scoping review with the aim of getting an overview of the implementation of disinfection in preventing Covid-19 transmission in public areas and possible health risks posed in several regions in Indonesia. The data/information were collected by searching websites of various ministries/institutions and online media within 3 (three) months, starting from March 2020 (establishment of the Covid-19 pandemic) until May 2020. Data and information collected includes location, procedures, and targets of disinfection, as well as disinfectants used, and their effects on health. Data analysis was performed descriptively. The results showed that disinfection in public areas were conducted in offices, health facilities (hospitals and health centers), housing, shopping centers/malls/market, transportation areas (highways, terminals, bus stops, and vehicles). Disinfection has been carried out by spraying directly on surfaces/objects that are often touched and by spraying in the disinfection booth using irritant disinfectants. It can be concluded that the implementation of disinfection in public areas has the potential to cause health risks. It needs supervision in the implementation of disinfection, socialization and education about potential health risks to the community.
Keywords: Disinfection, spraying, disinfection booths, public areas, disinfectants, health risks
ABSTRAK
Saat ditetapkannya status pandemi Covid-19, berbagai negara melakukan upaya pencegahan penularan penyakit tersebut; tidak terkecuali Indonesia. Salah satu cara untuk memutus rantai penularan adalah dengan melakukan disinfeksi. Artikel ini merupakan scoping review dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran pelaksanaan disinfeksi dalam pencegahan penularan Covid-19 di area publik dan kemungkinan risiko kesehatan yang ditimbulkan. Cara pengumpulan data/informasi adalah dengan penelusuran website berbagai kementerian/lembaga dan media online dalam kurun 3 (tiga) bulan, yaitu mulai Maret 2020 (penetapan pandemi Covid-19) sampai dengan Mei 2020. Data dan informasi yang dikumpulkan meliputi acuan, lokasi, cara, sasaran disinfeksi, serta disinfektan yang digunakan, dan pengaruhnya terhadap kesehatan. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa disinfeksi di area publik, di perkantoran, fasilitas kesehatan (rumah sakit dan puskesmas), perumahan, pusat perbelanjaan/mall/pasar, dan area transportasi (jalan raya, terminal, halte, dan kendaraan) dilakukan dengan cara penyemprotan langsung terhadap permukaan/benda yang sering disentuh dan di dalam bilik disinfeksi, menggunakan disinfektan yang bersifat iritatif. Pelaksanaannya disinfeksi di beberapa area publik masih belum sesuai dengan Protokol/Pedoman Disinfeksi dalam Pencegahan Penularan Covid-19 sehingga berportensi menimbulkan risiko kesehatan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pelaksanaan disinfeksi di area publik berpotensi menimbulkan risiko kesehatan. Perlu adanya pengawasan dalam pelaksanaan disinfeksi dan sosialisasi serta edukasi tentang potensi risiko kesehatan terhadap masyarakat.
Kata kunci: Disinfeksi, penyemprotan, bilik disinfeksi, area publik, disinfektan, risiko kesehatan
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Rutala, William A., Hajime Kanamori, Maria F. Gergen, Emily E. Sickbert-Bennett, and David J. Weber. "Susceptibility of Candida auris and Candida albicans to 21 germicides used in healthcare facilities." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 40, no. 3 (February 15, 2019): 380–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2019.1.
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Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen that is often resistant to major classes of antifungal drugs. It is considered a serious global health threat because it can cause severe infections with frequent mortality in more than a dozen countries. It can survive on healthcare environmental surfaces for at least 7 days and can cause outbreaks in healthcare facilities. Clearly, infection prevention strategies, such as surface disinfection, will be essential to controlling Candida transmission. Unfortunately, data on the activity of antiseptics and disinfectants used in healthcare to inactivate this pathogen are limited.1–5 In this study, we investigated 12 different disinfectants (ie, 8 low- and intermediate-level disinfectants in 2 dilutions of sodium hypochlorite and 5 high-level disinfectants/chemical sterilants) and 9 antiseptics commonly used in healthcare facilities for their antimicrobial activity against C. auris and C. albicans.
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Christenson, Elizabeth C., Ryan Cronk, Helen Atkinson, Aayush Bhatt, Emilio Berdiel, Michelle Cawley, Grace Cho, et al. "Evidence Map and Systematic Review of Disinfection Efficacy on Environmental Surfaces in Healthcare Facilities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 22, 2021): 11100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111100.
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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) contribute to patient morbidity and mortality with an estimated 1.7 million infections and 99,000 deaths costing USD $28–34 billion annually in the United States alone. There is little understanding as to if current environmental surface disinfection practices reduce pathogen load, and subsequently HAIs, in critical care settings. This evidence map includes a systematic review on the efficacy of disinfecting environmental surfaces in healthcare facilities. We screened 17,064 abstracts, 635 full texts, and included 181 articles for data extraction and study quality assessment. We reviewed ten disinfectant types and compared disinfectants with respect to study design, outcome organism, and fourteen indictors of study quality. We found important areas for improvement and gaps in the research related to study design, implementation, and analysis. Implementation of disinfection, a determinant of disinfection outcomes, was not measured in most studies and few studies assessed fungi or viruses. Assessing and comparing disinfection efficacy was impeded by study heterogeneity; however, we catalogued the outcomes and results for each disinfection type. We concluded that guidelines for disinfectant use are primarily based on laboratory data rather than a systematic review of in situ disinfection efficacy. It is critically important for practitioners and researchers to consider system-level efficacy and not just the efficacy of the disinfectant.
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E. Elgabeery, Rana, Radwa A. Eissa, Sohair M. Soliman, and Naglaa F. Ghoname. "Healthcare Workers’ Mobile Phones as a Possible Vehicle of Nosocomial Pathogens and the Role of Different Disinfectants in their Decontamination." Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology 30, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51429/ejmm30304.
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Background: As Mobile Phones (MPs) aren’t cleaned routinely and have been touched during patient’s examination, they may become contaminated with hospital pathogens. Objectives: Screen MPs of Health care workers (HCWs) for pathogens and verify the effect of disinfectants in their decontamination. Methods: A questionnaire was submitted by 160 HCWs in Tanta University Hospitals. Samples were taken from their MPs and subjected to pour plate counting before and after disinfection. Standard identification and antibiotic susceptibility of isolates were done. Results: Colony count was greater in MPs used while caring for patients or inside restroom, and was less in regularly cleaned MPs. All tested disinfectants reduced the colony count significantly. Pathogens were isolated from 84.38% of samples and 36.25% of them were Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms (MDROs). Conclusion: Using MPs at critical care areas and restroom may contribute to their contamination with pathogens. Regular disinfection of MPs can reduce this contamination.
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Chowdhury, Shakhawat. "Disinfection by-products in desalinated and blend water: formation and control strategy." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.204.
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Abstract Desalinated seawater is the major source of drinking water in many countries. During desalination, several activities including pretreatment, desalination, stabilization, mixing, storage and distribution are performed. Few disinfectants are used during these activities to control the biofouling agents and microbiological regrowth. The reactions between the disinfectants and natural organic matter (NOM), bromide and iodide form disinfection by-products (DBPs) in product water. The product water is stabilized and mixed with treated freshwater (e.g., groundwater) to meet the domestic water demands. The DBPs in desalinated and blend water are an issue due to their possible cancer and non-cancer risks to humans. In this paper, formation and distribution of DBPs in different steps of desalination and water distribution systems prior to reaching the consumer tap were reviewed. The variability of DBPs among different sources and desalination processes was explained. The toxicities of DBPs were compared and the strategies to control DBPs in desalinated water were proposed. Several research directions were identified to achieve comprehensive control on DBPs in desalinated water, which are likely to protect humans from the adverse consequences of DBPs.
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Keegan, Alexandra R., Stella Fanok, Paul T. Monis, and Christopher P. Saint. "Cell Culture-Taqman PCR Assay for Evaluation of Cryptosporidium parvum Disinfection." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 5 (May 2003): 2505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.5.2505-2511.2003.
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ABSTRACT Cryptosporidium parvum represents a challenge to the water industry and a threat to public health. In this study, we developed a cell culture-quantitative PCR assay to evaluate the inactivation of C. parvum with disinfectants. The assay was validated by using a range of disinfectants in common use in the water industry, including low-pressure UV light (LP-UV), ozone, mixed oxidants (MIOX), and chlorine. The assay was demonstrated to be reliable and sensitive, with a lower detection limit of a single infectious oocyst. Effective oocyst inactivation was achieved (>2 log10 units) with LP-UV (20 mJ/cm2) or 2 mg of ozone/liter (for 10 min). MIOX and chlorine treatments of oocysts resulted in minimal effective disinfection, with <0.1 log10 unit being inactivated. These results demonstrate the inability of MIOX to inactivate Cryptosporidium. The assay is a valuable tool for the evaluation of disinfection systems for drinking water and recycled water.
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Iyan Sopyan, Insan Sunan KS, Cikra Ikhda NHS, and Yasri Husaironi M. "A Review: Disinfectant, Antiseptic, and Its Use for Infection." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (November 19, 2020): 1244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3607.
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Control of microorganisms is vital to prevent infection. Prevention can be done in various ways, one of which is the use of disinfectants and antiseptics. The widespread use of disinfectants and antiseptics due to the outbreak of COVID-19 has led to the use of antiseptics that are not appropriate for society. The use of biocide agents that are not used correctly can endanger the health of its users. It is recommended that pharmacists, related health workers, and the public should learn more comprehensively about the use of disinfectants and antiseptics when a pandemic occurs. This review is done by searching Google Scholar as a database. This article discusses biocide agents, especially disinfectants and antiseptics, including definitions, ingredients and concentrations, antimicrobial effectiveness, factors affecting disinfection, hazards, techniques, and accuracy of the dosage of their use, the use and advantages and disadvantages of several classes of disinfectants and antiseptics that must be understood to be useful in their use, in this review also describe some formulations of disinfectant and antiseptic products circulating in the community that can be obtained and used from the commercial market.
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Iyan Sopyan, Insan Sunan KS, Cikra Ikhda NHS, and Yasri Husaironi M. "A Review: Disinfectant, Antiseptic, and Its Use for Infection." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (December 22, 2020): 1507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3708.
Full textAbstract:
Control of microorganisms is vital to prevent infection. Prevention can be done in various ways, one of which is the use of disinfectants and antiseptics. The widespread use of disinfectants and antiseptics due to the outbreak of COVID-19 has led to the use of antiseptics that are not appropriate for society. The use of biocide agents that are not used correctly can endanger the health of its users. It is recommended that pharmacists, related health workers, and the public should learn more comprehensively about the use of disinfectants and antiseptics when a pandemic occurs. This review is done by searching Google Scholar as a database. This article discusses biocide agents, especially disinfectants and antiseptics, including definitions, ingredients and concentrations, antimicrobial effectiveness, factors affecting disinfection, hazards, techniques, and accuracy of the dosage of their use, the use and advantages and disadvantages of several classes of disinfectants and antiseptics that must be understood to be useful in their use, in this review also describe some formulations of disinfectant and antiseptic products circulating in the community that can be obtained and used from the commercial market.
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Berezhnenko, Leonid Vladimirovich. "Disinfection in public venues and transport as a way to prevent the spread of COVID-19." Disinfection affairs, no. 4 (December 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35411/2076-457x-2021-4-40-45.
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The article addresses to the epidemiological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. It covers detailed features and ways of coronavirus infection spreading in public venues, factors that affect the viability of the Coronaviridae family viruses, and the infection after-effects for people. Methodological and technical means of processing public transport and crowded places in the context of the spread of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) analysis has been carried out. The assessment of inactivating effectiveness of the basic chemical groups of disinfectants (oxygen-active; chloactive; cationic surfactants) is presented. The features of air masses and surfaces disinfection by the ultraviolet irradiation method are described. Special aspects and factors influencing the installations quality are considered, recommendations for the use of UV emitters of various types are given. The given study presents the general concept and current requirements for disinfection measures in public venues and transport in the context of coronavirus infection spreading. Keywords: COVID-19, coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, disinfection, novel coronavirus infection, sanitary epidemic control measures, transport, public venues.
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Fang, Wei, Jiangyong Hu, and Say Leong Ong. "Effects of phosphorus on biofilm disinfections in model drinking water distribution systems." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 3 (December 4, 2009): 446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.303.
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Drinking water biofilm development is affected by the available nutrient levels and the presence of disinfectants. Phosphorus is recognized as another important limiting nutrient besides organic carbon. In this study, drinking water biofilms were developed in annular reactors to examine the effects of phosphorus on the biofilm disinfections with free chlorine and monochloramine. Phosphorus addition was found to increase the biofilm cell number but decrease the exopolysaccharides (EPS) production. The disinfection efficacies of both free chlorine and monochloramine were increased when phosphorus was added into the reactor systems. At the same disinfection dosages, monochloramine showed greater biofilm removal efficiency than free chlorine. Monochloramine could be a better choice than free chlorine in biofilm disinfection when phosphate-based corrosion inhibitors are applied.
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Shandala, Mikhail G. "SOME METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE OPTIMIZATION OF MICROECOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS TO HEALTH." Hygiene and sanitation 97, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-2-110-112.
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In order to prevent the phenomena of “microbiological genocide”, unjustified and unfavorable violations in microecological systems, and, first of all, human microbiota during the implementation of the disinfection prevention of diseases, the necessity for the scientific justification and practical provision of sufficient antimicrobial selectivity of disinfecting effects, is substantiated in the article. It is necessary to decode and take into account the susceptibility of different microbe pathogens to various disinfectants in comparison with saprophyte, and even more so, useful microflora.
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Ivanković, Tomislav, Ivana Goić-Barišić, and Jasna Hrenović. "Reduced susceptibility to disinfectants of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms on glass and ceramic." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 68, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2946.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of hospital and environmental Acinetobacter baumannii isolate biofilms on ceramics and glass to common disinfectants benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine. For this purpose we developed a new method for biofilm cultivation and quantification on ceramics. The biofilm bacteria were more resistant to disinfectants than the planktonic populations, as more than 50 % of the biofilm population and none of the planktonic population survived 5-minute exposure. Furthermore, biofilm populations on ceramic tiles were significantly more resistant than those on glass coverslips, even though the amount of biofilm was practically the same on ceramics and glass. The reason for reduced susceptibility of A. baumannii biofilms on ceramics may be related to surface/disinfection interactions. Our findings suggest that biofilms on ceramic surfaces can be an important source of A. baumannii infection in hospital environments.
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Dumas, Orianne, Raphäelle Varraso, Krislyn M. Boggs, Alexis Descatha, Paul K. Henneberger, Catherine Quinot, Frank E. Speizer, Jan-Paul Zock, Nicole Le Moual, and Carlos A. Camargo Jr. "Association of hand and arm disinfection with asthma control in US nurses." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 75, no. 5 (February 23, 2018): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104740.
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ObjectivesTo investigate the association between occupational exposure to disinfectants/antiseptics used for hand hygiene and asthma control in nurses.MethodsIn 2014, we invited female nurses with asthma drawn from the Nurses’ Health Study II to complete two supplemental questionnaires on their occupation and asthma (cross-sectional study, response rate: 80%). Among 4055 nurses (mean age: 59 years) with physician-diagnosed asthma and asthma medication use in the past year, we examined asthma control, as defined by the Asthma Control Test (ACT). Nurses were asked about the daily frequency of hand hygiene tasks: ‘wash/scrub hands with disinfectants/hand sanitizers’ (hand hygiene) and ‘wash/scrub arms with disinfecting products’ (surrogate of surgical hand/arm antisepsis). Analyses were adjusted for age, race, ethnicity, smoking status and body mass index.ResultsNurses with partly controlled asthma (ACT: 20–24, 50%) and poorly controlled asthma (ACT ≤19, 18%) were compared with nurses with controlled asthma (ACT=25, 32%). In separate models, both hand and arm hygiene were associated with poorly controlled asthma. After mutual adjustment, only arm hygiene was associated with poorly controlled asthma: OR (95% CI) for <1 time/day, 1.38 (1.06 to 1.80); ≥1 time/day, 1.96 (1.52 to 2.51), versus never. We observed a consistent dose–response relationship between frequency of arm hygiene tasks (never to >10 times/day) and poor asthma control. Associations persisted after further adjustment for surfaces/instruments disinfection tasks.ConclusionsFrequency of hand/arm hygiene tasks in nurses was associated with poor asthma control. The results suggest an adverse effect of products used for surgical hand/arm antisepsis. This potential new occupational risk factor for asthma warrants further study.
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Leshchyshyn, M. V., I. V. Dvylyuk, and M. M. Rykniuk. "Efficiency of application of modern sanitation supplies in beekeeping." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 96 (December 14, 2019): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9632.
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The article presents the results of studies of the effect of commercial disinfectants registered in Ukraine and allowed for use in beekeeping, as well as a comparative characteristic of their effectiveness in the disinfection of wooden beehive structures. The research was conducted on the basis of the departments of hygiene, sanitation and general veterinary prevention and technology of production and processing of products of small animals of the Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after S.Z. Gzhytskyi and SLW “Biolab” Food and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Ostroda, Poland). For research in the spring and summer period 4 groups of test objects were formed on the principle of analogues. Distilled water was used to control disinfection (test group 1). In the second experimental group for disinfection used “Brovadez-20” (active substance benzalkonium chloride 0.5%), in the third experimental group гру “Vetox-1000” (active substance hypochlorite 0.3%) and in the fourth experimental group – “Sumerian silver”(active ingredient of 10% citrate of Argentum citrate). In a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the disinfectants of the II, III and IV groups, the growth of gram-positive (Streptomyces badius, Curtobakterium) and gram-negative bacteria (Xanthomonas hyacinthi, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Acidovorax defluvii) was detected, respectively, among the endophores. In the current literature, information on the threat to the health of the honey bee detected by microorganisms is missing. According to the research, certain differences between the effectiveness of disinfectants have been established. It was found that the total microbial number (BMI) was 0.15% in group II, 0.16% in group III and up to 0.10% in group IV relative to control. It was found that the Sumer silver disinfectant at 10% concentration provides the best bactericidal effect (P < 0.001). In a comparative intergroup analysis of the effectiveness of disinfectants, it was found that in the conditions of the experiment, the level of bactericidal activity was the highest in the experiment with the SMC in the case of the use of “Sumer silver” was 32.3% and 34.4% better compared to “Brovades-20” and “Vetox-1000”, respectively. The use of “Sumerian silver” allows you to get the desired result 10 and 4 times faster than the disinfectants “Brovadez-20” and “Vetox-1000” respectively.
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Babić, Željka, Rajka Turk, and Jelena Macan. "Toxicological aspects of increased use of surface and hand disinfectants in Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a preliminary report." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 71, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3470.
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AbstractAll COVID-19 prevention strategies include regular use of surface disinfectants and hand sanitisers. As these measures took hold in Croatia, the Croatian Poison Control Centre started receiving phone calls from the general public and healthcare workers, which prompted us to investigate whether the risk of suspected/symptomatic poisonings with disinfectants and sanitisers really increased. To that end we compared their frequency and characteristics in the first half of 2019 and 2020. Cases of exposures to disinfectants doubled in the first half of 2020 (41 vs 21 cases in 2019), and exposure to sanitisers increased about nine times (46 vs 5 cases in 2019). In 2020, the most common ingredients of disinfectants and sanitisers involved in poisoning incidents were hypochlorite/glutaraldehyde, and ethanol/isopropyl alcohol, respectively. Exposures to disinfectants were recorded mostly in adults (56 %) as accidental (78 %) through ingestion or inhalation (86 %). Fortunately, most callers were asymptomatic (people called for advice because they were concerned), but nearly half reported mild gastrointestinal or respiratory irritation, and in one case severe symptoms were reported (gastrointestinal corrosive injury). Reports of exposure to hand sanitisers highlighted preschool children as the most vulnerable group. Accidental exposure through ingestion dominated, but, again, only mild symptoms (gastrointestinal or eye irritation) developed in one third of the cases. These preliminary findings, however limited, confirm that increased availability and use of disinfectants and sanitisers significantly increased the risk of poisoning, particularly in preschool children through accidental ingestion of hand sanitisers. We therefore believe that epidemiological recommendations for COVID-19 prevention should include warnings informing the general public of the risks of poisoning with surface and hand disinfectants in particular.
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Fouque, Emilie, Yann Héchard, Philippe Hartemann, Philippe Humeau, and Marie-Cécile Trouilhé. "Sensitivity of Vermamoeba (Hartmannella) vermiformis cysts to conventional disinfectants and protease." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 2 (September 4, 2014): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.154.
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Vermamoeba vermiformis is a free-living amoeba (FLA) widely distributed in the environment, known to colonize hot water networks and to be the reservoir of pathogenic bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila. FLA are partly resistant to biocides, especially in their cyst form. The control of V. vermiformis in hot water networks represents an important health issue, but there are very few data on their resistance to disinfection treatments. The sensitivity of cysts of two strains of V. vermiformis to three disinfectants frequently used in hot water networks (chlorine, heat shock, peracetic acid (PAA) mixed with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)) was investigated. In vitro, several concentrations of biocides, temperatures and exposure times according to the French regulation were tested. Cysts were fully inactivated by the following conditions: 15 mg/L of chlorine for 10 min; 60 °C for 30 min; and 0.5 g/L equivalent H2O2 of PAA mixed with H2O2 for 30 min. For the first time, the strong efficacy of subtilisin (0.625 U/mL for 24 h), a protease, to inactivate the V. vermiformis cysts has been demonstrated. It suggests that novel approaches may be efficient for disinfection processes. Finally, V. vermifomis cysts were sensitive to all the tested treatments and appeared to be more sensitive than Acanthamoeba cysts.