Academic literature on the topic 'Disinfection and disinfectants Health aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Disinfection and disinfectants Health aspects"
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Lapteva, Ekaterina S., and Marina R. Tsutsunava. "Current aspects of the safety hospital environment." Russian Family Doctor 21, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rfd2017338-44.
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When providing medical assistance either in terms of the medical institution or outside, there are always certain risks posing a threat to the patients and personnel health. According to the patients opinions, those risks are linked closely to medical practitioners professionalism level, their compliance with disinfection and sterilization regimes, proper hands decontamination, wearing gloves, availability of the disposable sterile equipment / instruments. Other studies found evidence of it in terms of health care setting and, specifically, indicate violation of the hospital hygiene and epidemiology standards, disinfection being carried out manually using the working disinfectant solutions, “human factor” demonstrating through non-compliance with the disinfectant application regimes. Only about one-third of the medical workers showed satisfactory knowledge on hand hygiene. All these problems mentioned and others require to explore conceptual framework of the educational program “Safe hospital environment” which is taught to the medical students and are supposed to be reviewed annually and updated accordingly, taking into account the latest scientific achievements. This article provides an overview of a new concept of “Safe hospital environment” as the educational module, included in the nursing discipline “Training for developing Basic Professional Skills, including Basic Skills in Scientific Research”. Discipline is studied by the first level medical students.
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Csoma, Zsanett Renáta, Péter Doró, Gyula Tálosi, Tamás Machay, and Miklós Szabó. "Neonatal skin care in tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Hungary." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 28 (July 2014): 1102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29910.
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Introduction: Skin physiology of neonates and preterm infants and evidence-based skin care are not well explored for health care providers. Aim: The aim of our present study was to investigate the skin care methods of the tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Hungary. Method: A standardized questionnaire was distributed among the 22 tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Units with questions regarding skin care methods, bathing, emollition, skin disinfection, umbilical cord care, treatment of diaper dermatitis, and use of adhesive tapes. Results: The skin care methods of the centres were similar in several aspects, but there were significant differences between the applied skin care and disinfectant products. Conclusions: The results of this survey facilitate the establishment of a standardized skin care protocol for tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Units with the cooperation of dermatologists, neonatologists and pharmacists. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(28), 1102–1107.
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Hossain, Sharif, Christopher W. K. Chow, David Cook, Emma Sawade, and Guna A. Hewa. "Review of Nitrification Monitoring and Control Strategies in Drinking Water System." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074003.
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Nitrification is a major challenge in chloraminated drinking water systems, resulting in undesirable loss of disinfectant residual. Consequently, heterotrophic bacteria growth is increased, which adversely affects the water quality, causing taste, odour, and health issues. Regular monitoring of various water quality parameters at susceptible areas of the water distribution system (WDS) helps to detect nitrification at an earlier stage and allows sufficient time to take corrective actions to control it. Strategies to monitor nitrification in a WDS require conducting various microbiological tests or assessing surrogate parameters that are affected by microbiological activities. Additionally, microbial decay factor (Fm) is used by water utilities to monitor the status of nitrification. In contrast, approaches to manage nitrification in a WDS include controlling various factors that affect monochloramine decay rate and ammonium substrate availability, and that can inhibit nitrification. However, some of these control strategies may increase the regulated disinfection-by-products level, which may be a potential health concern. In this paper, various strategies to monitor and control nitrification in a WDS are critically examined. The key findings are: (i) the applicability of some methods require further validation using real WDS, as the original studies were conducted on laboratory or pilot systems; (ii) there is no linkage/formula found to relate the surrogate parameters to the concentration of nitrifying bacteria, which possibly improve nitrification monitoring performance; (iii) improved methods/monitoring tools are required to detect nitrification at an earlier stage; (iv) further studies are required to understand the effect of soluble microbial products on the change of surrogate parameters. Based on the current review, we recommend that the successful outcome using many of these methods is often site-specific, hence, water utilities should decide based on their regular experiences when considering economic and sustainability aspects.
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Cho, J., H. Choi, I. S. Kim, and G. Amy. "Chemical aspects and by-products of electrolyser." Water Supply 1, no. 4 (June 1, 2001): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0080.
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The electrolyser is a disinfection device consisting of a series of porous graphite plates through which water flows while low voltage and current are applied. This electrolyser had been demonstrated successfully for efficient microbial (coliform bacteria, bacteriophage, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium) inactivation before this study. In this study, chemical aspects were evaluated in terms of the formation of disinfectants and/or oxidants as well as disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the disinfection by the electrolyser. Experiments were performed under constant electrolyser conditions but variable water quality conditions (electrolyte type and concentration, dissolved organic carbon, bromide ion (Br-) and, to an extent, pH). It was shown that disinfectants and (chlorinated or ozonated) DBPs could be measured successfully for the effluent samples from the electrolyser. Chlorination by-products did not pose any problem in compliance to drinking water regulations, while bromate and chlorate (ozonation by-products) were shown to be formed at levels near their respective regulation levels, but only under extreme water quality conditions.
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Di Martino, Giuseppina, Salvatore Pasqua, Bruno Douradinha, Francesco Monaco, Chiara Di Bartolo, Pier Giulio Conaldi, and Danilo D’Apolito. "Efficacy of Three Commercial Disinfectants in Reducing Microbial Surfaces’ Contaminations of Pharmaceuticals Hospital Facilities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020779.
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To evaluate and validate the efficacy of disinfectants used in our cleaning procedure, in order to reduce pharmaceutical hospital surfaces’ contaminations, we tested the action of three commercial disinfectants on small representative samples of the surfaces present in our hospital cleanrooms. These samples (or coupons) were contaminated with selected microorganisms for the validation of the disinfectants. The coupons were sampled before and after disinfection and the microbial load was assessed to calculate the Log10 reduction index. Subsequently, we developed and validated a disinfection procedure on real surfaces inside the cleanrooms intentionally contaminated with microorganisms, using approximately 107–108 total colony forming units per coupon. Our results showed a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal efficacy coherent to the acceptance criteria suggested by United States Pharmacopeia 35 <1072>. The correct implementation of our cleaning and disinfection procedure, respecting stipulated concentrations and contact times, led to a reduction of at least 6 Log10 for all microorganisms used. The proposed disinfection procedure reduced the pharmaceutical hospital surfaces’ contaminations, limited the propagation of microorganisms in points adjacent to the disinfected area, and ensured high disinfection and safety levels for operators, patients, and treated surfaces.
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Pope, Zachary C., Timothy J. Kottke, Aditya Shah, Richard G. Vile, and Stacey A. Rizza. "Inactivation of Replication-Competent Vesicular Stomatitis Virus as SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate on Common Surfaces by Disinfectants." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 7714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147714.
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Surface disinfection is part of a larger mitigation strategy to prevent the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus causing coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Research evaluating the time, nature, and extent of surface disinfection of replication-competent viruses is needed. We evaluated the efficacy of two disinfectants against a replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 surrogate on three common public surfaces. Vesicular stomatitis virus expressing green fluorescent protein (VSV-GFP) was our replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 surrogate. Disinfection occurred using Super Sani-Cloth Germicidal Disposable Wipes and Oxivir Tb spray per manufacturer instructions to test the efficacy at reducing the presence, viability, and later replication of VSV-GFP on stainless steel, laminate wood, and porcelain surfaces using standardized methods after recovery and toxicity testing. During the main trials, we placed 100 µL spots of VSV-GFP at viral titers of 108, 107, and 106 PFU/mL on each surface prior to disinfection. Trials were completed in triplicate and post-disinfection measurements on each surface were compared to the measurements of non-disinfected surfaces. Disinfectants were considered efficacious when ≥3-log10 reduction in the number of infectious VSV-GFP virus units was observed on a given surface during all trials. Both disinfectants produced a ≥3.23-log10 reduction in infectious VSV-GFP virus unit numbers, with all trials showing no viable, replication-competent VSV-GFP present on any tested surface. The two disinfectants eliminated the presence, viability, and later replication of VSV-GFP, our SARS-CoV-2 surrogate, on all surfaces. This information suggests that, if following manufacturer instructions, overcleaning surfaces with multiple disinfectant solutions may be unnecessary.
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Lempart, Anna, Edyta Kudlek, and Mariusz Dudziak. "Evaluation of different methods supporting swimming pool water disinfection in the aspect of removing organic micropollutants." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000044.
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As a result of the intensive development of analytical techniques that allow to reduce the detection limits of tested compounds, the latest scientific research alerts the growing number of organic micro-pollutants identified in the swimming pool water environment. These compounds can both react with the disinfectant, causing the formation of highly toxic disinfection by-products or constitute a serious health risk to swimmers due to their biological activity. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to evaluate the modern methods supporting disinfection used in swimming pool systems, in the aspect of removing compounds from the group of organic microorganisms. The total content of organic matter in systems using UV radiation and ozonation was compared. The identification of organic micropollutants was also carried out. The presence of two phthalates in the tested pools has been documented. It has been shown that their concentration depends on the disinfection method used. Photocatalytic degradation of phthalates in the pool water system allowed to obtain over 35% removal rate, while the efficiency of ozonation in the most favourable case was just over 16%.
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Sobsey, Mark D. "Inactivation of Health-Related Microorganisms in Water by Disinfection Processes." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0098.
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The recent literature on disinfection of health-related microorganisms in water and wastewater is reviewed. There is now considerable evidence that traditional microbial indicators of water and wastewater quality, such as total and fecal coliform bacteria, are inadequate to predict the presence or disinfection responses of several important, newly recognized bacterial, viral and protozoan pathogens. This review emphasizes the response to disinfection of waterborne microbial pathogens and potential indicators of recent recognition and public health concern. These organisms include heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria, frank and opportunistic bacterial pathogens, such as Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolytica, non-tubercular mycobacteria, Legionella spp. and pseudomonads; coliphage indicators and enteric viral pathogens, such as hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses and Norwalk virus; and protozoan pathogens, such as Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, and the free-living amoeba (e.g., Acanthamoeba spp. and Negleria spp.). The responses of these organisms to widely used, traditional disinfectants, such as free and combined chlorine, and to disinfectants of more recent interest, such as ozone, chlorine dioxide and ultraviolet light, are reviewed. This review also attempts to identify the variety of factors influencing disinfection efficiency, especially those that interfere with disinfection. It is apparent that traditional microbial indicators, such as total and fecal coliforms, are more sensitive to disinfection than such pathogens of recent concern as mycobacteria, enteric viruses and protozoan cysts. Therefore, efforts must be continued to find more reliable indicators of disinfection efficiency and microbial water quality and improved methods for water and wastewater disinfection.
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Lloyd-Evans, Nellie, V. Susan Springthorpe, and Syed A. Sattar. "Chemical disinfection of human rotavirus-contaminated inanimate surfaces." Journal of Hygiene 97, no. 1 (August 1986): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400064445.
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SUMMARYFomites may play a role in the transmission of rotavirus infections, and in view of this, 27 disinfectants were evaluated for their ability to inactivate human rotavirus (HRV) on contaminated non-porous inanimate surfaces. Disks of stainless steel, glass and two types of plastics were contaminated with about 107 plaque-forming units of HRV suspended in faecal matter. The inoculum was allowed todry and an equal volume of the product under test was applied to the contaminated surface. After contact for 1 min, the action of the disinfectant was stopped by dilution. Surviving infectious virus on the disks was determined by plaque assay in MA-104 cells. A product was considered to be effective if itcould reduce the virus titre by at least 3 log10. Only 33·3% (9/27) of the formulations tested proved to be effective. Further testing of the effective products, which included antiseptics, instrument soaks and hard-surface disinfectants, showed that all of them could, in fact, reduce the virus titre on contaminated surfaces by at least 6 log10. These findings show the relative resistance of HRV to a widerange of chemical disinfectants in common use, and also emphasize the need for a more thorough evaluation of the virucidal potential of formulations regularly employed in attempts to prevent and control outbreaks of rotaviral diarrhoea.
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Серов, Алексей Андреевич, Н. В. V. Шестопалов, Т. В. V. Гололобова, Л. С. S. Федорова, И. А. A. Храпунова, and А. Д. D. Меркульева. "The role of disinfectological investigations in the management of the complex of preventive activities." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 3 (April 20, 2020): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-3-235-241.
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Introduction. Among infectious agents associated with provision of medical care, resistant ones to disinfectants from various chemical groups are more often met. In this regard, disinfection measures carried out in a medical facility are not always effective enough. Material and methods. 9 strains of microorganisms were selected for research (Klebsiella pneumoniae -2 pcs., Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus warneri, Serratia rubidaea, Staphylococcus sciuri, Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecium - per 1 pcs.), isolated from the objects of hospital environment in operating unit, intensive care and trauma units, as well as 5 samples of disinfectants from different chemical groups (on the basis of quaternary ammonium salt, tertiary amine and polyhexamethyleneguanidine; on the basis of sodium percarbonate with activator; on the basis of hydrogen peroxide and didecyldimethylammonium chloride; in the form of tablets on the basis of sodium salt sodium dichloroisocyanurate acid), used in the specified divisions of medical facities. The studies were performed in accordance with the methodology set out in methodology instructions MU 3.5.1.3439-17 “Assessment of sensitivity to disinfectants of microorganisms circulating in medical organizations.” Results. When conducting chemical-analytical studies of samples of disinfectants 4 samples out of 5 were found to have inconsistencies in one or another quality indices. The analysis of instructions on application of disinfectants 4 means from 5 were showed to have unreasonably underestimated modes of application. According to the results of the evaluation of the sensitivity of microorganisms to disinfectants, the majority of isolated microorganisms was found to have resistance to the studied disinfectants Conclusion. Based on the results of the study of sensitivity of microorganisms to disinfectants, a new tactic for improving disinfection measures is proposed for medical facilities: rotation of disinfectants and an enhanced system of microbiological monitoring of the sensitivity of microorganisms to disinfectants
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Disinfection and disinfectants Health aspects"
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Ranmuthugala, Geethanjali Piyawadani. "Disinfection by-products in drinking water and genotoxic changes in urinary bladder epithelial cells." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20011207.110344/index.html.
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Nitschke, Monika. "Glutaraldehyde exposures and health effects among South Australian hospital nurses /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MPM/09mpmn732.pdf.
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McAuley, Kimberley. "Disinfection by-products and public health concerns." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0070.
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Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are a major group of water contaminants and their role in causing adverse health outcomes, including adverse pregnancy outcomes, endocrine disruption, respiratory related adverse health outcomes and cancer has been subject to extensive epidemiological and toxicological research and review. Determination of safe exposure to DBPs, particularly within drinking water supplies, has been a topic of extensive debate, with a wide range of acceptable levels set across the industrialized world. The focus of the research in this thesis was on two of the main health outcomes associated with DBP exposure, namely adverse pregnancy outcomes and asthma related symptoms. To assess adverse pregnancy outcomes in Perth, an extensive classification quantification of the major DBPs in Perth drinking water was conducted. A registrybased prevalence study was carried out to assess birth defects in relation to high, medium and low DBP areas (defined by the water sampling and analysis). It was found that women living in high THM areas are 22% (odds ratio (OR) 1.22, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.01-1.48) more likely of having a baby with any birth defect. High exposure was also strongly associated with an increased risk of having a baby with a cardiovascular defect (62% increased risk). Low birth weight and prematurity were also assessed; however these outcomes were not associated with an increased risk through an increase in exposure. Following on from this analysis, a population risk assessment model was developed for DBPs in high exposure environments. This involved a three step process: (i) Firstly a questionnaire-based validation and reliability study was used to assess water consumption patterns of a population of pregnant women in Perth. (ii) Secondly a prediction model for teratogenic burden of DBPs in Perth was developed, related to the exposure patterns of the population of pregnant women involved in the validation and reliability study. (iii) Finally, combining the information collected in (i) and (ii), along with the regression slope estimates for birth weight from the prevalence study (defined in Section 2.2.1), a dose-response model for THMs and birth weight was developed. Predictive simulations for birth weights at given THM levels were then conducted. It was estimated that pregnant women in Perth are exposed to between 0.3 4.10 µg/day ingested TTHM, and of this, the more toxic brominated forms accounted for between 0.27 3.69 µg/day. Based on a dose-response model used, birthweights calculated for the hypothetical exposures ranged from 3403.2g for the highest exposure to 3503.5g in the lowest exposure, which is a difference of over 100g. Although the resulting reduction in birth weight is not extreme, there is still a significant reduction in birth weight present as exposure to TTHMs increases. This is the first doseresponse model to be developed to assess an adverse pregnancy outcome based on pregnant women exposure data, and will be a useful tool for assessing varying exposures throughout not only Australia but also throughout the industrialised world, where DBP exposure is highly prevalent.
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Oosthuysen, Jeanné. "Infection prevention and control audit-feedback instrument for oral health care in South Africa." Thesis, Bloemfontein: Central University of Technology, Free State, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/669.
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Thesis (D. Tech. (Biomedical Technology)) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2015This study reviewed national and international literature to develop an audit-feedback instrument (AFI) to monitor adherence of South African oral health care facilities with compliance to infection prevention and control precautions. In a multi-phased literature search, existing infection prevention and control recommendations, guidelines and audit-feedback instruments were reviewed and broadened to include “dental audit tools”, as well as audit tools from other health care disciplines. Audit-feedback instruments were scrutinised for user friendliness, the use of simple language, electronic calculations and feedback possibilities. A new South African AFI was proposed, considering the differences between public and private oral health care facilities and also the diversity of training levels of oral health care personnel employed. Eleven focus areas supporting all aspects of infection prevention and control in oral health care facilities, including administrative controls; personnel protection controls; environmental- and work controls; surface contamination management; equipment maintenance, service or repair; air- and waterline management; personal protective equipment usage; personal and hand hygiene practices; sterilisation practices; safe sharps handling and waste management were included. The AFI was tested in a sample of 50 oral health care facilities. None of the participating facilities demonstrated 100% compliance. Personal- and hand hygiene practices and waste management performed the best, at respectively 75% and 63%, while administrative controls and air- and waterline management scored the lowest mean values; 31% and 36% respectively The general lack of compliance with infection prevention and control precautions in the participating oral health care facilities clearly poses a safety hazard to both patients and oral health care workers. Results indicate that adherence of South African oral health care facilities with compliance to infection prevention and control precautions need to be improved. The AFI should go a long way towards improving safety and the high expectations about providing quality infection prevention and control outcomes in oral health care.
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Mücke, Naieli. "Sensibilidade celular e de biofilme de Enterococcus sp. aos desinfetantes de uso industrial." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2184.
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CNPQEnterococcus sp. podem ser isolados de seres humanos, animais e ambiente; possuem alta tolerância a fatores extremos como pH, temperatura e concentração salina. Desempenham papel importante como cultura starter em vários produtos como iogurtes e queijos, além de serem produtores de enterocinas. Contudo, é crescente seu potencial como agentes causadores de sérias infecções, podendo adquirir alta resistência a antimicrobianos e biocidas. Os equipamentos na indústria alimentícia estão propensos à alta contaminação microbiológica devido à presença de substratos para os microrganismos, e quando não higienizados permitem que os microrganismos se desenvolvam até formarem biofilmes, contaminando o produto final. Este estudo teve por finalidade realizar o isolamento de cepas do gênero Enterococcus de equipamentos das linhas de processos de embutidos cárneos cozidos e de iogurtes, identificar através de técnicas moleculares as espécies dos isolados, verificar a suscetibilidade biocida a sete formulações de diferentes desinfetantes de uso industrial e ação destes sobre o biofilme. Nas amostras coletadas na linha de iogurtes não houve o crescimento de colônias indicativas. Das 36 amostras coletadas nas linhas de produção de embutidos cárneos cozidos, selecionou-se 40 colônias que ao submeter à avaliação genotípica, obtivemos que 70,0% (28 isolados) possuíam o gene tuf que identifica o gênero Enterococcus sp. Identificamos que 7,1% pertenciam aos gêneros E. faecium, 7,1% E. gallinarum, 7,1% E. casseliflavus/E. flavencens e 78,7% dos isolados não foram identificados ao nível de espécie com os oligonucleotídeos iniciadores utilizados neste estudo. Ao avaliar a ação de sanitizantes sobre células de Enterococcus sp. na presença de água verificou-se que nenhum produto utilizado conseguiu ser totalmente eficiente no controle do desenvolvimento dos enterococos em presença de água. Nos testes utilizando BHI e sanitizante os isolados apresentaram menor desenvolvimento na presença do sanitizante amônia quaternária D em todos os tempos, sendo que nos tempos 15 minutos, 1, 2, 3 e 24 horas não houve desenvolvimento. O maior desenvolvimento ocorreu na presença dos produtos dióxido de cloro, hipoclorito de sódio e ácido peracético em todos os tempos, sendo que para os dois primeiros produtos todos os isolados foram resistentes em todos os tempos. Independente do tipo de sanitizantes e biofilme formado, nenhum agente químico foi eficaz na eliminação total das células de Enterococcus. Nota-se que os biofilmes formaram-se mesmo sobre as superfícies sanitizadas, mesmo que tenham sido utilizados as concentrações e tempo médios recomendados pelos fabricantes. É indispensável ressaltar que os resultados confirmam a importância de ações preventivas nas indústrias para evitar a resistência dos microrganismos a determinados compostos e maximizar a eficiência dos procedimentos de higienização aplicados.
The Enterococcus sp. may be isolated from humans, animals and environment. It presents high tolerance to extreme factors such as pH, temperature and salt concentration. It has an important role as a starter culture in different products such yogurts and cheeses, and as producers of enterocinas. However, its potential as agents of serious infections has increasing, especially because can acquire high resistance to antimicrobials and biocides. The food industry equipment’s are willing to high microbiological contamination due to the presence of substrates for microorganisms. When dirty, allow the microorganisms grow and biofilm formation, contaminating the final product. The aim of this work was isolated the genus Enterococci strains of equipment’s on pork cooked sausages and yogurts lines, identified through molecular techniques and check the biocide susceptibility of seven formulations of different industrial disinfectants and the action of these on the biofilm. On the yogurts line samples analyzed there was no grow of indicative colonies. Of the 36 samples analyzed in the sausage line, 40 colonies were selected to undergo genotypic evaluation, showing that 70.0% (28 isolates) had the tuf gene that identifies the genus Enterococcus sp. It was verified that 7.1% belonged to the genus E. faecium, 7.1% E. gallinarum, 7.1% E. casseliflavus/E. flavencens and 78.7% of the isolates were not identified to species level using the oligonucleotides used in this study. In assessing the sanitizing action on cells of Enterococcus sp. in the presence of water there was no product that could be used effectively on grow control of enterococci. In tests using BHI and sanitizing the isolates were less developed in the presence of quaternary ammonia sanitizer D at all times, and in the time 15 minutes, 1, 2, 3 and 24 hours there was no development. Further development occurred in the presence of chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid at all times, and for the first two products all isolates were resistant at all times. Regardless of the sanitizers and biofilm formed, no chemical agent was effective in complete elimination of Enterococcus cells. Note that biofilms were formed even on the sanitized surfaces even though the average concentration-time recommended by the manufacturer was used. Indispensable to emphasize that the results confirm the importance of preventive actions in the industries to avoid the resistance of microorganisms to certain compounds and maximize the efficiency of applied hygiene procedures.
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Williams-Claassen, Natalee Jean. "Development of a disinfection protocol for the public sector Emergency Medical Services in the eThekwini District of KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1688.
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Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology: Emergency Medical Care, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2013.Background In the Emergency Medical Services (EMS), paramedics play a vital role in the treatment of critically ill or injured patients, as they are often the first link or point of contact for the patient in the healthcare setting. They may therefore also play a vital role in the prevention and control of the transmission of communicable diseases, provided that proper infection control measures are in place. The objectives of the study There is presently no national policy on communicable diseases and infection control that is specifically designed for use in the South African prehospital environment. Given the paucity of research in the area, qualitative multiple case studies were conducted to develop an ambulance specific disinfection protocol and to evaluate its effectiveness in the public sector EMS in the eThekwini District of KwaZulu-Natal. Methodology The study comprised of three phases. In the first phase focus group discussions were conducted to identify the factors needed to develop a disinfection protocol. The study population consisted of both operational and management staff from the EMS under study. The first four focus groups consisted of eight to ten EMS operational staff each and the fifth focus group consisted of five EMS management staff. Thereafter, the information gathered was used in conjunction with internationally accepted guidelines to develop an ambulance specific disinfection protocol (Phase Two). The third phase entailed the implementation of the protocol at seven ambulance bases in the eThekwini health district and the evaluation of the protocol with the use of an open-ended questionnaire at two weeks and four weeks after implementation. A single ambulance crew and their immediate supervisor from each base were utilized in this phase. Conclusion and recommendations An ambulance specific disinfection protocol was developed and implemented in the EMS under study. During the development, implementation and evaluation of the protocol, many themes with regard to infection control in EMS were identified. These themes were used to better understand the present situation in EMS in relation to infection control and in the formulation of recommendations to assist in the improvement of the present situation. The researcher recommended that all EMS staff require training and education with regard to infection control and prevention. The development and implementation of a protocol and policy document for infection control specifically for EMS is required. There is a need for the deployment of more ambulances and the employment of more operational EMS staff together with the appointment of Infection Control Supervisors at all ambulance bases. Without adequate infrastructure needed to meet infection control and prevention requirements, there may be a serious risk to both staff and the patients they serve.
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Monaghan, Pegeen. "An evaluation of chlorine as a disinfectant for potable water supplies in the United States : weighing the human health risks." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37435.
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The removal of microbial populations from potable
water has been a practice with great importance towards
public health, as it has resulted in the reduction of
literally millions of cases of infectious disease. In the
United States, pathogenic organisms are most commonly
removed from drinking water through the application of
chlorine. Ninety-nine per cent of all U.S. potable water
treatment facilities that disinfect, rely on chlorine as
their sole or primary disinfectant, and over 175,000,000
Americans regularly consume chlorinated water.
In 1974, Rook and Bellar et al. published studies
which indicated that chlorine reacted with organic matter
in water during treatment to produce a wide-range of
halogenated by-products. Since that time, numerous
analyses have been performed to isolate and identify the
by-products of chlorination. Toxicologic and
epidemiologic studies have been performed, some of which
suggest that the use of chlorine as a disinfectant may be
contributing to the incidence of chronic disease in the
United States.
Because of the concern that the use of chlorine for
potable water disinfection may be contributing to chronic
disease, Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
have been promulgated which strictly regulate
disinfectants and disinfection by-products. Future
disinfectant and disinfectant by-product regulations
(1992) will have a major impact on the purveyors of
potable water in the U.S.. Probably the largest challenge
U.S. water treatment utilities now face is in the attempt
to control for disinfectants and disinfectant by-products
while maintaining the microbiological integrity of the
water supply. The SDWA Amendments and their supporting
regulations will result in major changes in the way water
quality parameters are measured, and the way disinfection
and treatment strategies are practiced.
This thesis looks closely at the role of chlorine as
a disinfectant, the by-products arising from chlorine
reacting with organic matter, as well as the rationale
behind the disinfectant and disinfectant by-product
regulations. After examining the chemical, toxicologic
and epidemiologic evidence which fueled the new SDWA
regulations, available treatment strategies for meeting
the new regulations will be detailed and examined. A
water treatment strategy which best appears to maximize
the reduction of waterborne disease and minimize the risk
of chronic disease will then be offered.Graduation date: 1992
Books on the topic "Disinfection and disinfectants Health aspects"
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Bull, Richard J. Health effects of disinfectants and disinfection by-products. Denver, CO: AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, 1991.
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2
Paulus, Wilfried. Microbicides for the protection of materials: A handbook. London: Chapman & Hall, 1993.
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3
Pfuderer, Gerhard. Hygienische Untersuchungen über die Desinfektionswirkung von Kalk bei verschiedenen Verfahren der Klärschlammbehandlung. München: R. Oldenbourg, 1985.
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4
Martin, Michael. Infection control in the dental environment: Effective procedures. London: M. Dunitz, 1991.
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Martin, Michael. Infection control in the dental environment: Effective procedures. London: Dunitz, 1991.
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Hoffman, P. N. Disinfection in healthcare. 3rd ed. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Pub., 2004.
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American Water Works Association. Conference, American Water Works Association. Water Quality Division., and American Water Works Association. Research Division., eds. Proceedings. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 1989.
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8
J, Cimolai Debra, ed. Practical infection control: A health care professional and community resource guide. British Columbia: Populus Productions and Pub. Ltd., 2012.
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9
Speiran, Gary K. Dissolved organic carbon and disinfection by-product precursors in waters of the Chickahominy River basin, Virginia, and implications for public supply. Richmond, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.
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10
Speiran, Gary K. Dissolved organic carbon and disinfection by-product precursors in waters of the Chickahominy River basin, Virginia, and implications for public supply. Richmond, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Disinfection and disinfectants Health aspects"
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Brezonik, Patrick L., and William A. Arnold. "Chemistry of Chlorine and Other Oxidants/Disinfectants." In Water Chemistry, 652–93. 2nd ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197604700.003.0015.
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Abstract This chapter treats the chemistry of oxidants used in disinfection and chemical oxidation during water treatment, with emphasis on chlorine gas (Cl2), its products in water (hypochlorous acid, HOCl, and its conjugate base hypochlorite, OCl–), and other oxidized forms of chlorine. The inorganic chemistry of these forms—their acid-base and redox properties—and the reactions of chlorine forms with organic compounds are described. Formation mechanisms for disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are explained, along with techniques to minimize their occurrence in drinking water. The chapter also briefly summarizes important aspects of the chemical behavior of alternative oxidants/disinfectants, including chlorine dioxide, iodine, and ozone (alone and as a component of so-called advanced oxidation processes).
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Khalid Ijaz, M., Raymond W. Nims, Todd A. Cutts, Julie McKinney, and Charles P. Gerba. "Predicted and Measured Virucidal Efficacies of Microbicides for Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses Associated with WHO Priority Diseases." In Disinfection of Viruses [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102365.
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The World Health Organization has updated its list of priority diseases for 2021 to currently include the following: Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus disease (Filoviridae), Nipah and henipaviral diseases (Paramyxoviridae), Lassa fever (Arenaviridae), Rift Valley fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (Bunyaviridae), Zika (Flaviviridae), COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) including Delta, Omicron, and other variants of concern, Middle East respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome (Coronaviridae), and the always present “disease X,” which is a term used for the next emerging pathogen of concern that is not known about today. In this chapter, we review the virucidal efficacy data for microbicides (disinfectants and antiseptics, also known as surface and hand hygiene agents or collectively hygiene agents) for the viruses associated with these diseases. As these diseases are each caused by lipid-enveloped viruses, the susceptibilities of the viruses to virucidal agents are informed by the known hierarchy of susceptibility of pathogens to microbicides. The unique susceptibility of lipid-enveloped viruses to most classes of microbicides is based on the common mechanism of action of envelope-disrupting microbicides. Empirical data supporting this principle and the mitigational role of targeted hygiene in infection prevention and control (IPAC) discussed are presented.
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Andrea Giovanni Perozzo, Filippo, Alex Pontini, Alberto De Lazzari, Alvise Montanari, Giovanni Valotto, and Bruno Azzena. "Management and Clinical Aspects of Burned Patients Affected by SARS-COV2." In Trauma and Emergency Surgery. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99985.
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At the end of January 2020, SARS-CoV-2 started escalating worldwide. COVID-19 can exert its effects on immunity, inflammation, and multi-organ system disease, common denominators with the burn injury. The pandemic required major efforts to Burn centres in order to preserve burn patients’ care and contribute to the health care response. In our Burn Unit we autonomously developed a protocol for patients acceptance and surveillance of the hospitalized ones and the personnel. We briefly describe our experience with six cases of burn patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 highlighting the overlap between medical treatment of burn patients and COVID-19 patients. To avoid viral spreading epidemiologic control is essential, especially preventive measures such as isolation of infected patients and identification of the source of infection. In our surgical practice, we increased the use of enzymatic debridement avoiding procedures with a high risk of viral particles spreading. Personnel protection and dedicated pathways have been planned, optimizing air circulation and disinfection. Vaccines represent the best hope for the global population to stop the viral spread, despite new variants outbreaks.
Conference papers on the topic "Disinfection and disinfectants Health aspects"
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Vasko, Christopher A., and Christina G. Giannopapa. "Liquid Droplets in Contact With Cold Non-Equilibrium Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63629.
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Recently, cold, non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasmas (CAPs) and their active chemistry have been extensively investigated to the benefit of a wide array of applications such as biomedical and industrial applications mainly in the area of materials processing and chemical synthesis, amongst many others. In general, these plasmas operate at standard conditions (i.e. 1 atm, 300K), are small (∼ cm) and rather simple to operate in comparison to other plasmas. Their complex chemistry gives rise to a wide array of both stable and transient reactive species: such as O3, H2O2, OH and NOx, next to charged species and (V)UV-radiation. This chemistry is the reason for their wide spread application and has already found many industrial applications from waste water treatment, stain free detergents and industrial scale production of oxidants. In recent years, bactericidal effects of CAPs gained increasing attention for applications such as dermatology, disinfection, dentistry and cancer treatment or stimulated blood coagulation. This paper aims to highlight recent research into new biological applications for complex mission scenarios involving humans in remote locations using CAPs for disinfection, bleaching or wound healing. Results using radiofrequency plasma jets for the inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are summarized, highlighting the importance of liquid plasma interactions. Work with such a CAP paved the way for a promising application in the field of biomedical applications presented here. It involves surface barrier discharges which can be used to treat larger surfaces compared to jets. Their physical construction, using floating or contained electrodes, offer a convenient way of controlling electrical current on a large scale, 3D treatment of both conducting and insulating surfaces with minimal heating. These devices may be tailored to specific skin treatments, allowing fast and effective treatment of larger skin surfaces while following the shape of the skin. This might reduce the need for bactericidal agents and would be a valuable application to assist humans in remote locations. These emerging technologies could be essential both for human health care under extreme conditions, as well as for research itself (sterilisation of tools and large areas, etc.). Especially in the absence of abundant resources (antibiotic agents, disinfectants and the like) alternative approaches to support humans in isolated locations have to be developed. Applications based on a good understanding of plasma chemistry would empower health care under extreme conditions to efficiently use and manage in situ resources. Their low mass, compact size, low power consumption and high reliability could make them essential use under extreme conditions.