Journal articles: 'Disengagement process'

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Ghassemi, Mirjam, Katharina Bernecker, Marcel Herrmann, and Veronika Brandstätter. "The Process of Disengagement From Personal Goals." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, no. 4 (February 1, 2017): 524–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167216689052.

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To date, it is not well understood how individuals disengage from goals. A recent approach suggests that disengagement is often preceded by an action crisis, a motivational conflict in which the individual is torn between holding on to and letting go of a personal goal. We postulate that a dynamic interplay between the experience of action crisis and appraisals of goal desirability and attainability shapes the disengagement process from personal goals. In two longitudinal studies ( N = 364), an action crisis in the goal to complete a university degree predicted devaluations of its desirability and attainability, and reversely, low goal attainability (but not desirability) predicted an increase in action crisis. Moreover, studies provided first evidence that devaluing goal desirability might be functional for well-being in an action crisis. Studies strengthen the view that disengagement is shaped by reciprocal processes between the experience of action crisis and changes in goal appraisal.

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Duhart, Philippe. "Directing Disengagement." European Journal of Sociology 57, no. 1 (April 2016): 31–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975616000023.

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AbstractThis article examines the relationship between the structure of politico-military movements and effective insurgent engagement in peace processes. Drawing on the experiences of Irish republicans and Basque separatists, I argue that centralized movement structures in which politicos wield influence over armed groups allow for effective coordination between movement wings in peace efforts while providing political leaders with credibility as interlocutors. In the Irish case, centralization enabled Sinn Fein leaders to ensure Provisional ira commitment to peace and to contain schism within the republican movement throughout the peace process. In the Basque case, movement decentralization created persistent coordination problems between wings during peace efforts, while eta’s unilateral reneging prevented political allies from establishing credibility as peacemakers. These cases show that while movement leaders untainted by direct association with armed groups may be more politically palatable than those with ties to “terrorists”, tainted leaders may make more credible partners for peace.

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Ivanova, Stela, Theresa Treffers, and Fred Langerak. "Time to Disengagement in the Nascent Venturing Process." Academy of Management Proceedings 2018, no. 1 (August 2018): 11054. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2018.11054abstract.

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Dougherty, A. Michael, Frances E. Tack, Carla B. Fullam, and Larry A. Hammer. "Disengagement: A Neglected Aspect of the Consultation Process." Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation 7, no. 3 (September 1996): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s1532768xjepc0703_5.

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Khan, Shaji A., Jintong Tang, and Kailash Joshi. "Disengagement of Nascent Entrepreneurs from the Start-Up Process." Journal of Small Business Management 52, no. 1 (June 20, 2013): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12032.

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Osofsky, Michael J., Albert Bandura, and Philip G. Zimbardo. "The Role of Moral Disengagement in the Execution Process." Law and Human Behavior 29, no. 4 (2005): 371–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10979-005-4930-1.

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Garcia-Jimenez, Maria, Maria Jesus Cala, M. Eva Trigo, and Manuel L. de la Mata. "Women’s Disengagement From Legal Proceedings for Intimate Partner Violence in Southern Spain: Variables Related to Legal Proceedings." Crime & Delinquency 65, no. 13 (July 25, 2018): 1873–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128718789857.

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This article studies the relationship between a set of variables related to the legal process and women’s disengagement from legal proceedings against their (ex)partners in Southern Spain. A total of 345 women answered a questionnaire. Results evidenced that request for a protection order (PO), granting such PO, imprisonment of the offender, and women’s perception of who decided during the process were significantly related to disengagement (medium effect size). In addition, a logistic regression model was developed to predict disengagement with two variables: granting a PO and women’s perception of who decided. Results are interpreted in terms of the necessity that the judicial system gives support, protects, and provides women with opportunities to participate in the recovery process.

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Dziewanski, Dariusz. "Leaving Gangs in Cape Town: Disengagement as Role Exit." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 49, no. 4 (May 5, 2020): 507–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891241620915942.

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A lack of scholarship on gang leaving in Cape Town, South Africa creates the impression that joining gangs is a death sentence. However, this paper shows that gang members can disengage, even amidst the scarcity of an emerging city. It combines life history research with Ebaugh’s (2013) role exit theory in an analysis of the disengagements of 24 former gang participants. Research considers the various stages of out-of-gang transitions, profiling the drivers and impediments to gang exit. Specific focus is placed on understanding how violence both catalyzes and challenges out-of-gang transition during the differential processes of disengagement. Findings indicate a lengthy and challenging transitional process from the point the first doubts emerge to the time a person successfully becomes an ex-gangster. Progress through different phases of gang exit is generally uneven and unpredictable, and carried out in a context with significant social, economic, and security challenges. Still, those interviewed for this study offer compelling examples to show that disengagement is possible. Their journeys yield insights that can be leveraged to design better informed efforts to reduce gang violence—whether in Cape Town, or in other similarly inequality prone and insecure cities around the world.

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Saha, Sumi Rani, and Ashik Zaman. "Satisfaction in Old Age: Activity or Disengagement?" Journal of Sociological Research 12, no. 1 (December 17, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsr.v12i1.17399.

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The aging process of human being is intertwined with two vital aspects of life experiences; work and retirement when elderly people face greater uncertainties than other age groups as they have to replace themselves in the newer environs with shifting roles. Thus, in this process, researchers have queries whether elderly disengage or withdraw, whether their disengagement or activity brings satisfactions and how is their attitude towards the functionality of disengagement. To measure these, disengagement and activity theories have been used with descriptive research design when respondents were selected purposively and interviewed Face-to-Face. Most of the elderly in Bangladesh believe themselves to be forced to retire. A significant portion of retired elderly answered that they wanted to be engaged instead retire but, in reality, most of them enjoy disengagement escaping from earlier activities that ensures their quality of life and satisfaction. After all, it is found that disengagement is functional as the sense that the elderly people give up their positions to the young as they are not able to defeat them in the activity level.

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Schrag, Rachel Voth, Leila Wood, and Noël Busch-Armendariz. "Pathways From Intimate Partner Violence to Academic Disengagement Among Women University Students." Violence and Victims 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-d-18-00173.

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More knowledge is needed related to collegiate intimate partner violence (IPV) and the pathways between experiencing physical and psychological IPV and academic disengagement. Students in a University System in the southwest completed an online survey including measures of physical and psychological IPV, academic disengagement, sense of community, and safety on campus. Conditional process analyses were used to understand key pathways for 6,818 woman identified students. All models found a significant indirect path between physical and psychological IPV and academic disengagement via depression symptoms. Students' sense of community on campus was associated with less academic disengagement regardless of physical violence. The impact of psychological IPV on disengagement was stronger for those with lower senses of community. Enhancing screening and education, providing effective mental health counseling, and increasing advocacy will help institutions better address IPV.

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Insch, Andrea, and Menique Stuart. "Understanding resident city brand disengagement." Journal of Place Management and Development 8, no. 3 (October 12, 2015): 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmd-06-2015-0016.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors underlying residents’ lack of involvement and engagement with their city brand. This paper addresses the gap in understanding residents’ disengagement from their city brand. Design/methodology/approach – In-depth interviews with 14 residents of Dunedin City, New Zealand, were conducted to identify and understand the factors that underlie residents’ disengagement from their city brand. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Findings – Four major themes or factors that influence residents’ disengagement were identified: lack of brand awareness/knowledge; lack of brand identification; disapproval of local government actions; and cynical attitudes towards involvement. Research limitations/implications – This paper focuses on one city brand, with its unique history and institutional context, and the thoughts and experiences of a limited group of residents, thus limiting the applicability of the findings. A longitudinal study would be helpful to identify if residents’ engagement with their place brand change over time and the underlying reasons for such changes. Practical implications – Extant research highlights the importance of a participatory, co-creative process between citizens and local governments for building city brands. Despite this, this study’s findings demonstrate that there might be several formidable barriers to resident participation in their city’s branding process. Originality/value – This paper represents a first step in understanding what might trigger or contribute to residents becoming disengaged from their city’s brand. Therefore, this paper considers the “hidden voices” of residents who have become largely disconnected from the city brand.

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Kelly, Jane F., and Catherine L. Ward. "Narratives of Gang Disengagement Among Former Gang Members in South Africa." Criminal Justice and Behavior 47, no. 11 (August 12, 2020): 1509–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854820949603.

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Understanding gang disengagement is important for the development of effective interventions. This research sought to examine how former South African gang members understand their gang disengagement. Two rounds of life history interviews were conducted with 12 former gang members. Thematic narrative analysis was used to analyze the interview data. Findings revealed that personal agency was key to the participants’ disengagement, which included forming a purposive intention to change, committing to and maintaining this change, despite challenges faced, and taking personal responsibility for their pasts. It also involved actively drawing on protective resources—such as meaningful and practical support from loved ones—and prosocial identities available to them within their environments, thus illustrating how the disengagement process is an interaction between inner and outer resources. Therefore, it is imperative that gang-related interventions ensure that individuals have access to the kinds of resources that will support their disengagement.

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Mazzone, Angela, Takuya Yanagida, Simona C. S. Caravita, and Dagmar Strohmeier. "Moral Emotions and Moral Disengagement: Concurrent and Longitudinal Associations With Aggressive Behavior Among Early Adolescents." Journal of Early Adolescence 39, no. 6 (August 7, 2018): 839–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431618791276.

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The complex temporal associations among moral disengagement, moral emotions, and aggressive behavior were investigated within a short-term four-wave longitudinal study in a sample of early adolescents (at T1: N = 245; Mage = 12.16 years; SD = 0.85). Moral disengagement and aggressive behavior were investigated by validated self-report scales. Shame and guilt were assessed in response to six-story vignettes. A series of four-wave longitudinal mediation analyses were conducted to test several theoretically meaningful models. Mediation models revealed positive reciprocal longitudinal effects between aggressive behavior and moral disengagement. Aggressive behavior negatively predicted moral emotions, and moral disengagement was negatively associated with moral emotions over time. When testing competing models including all three variables in one model, no theoretical meaningful mediation process emerged: Instead, high moral disengagement predicted lower moral emotions but higher aggressive behavior over time. Results are discussed regarding their practical importance for prevention and intervention programs.

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Bao, Wei Cheng, Hong Chen, and Chun Lei Yang. "Sequential Engagement and Disengagement Drive Mechanism Instruction Device Design of Offset Press." Applied Mechanics and Materials 329 (June 2013): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.329.264.

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According to the process characteristics of sequential engagement and disengagement mechanism of offset press, a teaching device of sequential engagement and disengagement mechanism with double cylinders double stroke drive mechanisms was designed. By means of simplifying the mechanism and using complex polar coordinates vector method, the mathematical modeling of the mechanism was built. The related parameter curve of the mechanism was drawn with MATLAB software. And through MATLAB optimization toolbox, the optimized design of the mechanism was carried on, the sequential engagement and disengagement drive mechanism teaching device design of offset press was improved.

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Aftab, Syeda Rubab, and Jamil Ahmad Malik. "Mediating Role of Moral Disengagement between Emotional Manipulation and Psychological Well-Being: Does Age Matter?" Behavioral Sciences 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs11090117.

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Background/Aims: When people hone their emotional skills, they become better at manipulating others. They use their emotional skills for coping with the demands of life. This study investigated the mediating role of moral disengagement between emotional manipulation and psychological well-being. Further, the moderating role of age is tested for the mediation model of the study. Methods: This study has a cross-sectional design. Participants included students from private and public institutions (n = 542; Mean age = 18.59 years, SD = 2.10 years; gender = 46% males). Responses were collected on emotional manipulation, moral disengagement, and psychological well-being questionnaires. Analyses were conducted using SPSS 21 and PROCESS 3.1. Results: The correlation analysis showed that both in late adolescents and young adults, moral disengagement negatively correlated with psychological well-being. However, the correlation is much stronger for young adults as compared to late adolescents. Similarly, emotional manipulation has a stronger positive correlation with moral disengagement in young adults compared to late adolescents. Results also showed that moral disengagement and emotional manipulation is higher in males than females, and psychological well-being is higher in females than males. Moral disengagement appeared to be a negative mediator for the relationship between emotional manipulation and psychological well-being. Further, age moderated the indirect effect of emotional manipulation on psychological well-being through moral disengagement. The moderation of age suggests that young adults are more inclined toward moral disengagement behaviors for manipulating emotions in comparison to late adolescents. Conclusions: It is concluded that use of emotional manipulation is associated with a direct increase in psychological well-being; however, indirect emotional manipulation decreases psychological well-being, with an increased use of moral disengagement. Moreover, this indirect effect is stronger in young adults compared to late adolescents, as young adults are more inclined toward moral disengagement.

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Rastogi, Ashish, Surya Prakash Pati, Jitendra Kumar Dixit, and Pankaj Kumar. "Work disengagement among SME workers: evidence from India." Benchmarking: An International Journal 25, no. 3 (April 3, 2018): 968–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-07-2017-0189.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the two alternative theoretical explanations of disengagement at work. Following the job demands-resources (JD-R) perspective, the relationship between job complexity and disengagement is tested. In accordance with the process model of burnout, the association between exhaustion and disengagement is examined. The paper also examines conservation of resources (COR) as an integrative framework as far as the moderating role of resilience in both these relationships is concerned. Design/methodology/approach Survey-based quantitative methodology was followed. A total of 138 employees of an agro-processing unit in North India were surveyed, and 119 usable responses were obtained. Besides the constructs of interest, the questionnaire also sought responses on the relevant demographic variables. Findings Both job complexity and exhaustion predicted disengagement at work. However, contrary to a negatively hypothesized relationship between job complexity and disengagement, a positive association was found. Resilience was found to be negatively moderating exhaustion-disengagement relationship. No influence of resilience was found on the complexity-disengagement association. Research limitations/implications The findings could be specific to the sample and to India. Caution should be exercised while generalizing. Future researchers should validate the findings across contexts. Practical implications The results suggest that complexity may not necessarily be perceived as a resource. Hence organizations must invest in training and skill development programs for their workers. Further, managers should assess resilience as an important component while selecting workers. Originality/value Contrary findings vis-à-vis job complexity and disengagement could have implications for the JD-R perspective. Further, this research integrates alternative explanations of disengagement employing the COR framework.

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Gagnè, Marylène, Carsten Wrosch, and Stephanie Brun de Pontet. "Retiring From the Family Business." Family Business Review 24, no. 4 (June 23, 2011): 292–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894486511410688.

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A longitudinal study of family business leaders nearing retirement age examined the effects of goal adjustment capacities (disengagement and reengagement) on retirement planning. Goal disengagement predicted taking concrete steps to prepare retirement, whereas goal reengagement was related to having positive retirement expectations. Family business leaders with high goal reengagement capacities who trusted their successor’s abilities set an earlier retirement date than others. Leaders with poor goal disengagement capacities who did not trust their successor were unable to improve their retirement expectations over time. This study shows the importance of psychological variables in the retirement planning process of family business leaders.

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Johnson, James F., and Shane Connelly. "Moral Disengagement and Ethical Decision-Making." Journal of Personnel Psychology 15, no. 4 (September 2016): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000166.

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Abstract. Process-focused models of ethical decision-making (EDM) have focused on individual and situational constraints influencing EDM processes and outcomes. Trait affect and propensity to morally disengage are two individual factors that influence EDM. The current study examines the moderating role of dispositional guilt and shame on the relationship between moral disengagement and EDM. Results indicate that moderate and high levels of dispositional guilt attenuate the negative relationship between moral disengagement and EDM, while low guilt does not. Dispositional shame does not moderate the relationship between moral disengagement and EDM. Implications for personnel selection are discussed.

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Rodrigues, Ines. "Rethinking Educational Research on School Disengagement Through Students’ Voices." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 6 (December 29, 2017): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i6.2905.

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Several factors may lead to school disengagement and dropout. Understanding this process can help schools identify and work with young people at risk of disengaging, before this comes entrenched. This paper reports the stages and initial results of a study that used vocational school students as co-researchers to investigate the phenomenon of engagement and disengagement at a vocational school. Following the premises that young people have unique perspectives on learning, teaching and schooling, we have built a research design in which all data were collected, analysed and coded by students who were engaged in a 3-stage process of analysis: selecting, contextualising and codifying. First findings of this research show that by analysing data, students identified and critically discussed problems, naming ways to change the situation, thus showing that when they are asked to participate in their own learning process, change can happen and schools can locally work to reduce dropouts. Keywords: School dropout; disengagement; students as co-researchers; students voice; photo voice.

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Almeida, Teresa, Francisca Abreu, and Nelson C. Ramalho. "Becoming morally disengaged: how long does it take?" Leadership & Organization Development Journal 42, no. 4 (March 5, 2021): 548–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-01-2020-0005.

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PurposeLeadership is a time-dependent process and a recent leadership research trend posits a central role of time-based variables. The dyadic tenure plays a keystone role in understanding leader–follower dynamics, especially as regards leader ethics. In line with this, from a social learning theory perspective, the authors propose a model that explains how and when ethical leaders' behaviors influence subordinates' moral disengagement.Design/methodology/approachWith a sample of 220 employees, the present study tests the conditional indirect effect of ethical leadership on followers' moral disengagement via instrumental ethical climate (IEC), using dyadic tenure as the moderator variable. The analyses were conducted with Hayes PROCESS macro.FindingsResults suggested that IEC fully mediates the relationship between ethical leadership and moral disengagement. Thus, when followers perceive low levels of ethical leadership, they notice higher levels of IEC, which is positively related to moral disengagement. However, IEC perception only influences moral disengagement when dyadic tenure approaches the third year.Originality/valueThis paper answers calls to include time-based variables in leadership studies. Hence, using dyadic tenure, this study gives support to previous propositions that were still awaiting empirical test.

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Wang, Jun, Li Zhang, Yanjun Huang, Jian Zhao, and Francesco Bella. "Safety of Autonomous Vehicles." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8867757.

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Autonomous vehicle (AV) is regarded as the ultimate solution to future automotive engineering; however, safety still remains the key challenge for the development and commercialization of the AVs. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the development status of AVs and reported accidents is becoming urgent. In this article, the levels of automation are reviewed according to the role of the automated system in the autonomous driving process, which will affect the frequency of the disengagements and accidents when driving in autonomous modes. Additionally, the public on-road AV accident reports are statistically analyzed. The results show that over 3.7 million miles have been tested for AVs by various manufacturers from 2014 to 2018. The AVs are frequently taken over by drivers if they deem necessary, and the disengagement frequency varies significantly from 2 × 10−4 to 3 disengagements per mile for different manufacturers. In addition, 128 accidents in 2014–2018 are studied, and about 63% of the total accidents are caused in autonomous mode. A small fraction of the total accidents (∼6%) is directly related to the AVs, while 94% of the accidents are passively initiated by the other parties, including pedestrians, cyclists, motorcycles, and conventional vehicles. These safety risks identified during on-road testing, represented by disengagements and actual accidents, indicate that the passive accidents which are caused by other road users are the majority. The capability of AVs to alert and avoid safety risks caused by the other parties and to make safe decisions to prevent possible fatal accidents would significantly improve the safety of AVs. Practical applications. This literature review summarizes the safety-related issues for AVs by theoretical analysis of the AV systems and statistical investigation of the disengagement and accident reports for on-road testing, and the findings will help inform future research efforts for AV developments.

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Diei, E. N., and D. A. Dornfeld. "Acoustic Emission from the Face Milling Process—the Effects of Process Variables." Journal of Engineering for Industry 109, no. 2 (May 1, 1987): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3187114.

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This study investigates the nature of the acoustic emission (AE) signal generated during single and multitooth face milling of steel. For this purpose, cutting tests were conducted on a vertical milling machine to determine the effects of cutting parameters, especially the angle of tool engagement and disengagement, the varying chip thickness, and the number of engaged teeth. The results show good correlation between the rms AE signal and the severity of the contact conditions during chip formation and at tool entry and exit. Cutting forces were also measured and a qualitative correlation between the specific AE rms voltage and the specific cutting force is seen.

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Zorzetto, Maurizio. "The moral disengagement mechanisms in organizational contexts: A comparison between public organizations and private firms." Rivista di Psicopatologia Forense, Medicina Legale, Criminologia 23, no. 1 (June 6, 2018): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/psyco.2018.27.

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The moral disengagement present in work places is a critical factor impacting the efficient pursuit of organizational goals. This research aims at providing a new view on the criticisms moved against the inefficiencies of the Italian public administration and the national bureaucratic system, by adopting the principles described in Albert Bandura’s (1986) Social Cognitive theory and testing the mechanisms of moral disengagement empirically, by carrying out the Civic Moral Disengagement (CMD) survey among private and public-sector employees. The final goal of this research is analyzing the cognitive process that employees activate based on the environment they are in, and defining an Empowerment strategy that could be adopted within public organizations.

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Danish, Steven J., Susanna S. Owens, Scott L. Green, and John P. Brunelle. "Building bridges for disengagement: The transition process for individuals and teams." Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 9, no. 1 (March 1997): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413209708415389.

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Liu, Yan Jun, Xiao Rong Liu, Hui Li, Qing Li, Yong Sheng Li, Chang Su, Jun Tian, and Yu Cheng Wang. "Effects of Strong-Acid on Performances of Copper Solvent Extraction." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.48.

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This paper studied the effect of strong acid---concentrated sulfuric acid---on organic phase physical properties, copper extraction rates as well as phase behaviors in the process of copper solvent extraction. Results demonstrate that with the increase of contact time between organic phase and concentrated sulfuric acid, the organic phase density and viscosity slightly decreased, copper extraction rate linearly decreased from 99.8% to 99.5%, and the average size of organic phase droplet in raffinate cyclically trended to decrease. When the contact time is less than 20 hrs, phase disengagement rate decreased slowly. However, further increasing the contact time the phase disengagement rate decreased rapidly. Organic phase physical properties have little effect on phase disengagement rate.

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Aronson, Geoffrey. "Issues Arising from the Implementation of Israel's Disengagement from the Gaza Strip." Journal of Palestine Studies 34, no. 4 (January 1, 2005): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2005.34.4.49.

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This report is a lightly edited version of a 2005 study commissioned by the Canadian government's International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in anticipation of Israel's disengagement from the Gaza Strip slated to take place by the end of 2005. The study addresses possible implications of the disengagement, particularly for the international community, and makes recommendations for an international response. In preparing the study, the author conducted numerous interviews with a wide range of Israeli officials, experts, and others involved in the disengagement process, many of whom were prepared to speak only without attribution. The report is valuable not only for the issues it lays out, but also for the light it sheds on the thinking of the Israeli political and security establishment concerning how to implement and present the disengagement and what is required to secure international recognition of the end to Israel's occupation of Gaza and hence of its responsibility for the population.

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Altier, Mary Beth. "Returning to the Fight: Addressing the Drivers and Likelihood of Terrorist Disengagement and Re-Engagement." Proceedings 77, no. 1 (April 25, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2021077019.

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Recent interest in terrorist risk assessment and rehabilitation reveals that the likelihood and risk factors for terrorist disengagement, re-engagement, and recidivism are poorly understood. In this presentation, I review related literature on criminal desistance, disaffiliation from new religious movements, commitment, and turnover in traditional work organizations, role exit, and the investment model to develop a series of theoretical starting points for gauging the likelihood and predictors of risk, which can help inform evaluation efforts. I then highlight key findings from the existing literature on terrorist disengagement and re-engagement/recidivism as well as key differences across samples and the methodological challenges associated with such research—mainly the absence of control groups, relatively small sample sizes, the need for a lengthy time horizon, and inconsistencies in what constitutes re-engagement and recidivism. Then, using data collected on 185 terrorist engagement events for 85 individuals representing over 70 unique terrorist groups, I present my and my colleagues’ findings on the drivers of terrorist disengagement and re-engagement. We find that terrorist disengagement is a lengthy process more commonly driven by “push” rather than “pull” factors, specifically disillusionment with the strategy or actions of the terrorist group, disillusionment with leaders or other members, disillusionment with one’s day-to-day tasks, burnout, difficulty living a clandestine lifestyle, difficulty coping with attacks, and psychological distress. Importantly, “de-radicalization” is only cited as playing a “large role” in just 16% of disengagement events in our sample. I then discuss how one’s role within a terrorist group offers insight into the disengagement process. Our research shows that leaders and violent operatives have a harder time disengaging than those in logistical or support roles because of the sunk costs associated with their involvement and/or the fewer opportunities available to them. We also find that individuals in certain roles are more/less likely to experience certain push/pull factors for disengagement. I conclude by discussing our research on terrorist re-engagement, which shows that in the short term, a deep commitment to the ideology, maintaining ties to individuals still involved in terrorism, and being young increase the likelihood one will return to terrorism.

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Rubio-Garay, Fernando, Miguel A. Carrasco, and Pedro J. Amor. "Aggression, anger and hostility: Evaluation of moral disengagement as a mediational process." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 57, no. 2 (January 18, 2016): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12270.

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Parra Grajales, Maria Fernanda, Estefanía Zamora Vásquez, and María Clara Cuevas Jaramillo. "Moral Disengagement in Emerging Adults’ Attitudes towards the Colombian Peace Accords." Universitas Psychologica 18, no. 5 (December 30, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy18-5.mdea.

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In the framework of Colombia’s peace process, we explore the moral disengagement in the attitudes of Colombians from Cali towards the first version of the Peace Accords. To achieve this, we conducted 12 in-depth interviews with emerging adults. Participant characteristics considered in the study include how they voted in the 2016 peace referendum, age, sex, socioeconomic status and educational level. The transcripts were analyzed through a content analysis applying consensual qualitative research (CQR) guidelines and considering the identity markers mentioned above. The results show that most participants’ discourse presented moral disengagement mechanisms. However, the morality in their attitudes is not adequately comprehended by only analyzing traces of moral disengagement. Other moral elements must be considered, especially since morality appears to be an important aspect of the participants’ attitudes towards topics related to the peace accords. Social implications are discussed.

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Low, Lee-Fay, Kate Swaffer, Margaret McGrath, and Henry Brodaty. "Do people with early stage dementia experience Prescribed Disengagement®? A systematic review of qualitative studies." International Psychogeriatrics 30, no. 6 (August 22, 2017): 807–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217001545.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Prescribed Disengagement® is the description of the post-diagnostic advice given to people after a diagnosis of dementia, which explicitly or implicitly suggests that the person should be slowing down or pulling back from activities. This results in isolation, loss of hope, self-esteem and self-identity, and threatens social health. This study aims to review whether Prescribed Disengagement® can be identified in the literature on subjective experiences of people living with early dementia.Methods:A systematic search was performed. Inclusion criteria were original empirical qualitative studies published in English that addressed the subjective experiences of living with a diagnosis of objectively defined early dementia. Thematic synthesis was undertaken.Results:Thirty-five papers involving 373 participants were included. Following a diagnosis, people with dementia struggled with self-identity, independence, control and status, activities, stigma, and how to view the future. Reactions in these areas ranged from active and positive to negative and passive. Many studies reported participants’ dissatisfaction with the way the diagnosis was communicated. There was insufficient information provided about dementia and limited treatments and support offered. The diagnosis process and post-diagnostic support may have contributed to disempowerment of the person with dementia, made it more difficult to accept the diagnosis, and exacerbated negative views and self-stigma around dementia.Conclusions:These results do not support the idea of Prescribed Disengagement®. However disengagement may have been implied during the diagnosis process and post-diagnostic support. Research is needed on how to improve the communication of dementia diagnosis and support people to live well post-diagnosis.

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Budziszewski, Ross, Scott A. Graupensperger, and Matthew Vierimaa. "Exploring Predictors of Moral Disengagement in Collegiate Athletic Trainers." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-504-18.

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Context Considering recent high-profile reports of malpractice and negligence by National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletic trainers (ATs), it is prudent to investigate the psychological mechanisms that may influence ATs' ability to justify unethical behaviors. When treating injured student-athletes, ATs may undergo a cognitive process known as moral disengagement, which involves convincing oneself that ethical standards do not apply in a particular context. Objective To explore the psychological factors and traits among ATs that may predict moral disengagement pertaining to allowing athletes to play through injuries. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Online survey. Patients or Other Participants A total of 187 Division I, II, and III ATs from 100 NCAA universities. Main Outcome Measure(s) In addition to the primary outcome variable of moral disengagement, the survey captured the AT's demographic background, sport and athletic training histories, and measures of sport ethic, contesting orientations, commitment, and social identity. Results Cluster analysis was used to identify homogeneous subgroups of participants based on these variables. A 2-cluster solution emerged, with cluster 1 (n = 94) scoring higher in the sport-ethic and sport-contesting orientations but lower in commitment and social identity compared with cluster 2 (n = 93). An independent-samples t test revealed that moral disengagement was highest (t185 = 19.59, P < .001, d = 0.69) among ATs in cluster 1. Conclusions These findings advance our understanding of the psychological processes that may predict moral disengagement of ATs in allowing student-athletes to play through injury. Although additional research is needed to test whether moral disengagement influences return-to-play decisions, we provide initial evidence that ATs who conform to sport norms (eg, “no pain, no gain”) and who tend to view sport competition with a “war-like” orientation are more likely to morally disengage.

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García-Jiménez, María, María Jesús Cala-Carrillo, and M. Eva Trigo. "Predicting Disengagement from Judicial Proceedings by Female Victims of Intimate Partner Violence in Spain: A Systematic Replication With Prospective Data." Violence Against Women 26, no. 12-13 (October 30, 2019): 1493–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219882502.

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This article examines which variables predict disengagement from legal proceedings by victims of intimate partner violence in the first steps of the Spanish judicial process. We replicated a previous retrospective study with a prospective sample of 393 women. The relationships of sociodemographic, emotional, motivational, and psychological variables with procedural withdrawals were analyzed. We developed a binary logistic regression model that predicts disengagement with two variables: the contact with the abuser and the interaction between this contact and the thought of going back with him. Interesting differences between the current and the retrospective study were found. Results are discussed extensively in the conclusions.

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Bartolo, Maria Giuseppina, Anna Lisa Palermiti, Rocco Servidio, Pasquale Musso, and Angela Costabile. "Mediating processes in the relations of parental monitoring and school climate with cyberbullying: The role of moral disengagement." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 15, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 568–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v15i3.1724.

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In recent years, studies have extensively explored both personal and environmental predictors of cyberbullying. Among these predictors, parental monitoring and school climate were often expected to be associated with cyberbullying behaviors. However, little is known about the mediating mechanisms through which these relations may develop. The present study aimed to expand the current research by testing a theoretical model including the mediating role of moral disengagement in the relations between parental monitoring (including less collaborative vs. more collaborative strategies), school climate, and cyberbullying behaviors. Five hundred and seventy-one Italian adolescents (54.5% male) aged 14 to 20 years were recruited from high schools. Measures included demographics and parental monitoring, school climate, moral disengagement and cyberbullying scales. To test the hypothesized model, we estimated full and partial mediation models by structural equation modeling. Results showed negative indirect links of parental monitoring (but only the more collaborative strategies) and school climate with cyberbullying via moral disengagement. Less collaborative strategies of parental monitoring were neither directly nor indirectly related to cyberbullying. The findings revealed moral disengagement as an important process in explaining how ecological factors, such as parenting behaviors and school environments, are associate with cyberbullying. Limitations, strengths, and implications for practice are presented.

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Bartolo, Maria Giuseppina, Anna Lisa Palermiti, Rocco Servidio, Pasquale Musso, and Angela Costabile. "Mediating processes in the relations of parental monitoring and school climate with cyberbullying: The role of moral disengagement." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 15, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 568–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v15i3.1742.

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In recent years, studies have extensively explored both personal and environmental predictors of cyberbullying. Among these predictors, parental monitoring and school climate were often expected to be associated with cyberbullying behaviors. However, little is known about the mediating mechanisms through which these relations may develop. The present study aimed to expand the current research by testing a theoretical model including the mediating role of moral disengagement in the relations between parental monitoring (including less collaborative vs. more collaborative strategies), school climate, and cyberbullying behaviors. Five hundred and seventy-one Italian adolescents (54.5% male) aged 14 to 20 years were recruited from high schools. Measures included demographics and parental monitoring, school climate, moral disengagement and cyberbullying scales. To test the hypothesized model, we estimated full and partial mediation models by structural equation modeling. Results showed negative indirect links of parental monitoring (but only the more collaborative strategies) and school climate with cyberbullying via moral disengagement. Less collaborative strategies of parental monitoring were neither directly nor indirectly related to cyberbullying. The findings revealed moral disengagement as an important process in explaining how ecological factors, such as parenting behaviors and school environments, are associate with cyberbullying. Limitations, strengths, and implications for practice are presented.

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Zhu, Dongqing, Zhiying Zhang, and Chunzhen Wang. "Performance matters: when supervisors socially accept unethical behavior." Journal of Managerial Psychology 36, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-12-2019-0686.

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PurposeIt is generally believed that supervisors would deter employee unethical behavior. However, drawing from social exchange theory and the theory of moral disengagement, we posit that supervisors are more willing to tolerate employee unethical behavior through moral disengagement when the perpetrator is a high performing employee.Design/methodology/approachStudy 1, which measured employee unethical behavior in a specific group of doctors through a time-lagged survey, and Study 2, which manipulated employee unethical behavior with a diverse sample by a vignette-based experiment, provided convergent support for our hypothesized 1st-stage moderated mediation model. Hierarchical regression, bootstrapping and ANOVA are used to test our hypotheses.FindingsAlthough supervisors generally showed a low social acceptance of an employee who engaged in unethical behavior, they were more likely to socially accept the perpetrator through moral disengagement when the employee was a high rather than a low performer.Practical implicationsGiven that supervisor's tolerance of employee unethical behavior may be more dangerous than employee unethical behavior itself, organizations should set up an ethics committee to handle top managers' unethical behavior and consider morality equally important with performance in management practice.Originality/valueThe current research extends research on the interpersonal consequences of employee unethical behavior, explains how moral disengagement promotes social acceptance and identifies the moderating effect of job performance in the process.

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Gao, Bingzhao, Yulong Lei, Anlin Ge, Hong Chen, and Kazushi Sanada. "Observer-based clutch disengagement control during gear shift process of automated manual transmission." Vehicle System Dynamics 49, no. 5 (September 9, 2010): 685–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423111003681354.

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Mitchell, Les. "Moral Disengagement and Support for Nonhuman Animal Farming." Society & Animals 19, no. 1 (2011): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853011x545529.

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AbstractNonhuman animal farming, by its fundamental nature, involves a greater or lesser degree of ill treatment and oppression. Definitions of abuse or cruelty in relation to nonhumans, however, are inconsistent and ambiguous. People support nonhuman farming by purchasing its products, but the majority of people do not themselves mistreat nonhumans. How can this incongruity be explained? Any account is likely to be complex, but work in experimental psychology has identified a number of conditions that can contribute toward individuals becoming morally disengaged from abusive acts. This paper shows that a number of these conditions are embedded in the nonhuman animal farming industry, thus providing some insight into why consumers may be disconnected from the mass abuse carried out by an industry they support. Recognizing this process can help advocates for nonhumans take steps to counter this disengagement and so allow consumers to examine their ethical choices more clearly.

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Kačmár, Pavol, and Merav Beere. "The Role of Time Perspective in the General Tendency to Disengage and Reengage from Problematic Goal Striving." Timing & Time Perception 9, no. 4 (May 13, 2021): 417–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134468-bja10032.

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Abstract Both time and goals are ubiquitous in our everyday lives. The main aim of the present set of studies was to corroborate if time perspective, as conceptualized by Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, is related to goal disengagement and reengagement during problematic goal striving. Over three studies, with more than 600 participants varying in age and cultural background, it was found that future time perspective is related to goal disengagement from a problematic goal striving. A pilot study with 103 university students showed that the future positive scale was negatively related to the general capacity to disengage. In a second study with 356 high-school students, it was shown that the future positive, past positive and present hedonistic scales were negatively correlated to goal disengagement, while the present fatalistic and future negative scales were positively correlated to goal disengagement. However, when accounting for the Big-five, only the future negative and (possibly) present hedonistic scales remained statistically significant predictors of the capacity to disengage from a goal. In the third study, the role of the future time perspective was replicated among 169 people suffering from chronic pain disease. It was shown that the future time perspective (in its general form) negatively predicted the general capacity to disengage. Moreover, focusing on more process-oriented aspects, this further predicted the action crisis during goal pursuit. This set of studies not only provides novel findings but also encourages further investigation of the time perspective in goal striving.

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Justice Tillman, C., Marilyn V. Whitman, K. Michele Kacmar, and Robert Steinbauer. "Gone but Not Forgotten: The Multiple Roles of Moral Disengagement: A Process Model Perspective." Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 28–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.3709.2017.ja.00004.

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Chamberlain, John Martyn, Meriel D’Artrey, and Deborah-Anne Rowe. "Peer observation of teaching: A decoupled process." Active Learning in Higher Education 12, no. 3 (October 19, 2011): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469787411415083.

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This article details the findings of research into the academic teaching staff experience of peer observation of their teaching practice. Peer observation is commonly used as a tool to enhance a teacher’s continuing professional development. Research participants acknowledged its ability to help develop their teaching practice, but they also reported that it could operate superficially as a tick box exercise, that its outcomes were frequently decoupled from formal staff development processes, and that its purpose and usefulness therefore seemed unclear. This article argues that the presence of decoupling reinforces the need to account for structural factors that can interact with peer observation of teaching to ensure it is a meaningful exercise for all teaching staff. It concludes that the published academic literature is perhaps guilty of overplaying the role of personal choice and individual tutor characteristics when addressing the complex issue that is staff disengagement with peer observation of teaching.

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Clemente, Miguel, Dolores Padilla-Racero, and Pablo Espinosa. "Revenge among Parents Who Have Broken up Their Relationship through Family Law Courts: Its Dimensions and Measurement Proposal." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 6, 2019): 4950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244950.

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This work analyzes inter-parental revenge after a breakup process, as it relates to the dark triad of personality, moral disengagement, and sex role ideology. Our objective was to test a predictive model for revenge based on these variables. Additionally, a scale to measure revenge among parents was developed. A sample of 384 participants who had minor children, had broken up their relationship, and had undergone or were undergoing problematic judicial procedures regarding their children completed a survey. They answered to measures of the dark triad of personality (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy); moral disengagement strategies; sex role ideology, and revenge. An instrument (the R scale), with adequate reliability and validity was developed to test revenge. Results show that revenge behaviors are perpetrated by 1 to 5% of participants. Revenge has three components: revenge through the child, revenge through economic manipulation, and revenge by cutting off communication. Results also show that for males, but not for females, sex role ideology mediates the relationship between the components of the dark triad, moral disengagement, and revenge. This paper aims at providing some insight for the protection of minors from manipulation by means of the Family Courts.

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Blanco-Elorrieta, Esti, Karen Emmorey, and Liina Pylkkänen. "Language switching decomposed through MEG and evidence from bimodal bilinguals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 39 (September 11, 2018): 9708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809779115.

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A defining feature of human cognition is the ability to quickly and accurately alternate between complex behaviors. One striking example of such an ability is bilinguals’ capacity to rapidly switch between languages. This switching process minimally comprises disengagement from the previous language and engagement in a new language. Previous studies have associated language switching with increased prefrontal activity. However, it is unknown how the subcomputations of language switching individually contribute to these activities, because few natural situations enable full separation of disengagement and engagement processes during switching. We recorded magnetoencephalography (MEG) from American Sign Language–English bilinguals who often sign and speak simultaneously, which allows to dissociate engagement and disengagement. MEG data showed that turning a language “off” (switching from simultaneous to single language production) led to increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), while turning a language “on” (switching from one language to two simultaneously) did not. The distinct representational nature of these on and off processes was also supported by multivariate decoding analyses. Additionally, Granger causality analyses revealed that (i) compared with “turning on” a language, “turning off” required stronger connectivity between left and right dlPFC, and (ii) dlPFC activity predicted ACC activity, consistent with models in which the dlPFC is a top–down modulator of the ACC. These results suggest that the burden of language switching lies in disengagement from the previous language as opposed to engaging a new language and that, in the absence of motor constraints, producing two languages simultaneously is not necessarily more cognitively costly than producing one.

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Liu, Chen-Chung, Pin-Ching Wang, and Shu-Ju Diana Tai. "An analysis of student engagement patterns in language learning facilitated by Web 2.0 technologies." ReCALL 28, no. 2 (February 24, 2016): 104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095834401600001x.

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AbstractRecent research indicates that Web 2.0 applications contribute to supporting a social constructivist approach for language learning. However, students encounter different types of barrier associated with technologies and learning tasks, which can cause disengagement during different phases of learning. Thus, based on flow theory and the strategic motivation framework, this study aims to investigate students’ motivation and their engagement patterns while participating in Web 2.0 digital storytelling activities. The participants are 24 elementary school students of a suburban school in northern Taiwan. Over 19 weeks of observations on students aged 9–10 years in a third-grade classroom, data were collected through three sources: surveys, students’ digital stories, and English tests. The analysis of the data showed that motivation was a dynamic process, initially low but increasing in later phases. A dynamic pattern was also identified in the students’ flow perceptions, which included two cycles of disengagement and reengagement. Students encountered different challenges that led to disengagement phases, which highlighted the need for specific types of learning support in elementary school contexts. In addition, the participants’ vocabulary and oral fluency were found to have been enhanced by the end of the study. The implications for educational practice are discussed and the direction for future studies addressed.

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Van der Stigchel, S., R. S. Hessels, J. C. van Elst, and C. Kemner. "The disengagement of visual attention in the gap paradigm across adolescence." Experimental Brain Research 235, no. 12 (September 7, 2017): 3585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-017-5085-2.

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Abstract Attentional disengagement is important for successful interaction with our environment. The efficiency of attentional disengagement is commonly assessed using the gap paradigm. There is, however, a sharp contrast between the number of studies applying the gap paradigm to clinical populations and the knowledge about the underlying developmental trajectory of the gap effect. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to investigate attentional disengagement in a group of children aged 9–15. Besides the typically deployed gap and the overlap conditions, we also added a baseline condition in which the fixation point was removed at the moment that the target appeared. This allowed us to reveal the appropriate experimental conditions to unravel possible developmental differences. Correlational analyses showed that the size of the gap effect became smaller with increasing age, but only for the difference between the gap and the overlap conditions. This shows that there is a gradual increase in the capacity to disengage visual attention with increasing age, but that this effect only becomes apparent when the gap and the overlap conditions are compared. The gradual decrease of the gap effect with increasing age provides additional evidence that the attentional system becomes more efficient with increasing age and that this is a gradual process.

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Lee, Joon Sung, Dae Hee Kwak, and Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove. "Coping With Athlete Endorsers’ Immoral Behavior: Roles of Athlete Identification and Moral Emotions on Moral Reasoning Strategies." Journal of Sport Management 30, no. 2 (March 2016): 176–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2015-0341.

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Athlete endorsers’ transgressions pose a dilemma for loyal fans who have established emotional attachments toward the individual. However, little is known regarding how fans maintain their support for the wrongdoer. Drawing on moral psychology and social identity theory, the current study proposes and examines a conceptual model incorporating athlete identification, moral emotions, moral reasoning strategies, and consumer evaluations. By using an actual scandal involving an NFL player (i.e., Ray Rice), the results show that fan identification suppresses the experience of negative moral emotions but facilitates fans’ moral disengagement processes, which enables fans to support the wrongdoer. Moreover, negative moral emotions motivate the moral coupling process. Findings contribute to the sport consumer behavior literature that highly identified fans seem to regulate negative emotions but deliberately select moral disengagement reasoning strategies to maintain their positive stance toward the wrongdoer and associated brands.

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Dishion, Thomas J., Sarah E. Nelson, and Bernadette Marie Bullock. "Premature adolescent autonomy: parent disengagement and deviant peer process in the amplification of problem behaviour." Journal of Adolescence 27, no. 5 (October 2004): 515–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.06.005.

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Bland, Derek, Suzanne Carrington, and Kate Brady. "Young people, imagination and re-engagement in the middle years." Improving Schools 12, no. 3 (November 2009): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1365480209342655.

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This article reports on the first stage of a study that uses Young People as Researchers methodology to investigate the phenomenon of middle-year student disengagement. The study obtains student perspectives on the meanings of engagement and disengagement using a variety of innovative research methods. The first stage of the study focused on a two-day workshop giving students and teachers an overview of the project and providing training and experience in conducting research in their schools. The process employed by the study provides spaces and resources for critical thinking and encourages imaginative responses to the real life problems confronting the students and their peers and affecting their educational engagement. This article describes ways in which engagement is viewed both theoretically and through the empirical work of the student researchers, and how various applications of ‘disciplined imagination’ connect with methods of investigating and understanding engagement.

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Tariq, Amna, Shahzad Khurram, and Amir Ishaque. "Examining Etiological Connection between Antisocial Behavior and Moral Disengagement: Evidence from Tourism & Hospitality Sector." Global Management Sciences Review IV, no. I (December 30, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2019(iv-i).01.

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It is estimated that by 2025, tourism & hospitality sector will contribute US$7.1 billion (₨ 1 trillion) to the economy of Pakistan. However, one can only attach such high hopes to this sector when human resource in this sector displays prosocial behavior to both domestic and foreign tourists. The objective of the study is to examine the level of antisocial behavior of the managers working in this sector and test its relationship with moral disengagement. We also examine ethical orientation as mediator and ethical leadership as moderator in this relationship. Data were collected from 253 managers working in the hospitality and tourism sector of Pakistan. We find that moral disengagement has significant effect in promoting antisocial behavior by easing and expediting a process where actors convince themselves that ethical standard do not apply on them. We also find that ethical orientation mediates and ethical leadership moderates this relationship respectively.

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SCHEINER, CHRISTIAN W., CHRISTIAN V. BACCARELLA, JOHN BESSANT, and KAI-INGO VOIGT. "PARTICIPATION MOTIVES, MORAL DISENGAGEMENT, AND UNETHICAL BEHAVIOUR IN IDEA COMPETITIONS." International Journal of Innovation Management 22, no. 06 (August 2018): 1850043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919618500433.

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Idea competitions are becoming increasingly used as a resource for supporting the front end and downstream acceleration of innovation. But unethical behaviour of participants in such competitions can be detrimental, both for the organiser and for the motivation of the participating community. We assume that unethical behaviour can be explained by examining personal motives for participation and their influence on moral disengagement (MD) in which people are able to disengage from the self-regulatory process that normally impedes individuals from acting in a way inconsistent with their own moral standards. We hypothesise that monetary motives as representative for extrinsic motives for participation are positively related to MD while hedonic motives as representative of intrinsic motives are negatively related to MD. Our findings offer support for the positive relationship between MD and the tendency to make unethical decisions. Moreover, our results confirm a negative relationship between hedonic benefits and unethical behaviour. In addition, MD mediates the relationship between participants’ motivation for hedonic benefits and the tendency to make unethical decisions.

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LEE, SIEW-PENG. "The rhythm of ageing amongst Chinese elders in sheltered housing." Ageing and Society 34, no. 9 (April 30, 2013): 1505–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x13000287.

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ABSTRACTThis paper examines how some elderly Chinese tenants in a cluster of housing schemes in the north of England differed in their perception, consciousness and management of time. It examines how there was too much or too little time for some of these tenants and how time played a part in their personal and social identification arising from their experiences of migration. Lefebvre's concept of rhythmanalysis is intended to be a transdisciplinary theory that could be used to theorise ‘everyday life’. The writer superimposes this concept on the activity and disengagement theories of ageing to add meaning to the ethnographic data gathered and argues that ageing is not a simple matter of activity or disengagement. These Chinese elders coped with change through a flexible and ongoing process of adapting to different rhythms of life. This paper aims to contribute to the empirical understanding of ageing for a minority in Britain and to present a novel theoretical perspective on research approaches to ageing.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Disengagement process'

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