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Books on the topic 'Disease;Definition of disease;Explication of Disease'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Prescribing by numbers: Drugs and the definition of disease. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.

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2

Office, International Labour. List of occupational diseases: Identification and recognition of occupational diseases : criteria for incorporating diseases in the ILO list of occupational diseases. 2nd ed. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2010.

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3

List of occupational diseases: Identification and recognition of occupational diseases : criteria for incorporating diseases in the ILO list of occupational diseases. 2nd ed. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2010.

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4

Commission, North Carolina Environmental Management. Report of proceedings for proposed rule amendments for the purpose of deeming certain decontamination wastewater permitted: 15 A NCAC 2H .0103 definition of terms 15 A NCAC 2H .0106 filing applications. Raleigh, N.C.]: State of North Carolina, Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources, Environmental Management Commission, 2002.

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5

United States. Congress. House. A bill to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to expand the definition of homebound for purposes of receiving home health services under the Medicare program to allow Medicare beneficiaries to attend adult day care programs for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other conditions. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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6

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Amending Title 38, United States Code, to clarify the definition of "disease" for purposes of the entitlement of veterans to benefits under such title, to revise and improve the assessment of the health consequences of the service during the Persian Gulf War, and for other purposes: Report of the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 2330, together with minority views. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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7

Affairs, United States Congress Senate Committee on Veterans'. Amending Title 38, United States Code, to clarify the definition of "disease" for purposes of the entitlement of veterans to benefits under such title, to revise and improve the assessment of the health consequences of the service during the Persian Gulf War, and for other purposes: Report of the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 2330, together with minority views. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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8

United States. Congress. House. A bill to amend the Public Health Service Act to provide for Alzheimer's clinical research and training awards, to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to expand the definition of homebound for purposes of receiving home health services under the Medicare program to allow Medicare beneficiaries to attend adult day care programs for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other conditions, to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow individuals a deduction for qualified long-term care insurance premiums, use of such insurance under cafeteria plans and flexible spending arrangements, and a credit for individuals with long-term care needs, and for other purposes. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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9

Dessì, Giuseppe. Diari 1963-1977. Edited by Francesca Nencioni. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-038-9.

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This book is the fifth and last volume of the Diari of Giuseppe Dessí, a publication made possible by Franca Linari's transcription combined with the attentive editorship of Francesca Nencioni. The series began with the account of Dessí's early years (1926-1931) and continued with precious details of the period of his development (1931-1948) and the literary production of his maturity (1949-1951; 1952-1962). This time the author's experience and his own notes enable what is almost an 'autobiography of the artistic process' that offers eloquent insight into the creation of Paese d'ombre: not only a reconstruction of the genesis of the novel that won Dessí the Premio Strega, but also the sketching out of events and characters and the gradual definition of the plot. The literary evidence does not stop here, since significant texts of his theatrical production (Eleonora d'Arborea) can also be placed in this last fifteen years, along with narrative (for example Lei era l'acqua). All is set against the backdrop of family, friends (who also suddenly disappear), political passion and a courageous struggle against disease.
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10

Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns. Pericardial Disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0010.

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Echocardiography is the first line examination for the diagnosis of suspected pericardial disease. Assessment of pericardial disease is of critical importance for the management of patients in a number of clinical scenarios. This chapter discusses the definition of these scenarios and their associated echocardiographic findings. It shows the definition and echocardiographic findings of pericardial effusion and constrictive pericarditis. Constrictive pericarditis is characterized by impaired cardiac diastolic function due to a thickened, inflamed or adherent, frequently calcified pericardium. It is often post-surgery, radiotherapy, or as evolution of effusive pericarditis. The chapter also chapter shows the definition and echocardiographic findings of pericardial cysts and congenital absence of pericardium.
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11

Lubrano, Ennio. Axial disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0013.

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This chapter summarizes the state of the art for axial involvement in psoriatic arthritis (axial PsA). The definition and measurement of axial PsA still remain problematic and this, in turn, could affect the best approach of recognition and treatment of this intriguing subset of the psoriatic disease. Axial PsA has been studied over the last few years looking at the difference in function and radiological findings compared mainly to Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), trying to differentiate it from a coincidental AS with psoriasis. Moreover, an assessment on a possible Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) in PsA patients and clinical-radiological differences to axial PsA has been evaluated. The role of potential new imaging techniques, such as MRI, in the assessment of axial PsA has been considered in this chapter. The diagnosis and treatment of axial PsA has been reported by using the data obtained from the literature.
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12

Upadhyay, Ashish, Lesley A. Inker, and Andrew S. Levey. Chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0094.

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The conceptual model, definition, and classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) were first described in the National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines in 2002 and have had a major impact on patient care and research. Since this publication there has been an increased recognition that the cause of CKD influences progression and complications. In addition, epidemiologic reports from diverse populations have consistently shown graded relations between higher albuminuria and adverse kidney outcomes and complications, in addition to, and independent of, low GFR. Given these new understanding in risk relationships, Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) updated the original guidelines in 2012. The updated guidelines retain the KDOQI definition of CKD, but recommend classifying CKD by the cause, level of GFR, and level of urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Specialized nephrology care is recommended for severe reduction in GFR or high albuminuria, uncertain diagnosis, or difficult to manage complications.
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13

Davey, Patrick, Sherif Gonem, and David Sprigings. Interstitial lung disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0139.

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The interstitial lung diseases, also known as the diffuse or diffuse parenchymal lung diseases, are a broad group of pulmonary disorders which mainly affect the lung parenchyma as opposed to the airways. By convention, infectious and malignant conditions are excluded from this definition. Thus, the interstitial lung diseases comprise a group of conditions characterized by variable degrees of inflammation and fibrosis, centred on the lung interstitium and alveolar airspaces.
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14

Rahimi, Kazem. Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy). Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0106.

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Cardiomyopathy is defined as disease of heart muscle, and typically refers to diseases of ventricular myocardium. A consensus statement of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases, published in 2007, abandoned the inconsistent and rather arbitrary classification into primary and secondary causes and based its classification on ventricular morphology and function only. This classification distinguishes five types of cardiomyopathy: dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and unclassified cardiomyopathies (such as takotsubo cardiomyopathy and left ventricular non-compaction). Each category is further subdivided into familial and non-familial causes. In a departure from the 1995 WHO classification, the ESC consensus statement excludes myocardial dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular disease, and congenital heart disease from the definition of cardiomyopathy. The rationale for this was to highlight the differences in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of these common diseases, and to make the new classification system more acceptable for the routine clinical use. In contrast to the American Heart Association scientific statement, the ESC definition does not consider channelopathies as cardiomyopathies. The sections on cardiomyopathy in this chapter are based on the ESC definition, with a brief reference to channelopathies.
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15

Greene, Jeremy A. Prescribing by Numbers: Drugs and the Definition of Disease. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.

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16

Greene, Jeremy A. Prescribing by Numbers: Drugs and the Definition of Disease. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.

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17

Rayment, Clare, and Michael I. Bennett. Definition and assessment of chronic pain in advanced disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0093.

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This chapter discusses the various definitions applied to pain including chronic, nociceptive, neuropathic, and breakthrough. It gives a broad overview of the epidemiology of pain including its prevalence of greater than 50% in those patients with advanced disease and its under-treatment. The second part of the chapter explains how best to characterize the pain complaint. It acknowledges the importance of a thorough history, including pain characteristics such as severity and associated features. Several pain measurement scales, which can be used both in clinical practice and research, are presented. Clinical examination and imaging are also discussed as aids to diagnosis and management of pain. It concludes with how to assess pain in the context of a palliative plan of care, stressing the need to consider the many challenges that patients face with advancing disease and how the management of pain is affected by other symptoms patients may have.
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18

Greene, Jeremy A. Prescribing by Numbers: Drugs and the Definition of Disease. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.

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19

Boudreau, J. Donald, Eric J. Cassell, and Abraham Fuks. Health, Illness, and Disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199370818.003.0001.

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This introduction discusses traditional meanings of the following concepts: health, sickness, disease, suffering, and healing. The point is made that “disease” is an abstract phenomenon, albeit one that is critically important to the contemporary practice of medicine. Unfortunately, the term disease has often come to occupy the center of physicians’ preoccupations. Currently, health is considered in a negative sense, as an “absence of disease.” This chapter proposes a new and bold definition of sickness, one that revolves around the notion of function. This opens up possibilities for the goals of physicians and for medical education to be truly person centered.
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20

Shanmugam, Naresh P., and Dharam Basude. Complications of chronic liver disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0067.

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The chapter on complications of chronic liver disease gives an overview of the definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of the various complications that accompany chronic liver disease. It includes among others, malnutrition and growth failure, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatopulmonary syndrome, hepatorenal syndrome, portal hypertension, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
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21

Kaplan, Tamara, and Tracey Milligan. Cerebrovascular Disease 2: Stroke (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190650261.003.0005.

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The video in this chapter explores cerebrovascular disease, and focuses on stroke. It discusses the definition of stroke as a sudden focal neurologic deficit that persists for more than 24 hours, as well as ischemic strokes (embolic, thrombotic, or due to hypoperfusion), and intraparenchymal hemorrhagic strokes.
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22

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Complications of chronic liver disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0061.

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Definition 446Growth failure and malnutrition 446Hepatic encephalopathy 448Coagulopathy 449Portal hypertension and variceal bleeding 450Ascites 450Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 451Hepatorenal syndrome 451Pulmonary complications 452Pruritus 454Hepatic osteodystrophy 454Endocrine dysfunction 455Hepatocellular carcinoma 455The complications of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are a consequence of the impaired metabolic and synthetic function and structural alteration of the parenchyma leading to elevated portal pressure (...
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23

Acharya, Bhavyang. Palliative care in neurological disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0242.

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This chapter focuses on the management of patients with terminal neurological disease. The definition of the term ‘terminal’ varies but could be used to describe a patient who is in the last 6–12 months of their life. Some people prefer to reserve this term for patients in the last days to weeks of their life.
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24

Schone, Harry Quinn. Contested Illness in Context: An Interdisciplinary Study in Disease Definition. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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25

Schone, Harry Quinn. Contested Illness in Context: An Interdisciplinary Study in Disease Definition. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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26

United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment., ed. The CDC's case definition of AIDS: Implications of the proposed revisions. Washington, D.C: Congress of the U.S., Office of Technology Assessment, 1992.

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27

United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment., ed. The CDC's case definition of AIDS: Implications of the proposed revisions. Washington, D.C: Congress of the U.S., Office of Technology Assessment, 1992.

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28

Picano, Eugenio, Fausto Pinto, and Blazej Michalski. Ischaemic heart disease: coronary artery anomalies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0030.

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Coronary anomalies occur in less than 1% of the general population and their clinical presentation can range anywhere from a benign incidental finding to the cause of sudden cardiac death. Since congenital coronary arteries anomalies are often considered as the first cause of cardiac death in young athletes in Europe, careful attention has to be paid in this specific subpopulation in case of suggestive symptoms. Although focused expert echocardiography is the first-line imaging tool, coronary computed tomography or radiation-free magnetic resonance imaging are recommended for more definitive definition of the coronary course in persons suspected of having coronary artery anomalies. Most coronary anomalies belong to the group of anomalous origin. Aneurysms are defined as dilations of a coronary vessel 1.5 times the normal adjacent coronary artery segment. Coronary artery fistulas are communications between one or more coronary arteries and a cardiac chamber (coronary-cameral), the pulmonary artery, or a venous structure (such as the sinus or superior vena cava).
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29

Manuel, Lisa Kimberley Catherine. Constructing the dementia process: The identification, definition and management of Alzheimer's Disease. 1995.

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30

Fye, W. Bruce. Treating Heart Failure and Preventing Cardiovascular Disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199982356.003.0019.

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Heart failure may result from coronary disease, valve disease, or hypertensive heart disease. The first effective pills to treat hypertension and fluid retention were introduced in the 1950s. Cardiac transplantation was first performed in a human in 1967. This radical approach to treat patients with so-called end-stage heart failure presented a series of problems, such as organ rejection and ethical issues surrounding the definition of death. The large gap between the number of patients who might benefit from transplantation and the number of available donor organs contributed to a costly and controversial program to develop an artificial heart. During the final third of the twentieth century, preventive cardiology gained momentum. The goal was to identify cardiac risk factors and to attempt to treat them. Controlled clinical trials became increasingly important in the evaluation of competing treatments. Organizations used trial results as raw materials to produce clinical practice guidelines.
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31

Team, Edu. Coronavirus Q and a All You Need to Know: Coronavirus Disease COVID-19 Protection, Symptoms, Outbreak, Diagnosis, Definition and Information. Independently Published, 2020.

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32

Bauer, Walter, William E. Reynolds, and Charles L. Short. Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Definition of the Disease and a Clinical Description Based on a Numerical Study of 293 Patients and Controls. Harvard University Press, 2013.

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33

Torrington, Matthew. Addiction: Definition, Epidemiology, and Neurobiology. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0001.

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This chapter discusses the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders and identifies addiction as a disease of reward, motivation, and memory rooted in complex biologic changes. It explains the epidemiology of addiction and identifies the rise and fall of specific drug use and behaviors. It then moves to the neurobiology of addiction, naming the numerous survival systems that are intertwined with addiction’s genetics, early brain development, and learning pathways. Finally, it looks at why some people become addicts, describing it as a pro-inflammatory, bio-psycho-social-environmental-spiritual disease state. Addicted persons often engage in this behavior, no longer to obtain pleasure, but to relieve discomfort created by withdrawal from the drug and the negative life consequences of addiction. The chapter concludes by addressing what needs to be done in both the short- and long-term, noting that applying the disease model to addiction has been the most effective method of saving lives.
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34

Doumas, Michael, and Chrysoula Boutari. Erectile dysfunction: definition and size of the problem. Edited by Charalambos Vlachopoulos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0243.

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Erectile dysfunction is currently considered a manifestation of vascular disease in the majority of cases. It is therefore of no surprise that erectile dysfunction is commonly found in patients with overt cardiovascular disease and/or cardiovascular risk factors. Indeed, more than 50% of patients with stable coronary artery disease or acute coronary syndromes suffer from erectile dysfunction, while the prevalence of erectile dysfunction in patients with heart failure is even higher. Likewise, erectile dysfunction is frequently encountered in patients with arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidaemia, as well as in smokers. The increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction in patients with heart disease mandates the active inquiry of this clinical entity in our patients.
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35

Landelle, Caroline, and Didier Pittet. Definition, epidemiology, and general management of nosocomial infection. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0283.

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Nosocomial infection or ‘healthcare-associated infection’ (HAI), is one of the most common medical complications affecting patients in intensive care units (ICUs). The prevalence of HAI generally exceeds 25% in ICUs worldwide and ICU-acquired HAI accounts for more than 20% of all HAI in general. HAI depends on the patient’s underlying disease, the presence of invasive devices, use of antimicrobial therapy, type of ICU, and workload and training of healthcare workers. Surveillance has a major impact on the incidence of infections. HAI rates are used to assess patient safety and healthcare systems’ effectiveness, but adjustment for case-mix and standardization of surveillance method are needed. Prevention must be guided by the measurement of indicators, such as HAI rates, structure indicators, process indicators, and audits using checklists to assess if correct procedures and equipment are in place. Routine hand hygiene is the most important feature of infection control. Although the optimal approach to reducing HAI in critically-ill patients remains unclear, recent studies and large quality improvement initiatives have shown that education-based strategies with multimodal interventions, including some bundle approaches, can decrease HAI rates in ICUs.
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36

Lombardi, Massimo, and Antonia Camporeale. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in less common pathologies. Edited by Dudley Pennell. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0111.

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Contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance plays a pivotal role in diagnostic and prognostic definition of less common pathologies such as Anderson–Fabry disease, cardiac amyloidosis, left ventricular non-compaction, sarcoidosis, and cardiac iron loading.
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37

Schmidt, Dieter, and Simon Shorvon. What is Epilepsy? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725909.003.0001.

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The definition of disease is not straightforward. Whilst an epileptic seizure—a symptom—can be considered as an electrochemical cerebral phenomenon, defining epilepsy is more difficult. It is more than just a strictly medical and mechanical brain disorder, but has signification that extends beyond the individual, and has societal and cultural connotation. Disease is sometimes considered to be defined by causation, but deciding what is cause in epilepsy is also a complicated question. The distinction between disability and disease can also be blurred. If definition is difficult, so inevitably is classification. John Hughlings Jackson made the famous distinction between the classification of a gardener and a botanist and the lessons he drew still apply today. The sometimes baffling controversies in this area are dissected, within the context of their historical evolution since the time of Jackson.
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38

Patisaul, Heather B., and Scott M. Belcher. Defining Endocrine Disruption. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199935734.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 reviews the origin of the concept of endocrine disruption and presents a comprehensive treatment of the changing and often competing definitions of endocrine disruptors. The factors influencing the different definitions, impacts of including specific terms, such as “adverse” or “harm,” in this definition, and the important influences surrounding a specific definition are examined. Building on this background, the concept and definition of “neuroendocrine disruption” as “an exogenous chemical substance or mixture that alters the structure or function(s) of the neuroendocrine system” are presented. The distinctions between neurotoxicity and neuroendocrine disruption are delineated, and sources of endocrine-disrupting compound (EDC) exposures from man-made chemicals and “natural” compounds are discussed. Key concepts related to EDC action, including critical windows of sensitivity, early life exposure and later in life disease, multigenerational effects, non-linear and non-monotonic dose responses, low-dose and sex-specific effects, along with key toxicological definitions, are presented.
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39

Elwood, Mark. The importance of causal relationships in medicine and health care. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0002.

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This shows the importance and relevance of causal relationships in clinical medicine, public health, and wider healthcare and social issues. It gives a definition of causation, and distinguishes necessary, sufficient, and general quantitative causation. Randomised trials are discussed as showing a direct test of causation. Epidemiological methods of counting disease are explained, showing mortality, incidence, prevalence, disease duration, the relationship between these, and cumulative incidence.
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40

Wingerchuk, Dean M. Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0023.

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Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory demyelinating central nervous system disease. It has been classically defined as a monophasic, isolated co-occurrence of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis with uncertain relationship to multiple sclerosis. In the past decade, however, NMO has emerged as a distinct disorder associated with serum antibodies that target the astrocyte water channel aquaporin-4, distinguishing it from multiple sclerosis. The specificity of aquaporin-4 antibodies has led to appreciation of a wider spectrum of clinical and neuroimaging features, termed NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD), than was encompassed by the classic NMO definition. Moreover, immunopathological studies have demonstrated that aquaporin-4 antibodies have pathogenic potential and that the disorder is a primary astrocytopathy with secondary demyelination. This chapter discusses the clinical definition and diagnosis of NMOSD and approaches to management, many informed by rapid advances in the understanding of NMO pathobiology.
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41

Dalbeth, Nicola. Gout research tools. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748311.003.0012.

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Although most tools used in gout research are generic, there are some important gout-specific instruments. New gout classification criteria were published in 2015. Outcome measure domains have been identified for both acute and chronic gout studies. A preliminary flare definition has been reported. Gout-specific, patient-reported outcome measure instruments allow assessment of gout disease activity and impact of tophi. Imaging scoring systems allow quantification of joint damage, inflammation, and urate burden in gout.
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42

Ajzensztejn, Daniel. Breast cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0327.

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Breast cancer is the commonest female cancer, with a lifetime risk of approximately 1 in 9. There are approximately 40 000 new cases and 11 000 deaths from the disease in England and Wales each year. Breast cancer is an adenocarcinoma which arises from the glandular tissue of the breast. Its etiology is complex, with hormonal, genetic, and modifiable lifestyle factors all involved in developing the disease. Prognosis is related to the anatomical extent of the cancer, and other factors. This chapter discusses the definition and etiology of breast cancer, as well as its typical symptoms, less common symptoms, demographics, natural history, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
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43

Boudreau, J. Donald, Eric J. Cassell, and Abraham Fuks. Person-Centeredness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199370818.003.0004.

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The historical roots of the term patient-centeredness are presented. The point is made that, although the term possesses considerable rhetorical power, in reality many institutions that wave the banner of patient-centeredness remain resolutely disease focused. This has been the case since the early nineteenth century, when clinicopathologic correlation became an imperative of medical practice. That the doctor’s primary mandate is to ferret out disease remains a tenacious precept in contemporary medical practice as well as in medical education. This chapter argues that a medicine anchored in a new and bold definition of sickness, one with a laser-sharp focus on a person’s functioning, necessarily opens many avenues for a practice centered on the person.
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44

Collins, Graham, and Chris Bunch. Multiple myeloma and related conditions. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0290.

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Multiple myeloma is a cancerous disorder of the bone marrow and arises from a clonal proliferation of plasma cells, resulting in end-organ damage (e.g. renal failure, hypercalcaemia, bone disease, and bone marrow failure). When a plasma cell clone is only detected in one site (either bony or soft tissue), it is termed a plasmacytoma. Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance is also a clonal proliferation of plasma cells but, by definition, does not result in end-organ damage. This chapter addresses the diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma.
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45

Kashani, Kianoush B., and Amy W. Williams. Renal Failure. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0473.

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Renal failure is caused by acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common, devastating complication that increases mortality and morbidity among patients with various medical and surgical illnesses. Also known as acute renal failure, AKI is a rapid deterioration of kidney function that results in the accumulation of nitrogenous metabolites and medications and in electrolyte and acid-base imbalances. This chapter discusses the definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology of AKI; the clinical approach to patients with AKI; and the management of AKI. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been categorized into 5 stages. When renal function decreases to stage 3, the complications of CKD become evident. These complications include hypertension, cardiovascular disease, lipid abnormalities, anemia, metabolic bone disease, and electrolyte disturbances. To prevent the progression of CKD, therapy must be directed toward preventing these complications and achieving adequate glucose control in diabetic patients with CKD.
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46

de Bie, Robertus M. A. The Stand-Alone Tremor. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0022.

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Essential tremor is defined as long-standing bilateral hand/arm tremor that is visible and may occur persistently during posture-holding, simple movements, and action. The tremor may be slightly asymmetrical. Other areas of the body that may be affected are head and neck (most frequently), the voice, and legs. Head tremor without limb tremor is accepted as essential tremor, although this definition remains controversial. Essential tremor is a progressive disease and manifests at any age. Tremor in Parkinson’s disease mostly starts unilaterally. A no–no or yes–yes tremor of the head indicates essential tremor, whereas a tremor of the jaw or tongue fits with Parkinson’s disease. The cogwheel phenomenon may also occur in patients with essential tremor. Toxins and medications as the cause for postural/kinetic tremor must be ruled out. Pharmacological options for essential tremor can be unsatisfactory.
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47

Schwartz, Gary L. Hypertension. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0393.

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Because blood pressure is a continuously distributed trait in the population and the risk of cardiovascular disease associated with the level of pressure increases progressively as it exceeds 115 mm Hg systolic or 75 mm Hg diastolic, the definition of hypertension is somewhat arbitrary. Currently for adults, it is defined as systolic pressure 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic pressure 90 mm Hg or higher. Systolic pressures between 120 and 139 mm Hg or diastolic pressures between 80 and 89 mm Hg are classified as prehypertension. Persons who have prehypertension are at increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease and progression to hypertension over time compared with persons who have normal pressure. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of hypertension are also reviewed.
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48

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Acute liver failure. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0063.

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Definition 476Aetiology 476Therapy 480Complications 480Transplantation 484Liver support system 484Prognosis 485Acute liver failure (ALF) in children is defined as ‘a rare multisystem disorder in which severe impairment of liver function, with or without encephalopathy, occurs in association with hepatocellular necrosis in a patient with no recognized underlying chronic liver disease’. Liver function is considered severely impaired if prothrombin time (PT) is >15 s or international normalized ratio (INR) is >1.5 and not corrected by vitamin K, in the presence of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) or a PT >20 s or INR >2.0 in the absence of HE....
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49

Simon, Chantal, Hazel Everitt, Francoise van Dorp, Nazia Hussain, Emma Nash, and Danielle Peet. Oxford Handbook of General Practice. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198808183.001.0001.

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The Oxford Handbook of General Practice offers hands-on advice to help with any day-to-day problems that might arise in general practice, and covers the entire breadth and depth of general practice in concise, quick-reference topics. It starts by exploring the definition of general practice, and moves on to practical advice on practice management, consulting with patients, social aspects of primary care, and prescribing and managing medicines. It gives practical advice on all clinical areas of general practice, including minor surgery, healthy living, chronic disease and elderly care, cardiology and vascular disease, respiratory medicine, endocrinology, gastrointestinal medicine, renal medicine and urology, musculoskeletal problems, neurology, dermatology, infectious disease, haematology and immunology, breast disease, gynaecology, sexual health and contraception, pregnancy, child health, ear, nose, and throat medicine, ophthalmology, mental health, cancer care, palliative care, and emergencies in general practice. It is written for general practitioners (GP), GPs in training, medical students, and allied health professionals working in the community.
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50

Schreuder, Michiel F. Renal dysplasia. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0347.

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Renal dysplasia refers to abnormal and incomplete development of the kidney, which may be segmental, for instance, in the upper part of a duplex kidney, or affect the entire kidney. Dysplasia is by definition a histological diagnosis, but in most patients diagnosis is made on the basis of evaluation with ultrasound and renography. This typically shows cysts and/or a small kidney with decreased corticomedullary differentiation and a reduced split renal function. The latter can also be found in other conditions, such as hypoplasia, vascular insults, renal post-infectious damage, or polycystic kidney disease, making it difficult to establish the diagnosis and thereby estimate the incidence of renal dysplasia. The clinical consequences of renal dysplasia depend upon the residual renal function and may range from hypertension to chronic kidney disease.
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