Academic literature on the topic 'Disease and pest resistance'
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Journal articles on the topic "Disease and pest resistance"
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James, D. J., A. J. Passey, M. A. Easterbrook, M. G. Solomon, and D. J. Barbara. "Transgenes for Pest and Disease Resistance." Phytoparasitica 20, S1 (March 1992): S83—S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02980414.
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YOSHIHARA, Teruhiko. "Disease and pest resistance of plants." Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan 62, no. 6 (1988): 995–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.62.995.
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DEMPSEY, D., H. SILVA, and D. KLESSIG. "Engineering disease and pest resistance in plants." Trends in Microbiology 6, no. 2 (February 1998): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(97)01186-4.
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Ajaharuddin, SK MD, Madan Lal, Ashwani Yadav, Nitin Kumar, Atul Dhakad, Gayatri Sinha, Budhesh Pratap Singh, and Archana Upadhyay. "Breeding for Resistance against Pest and Diseases in Tomatoes: A Review." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, no. 6 (May 13, 2024): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i62063.
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Diseases and pests have a substantial effect on tomato production, greatly affecting both the quantity and quality of this crucial vegetable crop. Although fungicides and insecticides have been important in controlling plant diseases and pests, their excessive usage raises significant environmental issues. Vegetable breeders are increasingly concentrating on developing cultivars with natural tolerance to biotic stresses to promote sustainability and environmental friendliness. The change in focus is intended to cultivate tomato cultivars with inherent resistance to diseases and pests, hence decreasing the need for chemical treatments. Advancements in creating high-yielding genetically resistant tomato cultivars are a result of detailed study on the genetic basis of pest and disease resistance in tomato crops, as well as the complex interactions between the host plant and pathogens. For effective breeding programs and pre-breeding activities, scientists and breeders must have access to sources of resistance and a thorough grasp of the genetic complexities involved. This requires examining the genetic composition of both the tomato plants and the different infections that are impacting them. Breeders may generate tomato cultivars with strong resistance to common diseases and pests by using the inherent defensive mechanisms found in certain tomato types via selective crossing. Continuing to study how hosts and pathogens interact and the molecular processes involved in resistance is crucial. This information offers vital insights on how to improve and expand resistance, leading to the creation of cultivars with long-lasting and wide-ranging resistance. Currently, the emphasis on breeding is a proactive and sustainable strategy for transfer of resistances in high yielding tomato cultivars. Researchers aim to develop tomato cultivars that provide high yield and demonstrate tolerance to changing disease and pest stresses by integrating genetic knowledge with sophisticated breeding methods. This comprehensive method protects tomato crops and encourages environmental sustainability by decreasing the need on chemical inputs in agriculture.
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De Almeida, Gabriella Queiroz, Juliana de Oliveira Silva, Mariane Gonçalves Ferreira Copati, Felipe de Oliveira Dias, and Manoel Coelho dos Santos. "Tomato breeding for disease resistance." Multi-Science Journal 3, no. 3 (September 14, 2020): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33837/msj.v3i3.1287.
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In the genetic breeding of tomatoes, not only productivity, but also factors related to fruit quality and pest and disease management are taken into account. In this context, diseases stand out, since they are the main bottlenecks for successful cultivation. Currently, the search for more sustainable crops has demanded from producers’ alternatives to disease control to reduce the use of pesticides. Among the diseases that most reduce tomato production in Brazil, whether for table or industry, we can mention late blight, black spot, fusarium wilt, viruses, bacterial and nematode diseases. Genetic resistance, obtained by genetic breeding programs, is one of the best tools to deal with diseases to depend less on pesticides. Thus, this review aims to provide an overview of tomato breeding programs in terms of resistance to the main diseases that affect this crop.
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DHALIWAL, Harcharan S., and Hirofumi UCHIMIYA. "Genetic Engineering for Disease and Pest Resistance in Plants." Plant Biotechnology 16, no. 4 (1999): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.16.255.
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Raman, K. V., and David W. Altman. "Biotechnology initiative to achieve plant pest and disease resistance." Crop Protection 13, no. 8 (December 1994): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(94)90004-3.
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Nichols, P. G. H., R. A. C. Jones, T. J. Ridsdill-Smith, and M. J. Barbetti. "Genetic improvement of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). 2. Breeding for disease and pest resistance." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 11 (2014): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14031.
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Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) is the most widely sown pasture legume in southern Australia and resistance to important diseases and pests has been a major plant-breeding objective. Kabatiella caulivora, the cause of clover scorch, is the most important foliar fungal pathogen, and several cultivars have been developed with resistance to both known races. Screening of advanced breeding lines has been conducted to prevent release of cultivars with high susceptibility to other important fungal foliar disease pathogens, including rust (Uromyces trifolii-repentis), powdery mildew (Oidium sp.), cercospora (Cercospora zebrina) and common leaf spot (Pseudopeziza trifolii). Several oomycete and fungal species cause root rots of subterranean clover, including Phytophthora clandestina, Pythium irregulare, Aphanomyces trifolii, Fusarium avenaceum and Rhizoctonia solani. Most breeding efforts have been devoted to resistance to P. clandestina, but the existence of different races has confounded selection. The most economically important virus diseases in subterranean clover pastures are Subterranean clover mottle virus and Bean yellow mosaic virus, while Subterranean clover stunt virus, Subterranean clover red leaf virus (local synonym for Soybean dwarf virus), Cucumber mosaic virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus, Clover yellow vein virus, Beet western yellows virus and Bean leaf roll virus also cause losses. Genotypic differences for resistance have been found to several of these fungal, oomycete and viral pathogens, highlighting the potential to develop cultivars with improved resistance. The most important pests of subterranean clover are redlegged earth mite (RLEM) (Halotydeus destructor), blue oat mite (Penthaleus major), blue-green aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) and lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis). New cultivars have been bred with increased RLEM cotyledon resistance, but limited selection has been conducted for resistance to other pests. Screening for disease and pest resistance has largely ceased, but recent molecular biology advances in subterranean clover provide a new platform for development of future cultivars with multiple resistances to important diseases and pests. However, this can only be realised if skills in pasture plant pathology, entomology, pre-breeding and plant breeding are maintained and adequately resourced. In particular, supporting phenotypic disease and pest resistance studies and understanding their significance is critical to enable molecular technology investments achieve practical outcomes and deliver subterranean clover cultivars with sufficient pathogen and pest resistance to ensure productive pastures across southern Australia.
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Rajareddy, Gundreddy, Gunturi Alekhya, Kirankumar Reddy Kasa, Gopal Dasari, Kalwala Srikanth Reddy, and Kadapa Sreenivasa Reddy. "Nutrient Strategies for Pest Resilience in Plants: A Review." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 5 (May 22, 2024): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i54188.
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Sustainable agriculture plays a vital role in modern farming, addressing concerns of traditional pesticides, which raise issues related to safety, environmental impact, and resistance. Consequently, alternative insect pest management methods, including nutrient-based approaches, have gained prominence. However, understanding the relationship between nutrients and plant diseases remains a complex challenge. This review synthesizes recent insights on the impact of specific nutrients (N, P, K, Mn, Zn, B, Cl and Si) on insect pest resistance in sustainable agriculture. Nitrogen supply has a major impact on insect pest intensity as compared to low nitrogen doses and control, pest populations were high at high levels. Phosphorus (P) has an inconsistent role in resistance. Comprehensive nutrient management in sustainable agriculture offers cost-effective, eco-friendly disease control, reducing pesticide reliance. Potassium (K) enhances resistance to an optimal point, beyond which there is no further improvement. Proper nutrient management can make subsequent control measures more efficient and economical. Understanding the interplay of plant nutrition, insect herbivores, and community dynamics is essential. Balanced nutrient levels, especially potassium and phosphorus, indirectly strengthen plant resistance to various insect pests through biochemical, physical, and mechanical mechanisms. Strategies to enhance plant defense against phytophagous insects align with the demand for food and nutritional security. This review emphasizes the significance of comprehensive nutrient management in sustainable agriculture for disease and pest control while prioritizing food safety and environmental quality.
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Fraser, R. S. S. "Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Protected Crops." Outlook on Agriculture 21, no. 3 (September 1992): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709202100304.
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Considerable progress has been made in developing integrated pest and disease management strategies for protected crops. Bacteria, nematodes, fungi and insect predators and parasites are used as biological control agents for pests and diseases and are combined with plant breeding for resistance, environmental control and informed intervention with minimal amounts of compatible pesticides. Some crops can already be grown with greatly reduced or no pesticide input. With others there is a need for further research on integrated pest and disease management strategies to develop sustainable systems of crop protection.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Disease and pest resistance"
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Melander, Margareta. "Transgenic resistance to pathogens and pests /." Alnarp : Dept. of Crop Science, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a496.pdf.
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Kawchuk, Lawrence Michael. "Molecular characterization of potato leafroll luteovirus and development of genetically engineered resistance." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30684.
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Complementary DNA (cDNA) clones representing approximately 5800 nucleotides of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) genomic RNA were generated, restriction-mapped, and partially sequenced. Within one of the cDNA clones an open reading frame (ORF) that could encode a 23 kDa protein was identified and further characterized. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with the coat protein amino acid sequence of the PAV strain of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV-PAV) showed significant similarity. This observation together with its size and internal location within the genome suggested that this gene encoded the PLRV coat protein. Other similarities were observed between PLRV and BYDV sequences in this region of their genomes, including a 17 kDa ORF within the ORF encoding the 23 kDa coat protein, and termination of the latter with an amber codon which is immediately followed by a large ORF in the same reading frame.
Three PLRV coat protein gene sequences were used to transform tobacco and the potato cultivars 'Desiree' and 'Russet Burbank' via Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated gene transfers. One construct possessed 12 nucleotides of the untranslated leader sequence 5' to the putative coat protein gene start codon. The other construct, which was also inserted in the reverse orientation to produce negative-sense RNA, had 192 nucleotides from this leader sequence. When these sequences were introduced as chimaeric genes under the control of a duplicated cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV) promoter, transcription levels were high.
Both positive-sense transcripts produced potato leafroll coat protein which accumulated to maximum levels of approximately 0.5% and 0.01% of total leaf protein in tobacco and potato, respectively.
Results show that significant levels of inoculum concentration-independent sustained resistance were obtained with each construct, resulting in PLRV titres as low as 1% of the level observed in untransformed plants, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Virus transmission from PLRV-inoculated transgenic 'Russet Burbank' was reduced substantially and was correlated with virus titre. The pattern and level of protection were the same for constructs producing positive- and negative-sense RNA, suggesting a similar mechanism of resistance. Virus levels were negatively correlated to transcript levels within the transgenic plants. This resistance will have practical applications for the control, of PLRV. Elucidation of the mechanism of resistance may also help understand the mechanisms of virus infection.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Wilkes, Meredith Ann. "The Role Of Hydroxamic Acids In Take-all Resistance." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1997. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27618.
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The occurrence of hydroxamic acids (Hx) and their affects on take-all have
been investigated in this study. An improved HPLC procedure for the
separation and quantification of Hx in wheat, rye and triticale roots was
established. This method completely separated 2,4-Dihydroxy—1,4—
benzoxazin—3-one (DIBOA), 2 , 4-Dihydroxy - 7- methoxy - 1 4- benzoxazin
-3-one (DIMBOA), 2(3)-benzoxazolinone (BOA) and 6-
methoxybenzoxazolinone (MBOA) within 17 min.
DIMBOA was the only Hx found in wheat roots, whereas both DIMBOA
and DIBOA were present in the roots of triticale and rye. The Hx content of
whole roots of wheat, rye and triticale reached a maximum 3 to 4 days after
germination, depending on species. The DIMBOA content of wheat roots
ranged from 0.4 to 1.5 umoles / g f.wt in the varieties studied. The DIMBOA
content of the triticale varieties ranged from 0.9 to 2.0 umoles/ g f.wt, and
DIBOA from 0.26 to 1.1 umoles / g f.wt. DIMBOA concentrations in rye
roots ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 umoles/ g f.wt, whereas DIBOA levels ranged
from zero to 1.1 umoles/g.f.wt.
The Hx content of Wheat, rye and triticale roots was highest in the
youngest parts of the root. The root tip of these cereals always contained
significantly higher levels of Hx than the older parts of the root.
When extracts prepared from triticale and rye roots were incorporated into
the nutrient media, growth of two isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis
var.tritici (th) (E31 and WP 28) was inhibited. Similar extracts prepared
from wheat did not inhibit the growth of th. The fungal strain WP 28
actually grew more rapidly on medium containing extracts from wheat
(cv. Sunstar) roots. The inhibitory effect of triticale and rye extracts was
attributed to the presence of DIBOA. The inhibitory effect of these particular extracts correlated to the resistance of the respective plant to take-all in the field as reported by Hollins et al . (1986).
Hydroxamic acids inhibited the growth of th when incorporated into the
growth media. DIBOA and BOA significantly inhibited the growth of both
strains of the fungus at concentrations as low as 0.5 mM. DIMBOA and 6-
methoxybenzoxazolinone (MBOA) did not significantly inhibit the growth
of th EBI at 0.5 mM. However, at higher concentrations DIMBOA and
MBOA were inhibitory. The Hx at the concentrations studied (0.5 to 5.0
mM) were only fungistatic, though, as the fungal colonies resumed
growth when removed from the inhibitor. There was no significant
difference in the growth of the two fungal isolates on media containing
extracts or Hx.
The wheat variety with the lowest DIMBOA content was the most
susceptible to infection by the fungus. Wheat contained only DIMBOA,
which was undetectable by 21 days. The cereals, rye and triticale, which
contined both DIMBOA and DIBOA were more resistant to the take-all
fungus. Hydroxamic acid levels in triticale and rye were low or not
detectable at 21 and 35 days. Rye was the more resistant species out of the
two. Increased synthesis of Hx was not observed in roots of these cereals as
a response to infection by the take—all fungus. On the basis of these results,
it was concluded that DIBOA was more effective than DIMBOA in
conferring resistance to take-all.
Wheat varieties which had an individual rye chromosome inserted were
assayed for Hx content. All lines contained DIMBOA but one line (CSB 5R)
also contained DIBOA. This preliminary result indicates that the gene(s)
responsible for DIBOA synthesis may be on chromosome 5 of rye.
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Marino, Dante. "Screening of Germplasm Accessions from the Brassica Species for Resistance against PG3 and PG4 Isolates of Blackleg." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29053.
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Blackleg is a disease of canola and rapeseed cultivars that is caused by the fungus Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. & de Not., and it is by far the most destructive pathogen of canola in North America. In recent years, blackleg strains belonging to pathogenicity groups (PG) 3 and 4 have been discovered in North Dakota. Recent outbreaks of the disease have added a sense of urgency to characterize the risk these new strains represent for the canola industry and to identify sources of resistance against them. Thus, the objectives of this study were to screen germplasm collections of Brassica rapa, B. napus. and B. juncea for their reaction to PG3 and PG4 and to evaluate the reaction of a sample of currently used canola commercial cultivars grown in North Dakota to PG3 and PG4 as means to estimate the risk these new strains represent. All canola germplasm and commercial cultivars were evaluated in replicated trials in greenhouse conditions using cotyledon bioassays. In 2009 and 2010, the effect of these strains, using five inoculation sequences, on the reaction of canola seedlings was also evaluated. Field trials were not conducted because of the limited geographical distribution of the new strains. No adequate sources of resistance were identified among the 277 B. rapa and 130 B. napus accessions evaluated; however, 22 of the 406 accessions of Brassicajuncea evaluated were considered to have moderate levels of resistance. B. juncea seedlings that survived these inoculations were self-pollinated and their progeny (F1) were also screened. As before, surviving seedlings were self-pollinated. These F2 seeds are the elite materials that could be used in future breeding programs. The complementary study evaluating the role of sequence inoculations in reaction of canola seedlings to blackleg indicated that an increased susceptibility to PG3 occurred when seedlings were first inoculated with PG4; however, reaction to PG4 was not enhanced by a prior inoculation with PG3. All 75 commercial cultivars evaluated were susceptible to PG3 and PG4, indicating that the risk these new strains represent to the canola industry of the region is serious. Further, when a subsample of 16 cultivars were challenged with PG2, they were either resistant or moderately resistant, suggesting the ratings the industry are using relate to reaction of those cultivars to PG2 but not to the new strains; thus, growers should use caution when using these ratings while deciding on which cultivars to plant.North Dakota State University. Department of Plant Pathology
USDA North Central Canola Research Program
Northern Canola Growers Association
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Gutschow, Minique. "Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in parts of leaves and bunches of grapevine." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52435.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Knowledge of the presence of Botrytis cinerea in morphological parts of bunches and leaves of grapevine would help to find a reliable, sensitive, and specific assay to verify the actual occurrence of latent infection, and to plan strategies for the effective control of B. cinerea bunch rot. The aim of this study was (i) to determine natural B. cinerea infection at specific sites in leaves and bunches of grapevine at different phenological stages, and (ii) to determine resistance in the morphological parts to disease expression. Bunches and leaves of the wine grape cultivar Merlot and the table grape cultivar Dauphine, were collected at pea size, bunch closure and harvest from five vineyards in the Stellenbosch and De Dooms regions respectively. The material was divided into two groups and sealed in polythene bags. The bags were lined with wet paper towels to establish high relative humidity. Leaves and bunches incubated in one group of bags were first treated with paraquat in order to terminate active host responses. These treatments provided conditions that facilitated disease expression under two host resistance levels by different inocula during the period of moist incubation. Disease expression was positively identified by lesion development, and the formation of sporulating colonies of B. cinerea at a potential infection site. Sites in leaves were the blades and petioles. Sites in bunch parts were rachises, laterals and pedicels, and on berries sites were the pedicel-end, cheek and style-end. In Dauphine, the various sites were at all stages classified as resistant to moderately resistant. However, at pea size and bunch closure, in spite of their resistance, nearly all the sites carried high to very high inoculum levels. The only exception was the berry cheek, which carried intermediate inoculum levels at pea size, and low inoculum levels at bunch closure. In nearly all sites, inoculum levels were lower at harvest. The decrease was the most prominent in petioles, rachises, laterals, pedicels and the pedicel-end of the berry. All these sites carried intermediate to low inoculum levels at harvest. In Merlot, sites constantly exibited a resistant reaction, except for the pedicel and pedicel-end of the berry, which changed from resistant at the early developmental stages to susceptible at harvest. Inoculum levels decreased during the season in the rachises and laterals, but were constantly high during the season in the pedicel and pedicel-end of the berry. According to this pattern of natural occurrence, B. cinerea fruit rot in these vineyards was not caused by colonisation of the pistil, and subsequent latency in the style end of grape berries. However, fruit rot was primarily caused by colonisation of the pedicel, and subsequent latency in the pedicel or pedicel-end of the berry. These findings furthermore support the hypothesis of increased host resistance during development, but also indicate that in the Western Cape province, inoculum in vineyards is abundant during the early part of the season, and less abundant later in the season. More information is therefore needed on the behaviour of the different types of B. cinerea inocula on the different morphological parts of grapevine to validate the pathway described for natural B. cinerea infection in vineyards. The penetration and disease expression at the different morphological parts of bunches of two grape cultivars (Dauphine and Merlot) under conditions simulating natural infection by airborne conidia was therefore investigated. The two cultivars did not differ in resistance of the berry cheek, which was at all stages classified as resistant. However, in Dauphine, latent inoculum levels in berry cheeks declined from intermediate at pea size to low at the following stages, whereas in Merlot, levels were intermediate during pea size and at harvest. Some differences between cultivars were found in the resistance of the structural bunch parts, and of their latent inoculum levels. In Dauphine, the rachis reacted susceptible at pea size, and was classified moderately resistant later in the season. Laterals and pedicels were moderate resistant at pea size, and resistant at later stages. Inoculum levels in rachises, laterals and pedicels were high at pea size, but intermediate at bunch closure and at harvest. The finding that B. cinerea infected and naturally occurred more commonly in the tissues of immature than mature bunches, that the structural parts of the bunch carried more B. cinerea than the berry cheek, and that these infections may be more important in B. cinerea bunch rot than infection of the cheek or the style end, suggest that emphasis should be placed on the disease reaction of the pedicel and related parts of immature bunches rather than on the berry. The resistanc-e reaction of leaf blades, petioles, internodes and inflorescences on cuttings, compared to those on older shoots from the vineyard were therefore investigated. In the case of vinelets, leaf blades, petioles, internodes and inflorescences were all classified susceptible to highly susceptible. The different parts furthermore all carried very high latent inoculum levels. In vineyard shoots the petioles and inflorescences showed resistance, and carried intermediate to latent inoculum levels. This finding suggests that leaf blades are not appropriate parts for studying the behaviour of inoculum of B. cinerea and host responses in grape bunches. In stead, petioles and inflorescences of vineyard shoots should be used for this purpose.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: WEERSTAND TEEN BOTRYTIS CINEREA IN MORFOLOGIESE DELE VAN BLARE EN TROSSE VAN WINGERD Kennis oor die teenwoordigheid van Botrytis cinerea in morfologiese dele van wingerd word benodig vir die ontwerp van 'n betroubare, sensitiewe en spesifieke toets vir die bevestiging van latente infeksies, en vir die implementering van strategieë vir die effektiewe beheer van B. cinerea-vrot. Die doel van hierdie studie was om (i) natuurlike B. cinerea infeksie by spesifieke areas in blare en trosse van wingerd te bepaal, en (ii) om weerstand teen siekte-uitdrukking in hierdie morfologiese dele vas te stel. Trosse en blare van die wyndruif kultivar Merlot en die tafeldruif kultivar Dauphine, is by ertjiekorrel, tros-toemaak en oes in vyf wingerde in die Stellenbosch- en De Doomsomgewing, onderskeidelik, versamel. Die materiaal is in twee groepe verdeel en in polietileen sakkies verseël. Die sakkies is met klam papierdoekies uitgevoer om sodoende hoë relatiewe humiditeit te verseker. Blare en trosse wat in die een groep geïnkubeer is, is eers met paraquat behandel om aktiewe gasheerreaksies te beëindig. Hierdie behandelings het toestande geskep wat gedurende die periode van vogtige inkubasie gunstig was vir siekteontwikkeling deur verskillende inokula by twee gasheer-weerstandsvlakke. Siekteuitdrukking is positief geïdentifiseer deur letsel-ontwikkeling en die vorming van sporuierende kolonies van B. cinerea by 'n potensiële infeksie-area. Dele waarop in die blare gekonsentreer is, was die blaarskyf en -steel. In die trosse was die dele die rachis, lateraal en korrelsteel, en op korrels was dit die korrelsteel-end, wang en styl-end. In Dauphine is die verskillende dele tydens al die fenologiese stadia as weerstandbiedend tot matig weerstandbiedend geklassifiseer. Die verskillende dele her egter, ten spyte van hul weerstandbiedendheid, hoë tot baie hoë inokulumvlakke by ertjiekorrel- en tros-toemaakstadium gedra. Die enigste uitsondering was die korrelwang, wat 'n middelmatige inokulumvlak by ertjiekorrel, en 'n lae inokulumvlak by tros-toemaak, gedra het. Die inokulumvlakke was in byna al die dele laer by oes. Die afname in inokulumvlakke was die prominentste in die blaarstele, rachi, laterale, korreisteie en die korrelsteel-end van die korrel. Al hierdie dele het 'n middelmatige tot lae inokulumvlak by oes gehad. In Merlot was die dele konstant weerstandbiedend, behalwe vir die korrelsteel en die korrelsteel-end van die korrel, wat gewissel het van weerstandbiedend by die vroeë ontwikkelingstadia, tot vatbaar by oes. lnokulumvlakke in die rachis en lateraal het gedurende die seisoen afgeneem; maar was deur die seisoen konstant hoog in die korrelsteel en korrelsteel-end van die korrel. Volgens die patroon van natuurlike voorkoms, word B. cinerea-vrot in hierdie wingerde nie deur kolonisasie van die stamper, en die daaropvolgende latensie in die styl-end van die korrels, veroorsaak nie. Vrot word egter primêr deur kolonisasie van die korrelsteel, en die daaropvolgende latensie in die korrelsteel of korrelsteel-end van die korrel, veroorsaak. Hierdie bevindinge ondersteun die hipotese van toenemende gasheerweerstand gedurende ontwikkeling, en dui ook daarop dat inokulumvlakke in wingerde in die Wes-Kaap provinsie volop is gedurende die eerste deel van die seisoen, en minder volop is later in die seisoen. Meer inligting word dus benodig aangaande die gedrag van die verskillende inokulum tipes van B. cinerea op die verskillende morfologiese dele van wingerd, ten einde die infeksieweg vir natuurlike B. cinerea infeksie in wingerde te bevestig. Die vestiging van latente infeksies in die verskillende morfologiese dele van trosse van twee kultivars (Dauphine en Merlot), onder toestande wat natuurlike infeksie deur luggedraagde konidia simuleer, is dus ondersoek. Die twee kultivars se weerstand in die korrelwang het nie verskil nie en is by alle fenologiese stadia as weerstandbiedend geklassifiseer. Die latente inokulumvlakke in die korrelwang van Dauphine het egter van middelmatig by ertjiekorrel, tot laag in die daaropvolgende stadia afgeneem, terwyl die vlakke in Merlot middelmatig by ertjiekorrel en oes was. Verskille tussen die twee kultivars is gevind ten opsigte van die weerstand in die trosdele, asook hulle latente inokulumvlakke. Die rachis van Dauphine was by ertjiekorrel vatbaar, en matig weerstandbiedend later in die seisoen. Die lateraal en korrelsteel was matig weerstandbiedend by ertjiekorrel en weerstandbiedend by latere stadia. lnokulumvlakke in rachi, laterale en korreisteie was hoog by ertjiekorrel, maar middelmatig by tros-toemaak en oes. Die bevindinge dat B. cinerea natuurlik meer algemeen in die weefsel van onvolwasse trosse voorgekom en laasgenoemde meer algemeen geïnfekteer het, dat B. cinerea se voorkoms hoër was in die morfologiese dele van die tros as in die korrelwang, en dat hierdie infeksies van groter belang in B. cinerea-vrot mag wees as infeksie van die wang of styl-end, dui daarop dat klem gelê moet word op die siektereaksie van die strukturele dele van onvolwasse trosse, eerder as van die korrel. Die weerstand van blaarskywe, blaarstele, internodes en blomtrossies van steggies, in vergelyking met die op ouer lote in wingerde, is dus ondersoek. Blaarskywe, blaarstele, internodes en blomtrossies van steggies is almal as vatbaar tot hoogs vatbaar geklassifiseer. Die verskillende dele het verder ook almal baie hoë latente inokulumvlakke gedra. By die ouer lote van wingerde het die blaarstele en blomtrossies weerstandbiedend vertoon, en middelmatige latente inokulumvlakke gedra. Hierdie bevindinge dui daarop dat blaarskywe nie die ideale morfologiese deel is vir gedragstudies van B. cinerea in druiwetrosse nie. Blaarstele en blomtrossies van ouer lote moet eerder vir die doel gebruik word.
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Singh, Rampal. "Characterization of virus disease resistance in Lactuca sativa." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55529.
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Little is known about the mechanism of virus disease resistance in plants. The aim of the work presented here was to answer whether disease resistance is offered within the cell or at the level of intercellular movement of the virus. The protoplast system was used for this purpose. Conditions were optimized to isolate viable protoplasts from the leaves of Lactuca sativa cultivars. Protoplasts and leaves from resistant and susceptible Lactuca sativa cultivars were inoculated separately with turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), Virus multiplication was examined over time using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Resistant cv. Kordaat did not support TuMV multiplication in protoplasts as well as in leaves. The results indicated that resistance to TuMV is available within the cell. The results ruled out the possibility of involvement of cell to cell movement and resistance to TuMV seems to be constitutive. On the other hand, protoplasts and leaves from both resistant and susceptible lettuce cultivars supported LMV multiplication. This suggested that resistance to LMV may not be offered within the cell. The results also indicated that the resistance to LMV was partly due to a hypersensitive response though virus was still able to spread systemically. To contribute towards mapping of the Tu resistance gene, the genotype of F$ sb2$ individuals was determined by screening an F$ sb3$ population from 71 F$ sb2$ individuals of a cross between cv. Calmar and cv. Kordaat for TuMV-infection. These data were useful for the production of bulks around the Tu locus to facilitate the search for new molecular markers linked to the Tu gene.
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Geddes, Jennifer M. H., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Fusarium head blight of barley : resistance evaluation and identification of resistance mechanisms." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2006, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/399.
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An evaluation of nineteen barley lines using three artificial inoculation methods concluded that spray inoculation was the most reproducible method and provided the greatest discrimination of resistance. Six of the nineteen barley lines were used for proteomic studies to identify defense responses following F. graminearum infection. All lines responded by inducing an oxidative burst and pathogenesis-related proteins. Differences in response magnitude and the proteins activated could be attributed to varying levels of FHB resistance amongst the barley lines. RNA microarray profiling and iTRAQ technology were used to study the interaction between two barley lines under five different treatments testing the effect of the fungus, trichothecene, and their interaction. Resistance was differentiated by the early induction of defense-related genes and the activation of the JA and ethylene defense pathways in Chevron, compared to the induction of a less efficient defense pathway in Stander; observed intra- and inter-cultivar differential responses are discussed.xvii, 196 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.
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MacDonald, Gerald. "The long term effects of apple replant disease treatments on growth and yield of apple trees and an examination of Pratylenchus and Pythium as causal agents /." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61700.
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Zondo, Patience Thembelihle. "Assessment of inoculation techniques to evalute apple resistance to Phytophthora cactorum." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52141.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) Schrot. is the primary cause of crown, collar and root rot diseases of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees worldwide. This pathogen is most destructive in commercial apple orchards under waterlogged soil conditions and has recently been identified as causing serious disease in some South African apple orchards. Crown, collar and root diseases are difficult to control because of their unpredictability and catastrophic nature. The use of resistant cultivars and rootstocks is economical and environmentally considerate. Therefore the need to develop screening techniques that will enable the selection of desirable disease resistant traits as part of an apple-breeding program in South Africa was identified. The work undertaken in this study was aimed at optimizing different techniques to test resistance. Using two direct inoculation techniques (excised stem and intact stem) the aggressiveness of lO isolates of P. cactorum on apple rootstocks was determined. The susceptibilities of five apple rootstocks were also compared. Results have shown isolate by rootstock interaction which means isolate aggressiveness was influenced by rootstocks tested. The selectivity of isolates suggests that there may be several strains of the pathogen. Population studies of the pathogen might contribute valuable information that could lead to better interpretation of results. Rootstock susceptibility was monitored in vitro throughout the season by inoculating at monthly intervals for 26-months. It was observed that during winter, rootstock susceptibility was low compared to high susceptibility during summer. These results have revealed new information regarding changes in the relative resistance of the different rootstocks over the growing season, e.g. the susceptibility pattern of rootstock MMl06 occurred 1 to -2 months later than that of other rootstocks. This finding has important implications on the way in which resistance test results are interpreted, and emphasizes the importance of not relying on point sampling. Furthermore, useful information has been acquired regarding the epidemiology of the disease with regard to "windows of susceptibility". The phenomenon of a phase shift in susceptibility of different rootstocks needs to be tested on a broader scale to assess whether it has any practical application on resistance testing. Although different inoculation techniques are applied in breeding programs, up to now there is no consensus on which technique works best for seedling selections. Since large numbers of individuals must be tested to improve the chances of detecting resistant genotypes, mass inoculations of young seedlings is a rapid way of identifying resistant individuals. Two different screening methods were tested during this study. Using the sand-bran technique, seedlings were transplanted onto inoculated soil and the root mass was used as a measure of resistance. In a second method zoospore inoculum was applied to seedlings growing in a sand:bark mixture at different concentrations and the seedlings were subjected either to water drenching or not. In both trials the aggressiveness of isolates differed significantly from each other and only higher inoculum concentrations were effective in causing disease. The age of seedlings used in tests emerged as an important factor. Seedlings under five-months-old should not be used. Drenching inoculated seedlings enhanced disease development but the production of sufficiently high numbers of zoospores was a laborious task. Thus, it is recommended that the sand-bran inoculum technique be tested with the drenching treatment for mass selection. In conclusion this study confirms the importance of both choice of isolate and choice of inoculation intervals in determining susceptibility of rootstocks to infection. In spite of the fact that stem inoculation bioassays have limited resemblance to natural disease situations, these bioassays are useful for obtaining an indication as to whether genotypes have a degree of resistance and merit further testing. For this reason refinement of the stem inoculation bioassay is worthwhile pursuing. With regard to seedling trials, both the sand-bran and the zoospore technique appear promising but refinement of these techniques is necessary in order to present a more practical way of testing large volumes of seedlings.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Evaluering van inokulasietegnieke om weerstand teen Phytophthora cactorum in appels te evalueer: Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) Schrot. is die primêre oorsaak van kroon-, kraag en wortelvrot van appelbome (Malus domestica Borkh.). Dit is die mees verwoestende patogeen in kommersiële appelboorde waar daar versuipte toestande grond voorkom. P. cactorum is onlangs identifiseer as die patogeen wat ernstige kroon- en kraag-verotting in Suid Afrikaanse appelboorde veroorsaak. Kroon-, kraag- en wortelvrot is moeilik om te beheer as gevolg van die onvoorspelbaarheid en rampspoedige aard van die siekte. Die gebruik van kultivars en onderstamme wat weerstandbiedend is teen siektes en plae is omgewingsvriendelik en is ekonomies van belang, dus het die behoefte ontstaan om inokulasietegnieke te ontwikkelom weerstandige saailinge te identifiseer en te selekteer as deel van 'n appelteelprogram in Suid Afrika. Die doelwit van hierdie studie is om verskillende inokulasietegnieke te toets en te verfyn om weerstand in appelsaailinge te identifiseer. Deur gebruik te maak van twee inokulasietegnieke (die afgesnyde loot- en intakte loot tegniek), is die relatiewe aggressiwiteit van 10 isolate van P. cactorum en die vatbaarheid van vyf appelonderstamme ondersoek. Resultate het aangetoon dat die aggressiwiteit van die isolate gevarieer het na aanleiding van die onderstam wat getoets is. Die selektiwiteit van die isolate is 'n aanduiding dat daar moontlik verskeie rasse van die patogeen voorkom. Toekomstige studies op die populasiestruktuur van P. cactorum sal 'n belangrike bydrae maak tot die interpretasie van resultate oor weerstand en weerstandsteling. Die vatbaarheid van onderstamme was ook in in vitro proewe ondersoek deur maandelikse inokulasies toe te pas oor 'n tydperk van 26 maande. Dit is opgemerk dat die onderstamvatbaarheid gedurende die winter laag was in vergelyking met die somer. Nie al die onderstamme het dieselfe gereageer gedurende verskillende toetstye nie. Hierdie resultate toon aan dat die relatiewe weerstand van verskillende onderstamme oor die groeiseisoen verskil, byvoorbeeld die vatbare reaksie van die onderstam 'l\.1MI06' het een tot twee maande later voorgekom in vergelyking met ander onderstamme wat getoets is. Hierdie bevinding het belangrike implikasies op die interpretasie van weerstandstoetsing en beklemtoon die moontlike tekortkominge in enkelproefwaarnemings. Bruikbare inligting ten opsigte van die epidemiologie van die siekte is versamel wat beskryf kan word in terme van vensters van vatbaarheid wat verskil van onderstam tot onderstam. Verdere ondersoeke in die verband word aanbeveel. Hoewel verskeie inokulasietegnieke bestaan om jong saailinge vir weerstand te toets, is daar tot op hierdie stadium nog nie ooreenstemming oor die beste tegniek wat toegepas moet word om saailingseleksie te doen nie. Omdat groot getalle saailinge getoets moet tydens die seleksieproses sal massa-inokulasie van saailinge die aangewese metode wees. Twee verskillende inokulasie tegnieke is getoets in die studie. Deur gebruik te maak van die sandsemel tegniek, is saailinge geplant in geinfesteerde plantmedium, waartydens die wortelmassa van saailinge gebruik is om die reaksie op infeksie te kwantifiseer. Die soëspoor inokulasietegniek was toegepas op saailinge wat in 'n sand en basmengsel geplant is teen verskillende inokulurnkonsentrasies. 'n Waterverdrenkingsbehandeling is ook getoets. In albei hierdie proewe het die aggressiwiteit van die isolate van mekaar verskil. Slegs die hoër inokulumkonsentrasies was effektief in die ontwikkeling van die siekte. Die ouderdom van saailinge is ook uitgewys as 'n belangrike faktor wat 'n rol speel in weerstandstoetsing. Saailinge jonger as 5 maande word nie aanbeveel vir hierdie toetse nie. Verdrenking van saailinge het die voorkoms van die siekte verhoog, maar die produksie van groot getalle soëspore was 'n beperkende faktor in die uitvoering van die proef Dit word aanbeveel dat die sand-semel inokulasietegniek verder evalueer moet word onder verskeie toestande, onder andere deur dit met verdrenkinghte kombineer. Die belang van die keuse van isolaat en inokulasiedatum in bepaling van relatiewe weerstand van onderstamme teen P. cactorum is tydens die studie bevestig. Afgesien van die beperking van die staminokulasietegnieke in soverre dit verwyderd is van natuurlike infeksie, word die tegnieke aanbeveel om 'n indikasie te kry van die relatiewe weerstand van onderstamme. Beide die sand-semel en soëspoor tegnieke kan gebruik word om weerstandige saailinge te identifiseer, maar tegniese verfyning van hierdie tegnieke is nodig om saailinge in massa te evalueer.
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Golegaonkar, Prashant G. "Genetic and molecular analysis of resistance to rust diseases in barley." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3549.
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The responses of 92 barley genotypes to selected P. hordei pathotypes was assessed in greenhouse tests at seedling growth stages and in the field at adult plant growth stages to determine known or unknown resistances. On the basis of multipathotype tests, 35 genotypes were postulated to carry Rph2, Rph4, Rph5, Rph12, RphCantala alone or combinations of Rph2 + Rph4 and Rph1 + Rph2, whereas 52 genotypes lacked detectable seedling resistance to P. hordei. Five genotypes carried seedling resistance that was effective to all pathotypes tested, of which four were believed to carry uncharacterised resistance based on pedigree information. Field tests at adult plant growth stages indicated that while 28 genotypes were susceptible, 57 carried uncharacterised APR to P. hordei. Pedigree analysis indicated that APR in the test genotypes could have been derived from three different sources. The resistant responses of seven cultivars at adult plant growth stages were believed to be due to the presence of seedling resistance effective against the field pathotypes. Genetic studies conducted on 10 barley genotypes suggested that ‘Vada’, ‘Nagrad’, ‘Gilbert’, ‘Ulandra (NT)’ and ‘WI3407’ each carry one gene providing adult plant resistance to P. hordei. Genotypes ‘Patty’, ‘Pompadour’ ‘Athos’, ‘Dash’ and ‘RAH1995’ showed digenic inheritance of APR at one field site and monogenic inheritance at a second. One of the genes identified in each of these cultivars provided high levels of APR and was effective at both field sites. The second APR gene was effective only at one field site, and it conferred low levels of APR. Tests of allelism between resistant genotypes confirmed a common APR gene in all genotypes with the exception of ‘WI3407’, which based on pedigree information was genetically distinct from the gene common in ‘Vada’, ‘Nagrad’, ‘Patty’, ‘RAH1995’ and ‘Pompadour’. An incompletely dominant gene, Rph14, identified previously in an accession of Hordeum vulgare confers resistance to all known pathotypes of P. hordei in Australia. The inheritance of Rph14 was confirmed using 146 and 106 F3 lines derived from the crosses ‘Baudin’/ ‘PI 584760’ (Rph14) and ‘Ricardo’/‘PI 584760’ (Rph14), respectively. Bulk segregant analysis on DNA from the parental genotypes and resistant and susceptible DNA bulks from F3 lines using diversity array technology (DArT) markers located Rph14 to the short arm of chromosome 2H. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based marker analysis identified a single simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker, Bmag692, linked closely to Rph14 at a map distance of 2.1 and 3.8 cM in the populations ‘Baudin’/ ‘PI 584760’and ‘Ricardo’/‘PI 584760’, respectively. Seedlings of 62 Australian and two exotic barley cultivars were assessed for resistance to a variant of Puccinia striiformis, referred to as BGYR, which causes stripe rust on several wild Hordeum species and some genotypes of cultivated barley. With the exception of six Australian barley cultivars and an exotic cultivar, all displayed resistance to the pathogen. Genetic analyses of six Australian barley cultivars and the Algerian barley ‘Sahara 3771’, suggested that they carried either one or two major seedling resistance genes to the pathogen. A single recessive seedling resistance gene, Bgyr1, identified in ‘Sahara 3771’ was located on the long arm of chromosome 7H and flanked by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers wg420 and cdo347 at genetic distances of 12.8 and 21.9 cM, respectively. Mapping resistance to BGYR at adult plant growth stages using a doubled haploid population derived from the cross ‘Clipper’/‘Sahara 3771’ identified two major QTLs on the long arms of chromosomes 3H and 7H that explained 26 and 18% of total phenotypic variation, respectively. The QTL located on chromosome 7HL corresponded to the seedling resistance gene Bgyr1. The second QTL was concluded to correspond to a single adult plant resistance gene designated Bgyr2, originating from cultivar ‘Clipper’.
Books on the topic "Disease and pest resistance"
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Sharma, Indu. Disease resistance in wheat. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI, 2012.
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1960-, Parker Jane, ed. Molecular aspects of plant disease resistance. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell, 2008.
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Rosenthal, Ed. Marijuana pest and disease control. Oakland, CA: Quick American, 2012.
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J, Slusarenko A., Fraser R. S. S, and Loon L. C. van, eds. Mechanisms of resistance to plant diseases. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
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W, Onstad David, ed. Insect resistance management: Biology, economics, and prediction. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008.
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S, Fraser R. S., ed. Mechanisms of resistance to plant diseases. Dordrecht, Netherlands: M. Nijhoff/W. Junk, 1985.
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S, Sadasivam. Molecular host plant resistance to pests. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2003.
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David, Evered, and Harnett Sara, eds. Plant resistance to viruses. Chichester: Wiley, 1987.
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Station), Resistance '91: Achievements and Developments in Combating Pesticide Resistance (1991 Rothamsted Experimental. Resistance '91, Achievements and Developments in Combating Pesticide Resistance. London: Published for SCI by Elsevier Applied Science, 1992.
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LaMondia, James Arthur. Scantic, a new fusarium-wilt resistant broadleaf tobacco cultivar. New Haven: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Disease and pest resistance"
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Xie, Q. J., M. C. Rush, and J. Cao. "Somaclonal Variation for Disease Resistance in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)." In Pest Management in Rice, 491–509. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0775-1_41.
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Weaver, David B., and Rodrigo Rodriguez-Kabana. "Disease Management in Soybean: Use of Cultural Techniques and Genetic Resistance." In Pest Management in Soybean, 214–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2870-4_21.
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Singh, Dhan Pal. "The Value of Disease and Insect Pest Resistance." In Breeding for Resistance to Diseases and Insect Pests, 1–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71512-9_1.
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Singh, Dhan Pal. "Concepts in Insect-Pest Resistance." In Breeding for Resistance to Diseases and Insect Pests, 35–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71512-9_3.
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Cuartero, Jesús, Henri Laterrot, and Joop C. van Lenteren. "Host- Plant Resistance to Pathogens and Arthropod Pests." In Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Greenhouse Crops, 124–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47585-5_9.
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Ramjegathesh, R., R. Samiyappan, T. Raguchander, K. Prabakar, and D. Saravanakumar. "Plant–PGPR Interactions for Pest and Disease Resistance in Sustainable Agriculture." In Bacteria in Agrobiology: Disease Management, 293–320. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33639-3_11.
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Blümel, Sylvia, Graham A. Matthews, Avi Grinstein, and Yigal Elad. "Pesticides in IPM: Selectivity, Side-effects, Application and Resistance Problems." In Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Greenhouse Crops, 150–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47585-5_11.
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Singh, Dhan Pal. "Concepts in Disease Resistance." In Breeding for Resistance to Diseases and Insect Pests, 4–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71512-9_2.
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Lefebvre, Véronique, Nathalie Boissot, and Jean-Luc Gallois. "Host Plant Resistance to Pests and Pathogens, the Genetic Leverage in Integrated Pest and Disease Management." In Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Greenhouse Crops, 259–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22304-5_9.
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Bruenn, Jeremy. "Novel Methods of Introducing Pest and Disease Resistance to Crop Plants." In Genetic Engineering, 11–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4199-8_2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Disease and pest resistance"
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Sandeepanie, W. D. Nilakshi, Samadhi Rathnayake, and Amali Gunasinghe. "Disease Identification and Mapping using CNN in Paddy Fields." In SLIIT International Conference on Advancements in Sciences and Humanities 2023. Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, SLIIT, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/nkkj6476.
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Rice, a globally vital staple crop, sustains over half of the world’s caloric needs while supporting the livelihoods of small-scale farmers and landless laborers. The escalating global population has led to an increased demand for rice production. Sri Lanka, renowned for its premium rice quality, has a rich history of paddy cultivation. However, a substantial portion of the country’s 708,000 hectares of paddy land remains underutilized due to water scarcity and unstable terrain. The objective of this project is to enhance paddy crop quality during the critical vegetative phase by employing machine learning and web development for early disease identification. The vegetative phase significantly influences overall yield, resistance to pests and diseases, nutrient assimilation, and environmental sustainability in agriculture. This project primarily focuses on early disease identification during this phase and presents the findings through a user-friendly map interface. Early identification of paddy diseases is vital for effective crop management and high yields. These diseases, caused by various pathogens, can severely impede plant growth and productivity if not promptly detected and treated. Identifying them early enables farmers and experts to take timely, targeted actions such as applying suitable fungicides or implementing cultural practices to control their spread and minimize crop damage. A logical map, displaying disease spread percentages, will gauge the impact of infections on paddy plants. The reliability of this mapping process hinges on model accuracy, which was rigorously validated using multiple metrics to ensure its effectiveness.
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Eynck, Christina. "Camelina breeding and development- a Canadian perspective." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/bsmv8815.
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Climate change is predicted to have a more profound impact on the Canadian Prairies compared to other regions in the world, with higher relative temperatures, longer periods of water stress and increased frequency of droughts. Camelina sativa (camelina) is a promising alternative, climate-resilient oilseed that could become part of a Canadian strategy to battle climate change and its detrimental effects on agriculture. Albeit currently a small crop, camelina has enormous potential for growth: favorable agronomics, like early maturity, frost and drought tolerance, pest and disease resistance, as well as exceptional winter hardiness in true winter types in combination with a unique oil profile render it an excellent feedstock crop not only for biofuel, but also high value feed and food uses. Uses for camelina oil and meal include industrial applications (e.g. biodiesel, lubricants, and polymers) and higher value areas such as cosmetics, Omega-3 supplements for human and companion animal nutrition, and applications in the livestock, poultry and aquaculture feed sectors. As a relatively undeveloped crop, there is significant potential for improvement of both agronomic and seed quality characteristics. This presentation will provide an overview of current camelina breeding and crop development efforts underway at the AAFC Research and Development Center in Saskatoon in collaboration with industry. This includes variety and germplasm development in spring- and winter-type camelina, insights into the genomics of camelina as well as recent developments in the Canadian camelina industry.
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Козарь, Елена, И. Енгалычева, А. Антошкин, Е. Козарь, Наталия Мащенко, and Ала Боровская. "Использование вторичных метаболитов высших растений для обработки семян фасоли." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.15.
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The use of preparations based on secondary plant metabolites is an alternative to chemical pesti-cides, to which the vegetable bean culture is very sensitive. Аll preparations stimulate the germination and development of the root system of seedlings, which contributes to an increase in the germination and resistance of beans to Fusarium in the early stages of development. 0.01% concentration is the most op-timal for treating beans before sowing. Verbascoside exhibits a prolonged immunomodulatory effect and effectively inhibits the development of the disease throughout the growing season. Bioregulators mold-stim and linaroside work more effectively together with chemical fungicides, reducing their phytotoxicity and increasing plant stress resiastance.
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Barros, Julia Cecilia Mederios, Walter Aparecido Pimentel Monteiro, João Gabriel Rabelo Ferreira, Maria Luiza Maciel de Mendonça, Letícia Serena Costa dos Santos, Monique Di Domenico, Natália Souza Silva, Gabriela Carnaz Barbieri, Paula Rayssa dos Santos Caetano, and Vívian Ferreira Zadra. "Microbial resistance and the relationship between medicine and veterinary medicine." In VI Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvimulti2024-056.
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Antimicrobials have revolutionized health by reducing mortality from infectious diseases worldwide. However, the inappropriate use of antibiotics contributes to the antimicrobial resistance process occurring in a shorter time and on a larger scale. This process can correlate human and veterinary medicine. Animals and humans can be affected by several microorganisms, and the spread of resistant pathogens can occur between species. When antimicrobial resistance occurs within the veterinary sector, it becomes a unique health concern because human and animal antibiotics are the same, making human treatments difficult and expensive. The World Health Organization (WHO), through the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Report, points out that antimicrobial resistanceto agents responsible for nosocomial sepsis such as Klebsiella pneumoniae is greater than 50%. Agents such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. show growth in resistance rates and about 15% between 2017 and 2022. Antimicrobial resistance is responsible for about 700 thousand deaths annually and there is concern about an increase in this value due to the Covid-19 pandemic, due to the higher consumption of antibiotics. In veterinary medicine, the occurrence of antimicrobial resistanceis closely related to access to antibiotics without a professional prescription in farms and pet stores. Growth promoters for farm animals were used as preventives, however in 2020 this practice was banned in the national territory. Currently, the use of antibiotics without a previous antibiogram, misinformation from owners and metaphylactic uses are warning points within veterinary medicine. It is concluded that the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance within veterinary medicine is closely related to One Health.
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Sivesind, Evan. "The Iowa Pest Resistance Management Plan: A community-based approach to address pest resistance in Iowa." In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-238.
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Kulikov, M. A., A. N. Kulikova, and A. V. Goncharov. "Resistance of sunflower hybrids to herbicides, diseases, pests and weeds." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-158.
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Doltu, Mădălina, Dorin Sora, Marian Bogoescu, and Veronica Tănasă. "IDENTIFICATION OF SOME CUCURBITACEOUS ROOTSTOCKS FOR VEGETABLE CROPS IN ROMANIA." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b2/v2/05.
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This study aimed to identification of some rootstocks for cucurbitaceous vegetables and their influence on cultures. These vegetables (cucumber, watermelon, melon) are very popular crops in Romania. Vegetable crops are very sensitive to climatic vagaries, so fluctuation in climatic parameters at any phase of growth can affect the yield. Grafting on Cucurbitaceae is a method which has improved and spread quickly during the past years, a similar approach to crop rotation, a practice meant to increase productivity, resistance or tolerance to soil diseases and pests, as well as to abiotic factors and at increasing fruit quality. The research was conducted at the Horting Institute, Bucharest, Romania. Several aspects are taken into account in the use of rootstocks: environmental adaptability, quality fruit, resistance/tolerance for soil diseases and pests, drought, floods, soil salinization, heavy metal content, organic pollutants. Some resistant rootstocks have been identified worldwide (PS1313, RS841, bottle-gourd, NUN-9075, Argentario, PI296341 and others). Several rootstocks are very used in Romania for conventional and ecological crops (UG 29A, Shintoza, Emphasis, Cobalt and others). Following the studies undertaken on research trials in the greenhouses, many rootstock genotypes were selected and tested in the Horting Institute and some results are presented in this paper.
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Pranolo, Andri, Siti Muslimah Widyastuti, and Azhari Azhari. "Forest Plantation Pest and Disease Forecast Model." In 2017 International Conference on Education and Technology (2017 ICEduTech). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icedutech-17.2018.37.
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Skwarek, Agata, Balazs Illes, and Attila Geczy. "Characterization of tin pest by electrical resistance measurement." In 2016 IEEE 22nd International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging (SIITME). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siitme.2016.7777298.
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Owen, Micheal D. K. "Pest resistance: Overall principles and implications on evolved herbicide resistance in Iowa." In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-127.
Full textReports on the topic "Disease and pest resistance"
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Michel Jr., Frederick C., Harry A. J. Hoitink, Yitzhak Hadar, and Dror Minz. Microbial Communities Active in Soil-Induced Systemic Plant Disease Resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586476.bard.
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Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) is a highly variable property that can be induced by compost amendment of potting media and soils. For example, previous studies showed that only 1 of 79 potting mixes prepared with different batches of mature composts produced from several different types of solid wastes were able to suppress the severity of bacterial leaf spot of radish caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae compared with disease on plants produced in a nonamended sphagnum peat mix. In this project, microbial consortia in the rhizosphere of plants grown in ISR-active compost-amended substrates were characterized. The plants used included primarily cucumber but also tomato and radish. Rhizosphere microbial consortia were characterized using multiple molecular tools including DGGE (Israel) and T -RFLP (Ohio) in both ISR-active field plots and potting media. Universal as well as population-specific bacterial and fungal PCR primers were utilized. T -RFLP analyses using universal bacterial primers showed few significant differences in overall bacterial community composition in ISR-active and inactive substrates (Ohio). In addition, the community members which were significantly different varied when different ISR-activecomposts were used (Ohio). To better characterize the shifts in microbial community structure during the development of ISR, population specific molecular tools were developed (Israel, Ohio).-PCR primers were designed to detect and quantify bacterial groups including Pyrenomycetes, Bacillus, Pan toea, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas and Streptomyces as well as Trichoderma and Fusarium; two groups of fungi that harbor isolates which are ISR active (Isreal and Ohio). Bacterial consortia associated with cucumber plants grown in compost-amended potting mixtures were shown to be dominated by the phylogenetic taxon Bacteroidetes, including members of the genus Chryseobacterium, which in some cases have been shown to be involved in biocontrol (Israel). Nested-PCR-DGGE analyses coupled with long l6S rDNA sequencing, demonstrated that the Chryseobacteriumspp. detected on seed and the root in compost-amended treatments were derived from the compost itself. The most effective ISR inducing rhizobacterial strains were identified as Bacillus sp. based on partial sequencing of l6S rDNA. However, these strains were significantly less effective in reducing the severity of disease than Trichoderma hamatum382 (T382). A procedure was developed for inoculation of a compost-amended substrate with T -382 which consistently induced ISR in cucumber against Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsiciand in radish against bacterial spot (Ohio). Inoculation of compost-amended potting mixes with biocontrol agents such as T -382 and other microbes that induce systemic resistance in plants significantly increased the frequency of systemic disease control obtained with natural compost amendments.
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Chejanovsky, Nor, and Bruce A. Webb. Potentiation of Pest Control by Insect Immunosuppression. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592113.bard.
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The restricted host range of many baculoviruses, highly pathogenic to Lepidoptera and non-pathogenic to mammals, limits their use to single or few closely related Lepidopteran species and is an obstacle to extending their implementation for pest control. The insect immune response is a major determinant of the ability of an insect pathogen to efficiently multiply and propagate. We have developed an original model system to study the Lepidopteran antiviral immune response based on Spodoptera littoralis resistance to AcMNPV (Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus) infection and the fascinating immunosuppressive activity of polydnaviruses .Our aim is to elucidate the mechanisms through which the immunosuppressive insect polydnaviruses promote replication of pathogenic baculoviruses in lepidopteran hosts that are mildly or non-permissive to virus- replication. In this study we : 1- Assessed the extent to which and the mechanisms whereby the immunosuppressive Campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus (CsV) or its genes enhanced replication of a well-characterized pathogenic baculovirus AcMNPV, in polydnavirus-immunosuppressedH. zea and S. littoralis insects and S. littoralis cells, hosts that are mildly or non-permissive to AcMNPV. 2- Identified CsV genes involved in the above immunosuppression (e.g. inhibiting cellular encapsulation and disrupting humoral immunity). We showed that: 1. S. littoralis larvae mount an immune response against a baculovirus infection. 2. Immunosuppression of an insect pest improves the ability of a viral pathogen, the baculovirus AcMNPV, to infect the pest. 3. For the first time two PDV-specific genes of the vankyrin and cystein rich-motif families involved in immunosuppression of the host, namely Pvank1 and Hv1.1 respectively, enhanced the efficacy of an insect pathogen toward a semipermissive pest. 4. Pvank1 inhibits apoptosis of Spodopteran cells elucidating one functional aspect of PDVvankyrins. 5. That Pvank-1 and Hv1.1 do not show cooperative effect in S. littoralis when co-expressed during AcMNPV infection. Our results pave the way to developing novel means for pest control, including baculoviruses, that rely upon suppressing host immune systems by strategically weakening insect defenses to improve pathogen (i.e. biocontrol agent) infection and virulence. Also, we expect that the above result will help to develop systems for enhanced insect control that may ultimately help to reduce transmission of insect vectored diseases of humans, animals and plants as well as provide mechanisms for suppression of insect populations that damage crop plants by direct feeding.
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Tzin, V., B. Dilkes, and H. Sela. Identifying molecular markers for defense metabolites against aphid feeding in wild emmer wheat. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134174.bard.
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Bread wheat is the second most important food crop, providing calories to half of the world population and roughly one-fifth of the calories and protein consumed by people worldwide. Crop losses to insect pests depress yields and climate change is expected to significantly increase this problem. To combat global food insecurity, the protection of crops from insect pests must be prioritized. The Bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi, is the most abundant and economically important cereal pest, causes up to 40-60 % yield loss through direct feeding and vectoring plant diseases. The main goal of this project was to identify molecular markers associated with aphid resistance and defense metabolite levels in wild emmer wheat (WEW). During the three years of this project, we screened a large number of WEW accessions and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis. We experimented with data processing and explored different GWAS models, which revealed a massive number of determinants of aphid resistance and highlighted hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Thus, we focused on a small subset of genes that linked to the most significant SNPs. By the end of this collaboration, we have a list of important SNPs, and three major genes that we believe have a strong effect on wheat resistance to aphids. Work on these genes is continuing and will soon publish our exciting new results.
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Sela, Hanan, Eduard Akhunov, and Brian J. Steffenson. Population genomics, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598170.bard.
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The primary goals of this project were: (1) development of a genetically characterized association panel of wild emmer for high resolution analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits; (2) characterization and mapping of genes and QTL for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wild emmer populations; (3) characterization of LD patterns along wild emmer chromosomes; (4) elucidation of the multi-locus genetic structure of wild emmer populations and its correlation with geo-climatic variables at the collection sites. Introduction In recent years, Stripe (yellow) rust (Yr) caused by Pucciniastriiformis f. sp. tritici(PST) has become a major threat to wheat crops in many parts of the world. New races have overcome most of the known resistances. It is essential, therefore, that the search for new genes will continue, followed by their mapping by molecular markers and introgression into the elite varieties by marker-assisted selection (MAS). The reservoir of genes for disease and pest resistance in wild emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccoides) is an important resource that must be made available to wheat breeders. The majority of resistance genes that were introgressed so far in cultivated wheat are resistance (R) genes. These genes, though confering near-immunity from the seedling stage, are often overcome by the pathogen in a short period after being deployed over vast production areas. On the other hand, adult-plant resistance (APR) is usually more durable since it is, in many cases, polygenic and confers partial resistance that may put less selective pressure on the pathogen. In this project, we have screened a collection of 480 wild emmer accessions originating from Israel for APR and seedling resistance to PST. Seedling resistance was tested against one Israeli and 3 North American PST isolates. APR was tested on accessions that did not have seedling resistance. The APR screen was conducted in two fields in Israel and in one field in the USA over 3 years for a total of 11 replicates. We have found about 20 accessions that have moderate stripe rust APR with infection type (IT<5), and about 20 additional accessions that have novel seedling resistance (IT<3). We have genotyped the collection using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and the 90K SNP chip array. GBS yielded a total 341K SNP that were filtered to 150K informative SNP. The 90K assay resulted in 11K informative SNP. We have conducted a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) and found one significant locus on 6BL ( -log p >5). Two novel loci were found for seedling resistance. Further investigation of the 6BL locus and the effect of Yr36 showed that the 6BL locus and the Yr36 have additive effect and that the presence of favorable alleles of both loci results in reduction of 2 grades in the IT score. To identify alleles conferring adaption to extreme climatic conditions, we have associated the patterns of genomic variation in wild emmer with historic climate data from the accessions’ collection sites. The analysis of population stratification revealed four genetically distinct groups of wild emmer accessions coinciding with their geographic distribution. Partitioning of genomic variance showed that geographic location and climate together explain 43% of SNPs among emmer accessions with 19% of SNPs affected by climatic factors. The top three bioclimatic factors driving SNP distribution were temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and isothermality. Association mapping approaches revealed 57 SNPs associated with these bio-climatic variables. Out of 21 unique genomic regions controlling heading date variation, 10 (~50%) overlapped with SNPs showing significant association with at least one of the three bioclimatic variables. This result suggests that a substantial part of the genomic variation associated with local adaptation in wild emmer is driven by selection acting on loci regulating flowering. Conclusions: Wild emmer can serve as a good source for novel APR and seedling R genes for stripe rust resistance. APR for stripe rust is a complex trait conferred by several loci that may have an additive effect. GWAS is feasible in the wild emmer population, however, its detection power is limited. A panel of wild emmer tagged with more than 150K SNP is available for further GWAS of important traits. The insights gained by the bioclimatic-gentic associations should be taken into consideration when planning conservation strategies.
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Somerville, Shauna C. Powdery Mildew Disease Resistance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1123169.
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Soroker, V., and N. C. Rueppell. acterization of the architecture of hygienic behavior of honeybees to enable breeding for improved honeybee health. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134169.bard.
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High honeybee colony losses in the last decade have raised the scientific efforts to determine and mitigate the causes of declining honeybee health. Although honeybees are exposed to a variety of stressors, infestation by the ectoparasitic mite (Varroa destructor) and the viruses it vectors are considered to be the most significant biological problem of A. mellifera worldwide. Management of viral diseases is problematic and mainly focuses on control of Varroa. Current Varroa control suffers from the evolution mite resistance, negative effects on bees and bee products, and other inefficiencies and impracticalities. This situation necessitates the development of an integrated strategy for Varroa pest management. Breeding honeybee stocks that are resistant to mites is an essential part of any sustainable long-term control of Varroa. We have focused our study on the behavioral trait of worker hygienic behavior that has been described as a social colony defense mechanism against Varroa and some other brood diseases. The main original objectives of our proposal were: 1) Characterize the phenotypic architecture of the hygienic behavior and its cost (age and intensity of uncapping, removal, recapping, higher sensitivity of workers, stronger signaling by the brood, as well as the age of first foraging, longevity, and individual immunity of workers, and colony level of Varroa and viruses); 2) Determine patterns of inheritance of the key aspects of hygienic behavior by phenotyping of multiple crosses over several generations and reciprocal crosses; 3) Identify a robust core marker set for hygienic behavior by comparative transcriptomic analyses and QTL mapping of the hygienic trait; 4) Verify the core marker set in study of the general honeybee population to associate marker genotypes with hygienic performance; 5) Test the colony-level outcomes of introgressing hygienic-selection lines under field conditions into locally adapted populations. During the course of the project, we conducted a number of field experiments in our research apiaries and with beekeepers at different sites in Israel.
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Michelmore, R. W. Transposon tagging of disease resistance genes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6038413.
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Nicholson, Ralph, Reuven Reuveni, and Moshe Shimoni. Biochemical Markers for Disease Resistance in Corn. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613037.bard.
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The objective was to screen maize lines for their ability to express resistance based on biochemical traits. Cultivars were screened for retention of the hydroxamic acid DIMBOA and the synthesis of phenols (based on anthocyanin production) as markers for resistance. Lines were selected and inoculated with fungal pathogens (Exserohilum turcicum, Puccinia sorghi, Cochliobolus heterostraphus, Colletotricum graminicola.), and the Maize Dwarf Mosaic and Johnson Grass Mosaic viruses. Lines were screened in the field and greenhouse. Results showed that lines selected for augmented phenol synthesis do exhibit heightened levels of resistance to fungal pathogens. Isolation of mRNA followed by northern analyses for expression of A1 (dihydroflavanol reductase) and peroxidase confirmed that genes for these enzymes were turned on in response to inoculation of lines predicted to exhibit resistance. Peroxidase and b-1,3-glucanase were assayed in breeding lines having or lacking the se gene. A specific ionically-bound peroxidase isozyme and a b-1,3-glucanase isozyme were revealed in lines having the se gene. Data suggest that peroxidase and b-1,3-glucanase isozymes, may be considered as markers to identify resistance to E. turcicum in maize genotypes with the se gene.
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Mueller, Alexander, Elena Lazutkaite, Adam Prakash, Mark Davis, Ahmed Amdihun, and Jully Ouma. Scientific Linkages Between Climate Change and (Transboundary) Crop Pest and Disease Outbreaks. TMG Research gGmbH, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35435/2.2022.5.
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Reecy, James M., and Matt Schneider. Heritability of Genetic Resistance to Bovine Respiratory Disease. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-757.
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