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Journal articles on the topic 'Discrimination neuronale'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 21 December 2024

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1

Deng, Yingchun, Peter Williams, Feng Liu, and Jianfeng Feng. "Neuronal discrimination capacity." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 36, no. 50 (December 1, 2003): 12379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/36/50/003.

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2

Smith, Jackson E. T., and Andrew J. Parker. "Correlated structure of neuronal firing in macaque visual cortex limits information for binocular depth discrimination." Journal of Neurophysiology 126, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 275–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00667.2020.

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Correlated noise reduces the stimulus information in visual cortical neurons during experimental performance of binocular depth discriminations. The temporal scale of these correlations is important. Rapid (20–30 ms) correlations reduce information within and between areas V1 and V4, whereas slow (>100 ms) correlations between areas do not. Separate cortical areas appear to act together to maintain signal fidelity. Rapid correlations reduce the neuronal signal difference between stimuli and adversely affect perceptual discrimination.

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3

Spitzer, H., R. Desimone, and J. Moran. "Increased attention enhances both behavioral and neuronal performance." Science 240, no. 4850 (April 15, 1988): 338–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3353728.

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Single cells were recorded from cortical area V4 of two rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) trained on a visual discrimination task with two levels of difficulty. Behavioral evidence indicated that the monkeys' discriminative abilities improved when the task was made more difficult. Correspondingly, neuronal responses to stimuli became larger and more selective in the difficult task. A control experiment demonstrated that changes in general arousal could not account for the effects of task difficulty on neuronal responses. It is concluded that increasing the amount of attention directed toward a stimulus can enhance the responsiveness and selectivity of the neurons that process it.

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4

MERIGAN, WILLIAM H. "Cortical area V4 is critical for certain texture discriminations, but this effect is not dependent on attention." Visual Neuroscience 17, no. 6 (November 2000): 949–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252380017614x.

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This study examined the question of which features of a complex grouping discrimination make it vulnerable to permanent elimination by V4 lesions. We first verified that the line element grouping discrimination, which we previously reported to be devastated by V4 lesions, was similarly affected in the monkeys of this study. The permanence of the deficit was established by mapping its visual field distribution and then testing this discrimination for an extended period at a locus on the border of the deficit. Also, a staircase procedure was used to provide the monkey with within session instruction in the grouping discrimination, but this did not improve V4 lesion performance. Grouping was then compared with several discriminations that shared some features with it, but which were found not to be permanently eliminated by V4 lesions. This comparison suggested that grouping (rather than segmentation or response to a single element) was one feature that made the discrimination vulnerable, a second was the similarity in shape of the texture elements to be grouped. Finally, we tested visual crowding, a property of peripheral vision that is thought to reflect neuronal interactions early in visual cortex, possibly in area V1, and found no effect of V4 lesions. A control experiment with human observers tested whether the elimination of grouping by V4 lesions might be due to an alteration of attention, but found no evidence to support this hypothesis. These results show that severe disruption of texture discriminations by V4 lesions depends on both the nature of the discrimination and the type of texture elements involved, but does not necessarily involve the disruption of attention.

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5

Boynton, Geoffrey M., Jonathan B. Demb, Gary H. Glover, and David J. Heeger. "Neuronal basis of contrast discrimination." Vision Research 39, no. 2 (January 1999): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(98)00113-8.

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6

Arabzadeh, Ehsan, Colin W. G. Clifford, Justin A. Harris, David A. Mahns, Vaughan G. Macefield, and Ingvars Birznieks. "Single tactile afferents outperform human subjects in a vibrotactile intensity discrimination task." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 10 (November 15, 2014): 2382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00482.2014.

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We simultaneously compared the sensitivity of single primary afferent neurons supplying the glabrous skin of the hand and the psychophysical amplitude discrimination thresholds in human subjects for a set of vibrotactile stimuli delivered to the receptive field. All recorded afferents had a dynamic range narrower than the range of amplitudes across which the subjects could discriminate. However, when the vibration amplitude was chosen to be within the steepest part of the afferent's stimulus-response function the response of single afferents, defined as the spike count over the vibration duration (500 ms), was often more sensitive in discriminating vibration amplitude than the perceptual judgment of the participants. We quantified how the neuronal performance depended on the integration window: for short windows the neuronal performance was inferior to the performance of the subject. The neuronal performance progressively improved with increasing spike count duration and reached a level significantly above that of the subjects when the integration window was 250 ms or longer. The superiority in performance of individual neurons over observers could reflect a nonoptimal integration window or be due to the presence of noise between the sensory periphery and the cortical decision stage. Additionally, it could indicate that the range of perceptual sensitivity comes at the cost of discrimination through pooling across neurons with different response functions.

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7

Sanders, Teresa H., Mark A. Clements, and Thomas Wichmann. "Parkinsonism-related features of neuronal discharge in primates." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 720–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00672.2012.

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Parkinson's disease is known to be associated with abnormal electrical spiking activities of basal ganglia neurons, including changes in firing rate, bursting activities and oscillatory firing patterns and changes in entropy. We explored the relative importance of these measures through optimal feature selection and discrimination analysis methods. We identified key characteristics of basal ganglia activity that predicted whether the neurons were recorded in the normal or parkinsonian state. Starting with 29 features extracted from the spike timing of neurons recorded in normal and parkinsonian monkeys in the internal or external segment of the globus pallidus or the subthalamic nucleus (STN), we used a method that incorporates a support vector machine algorithm to find feature combinations that optimally discriminate between the normal and parkinsonian states. Our results demonstrate that the discrimination power of combinations of specific features is higher than that of single features, or of all features combined, and that the most discriminative feature sets differ substantially between basal ganglia structures. Each nucleus or class of neurons in the basal ganglia may react differently to the parkinsonian condition, and the features used to describe this state should be adapted to the neuron type under study. The feature that was overall most predictive of the parkinsonian state in our data set was a high STN intraburst frequency. Interestingly, this feature was not correlated with parameters describing oscillatory firing properties in recordings made in the normal condition but was significantly correlated with spectral power in specific frequency bands in recordings from the parkinsonian state (specifically with power in the 8–13 Hz band).

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8

Spencer, K., and P. Carpenter. "Neurone Specific Enolase in Amniotic Fluid: A Potential Marker of Anencephaly." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 25, no. 1 (January 1988): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456328802500112.

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Normal values for neurone specific enolase in amniotic fluid have been found to follow a non gaussian distribution with a 1–99 centile range of 1·10–4·32 μg/L. Neurone specific enolase levels have been shown to be raised in the amniotic fluid of pregnancies complicated by anencephaly, although not those complicated by open spina bifida. Neurone specific enolase measured by radioimmunoassay is capable of totally discriminating between normal pregnancies and those complicated by anencephaly. The study demonstrates the possible value of investigating other neuronal proteins which may find value as adjuncts to amniotic fluid Alpha fetoprotein levels in the prenatal diagnosis of Neural Tube Defects.

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9

Heuer, Hilary W., and Kenneth H. Britten. "Optic Flow Signals in Extrastriate Area MST: Comparison of Perceptual and Neuronal Sensitivity." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 3 (March 2004): 1314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00637.2003.

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The medial superior temporal area of extrastriate cortex (MST) contains signals selective for nonuniform patterns of motion often termed “optic flow.” The presence of such tuning, however, does not necessarily imply involvement in perception. To quantify the relationship between these selective neuronal signals and the perception of optic flow, we designed a discrimination task that allowed us to simultaneously record neuronal and behavioral sensitivities to near-threshold optic flow stimuli tailored to MST cells' preferences. In this two-alternative forced-choice task, we controlled the salience of globally opposite patterns (e.g., expansion and contraction) by varying the coherence of the motion. Using these stimuli, we could both relate the sensitivity of neuronal signals in MST to the animal's behavioral sensitivity and also measure trial-by-trial correlation between neuronal signals and behavioral choices. Neurons in MST showed a wide range of sensitivities to these complex motion stimuli. Many neurons had sensitivities equal or superior to the monkey's threshold. On the other hand, trial-by-trial correlation between neuronal discharge and choice (“choice probability”) was weak or nonexistent in our data. Together, these results lead us to conclude that MST contains sufficient information for threshold judgments of optic flow; however, the role of MST activity in optic flow discriminations may be less direct than in other visual motion tasks previously described by other laboratories.

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10

Li, Wu, Peter Thier, and Christian Wehrhahn. "Contextual Influence on Orientation Discrimination of Humans and Responses of Neurons in V1 of Alert Monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 941–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.2.941.

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We studied the effects of various patterns as contextual stimuli on human orientation discrimination, and on responses of neurons in V1 of alert monkeys. When a target line is presented along with various contextual stimuli (masks), human orientation discrimination is impaired. For most V1 neurons, responses elicited by a line in the receptive field (RF) center are suppressed by these contextual patterns. Orientation discrimination thresholds of human observers are elevated slightly when the target line is surrounded by orthogonal lines. For randomly oriented lines, thresholds are elevated further and even more so for lines parallel to the target. Correspondingly, responses of most V1 neurons to a line are suppressed. Although contextual lines inhibit the amplitude of orientation tuning functions of most V1 neurons, they do not systematically alter the tuning width. Elevation of human orientation discrimination thresholds decreases with increasing curvature of masking lines, so does the inhibition of V1 neuronal responses. A mask made of straight lines yields the strongest interference with human orientation discrimination and produces the strongest suppression of neuronal responses. Elevation of human orientation discrimination thresholds is highest when a mask covers only the immediate vicinity of the target line. Increasing the masking area results in less interference. On the contrary, suppression of neuronal responses in V1 increases with increasing mask size. Our data imply that contextual interference observed in human orientation discrimination is in part directly related to contextual inhibition of neuronal activity in V1. However, the finding that interference with orientation discrimination is weaker for larger masks suggests a figure-ground segregation process that is not located in V1.

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11

Tremblay, N., M. C. Bushnell, and G. H. Duncan. "Thalamic VPM nucleus in the behaving monkey. II. Response to air-puff stimulation during discrimination and attention tasks." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.3.753.

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1. Single-unit activity was recorded in the ventral posterior medial (VPM) thalamic nucleus of awake monkeys while they performed detection and discrimination tasks involving tactile air-puff stimuli presented to the face. Neuronal responsiveness was compared directly with the monkey's discriminative performance. In addition, neuronal activity was compared when the monkey's attention was directed to the air-puff stimulus and when it was directed to a concurrent visual stimulus. 2. Neurons responding to the air-puff stimuli were classified as slowly adapting (SA), rapidly adapting (RA), inhibitory (IN), or multimodal (MM), according to their responses to manual and thermal stimulation, as well as their adaption rates to the air puff. Of 47 neurons responsive to air-puff stimulation and studied extensively in the behavioral task, 14 were classified as RA, 15 as SA, 6 as IN, and 12 as MM. The 12 MM neurons were so classified because, in addition to air puff, they responded to noxious heat, innocuous cooling, or noxious pinch. 3. Neurons from each class had restricted contralateral receptive fields localized within one division of the trigeminal nerve. There was no systematic difference in receptive-field size among groups. 4. A prominent difference in tactile responsiveness of MM neurons was response latency. Although the mean latency for RA, SA, and IN neurons was not significantly different (6.1, 9.1, and 12.2 ms, respectively), the mean latency for MM neurons was significantly longer than that for each of the other neuronal categories (28.8 ms; Ps < 0.001). These data suggest that the excitatory tactile afferent input to MM neurons is different from that to low-threshold neurons. 5. For RA, SA, and MM neurons the frequency of the neuronal discharge evoked by the air-puff stimulation was proportional to the intensity of the air puff. Thus responses of each neuronal class coded air-puff stimulus intensity. 6. The monkeys' ability to detect air-puff stimuli of various intensities was compared with the frequency of neuronal responses to those stimuli. Both the percent success in detecting differences in air-puff intensity and the detection latency were highly correlated with neuronal response frequency. The responses of all three excitatory neuronal categories corresponded well with the monkey's performance. Thus any or all of RA, SA, and MM neurons could play a role in the discrimination of air-puff intensities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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12

Heeger, D. J. "Neuronal correlates of contrast detection and discrimination." Journal of Vision 2, no. 10 (December 1, 2002): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/2.10.13.

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13

Adibi, Mehdi, and Ehsan Arabzadeh. "A Comparison of Neuronal and Behavioral Detection and Discrimination Performances in Rat Whisker System." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 1 (January 2011): 356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00794.2010.

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We used the rat whisker touch as a model system to investigate the correlation between the response function of cortical neurons and the behavior of rats in a sensory detection versus discrimination task. The rat whisker–barrel system is structurally well characterized and represents one of the main channels through which rodents collect information about the environment. In experiment 1, we recorded neuronal activity ( n = 235) in the whisker area of the rat somatosensory cortex in anesthetized rats while applying vibrotactile stimuli of varying amplitudes to the whiskers. Neurons showed a characteristic sigmoidal input–output function, with an accelerating nonlinearity at low stimulus amplitudes and a compressive nonlinearity at high stimulus amplitudes. We further quantified the performance of individual neurons for stimulus detection and for discrimination across different stimulus pairs with identical amplitude differences. For near-threshold stimuli, the neuronal discrimination performance surpassed the detection performance despite the fact that detection and discrimination represented identical amplitude differences. This is consistent with the accelerating nonlinearity observed at low stimulus intensities. In the second stage of the experiment, four rats were trained to select the higher-amplitude stimulus between two vibrations applied to their whiskers. Similar to neuronal results, the rats' performance was better for the discrimination task compared with the detection task. The behavioral performance followed the same trend as that of the population of individual neurons. Both behavioral and neuronal data are consistent with the “pedestal effect” previously reported in human psychophysics.

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14

Hay, Etay, and J. Andrew Pruszynski. "Orientation processing by synaptic integration across first-order tactile neurons." PLOS Computational Biology 16, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): e1008303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008303.

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Our ability to manipulate objects relies on tactile inputs from first-order tactile neurons that innervate the glabrous skin of the hand. The distal axon of these neurons branches in the skin and innervates many mechanoreceptors, yielding spatially-complex receptive fields. Here we show that synaptic integration across the complex signals from the first-order neuronal population could underlie human ability to accurately (< 3°) and rapidly process the orientation of edges moving across the fingertip. We first derive spiking models of human first-order tactile neurons that fit and predict responses to moving edges with high accuracy. We then use the model neurons in simulating the peripheral neuronal population that innervates a fingertip. We train classifiers performing synaptic integration across the neuronal population activity, and show that synaptic integration across first-order neurons can process edge orientations with high acuity and speed. In particular, our models suggest that integration of fast-decaying (AMPA-like) synaptic inputs within short timescales is critical for discriminating fine orientations, whereas integration of slow-decaying (NMDA-like) synaptic inputs supports discrimination of coarser orientations and maintains robustness over longer timescales. Taken together, our results provide new insight into the computations occurring in the earliest stages of the human tactile processing pathway and how they may be critical for supporting hand function.

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15

Orban, Guy A., and Rufin Vogels. "The neuronal machinery involved in successive orientation discrimination." Progress in Neurobiology 55, no. 2 (June 1998): 117–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00010-0.

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16

Riemer, Martin, Darren Rhodes, and Thomas Wolbers. "Systematic Underreproduction of Time Is Independent of Judgment Certainty." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6890674.

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We recently proposed that systematic underreproduction of time is caused by a general judgment bias towards earlier responses, instead of reflecting a genuine misperception of temporal intervals. Here we tested whether this bias can be explained by the uncertainty associated with temporal judgments. We applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to inhibit neuronal processes in the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and tested its effects on time discrimination and reproduction tasks. The results show increased certainty for discriminative time judgments after PPC inhibition. They suggest that the right PPC plays an inhibitory role for time perception, possibly by mediating the multisensory integration between temporal stimuli and other quantities. Importantly, this increased judgment certainty had no influence on the degree of temporal underreproduction. We conclude that the systematic underreproduction of time is not caused by uncertainty for temporal judgments.

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17

Brown, M. W., and Z. I. Bashir. "Evidence concerning how neurons of the perirhinal cortex may effect familiarity discrimination." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1424 (August 29, 2002): 1083–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1097.

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Many studies indicate that recognition memory involves at least two separable processes, familiarity discrimination and recollection. Aspects of what is known of potential neuronal substrates of familiarity discrimination are reviewed. Lesion studies have established that familiarity discrimination for individual visual stimuli is effected by a system centred on the perirhinal cortex of the temporal lobe. The fundamental change that encodes prior occurrence of such stimuli appears to be a reduction in the response of neurons in anterior inferior temporal (including perirhinal) cortex when a stimulus is repeated. The neuronal responses rapidly signal the presence of a novel stimulus, and are evidence of long–lasting learning after a single exposure. Computational modelling indicates that a neuronal network based on such a change in responsiveness is potentially highly efficient in information theoretic terms. Processes that occur in long–term depression within the perirhinal cortex provide candidate synaptic plastic mechanisms for that underlying the change, but such linkage remains to be experimentally established.

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18

Marshel, James H., Yoon Seok Kim, Timothy A. Machado, Sean Quirin, Brandon Benson, Jonathan Kadmon, Cephra Raja, et al. "Cortical layer–specific critical dynamics triggering perception." Science 365, no. 6453 (July 18, 2019): eaaw5202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw5202.

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Perceptual experiences may arise from neuronal activity patterns in mammalian neocortex. We probed mouse neocortex during visual discrimination using a red-shifted channelrhodopsin (ChRmine, discovered through structure-guided genome mining) alongside multiplexed multiphoton-holography (MultiSLM), achieving control of individually specified neurons spanning large cortical volumes with millisecond precision. Stimulating a critical number of stimulus-orientation-selective neurons drove widespread recruitment of functionally related neurons, a process enhanced by (but not requiring) orientation-discrimination task learning. Optogenetic targeting of orientation-selective ensembles elicited correct behavioral discrimination. Cortical layer–specific dynamics were apparent, as emergent neuronal activity asymmetrically propagated from layer 2/3 to layer 5, and smaller layer 5 ensembles were as effective as larger layer 2/3 ensembles in eliciting orientation discrimination behavior. Population dynamics emerging after optogenetic stimulation both correctly predicted behavior and resembled natural internal representations of visual stimuli at cellular resolution over volumes of cortex.

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19

Cabinio, Monia, Federica Rossetto, Sara Isernia, Francesca Lea Saibene, Monica Di Cesare, Francesca Borgnis, Stefania Pazzi, et al. "The Use of a Virtual Reality Platform for the Assessment of the Memory Decline and the Hippocampal Neural Injury in Subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Validity of Smart Aging Serious Game (SASG)." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 1355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051355.

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Due to the lack of pharmacological treatment for dementia, timely detection of subjects at risk can be of seminal importance for preemptive rehabilitation interventions. The aim of the study was to determine the usability of the smart aging serious game (SASG), a virtual reality platform, in assessing the cognitive profile of an amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) population, its validity in discriminating aMCI from healthy controls (HC), and in detecting hippocampal degeneration, a biomarker of clinical progression towards dementia. Thirty-six aMCI and 107 HC subjects were recruited and administered the SASG together with a neuropsychological evaluation. All aMCI and 30 HC subjects performed also an MRI for hippocampal volume measurement. Results showed good usability of the SASG despite the low familiarity with technology in both groups. ROC curve analyses showed similar discriminating abilities for SASG and gold standard tests, and a greater discrimination ability compared to non-specific neuropsychological tests. Finally, linear regression analysis revealed that the SASG outperformed the Montreal cognitive assessment test (MoCA) in the ability to detect neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus on the right side. These data show that SASG is an ecological task, that can be considered a digital biomarker providing objective and clinically meaningful data about the cognitive profile of aMCI subjects.

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20

von Heimendahl, Moritz, Pavel M. Itskov, Ehsan Arabzadeh, and Mathew E. Diamond. "Neuronal Activity in Rat Barrel Cortex Underlying Texture Discrimination." PLoS Biology 5, no. 11 (November 13, 2007): e305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050305.

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21

Rodríguez-Sanchez, Antonio J., John K. Tsotsos, Stefan Treue, and Julio C. Martinez-Trujillo. "Comparing neuronal and behavioral thresholds for spiral motion discrimination." NeuroReport 20, no. 18 (December 2009): 1619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e32833312c7.

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22

Schiff, Steven J., Tim Sauer, Rohit Kumar, and Steven L. Weinstein. "Neuronal spatiotemporal pattern discrimination: The dynamical evolution of seizures." NeuroImage 28, no. 4 (December 2005): 1043–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.059.

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23

Zheng, Yi, Jianbo Gao, Justin C. Sanchez, Jose C. Principe, and Michael S. Okun. "Multiplicative multifractal modeling and discrimination of human neuronal activity." Physics Letters A 344, no. 2-4 (September 2005): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2005.06.092.

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24

Hernandez, A., A. Zainos, and R. Romo. "Neuronal correlates of sensory discrimination in the somatosensory cortex." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 11 (May 16, 2000): 6191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.120018597.

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Chiba, Atsushi, Ken-ichi Oshio, and Masahiko Inase. "Neuronal representation of duration discrimination in the monkey striatum." Physiological Reports 3, no. 2 (February 2015): e12283. http://dx.doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12283.

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26

Nakao, M., K. Ohmura, and R. Sato. "Hardware-based adaptive system for discrimination of neuronal spikes." Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 26, no. 4 (July 1988): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02442292.

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Zhou, Jingyang, and Chanwoo Chung. "How does perceptual discrimination relate to neuronal receptive fields?" Journal of Vision 23, no. 9 (August 1, 2023): 5708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.23.9.5708.

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Hashimoto, Kosuke, Bibin B. Andriana, Hiroko Matsuyoshi, and Hidetoshi Sato. "Discrimination analysis of excitatory and inhibitory neurons using Raman spectroscopy." Analyst 143, no. 12 (2018): 2889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8an00051d.

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Berberian, Nareg, Amanda MacPherson, Eloïse Giraud, Lydia Richardson, and J. P. Thivierge. "Neuronal pattern separation of motion-relevant input in LIP activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 738–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00145.2016.

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In various regions of the brain, neurons discriminate sensory stimuli by decreasing the similarity between ambiguous input patterns. Here, we examine whether this process of pattern separation may drive the rapid discrimination of visual motion stimuli in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP). Starting with a simple mean-rate population model that captures neuronal activity in LIP, we show that overlapping input patterns can be reformatted dynamically to give rise to separated patterns of neuronal activity. The population model predicts that a key ingredient of pattern separation is the presence of heterogeneity in the response of individual units. Furthermore, the model proposes that pattern separation relies on heterogeneity in the temporal dynamics of neural activity and not merely in the mean firing rates of individual neurons over time. We confirm these predictions in recordings of macaque LIP neurons and show that the accuracy of pattern separation is a strong predictor of behavioral performance. Overall, results propose that LIP relies on neuronal pattern separation to facilitate decision-relevant discrimination of sensory stimuli. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A new hypothesis is proposed on the role of the lateral intraparietal (LIP) region of cortex during rapid decision making. This hypothesis suggests that LIP alters the representation of ambiguous inputs to reduce their overlap, thus improving sensory discrimination. A combination of computational modeling, theoretical analysis, and electrophysiological data shows that the pattern separation hypothesis links neural activity to behavior and offers novel predictions on the role of LIP during sensory discrimination.

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Brody, Carlos D., Adrián Hernández, Antonio Zainos, Luis Lemus, and Ranulfo Romo. "Analysing neuronal correlates of the comparison of two sequentially presented sensory stimuli." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1428 (December 29, 2002): 1843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1167.

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In a typical sequential sensory discrimination task, subjects are required to make a decision based on comparing a sensory stimulus against the memory trace left by a previous stimulus. What is the neuronal substrate for such comparisons and the resulting decisions? This question was studied by recording neuronal responses in a variety of cortical areas of awake monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ), trained to carry out a vibrotactile sequential discrimination task. We describe methods to analyse responses obtained during the comparison and decision phases of the task, and describe the resulting findings from recordings in secondary somatosensory cortical area (S2). A subset of neurons in S2 become highly correlated with the monkey's decision in the task.

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Zhivago, Kalathupiriyan A., and Sripati P. Arun. "Texture discriminability in monkey inferotemporal cortex predicts human texture perception." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 11 (December 1, 2014): 2745–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00532.2014.

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Shape and texture are both important properties of visual objects, but texture is relatively less understood. Here, we characterized neuronal responses to discrete textures in monkey inferotemporal (IT) cortex and asked whether they can explain classic findings in human texture perception. We focused on three classic findings on texture discrimination: 1) it can be easy or hard depending on the constituent elements; 2) it can have asymmetries, and 3) it is reduced for textures with randomly oriented elements. We recorded neuronal activity from monkey inferotemporal (IT) cortex and measured texture perception in humans for a variety of textures. Our main findings are as follows: 1) IT neurons show congruent selectivity for textures across array size; 2) textures that were easy for humans to discriminate also elicited distinct patterns of neuronal activity in monkey IT; 3) texture pairs with asymmetries in humans also exhibited asymmetric variation in firing rate across monkey IT; and 4) neuronal responses to randomly oriented textures were explained by an average of responses to homogeneous textures, which rendered them less discriminable. The reduction in discriminability of monkey IT neurons predicted the reduced discriminability in humans during texture discrimination. Taken together, our results suggest that texture perception in humans is likely based on neuronal representations similar to those in monkey IT.

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Chapman, C. Elaine, and El-Mehdi Meftah. "Independent Controls of Attentional Influences in Primary and Secondary Somatosensory Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 6 (December 2005): 4094–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00303.2005.

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The neuronal mechanisms underlying enhanced perception of tactile stimuli with directed attention were investigated using single-unit recordings from primary (S1, n = 53) and secondary (S2, n = 50) somatosensory cortex in macaque monkeys. Neuronal responses to textures scanned under the digit tips (spatial periods, SP, of 2, 3.7 or 4.7 mm) were recorded while attention was directed either to discriminating a change in texture or to the reward and also in a neutral no-task condition. Cell discharge was quantified in three periods of the trials: salient Δ texture (directed attention), postreward, and static (both cases, attention directed to the reward). S1 texture- and non-texture-sensitive cells, as well as S2 non-texture-sensitive cells, showed a modest enhancement of discharge during the salient Δ texture period (∼25%) but no change in response gain, consistent with an additive increase in neuronal responsiveness with directed attention. In contrast, S2 texture-related cells showed a larger enhancement with directed attention to salient inputs (82%) and increased response gain, suggesting that directed attention produces a multiplicative increase in S2 responsiveness. During the postreward period, and also in no-task testing, S1 texture-sensitive cells preserved their sensitivity to SP. In contrast, S2 texture-, but not non-texture-, sensitive cells showed a marked suppression of discharge and decreased gain after the discrimination response. Together, the results support the notion that S2 discharge reflects stimulus parameters in relation to ongoing behavioral demands. The results also support the existence of two independent attentional mechanisms in somatosensory cortex, one generalized (S1 and S2), and the other focused on S2 texture-related cells.

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Yu, Bo, Terrence Mak, Xiangyu Li, Leslie Smith, Yihe Sun, and Chi-Sang Poon. "Stream-based Hebbian Eigenfilter for real-time neuronal spike discrimination." BioMedical Engineering OnLine 11, no. 1 (2012): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-925x-11-18.

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Seiferth, Nina Y., Katharina Pauly, Thilo Kellermann, N. Jon Shah, Gudrun Ott, Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann, Tilo Kircher, Frank Schneider, and Ute Habel. "Neuronal Correlates of Facial Emotion Discrimination in Early Onset Schizophrenia." Neuropsychopharmacology 34, no. 2 (June 25, 2008): 477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2008.93.

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35

Romo, Ranulfo, Adrián Hernández, Antonio Zainos, and Emilio Salinas. "Correlated Neuronal Discharges that Increase Coding Efficiency during Perceptual Discrimination." Neuron 38, no. 4 (May 2003): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00287-3.

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36

Seiferth, N. Y., K. Pauly, V. Backes, T. Kellermann, U. Habel, N. J. Shah, S. Ruhrmann, B. Herpertz-Dahlmann, F. Schneider, and T. Kircher. "0356 EMOTION DISCRIMINATION AND ITS NEURONAL CORRELATES IN EARLY PSYCHOSIS." Schizophrenia Research 86 (October 2006): S72—S73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(06)70216-x.

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37

Schaefer, Andreas T., Kamilla Angelo, Hartwig Spors, and Troy W. Margrie. "Neuronal Oscillations Enhance Stimulus Discrimination by Ensuring Action Potential Precision." PLoS Biology 4, no. 6 (May 16, 2006): e163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040163.

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Tajima, Satohiro, and Masato Okada. "Discriminating Natural Image Statistics from Neuronal Population Codes." PLoS ONE 5, no. 3 (March 25, 2010): e9704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009704.

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Schiff, Steven J., Tim Sauer, and Taeun Chang. "Discriminating deterministic versus stochastic dynamics in neuronal activity." Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science 29, no. 3 (July 1994): 246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02691329.

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40

Wang, Zhisong, Alexander Maier, Nikos K. Logothetis, and Hualou Liang. "Single-Trial Decoding of Bistable Perception Based on Sparse Nonnegative Tensor Decomposition." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2008 (2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/642387.

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The study of the neuronal correlates of the spontaneous alternation in perception elicited by bistable visual stimuli is promising for understanding the mechanism of neural information processing and the neural basis of visual perception and perceptual decision-making. In this paper, we develop a sparse nonnegative tensor factorization-(NTF)-based method to extract features from the local field potential (LFP), collected from the middle temporal (MT) visual cortex in a macaque monkey, for decoding its bistable structure-from-motion (SFM) perception. We apply the feature extraction approach to the multichannel time-frequency representation of the intracortical LFP data. The advantages of the sparse NTF-based feature extraction approach lies in its capability to yield components common across the space, time, and frequency domains yet discriminative across different conditions without prior knowledge of the discriminating frequency bands and temporal windows for a specific subject. We employ the support vector machines (SVMs) classifier based on the features of the NTF components for single-trial decoding the reported perception. Our results suggest that although other bands also have certain discriminability, the gamma band feature carries the most discriminative information for bistable perception, and that imposing the sparseness constraints on the nonnegative tensor factorization improves extraction of this feature.

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Tramo, Mark Jude, Gaurav D. Shah, and Louis D. Braida. "Functional Role of Auditory Cortex in Frequency Processing and Pitch Perception." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00104.1999.

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Microelectrode studies in nonhuman primates and other mammals have demonstrated that many neurons in auditory cortex are excited by pure tone stimulation only when the tone's frequency lies within a narrow range of the audible spectrum. However, the effects of auditory cortex lesions in animals and humans have been interpreted as evidence against the notion that neuronal frequency selectivity is functionally relevant to frequency discrimination. Here we report psychophysical and anatomical evidence in favor of the hypothesis that fine-grained frequency resolution at the perceptual level relies on neuronal frequency selectivity in auditory cortex. An adaptive procedure was used to measure difference thresholds for pure tone frequency discrimination in five humans with focal brain lesions and eight normal controls. Only the patient with bilateral lesions of primary auditory cortex and surrounding areas showed markedly elevated frequency difference thresholds: Weber fractions for frequency direction discrimination (“higher”—“lower” pitch judgments) were about eightfold higher than Weber fractions measured in patients with unilateral lesions of auditory cortex, auditory midbrain, or dorsolateral frontal cortex; Weber fractions for frequency change discrimination (“same”—“different” pitch judgments) were about seven times higher. In contrast, pure-tone detection thresholds, difference thresholds for pure tone duration discrimination centered at 500 ms, difference thresholds for vibrotactile intensity discrimination, and judgments of visual line orientation were within normal limits or only mildly impaired following bilateral auditory cortex lesions. In light of current knowledge about the physiology and anatomy of primate auditory cortex and a review of previous lesion studies, we interpret the present results as evidence that fine-grained frequency processing at the perceptual level relies on the integrity of finely tuned neurons in auditory cortex.

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Altmann, L., H. J. Luhmann, J. M. Greuel, and W. Singer. "Functional and neuronal binocularity in kittens raised with rapidly alternating monocular occlusion." Journal of Neurophysiology 58, no. 5 (November 1, 1987): 965–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1987.58.5.965.

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1. In order to determine the degree of synchrony of binocular activation required for the development of binocularity we reared 11 kittens with rapidly alternating monocular occlusion. Alternating occlusion was achieved with microprocessor-controlled electrooptic solid-state shutters, which were fitted to individually moulded goggles. The intervals of alternating occlusion were varied from 50 to 1,000 ms. Two normally reared kittens and three kittens that were reared with the shutters operating synchronously with open/close intervals of 50/50 ms, 200/200 ms, and 400/100 ms, respectively, were used as controls. Toward the end of the critical period we examined the kittens' ability for binocular depth discrimination and tested binocular luminance summation of the pupillary light reflex. Single-cell recordings were made from the visual cortex in order to determine the percentages of binocularly excitable neurons. 2. There was a good correlation between the degree of asynchrony of binocular experience, the impairment of depth discrimination, and the percentage of binocular neurons. Kittens reared with alternation rates of 200, 330, and 400 ms, respectively, had developed normal binocularity and were indistinguishable from the controls. Alternation rates of 500 ms or longer prevented the development of normal depth discrimination and luminance summation and resulted in reduced cortical binocularity. 3. A linear relationship between depth discrimination, binocular luminance summation, and percentages of binocular neurons was found. 4. Our findings indicate that an asynchrony of binocular activation of several hundred milliseconds is compatible with the development of normal binocularity in the kitten visual system.

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Zorick, Todd, and Jason Smith. "Generalized Information Equilibrium Approaches to EEG Sleep Stage Discrimination." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6450126.

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Recent advances in neuroscience have raised the hypothesis that the underlying pattern of neuronal activation which results in electroencephalography (EEG) signals is via power-law distributed neuronal avalanches, while EEG signals are nonstationary. Therefore, spectral analysis of EEG may miss many properties inherent in such signals. A complete understanding of such dynamical systems requires knowledge of the underlying nonequilibrium thermodynamics. In recent work by Fielitz and Borchardt (2011, 2014), the concept of information equilibrium (IE) in information transfer processes has successfully characterized many different systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium. We utilized a publicly available database of polysomnogram EEG data from fourteen subjects with eight different one-minute tracings of sleep stage 2 and waking and an overlapping set of eleven subjects with eight different one-minute tracings of sleep stage 3. We applied principles of IE to model EEG as a system that transfers (equilibrates) information from the time domain to scalp-recorded voltages. We find that waking consciousness is readily distinguished from sleep stages 2 and 3 by several differences in mean information transfer constants. Principles of IE applied to EEG may therefore prove to be useful in the study of changes in brain function more generally.

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Matsumora, Takehiro, Kowa Koida, and Hidehiko Komatsu. "Relationship Between Color Discrimination and Neural Responses in the Inferior Temporal Cortex of the Monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 6 (December 2008): 3361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90551.2008.

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Earlier studies suggest that the inferior temporal (IT) cortex of the monkey plays a key role in color discrimination. Here, we examined the quantitative relationship between color judgment in monkeys and the responses of color-selective neurons in the anterior part of the IT cortex (area TE) by comparing neuronal activity and behavior recorded simultaneously while the monkeys performed a color-judgment task. We first compared the abilities of single neurons and monkeys to discriminate color. To calculate a neuron's ability to discriminate color, we computed a neurometric function using receiver-operating-characteristics analysis. We then compared the neural and behavioral thresholds for color discrimination and found that, in general, the neural threshold was higher than the behavioral threshold, although occasionally the reverse was true. Variation in the neural threshold across the color space corresponded well with that of the behavioral threshold. We then calculated the choice probability (CP), which is a measure of the correlation between the trial-to-trial fluctuations in neuronal responses and the monkeys' color judgment. On average, CPs were slightly but significantly greater than 0.5, indicating the activities of these TE neurons correlate positively with the monkeys' color judgment. This suggests that individual color-selective TE neurons only weakly contribute to color discrimination and that a large population of color-selective TE neurons contribute to the performance of color discrimination.

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45

Wiest, Michael C., Eric Thomson, Janaina Pantoja, and Miguel A. L. Nicolelis. "Changes in S1 Neural Responses During Tactile Discrimination Learning." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 1 (July 2010): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00194.2010.

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In freely moving rats that are actively performing a discrimination task, single-unit responses in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) are strikingly different from responses to comparable tactile stimuli in immobile rats. For example, in the active discrimination context prestimulus response modulations are common, responses are longer in duration and more likely to be inhibited. To determine whether these differences emerge as rats learned a whisker-dependent discrimination task, we recorded single-unit S1 activity while rats learned to discriminate aperture-widths using their whiskers. Even before discrimination training began, S1 responses in freely moving rats showed many of the signatures of active responses, such as increased duration of response and prestimulus response modulations. As rats subsequently learned the discrimination task, single unit responses changed: more cortical units responded to the stimuli, neuronal sensory responses grew in duration, and individual neurons better predicted aperture-width. In summary, the operant behavioral context changes S1 tactile responses even in the absence of tactile discrimination, whereas subsequent width discrimination learning refines the S1 representation of aperture-width.

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46

Eger, Evelyn, Christian A. Kell, and Andreas Kleinschmidt. "Graded Size Sensitivity of Object-Exemplar–Evoked Activity Patterns Within Human LOC Subregions." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 4 (October 2008): 2038–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90305.2008.

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A central issue for understanding visual object recognition is how the cortical hierarchy represents incoming sensory information and transforms it across successive processing stages. The format of object representation in the human brain has thus far mostly been studied using adaptation paradigms because the neuronal layout of object selectivities was thought to be beyond the resolution of conventional functional MRI (fMRI). Recently, however, multivariate pattern recognition succeeded in discriminating fMRI responses of object-selective cortex to different object exemplars within a given category. Here, we use increased spatial fMRI resolution to explore size sensitivity and tolerance to size change of response patterns evoked by object exemplars across a range of three sizes. Results from Support Vector Classification on responses of the human lateral occipital complex (LOC) show that discrimination of size (for a given object) and discrimination of objects across changes in size depended on the amount of size difference. Even across the largest amount of size change, accuracy for generalization was still significant in LOC, whereas the same comparison was at chance performance in early visual (calcarine) cortex. Analyzing subregions, we further found an anterior-posterior gradient in the degree of size sensitivity and size generalization within the posterior-dorsal and anterior-ventral parts of LOC. These results speak against fully size-invariant representation of object information in human LOC and are hence congruent with findings in monkeys showing object identity and size information in population activity of inferotemporal cortex. Moreover, these results provide evidence for a fine-grained functional heterogeneity within human LOC beyond the commonly used LO/fusiform subdivision.

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47

Folarin, R., S. John, O. Oyenuga, N. Tijani, O. Otulana, and E. Mbonu. "Olfacto-protective roles of Nigella sativa oil in Harmaline-induced essential tremor modelling." Annals of Health Research 6, no. 2 (May 17, 2020): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30442/ahr.0602-11-84.

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Background: Harmaline is a tremorgenic beta-carboline, reported to induce acute postural and kinetic tremor. Essential Tremor (ET) is an idiopathic slowly neurodegenerative tremor disorder which also compromises olfactory acuity. Nigella sativa (NS) is a therapeutic agent widely used in the treatment of various ailments. Objective: To determine the effect of NSon olfactory functions of mice treated with harmaline. Methods: Seventy-five BALB/c male mice weighing 20g-25g, were equally divided into five groups, namely CNTRL (received only Normal saline), NS (received NS oil1ml/kg), HML(received Harmaline 20mg/kg), HNS (received Harmaline and Nigella sativa concurrently), and NSH (received NSfollowed by Harmaline). Olfactory sensitivity and discrimination were assayed through buried food test. The olfactory bulb was assayed neurochemically for glutamate and dopamine, and histologically for neuronal architecture using haematoxylin and eosin stain. Differences in neurochemical and histological data, body weight, appetite, relative brain weight, sensitivity and discrimination indices were statistically analysed. Results: NS was significantly protective against the negative effects of Harmaline. It also effected quick olfactory discrimination, increased dopamine level, decrease in weight difference and increased food consumption in the animals. However, Harmaline increased relative brain weight and GPX levels. The concurrent administration aided in the reduction of neuronal density while neuronal average size reduced on pre-treatment with NS. Conclusion: Harmaline did not induce tremor in the animals, though it resulted in histological and neurochemical deficits. However, it resulted in olfactory insensitivity and indiscrimination, both of which were prevented and ameliorated by Nigella sativa oil.

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Gschwend, Olivier, Nixon M. Abraham, Samuel Lagier, Frédéric Begnaud, Ivan Rodriguez, and Alan Carleton. "Neuronal pattern separation in the olfactory bulb improves odor discrimination learning." Nature Neuroscience 18, no. 10 (August 24, 2015): 1474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.4089.

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Mountcastle, V. B., and M. A. Steinmetz. "Cortical Neuronal Periodicities and Frequency Discrimination in the Sense of Flutter." Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 55 (January 1, 1990): 861–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/sqb.1990.055.01.081.

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Tsunada, Joji, and Toshiyuki Sawaguchi. "Neuronal Categorization and Discrimination of Social Behaviors in Primate Prefrontal Cortex." PLoS ONE 7, no. 12 (December 28, 2012): e52610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052610.

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