Journal articles: 'Discrimination in sports – Brazil'

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Borodina, M. A., G. N. Suvorov, and K. V. Mashkova. "THE MAIN APPROACHES TO THE LEGAL REGULATION OF GENDER VERIFICATION IN SPORT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Issues of Law 20, no. 3 (2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/pro-prava200304.

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Genetically determined differences in height, musculature and a number of other physiological parameters lead to a significant advantage for men over female in kind of sports where the key indicators depend on strength, speed and endurance. All above suggest the need to maintain the practice of holding separate competitions for different genders. However, the practical solution to this issue seems not that obvious, taking into consideration persons with an indeterminate gender identity and transgender person. Analysis of the current legislation of a significant number of States has allowed to identify some approaches:1) ignoring not only the problem of participation in sports activities of persons with an indeterminate gender identity and transgender person, but also the issue of their special legal status in general (Greece, Israel, Ireland, Cyprus, Latvia, etc.); 2) recognizing gender diversity and solving the problems of persons with an indeterminate gender identity and transgender personfrom the position of general provisions of non-discrimination legislation without defining the specifics of sports activities (Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary); 3) recognition of gender diversity but with strive to limit the opportunities for transgender personfor participation in sports in order to ensure fair competition (Brazil); 4) recognition of gender diversity with consequent regulation of sports participation of persons with an indeterminate gender identity and transgender person(Australia, great Britain, Canada, USA). Demonstrating the last example two patterns can be revealed: a possibility of developing different, sometimes diametrically opposite approaches to solving this problem due to the Federal structure of States, and the active involvement of national sports federations in this process

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Musch, Jochen, and Roy Hay. "The Relative Age Effect in Soccer: Cross-Cultural Evidence for a Systematic Discrimination against Children Born Late in the Competition Year." Sociology of Sport Journal 16, no. 1 (March 1999): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.16.1.54.

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Previous findings of skewed birth date distributions among sports professionals have been interpreted as evidence for a systematic discrimination against children born shortly before the cut-off date for each age grouping. Alternative explanations for these findings exist, however. This research therefore attempted to replicate the effect in a cross-cultural comparison. A strong relative age effect in professional soccer was found in Germany, Japan, Brazil, and Australia, showing that the effect is independent of different cut-off dates and a variety of climatic and sociocultural factors. A shifted peak in the birth date distribution of Australian soccer professionals paralleling a corresponding change in the cut-off date in Australian soccer in 1989 was also established. This pattern of results provides strong evidence for the cut-off date in youth soccer as the main cause for the relative age effect in professional soccer.

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Scherer, Z. A. P., and E. A. Scherer. "Female prisoners: Experiences and perceptions on violence in the world behind bars." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73388-0.

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IntroductionPrison can be considered an oppressive and limiting institution and, hence, a propitious site for the development of conflicting and hostile relations among prisoners.ObjectiveDescribe female prisoners’ experiences and perceptions regarding violence in the prison environment.AimsGet to know the circumstances of relationships established at a female prison.MethodExploratory and descriptive research, carried out at the Female Penitentiary in Ribeirão Preto (SP) - Brazil. A semistructured interview was applied to 15 female prisoners. The results were submitted to thematic content analysis.ResultsTwo categories were idenitfied. “Perception of violence in prison”: they denounced the power hierarchy form, in which some prisoners and employees used physical force as an instrument for authority and dominion; they also revealed being victim of sexual abuse and psychological mistreatment in interpersonal relations (rejection, depreciation, discrimination, disrespect, intimidation, oppression and charge). “Losses deriving from imprisonment”: they complained of the precarious hygiene conditions, overcrowded cells and difficult access to health services; distancing from the family, loss of comfort and civil rights, particularly the right to do what they want (choosing food, practicing sports and leisure).ConclusionPrison can be considered the representation of a place of exclusion, closed, enclosing multiple violent acts. This directly influences the perspective of life and future interpersonal relations of people going through this experience. Thus, interventions are needed that prioritize high-quality social reintegration for these people.

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Knotter, Ad, and David Mayer. "Introduction." International Review of Social History 60, S1 (October 9, 2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859015000450.

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AbstractThis introduction presents the main topics and analytical concerns of the contributions to this Special Issue about ethnicity and migration in coalfield history in a global perspective. From the nineteenth century the development of industrial and transport technologies required the supply of coal-based energy in every part of the world. Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century globalization, including colonialism, would not have been possible without coal. Coalmining operations were launched in all world regions, and to enable exploitation mine operators had to find, mobilize, and direct workers to the mining sites. This quest for labour triggered a series of migration processes (both from nearby and far away) and resulted in a broad array of labour relations (both free and unfree). This introduction points to the variety of constellations analysed in the different contributions to this Special Issue. These cover cases from Africa (Nigeria, Zimbabwe), Asia (China, Japan), the Americas (USA, Brazil), Turkey, the Soviet Union, and western Europe (France, Germany), and a broad range of topics, from segregation, forced labour, and subcontracting to labour struggles, discrimination, ethnic paternalism, and sport.

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De Carvalho, Pedro Guedes. "Comparative Studies for What?" Motricidade 13, no. 3 (December 6, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.13551.

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ISCPES stands for International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sports and it is going to celebrate its 40th anniversary in 2018. Since the beginning (Israel 1978) the main goals of the Society were established under a worldwide mind set considering five continents and no discrimination of any kind. The founders wanted to compare Physical Education and Sports across the world, searching for the best practices deserving consideration and applied on the purpose of improving citizen quality of life. The mission still stands for “Compare to learn and improve”.As all the organizations lasting for 39 years, ISCPES experienced several vicissitudes, usually correlated with world economic cycles, social and sports changes, which are in ISS journal articles - International Sport Studies.ISS journal is Scopus indexed, aiming to improve its quality (under evaluation) to reach more qualified students, experts, professionals and researchers; doing so it will raise its indexation, which we know it is nowadays a more difficult task. First, because there are more journals trying to compete on this academic fierce competitive market; secondly, because the basic requirements are getting more and more hard to gather in the publishing environment around Physical Education and Sports issues. However, we can promise this will be one of our main strategic goals.Another goal I would like to address on this Editorial is the language issue. We have this second strategic goal, which is to reach most of languages spoken in different continents; besides the English language, we will reach Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries. For that reason, we already defined that all the abstracts in English will be translated into Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese words so people can find them on any search browser. That will expand the demand for our journal and articles, increasing the number of potential readers. Of course this opportunity, given by Motricidade, can be considered as a good example to multiply our scope.In June 2017 we organized a joint Conference in Borovets, Bulgaria, with our colleagues from the BCES – Bulgarian Society for Comparative Educational Studies. During those days, there was an election to appoint a new (Portuguese) president. This constitutes an important step for the Portuguese speaker countries, which, for a 4th year term, will have the opportunity to expand the influence of ISCPES Society diffusing the research results we have been achieving into a vast extended new public and inviting new research experts to innovative debates. This new president will be working with a wide geographical diverse team: the Vice President coming from a South American country (Venezuela), and the other several Executive Board members are coming from Brazil, China, Africa and North America. This constitutes a very favorable situation once, adding to this, we kept the previous editorial team from Australia and Europe. We are definitely committed to improve our influence through new incentives to organize several regional (continental) workshops, seminars and Conferences in the next future.The international research is crossing troubled times with exponential number of new indexed journals trying to get new influence and visibility. In order to do that, readers face new challenges because several studies present contradictory conclusions and outcome comparisons still lacking robust methodologies. Uncovering these issues is the focus of our Society.In the past, ISCPES started its activity collecting answers to the same questions asked to several experts in different countries and continents across the world. The starting studies developed some important insights on several issues concerning the way Physical Education professionals approached their challenges. In the very starting documents ISCPES activity focused in identifying certain games and indigenous activities that were not understood by people in other parts of the world, improving this international understanding and communication. This first attempt considered six groups of countries roughly comprehending 26 countries from all the continents.ISCPES has on its archives several seminal works, PhD proposals and program proposals, which constitutes the main theoretical framework considered in some textbooks printed at the end of the sixties in the XXth century.The methods used mostly sources’ country comparisons, historic development of comparative education systems, list of factors affecting those systems and a systematic analysis of case studies; additionally, international organizations for sports and physical education were also required to identify basic problems and unique features considered for the implementation of each own system. At the time, Lynn C. Vendien & John E. Nixon book “The World Today in Health, Physical Education and Recreation”, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1968, together with two monographies from William Johnson “Physical Education around the World”, 1966, 1968, Indianapolis, Phi Epsilon Kappa editions, were the main textbook references.The main landscapes of interest were to study sports compared or the sport role in Nationalisms, Political subsidization, Religion, Race and volunteering versus professionalism. The goal was to state the true place of sports in societies.In March 1970, Ben W. Miller from the University of California compiled an interesting Exhibit n.1 about the main conclusions of a breakfast meeting occurred during the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. There, they identified thirty-one individuals, which had separate courses in “Comparative and/or International Physical Education, Recreation and Sports”; one month later, they collected eighteen responses with the bibliographic references they used. On this same Exhibit n.1 there is detailed information on the title, catalogue description, date of initial course (1948, the first), credit units, eligibility, number of year offer, type of graduation (from major to doctorate and professional). Concluding, the end of the sixties can be the mark of a well-established body of literature in comparative education and sports studies published in several scientific journals.What about the XXIst century? Is it still important to compare sports and education throughout the world? Only with qualitative methods? Mixed methods?We think so. That is why, after a certain decline and fuzzy goal definition in research motivations within ISCPES we decided to innovate and reorganize people from physical education and sports around this important theme of comparative studies. Important because we observe an increasing concern on the contradictions across different results in publications under the same subject. How can we infer? What about good research questions which get no statistically significant results? New times are coming, and we want to be on that frontline of this move as said by Elsevier “With RMR (results masked review) articles, you don’t need to worry about what editors or reviewers might think about your results. As long as you have asked an important question and performed a rigorous study, your paper will be treated the same as any other. You do not need to have null results to submit an RMR article; there are many reasons why it can be helpful to have the results blinded at initial review”.https://www.elsevier.com/connect/reviewers-update/results-masked-review-peer-review-without-publication-bias.This is a very different and challenging time. Our future strategy will comprehend more cooperation between researchers, institutions and scientific societies as an instrument to leverage our understanding of physical activity and sports through different continents and countries and be useful for policy designs.Next 2018, on the occasion of the UE initiative Sofia – European Capital of Sport 2018 we - Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES) & the International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sport (ISCPES) - will jointly organize an International Conference on Sport Governance around the World.Sports and Physical Education are facing complex problems worldwide, which need to be solved. For health reasons, a vast number of organizations are popularizing the belief that physical education and sports are ‘a must’ in order to promote human activity and movement. However, several studies show that modern lifestyles are the main cause for people's inactivity and sedentary lifestyles.Extensive funded programs used to promote healthy lifestyles; sports media advertising several athletes, turning them into global heroes, influencers in a new emerging industry around sports organizations. Therefore, there is a rise in the number of unethical cases and corruption that influence the image of physical education and sports roles.We, the people emotional and physically involved with sports and physical activity must be aware of this, studying, discussing and comparing global facts and events around the world.This Conference aims to offer an incentive to colleagues from all continents to participate and present their latest results on four specific topics: 1. Sport Governance Systems; 2. Ethics and Corruption in Physical Education and Sports Policies; 3. Physical Education and Sport Development; 4. Training Physical Educators and Coaches. Please consider your selves invited to attend. Details in http://bcesconvention.com/

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Pimenta, Izadora Silva. "Racismo no futebol." Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo 10, no. 2 (December 19, 2021): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/slj.v10.n2.2021.446.

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PT. O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar os Julgamentos (Martin e White, 2005) presentes no discurso midiático a respeito de um caso de racismo sofrido pelo jogador Daniel Alves em 2014, à época, no Barcelona. A análise foi feita a partir do fragmento de um corpus coletado em minha pesquisa de mestrado (Pimenta, 2019), compilado com a plataforma Sketch Engine a partir de 65 artigos de hard news sobre o tema, publicados de forma online no Brasil, totalizando 21.387 formas, 1.014 sentenças e 25.127 palavras. Para os trechos analisados neste artigo, considera-se apenas os trechos das notícias nos quais a voz do repórter está sendo utilizada em primeiro plano. A análise é realizada a partir da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (Halliday e Matthiessen, 2014) e do Sistema de Avaliatividade (Martin e White, 2005), a partir dos quais a linguagem é visualizada como um sistema sociossemiótico, ou seja, entende-se que a comunicação se dá por um sistema, sendo ele repleto de significados de cunhos sociais e culturais. O trabalho também se baseia na hipótese de que as hard news nunca são neutras (White, 2003) e, portanto, passíveis da presença de significados avaliativos ao longo do texto. Para compreender o contexto no qual as notícias estão sendo relatadas, há ainda uma compreensão inicial sobre alguns preceitos das relações raciais no Brasil e no futebol. Os resultados mostram que a linguagem utilizada pelo discurso midiático opera como fator de reforço para padrões de representação sobre o racismo no futebol e seus aspectos presentes na sociedade brasileira. Uma vez em que o racismo é base para as formas de desigualdade e violência dessa sociedade (Almeida, 2019), é possível observar que a presença deste na estrutura se mostra visível na linguagem em uso. Os dados obtidos nesta pesquisa oferecem, ainda, um desenho para uma metodologia de análise de aspectos sociológicos do esporte e do racismo como ideologia vigente por meio da linguagem intrínseca. *** EN. This article analyzes the judgments (Martin and White, 2005) developed in the media coverage of a case of racial discrimination experienced by Brazilian Daniel Alves in 2014, at the time playing for the FC Barcelona. The analysis is based on a segment of a corpus compiled as part of a master's research (Pimenta, 2019) using the platform Sketch Engine. The corpus is composed of 65 hard news articles published online in Brazilian media, which break down into 21,387 forms, 1,014 sentences and 25,127 words. The analysis focuses exclusively on extracts in which the journalist’s position is made clear. Research methodology is based on systemic-functional linguistics (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014) and appraisal theory (Martin and White, 2005), which consider language as a socio-semiotic system loaded with social and cultural meanings, through which communication occurs. The research is based on the hypothesis that hard news is never neutral (White, 2003). On the contrary, hard news articles include an evaluative dimension throughout the reports. Understanding some of the precepts of race relations in Brazil and in soccer is central to better understant the context in which the news is reported. Results of the analysis show that the language produced by media coverage reinforces standards of race representation in soccer, which is part of the larger racial discrimination dynamics that characterize contemporary Brazilian society. The language used by the media indeed illustrates how racial discrimination is a root cause of inequality and violence in Brazilian society today (Almeida, 2019). Based on the data collected, a methodological model of analysis was developed through language and its intrinsic features, allowing to reveal specific sociological aspects of sports and racial discrimination, which still today remains a dominant ideology. *** FR. Cet article analyse les jugements (Martin et White, 2005) présents dans le discours médiatique autour d’un cas de racisme subi par le Brésilien Daniel Alves en 2014, à l’époque joueur du FC Barcelone. L'analyse se penche sur une partie d’un corpus plus large compilé dans le cadre d’une recherche de master (Pimenta, 2019) à l’aide de la plateforme Sketch Engine. Ce corpus de 65 articles de hard news sur le sujet, publiés en ligne dans des médias brésiliens, est constitué de 21 387 formes, 1 014 phrases et 25 127 mots. L’analyse porte uniquement sur les extraits où la voix du journaliste apparait au premier plan. L’apport méthodologique repose sur la linguistique systémique-fonctionnelle (Halliday et Matthiessen, 2014) et sur la théorie de l’évaluation (Martin et White, 2005), où le langage est perçu comme un système socio-sémiotique chargé de significations de natures sociale et culturelle, au travers duquel se réalise la communication. Notre étude part de l'hypothèse que les hard news ne sont jamais neutres (White, 2003). Bien au contraire, elles sont sujettes à la présence de significations évaluatives tout au long du texte. Ainsi, pour appréhender le contexte dans lequel sont rapportées les informations d’actualité, il importe également de comprendre certains préceptes des relations raciales au Brésil et dans le football. Les résultats montrent que le langage produit par le discours médiatique renforce les standards de représentation du racisme dans le football et les aspects de ce racisme qui caractérisent la société brésilienne. En effet, le langage des médias illustre bien le fait que le racisme est à la base des formes d'inégalité et de violence de cette société (Almeida, 2019). A partir des données recueillies, nous avons pu construire un modèle méthodologique d'analyse, par le biais du langage et des traits qui lui sont intrinsèques, capable de révéler certains aspects sociologiques du sport et du racisme, qui s’avèrent constituer l'idéologie dominante. ***

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Botelho, Fernando, Ricardo A. Madeira, and Marcos A. Rangel. "Racial Discrimination in Grading: Evidence from Brazil." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20140352.

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We investigate whether racial discrimination in the form of biased assessment of students is prevalent within Brazilian schools. Evidence is drawn from unique administrative data pertaining to eighth-grade students and educators. Holding constant performance in blindly-scored tests of proficiency and behavioral traits we find that blacks have lower teacher-assigned math grades than their white classmates. Heterogeneity in differentials provides evidence both of robustness with respect to omission biases and of compatibility with predictions from models of statistical discrimination. (JEL I21, I24, J15, O15)

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Mitchell-Walthour, Gladys. "Economic Pessimism and Racial Discrimination in Brazil." Journal of Black Studies 48, no. 7 (June 14, 2017): 675–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934717714769.

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When studying Black politics, Brazil is an important country to consider because of its large Afro-descended population, its history of slavery, and persistent racial and economic inequality. In this article, I examine the role perceptions of racial discrimination play on the economic well-being of the Black Afro-Brazilian population. I test the hypothesis that, as Afro-Brazilians’ perceptions of racial discrimination increase, the more likely it is they will hold a pessimistic view of their economic situation. I rely on 2010 national data to conduct an ordered logit regression analysis which shows that Black and Brown Brazilians who have experienced racial discrimination are more likely to be pessimistic about their economic situation when compared with Blacks and Browns who have not experienced racial discrimination. In addition, ordered logit regression analysis demonstrates that respondents who admit experiencing racial discrimination are more likely to be women, identify as preto, and have more education.

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Hirata, Guilherme. "Evidence of discrimination by preference in Brazil." Economia Aplicada 21, no. 1 (April 8, 2017): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1413-8050/ea153368.

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Este artigo testa implicações do modelo de discriminação por preferência de Becker (1957). Utilizando dados brasileiros, rejeita-se a hipótese de que o hiato salarial entre brancos e negros seja determinado pelo nível médio de discriminação. Os resultados mostram que o hiato está relacionado ao grau de discriminação do empregador marginal, isto é, aquele que mais discrimina entre os que contratam negros. Além disso, os resultados estão de acordo com a previsão de que o hiato salarial é maior em lugares com maior proporção de negros no mercado de trabalho, ou seja, onde há mais interação social entre raças.

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Carrara, Sergio. "Discrimination, policies, and sexual rights in Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 28, no. 1 (January 2012): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2012000100020.

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This article focuses on a politics arena that has been articulated through the impact of ideals of sexual rights on Brazilian sexual politics, namely the affirmation of "LGBT rights". These rights have been constructed both through attempts to extend civil and social rights to the LGBT population that were previously restricted to heterosexuals, and by the enactment of provisions directly banning homophobic discrimination and violence. The focus will be on some of the principal social actors in this process, especially those situated in the three branches of government, since the most decisive clashes are now being waged at this level. Without intending to offer an exhaustive description of what has occurred in the Brazilian courts, Congress, and Administration, we point to the complexity of a situation which shows numerous innovations and breaks in its different dimensions, while simultaneously revealing contradictions, gaps, and ambiguities.

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Rocha, Vivianne Cambuí Figueiredo, Salomão Cambuí de Figueiredo, Cesar Alejandro Rodriguez Rosales, José Henrique de Hildebrand e Grisi Filho, Lara Borges Keid, Rodrigo Martins Soares, and José Soares Ferreira Neto. "Molecular Discrimination ofMycobacterium bovisin São Paulo, Brazil." Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 13, no. 1 (January 2013): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2012.1035.

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DeMartini, Anne L. "“Reverse” Discrimination in Sports." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 84, no. 2 (February 2013): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2013.757180.

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Liu, Wenjun, Tomokazu Nomura, and Shoji Nishijima. "Gender discrimination and firms’ profit: evidence from Brazil." Journal of Economic Studies 43, no. 5 (October 10, 2016): 801–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-06-2014-0093.

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Purpose This paper investigates discrimination against women within the Brazilian labour market using firm-level data from the World Bank Investment Climate Survey. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the female employees in the Brazilian labour market are paid less than their productivity warrants due to the existence of discrimination. Design/methodology/approach Based on employer discrimination model proposed by Becker (1971) that considered the proportion of female employees as a proxy for the extent of discrimination, the authors estimate the profit function using OLS analysis, and regress it on the proportion of female employees and other firm characteristics. To address the endogeneity problem caused by unobservable productivity shocks, the authors employed the methods proposed by Olley and Pakes (1996) and Levinsohn and Petrin (2003), respectively. Findings The results indicate that the proportion of female employees has positive effect on firms’ profit in 2002, but has no effect in 2007. This finding gives evidence of the existence of discrimination against female employees within the Brazilian labour market in the early 2000s, while the gender discrimination was reduced overtime. Originality/value This paper’s main contribution is to provide an approach that differs from that of previous research to determine whether discrimination exists within the Brazilian labour market. This paper also provides policy insights for Brazilian labour market.

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Hernández, Tanya Katerí. "Racial Discrimination." Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 1–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522031-12340005.

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Abstract This fifth volume in the Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law surveys the field of comparative race discrimination law for the purpose of providing an introduction to the nature of comparing systems of discrimination and the transnational search for effective equality laws and policies. This volume includes the perspectives of racialized subjects (subalterns) in the examination of the reach of the laws on the ground. It engages a variety of legal and social science resources in order to compare systems across a number of contexts (such as the United States, Canada, France, South Africa, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Israel, India, and others). The goal is to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of various kinds of anti-discrimination legal devices to aid in the study of law reform efforts across the globe centered on racial equality.

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Arocena, Felipe. "Multiculturalism in Brazil, Bolivia and Peru." Race & Class 49, no. 4 (April 2008): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396808089284.

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The different strategies of resistance deployed by discriminated ethnic groups in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia are analysed here. In Brazil, Afro movements and indigenous populations are increasingly fighting against discrimination and developing their cultural identities, while demystifying the idea of Brazil's national identity as a racial democracy. In Peru and Bolivia, indigenous populations are challenging the generally accepted idea of integration through miscegenation (racial mixing). Assimilation through race-mixing has been the apparent solution in most Latin American countries since the building of the nation states. Its positive side is that a peaceful interethnic relationship has been constructed but its negative side, stressed in recent multicultural strategies, is that different ethnicities and cultures have been accepted only as parts of this intermingling and rarely recognised as the targets of discrimination.

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Santos Simão, Rosycler Cristina, and Sandro Eduardo Monsueto. "The impact of gender discrimination on poverty in Brazil." CEPAL Review 2008, no. 95 (October 30, 2008): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/241b349b-en.

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Kopkin, Nolan, and Gladys Mitchell-Walthour. "Color discrimination, occupational prestige, and skin color in Brazil." Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies 15, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 44–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17442222.2019.1697022.

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Dávila, Jerry. "Challenging Racism in Brazil. Legal Suits in the Context of the 1951 Anti-Discrimination Law." Varia Historia 33, no. 61 (April 2017): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-87752017000100008.

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Abstract This article examines efforts to define the nature of racial discrimination in Brazil, within an environment shaped by perceptions of the meaning of racism in the United States and perceptions about the nature of race relations in the lusophone world. The article asks how did black Brazilians work to define discrimination, and what opportunities did they find to mount challenges? This study elucidates reactions to discrimination, looking for these acts where they occurred rather than where the U.S. experience tells us to find them, exploring efforts to define discrimination and to create means to challenge it. Though these efforts often dialogued with ever-present perceptions about race in the U.S., they were adapted to particular legal, political, social and cultural circumstances in the Brazil of their time. In particular, I examine challenges to discrimination through criminal suits brought under Brazil's 1951 anti-discrimination law.

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Cook, Rebecca J. "Human Rights and Maternal Health: Exploring the Effectiveness of the Alyne Decision." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, no. 1 (2013): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12008.

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Alyne da Silva Pimentel Teixeira died of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) following the stillbirth of a 27-week-old fetus on November 16, 2002 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Her death led in 2011 to the first decision of an international treaty body holding a government accountable for a preventable maternal death. The decision, Alyne da Silva Pimentel Teixeira (deceased) v. Brazil, was given by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (the Committee), established to monitor compliance by member states with the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (the Convention). The decision upheld a complaint, filed in 2007 against the state and government of Brazil, finding discrimination in the field of health care for Alyne’s avoidable maternal death, in breach of the Women’s Convention.

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Layton, Matthew L., and Amy Erica Smith. "Is It Race, Class, or Gender? The Sources of Perceived Discrimination in Brazil." Latin American Politics and Society 59, no. 1 (2017): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/laps.12010.

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AbstractObservers have long noted Brazil's distinctive racial politics: the coexistence of relatively integrated race relations and a national ideology of “racial democracy” with deep social inequalities along color lines. Those defending a vision of a nonracist Brazil attribute such inequalities to mechanisms perpetuating class distinctions. This article examines how members of disadvantaged groups perceive their disadvantage and what determines self-reports of discriminatory experiences, using 2010 AmericasBarometer data. About a third of respondents reported experiencing discrimination. Consistent with Brazilian national myths, respondents were much more likely to report discrimination due to their class than to their race. Nonetheless, the respondent's skin color, as coded by the interviewer, was a strong determinant of reporting class as well as race and gender discrimination. Race is more strongly associated with perceived “class” discrimination than is household wealth, education, or region of residence; female gender intensifies the association between color and discrimination.

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PAULI, JANDIR, LIDIANE CÁSSIA COMIN, JULIANE RUFFATTO, and ANDREA POLETO OLTRAMARI. "Relationship between precarious work and racism for migrants in Brazil." Cadernos EBAPE.BR 19, no. 2 (June 2021): 234–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120200019.

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Abstract Amid the growing global flow of goods, workers migrating in search of work face a major challenge of integration in destination countries. Issues of racism and discrimination emerge in the workplace, causing inequality of opportunity. This research aims to describe the relationship between precarious work, discrimination at work, and perception of racism by migrant workers. The preliminary analysis of scientific production on the subject in Brazil suggests that the racist social structure is a condition for the insertion of migrant workers in precarious working conditions, compromising their social insertion. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted through a survey of four ethnic groups from different Brazilian regions. The results confirm the influence of precarious work on the perception of racism, with discrimination at work being a moderating variable in this relationship.

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Rodrigues Marques, Renato Francisco, Myrian Nunomura, and Rafael Pombo Menezes. "Sports coaching science in Brazil." Sports Coaching Review 5, no. 2 (July 2, 2016): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2016.1198453.

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Cardoso, Janaína Gularte, and Rudimar Antunes da Rocha. "From the explicit to the subtle: is there discrimination perceived by the LGBTI+ consumer in Brazil?" Cadernos EBAPE.BR 20, no. 4 (August 2022): 483–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120210098x.

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Abstract This research analyzed the discrimination perceived by LGBTI+ consumers in Brazil and the emotional results of the discriminatory process. It investigates the theme using the Perceived Customer Discrimination metric by Klinner and Walsh (2013), which addresses the relationship between different types of discrimination (explicit, at the service level, and subtle) with the emotional results of frustration and helplessness. It is characterized as a quantitative study and used an online survey with a sample of 210 Brazilian participants, mostly residents of the southern region of the country. Data were analyzed via structural equation modeling and indicate that subtle discrimination is the most observed. Explicit and subtle discrimination are predictors of frustration and helplessness, and the construct with the greatest intensity of perceived discrimination is included in the dimension of discrimination in the act of care, with attitudes of contempt for identifying as LGBTI+. In theoretical terms, it elucidates the intersection between sexual diversity and consumer discrimination. In social terms, it provides evidence that can be used as subsidies for developing actions and campaigns aimed at preventing and combating violence and discrimination against LGBTI+ people. From a managerial perspective, it encourages marketers to realize the importance and experiences of these consumers and helps to manage inclusion, equality, and diversity.

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Monteiro, Simone, Wilza Vieira Villela, and Daniela Knauth. "Discrimination, stigma, and AIDS: a review of academic literature produced in Brazil (2005-2010)." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 28, no. 1 (January 2012): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2012000100018.

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Given the implications of stigma for HIV/AIDS prevention and control of the epidemic, as emphasized by UNAIDS, this study analyzes the Brazilian academic production on health, AIDS, stigma, and discrimination, available in the SciELO database from 2005 to 2010. Brazilian research on the theme is modest as compared to the international literature, but the studies follow the same trend of focusing on individual experiences of discrimination as opposed to analysis of stigma and discrimination as social processes associated with power relations and domination (macro-social structures) and the characteristics of individuals and social groups that shape social interactions. The current study seeks to analyze the reasons for the scarcity of studies on the social perspective towards stigma and discrimination in the field of public health and the implications for the development of proposals to deal with HIV/AIDS-related discrimination.

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Dupree-Wilson, Teisha. "Phenotypic Proximity: Colorism and Intraracial Discrimination among Blacks in the United States and Brazil, 1928 to 1988." Journal of Black Studies 52, no. 5 (June 15, 2021): 528–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219347211021088.

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The level of colorism that developed among blacks in the United States (U.S.) and Brazil, during the 20th century, gave rise to intense altitudes of intraracial discrimination. This distinct form of discrimination was based on proximity to whiteness and white privilege. This essay will illustrate how attitudes toward complexion, within the black community, are a direct consequence and perpetual remnant of the white supremacy and racial hierarchy that developed in colonized societies. Colorism manifested itself in different forms in Brazil and in the U.S. However, the level of black-on-black discrimination that it spawned was grounded in the belief that one’s immediacy to whiteness created a vehicle for upward mobility.

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PORTO FREITAS DA ROCHA, MARCOS, and JOSÉ GERALDO DA ROCHA. "GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND ITS RELATION WITH PREDOMINANT RELIGIONS IN BRAZIL." Fiep Bulletin- Online 88, no. I (January 1, 2018): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.16887/88.a1.33.

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Castro, Nicole Rennó, Gustavo Carvalho Moreira, and Rodrigo Peixoto da Silva. "Wage structure differential and disability in Brazil — Underperformance or discrimination?" EconomiA 20, no. 3 (September 2019): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2019.11.003.

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Lovell, Peggy A. "The Geography of Economic Development and Racial Discrimination in Brazil." Development and Change 24, no. 1 (January 1993): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1993.tb00478.x.

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Fattore, Gisel Lorena, Leila D. Amorim, Letícia Marques dos Santos, Darci Neves dos Santos, and Mauricio Lima Barreto. "Experiences of Discrimination and Skin Color Among Women in Urban Brazil: A Latent Class Analysis." Journal of Black Psychology 46, no. 2-3 (March 2020): 144–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798420928204.

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Experiences of discrimination are an important aspect of women’s life in Brazil, especially Black women. The Experiences of Discrimination scale (EOD) is often used for assessing discrimination in epidemiological studies, although divergent cutoff points have been used to characterize the exposure. We used latent class analysis (LCA) and logistic regression to identify and characterize subgroups of women exposed to discrimination and compared with a cutoff-based assignment of subgroups. One thousand two-hundred and four women living in Salvador, Brazil, responded to the EOD. We selected models with two latent classes, highly and lowly exposed. The classes differed in self-reported skin color and education level, revealing that darker skinned (odds ratio [ OR] = 11.3, 95% confidence interval [CI: 1.54, 82.7]) and more educated ( OR = 2.09, 95% CI [1.17, 3.72]) women were more likely to be classified into the highly exposed class. Comparing with LCA, the use of cutoff points overestimated the reporting of discrimination. Researchers should consider the use of more accurate measures of discrimination in order to identify the most vulnerable individuals so that prevention efforts could be better targeted.

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Barroso, Sabrina Martins, Ana Paula Souto Melo, Mônia Aparecida da Silva, and Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães. "Evaluation of the Brazilian version of Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Quilombola population using the Item Response Theory." Salud mental 42, no. 1 (March 8, 2019): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2019.006.

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Introduction. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is one of the most validated tools used to detect depressive episodes in Brazil. Objective. This study investigates the psychometric properties of the PHQ-9 using the Item Response Theory. Method. We used the gradual response model to assess depression in 764 residents of Brazilian rural communities of descended from slaves (quilombos) from the county of Vitória da Conquista, state of Bahia, Brazil, who had responded to PHQ-9. We estimated the parameters for item discrimination and difficulty. Results. The items of the PHQ-9 showed the ability to discriminate from moderate to very high. The items evaluating thoughts of hurting oneself and death showed the greatest discrimination while feeling depressed showed the lowest discrimination. Discussion and conclusion. The Item Response Theory enables advances in the analysis of the psychometric properties of the screening tools assessing depression, and indicates that PHQ-9 can be used in rural populations in Brazil.

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Magno, Laio, Inês Dourado, Luís Augusto V. da Silva, Sandra Brignol, Ana Maria de Brito, Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães, Adele Benzaken, Adriana de A. Pinho, Carl Kendall, and Ligia Regina Franco Sansigolo Kerr. "Factors associated with self-reported discrimination against men who have sex with men in Brazil." Revista de Saúde Pública 51 (November 24, 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051000016.

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OBJECTIVE: To estimate self-reported discrimination due to sexual orientation among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Brazil and to analyze associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 3,859 MSM recruited in 2008–2009 with respondent driven sampling. Data collection conducted in health centers in 10 Brazilian cities. A face-to-face questionnaire was used and rapid HIV and syphilis tests conducted. Aggregated data were weighted and adjusted odds ratio estimated to measure the association between selected factors and self-reported discrimination due to sexual orientation. RESULTS: The sample was predominantly young, eight plus years of schooling, pardo (brown), single, low-income, and identified themselves as gay or homosexual. The prevalence of self-reported discrimination due to sexual orientation was 27.7% (95%CI 26.2–29.1). Discrimination was independently associated with: age < 30 years, more years of schooling,community involvement and support, history of sexual and physical violence, suicidal thoughts, and unprotected receptive anal intercourse. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of self-reported discrimination among MSM in Brazil is high. These results challenge the assumptions that MSM-specific prevention and support programs are not required or that health professionals do not need special training to address MSM needs.

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Trochim, Michael R. "The Brazilian Black Guard Racial Conflict in Post-Abolition Brazil." Americas 44, no. 3 (January 1988): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006908.

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The existence of racial democracy in Brazil has long since come into serious question. The work of sociologists like Florestan Fernandes and historians like Carl Degler has demonstrated the fact of racial discrimination in Brazil, yet the history of race relations in Brazil still seems to stand in contrast to that of the United States. Occurrences of widespread racial violence and the organization of militant movements for social, economic, and political equality take up little space in the historical literature dealing with Brazil. The apparent lack of endemic racial conflict in Brazil has been explained as the result of the marginalization of black people in Brazilian capitalism or as the result of a social mechanism like Degler's “mulatto escape hatch,” which separates the mass of black people from their natural leaders. Consequently, a consciousness of racial solidarity did not develop as the basis for political organization. Without such organization, black people could not effectively confront the white power structure on the issues of race, and, ultimately, class discrimination.

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Macinko, James, Pricila Mullachery, Fernando A. Proietti, and Maria Fernanda Lima-Costa. "Who experiences discrimination in Brazil? Evidence from a large metropolitan region." International Journal for Equity in Health 11, no. 1 (2012): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-11-80.

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Pedigoni Ponce, Paula. "Direct and indirect discrimination applied to algorithmic systems: Reflections to Brazil." Computer Law & Security Review 48 (April 2023): 105766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105766.

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Maia Amorim, Domingos Isaias, Jair Andrade de Araujo, Francisco José Silva Tabosa, Ahmad Saeed Khan, Maria Josiell Nascimento da Silva, and Pablo Urano de Carvalho Castelar. "Causes of Involuntary Unemployment in Brazil." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 7 (June 10, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n7p75.

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Unemployment has been approached in research focusing on macroeconomic aspects, but from the microeconomic perspective, the literature is still recent. The objective of this work is to analyze the determinants of involuntary unemployment in Brazil. Thus, a Logit model is applied to data from the 2015 National Household Sample Survey (PNAD). Among the results, we find that younger individuals, living in rural areas, which have less education, tend to be more in involuntary unemployment. Also, analyzing the marginal effects of race and marital status, non-white and/or unmarried individuals are more likely to be unemployed, suggesting possible discrimination.

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Grant, Aimee. "“#discrimination”." Journal of Human Lactation 32, no. 1 (June 25, 2015): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334415592403.

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Background: Stigma is a significant barrier to breastfeeding. Internationally, mothers have reported stigma surrounding public breastfeeding. In the United Kingdom, the Equality Act 2010 gives women the right to breastfeed in public, including within private businesses. In April 2014, a woman who was breastfeeding in a UK sports shop was asked to leave, resulting in a localized protest by breastfeeding mothers. This resulted in the issue of public breastfeeding being highlighted in local, national, and social media. Objective: To examine online opinion regarding breastfeeding in public and protesting about the right to breastfeed in public within the context of a single case. Methods: Online user-generated content relating to the case of Wioletta Komar was downloaded from Twitter and the comments section of a UK online news source, Mail Online. Data comprised 884 comments and 1210 tweets, collected within 24 hours of the incident. Semiotic and thematic analysis was facilitated by NVivo 10. Results: Comments from Twitter were supportive (76%) or neutral (22%) regarding the protesting women and public breastfeeding. Conversely, Mail Online comments were mostly negative (85%). Mail Online posters questioned the legality of public breastfeeding, while Twitter comments acknowledged and supported women’s legal right to breastfeed publicly. Many Mail Online commenters stated that they found it uncomfortable to watch breastfeeding or thought it was unnecessary to breastfeed in public. Conclusion: If the UK government is serious about increasing breastfeeding, interventions to promote public support for public breastfeeding are urgently required.

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Pou Giménez, Francisca. "La igualdad sustantiva interamericana: Avances y debates pendientesInter-American substantive equality: Steps forward and pending debates." International Journal of Constitutional Law 19, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 1241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moab117.

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Abstract Assuming equality in its different dimensions is at the center of the Inter-American agenda for the 21st century, this text joins in the collective follow-up and critical analysis of the case-law by focusing on Fábrica de fuegos v. Brazil. In this case the Court deepens or expands in various ways existing criteria, giving a distinctive place to structural discrimination, intersectional discrimination, poverty-based discrimination, and substantive equality. The contributions of the ruling are emphasized, but so is the still non entirely precise use of the notions of structural discrimination and intersectionality, as well as the complexity of simultaneously translating structural and intersectional framings into remedies.

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Meshev, Islam Khasanbievich, and Valery Akhiedovich Khazhirokov. "LEGAL REGULATION OF ISSUES OF DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTS." Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 11 (2022): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47576/2712-7516_2022_11_4_343.

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Yates, Daniel. "Down with Discrimination." Physiotherapy 80, no. 9 (September 1994): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)60906-6.

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Zawadzki, Cláudio Henrique, R. E. Reis, and E. Renesto. "Allozyme discrimination of three species of Loricariichthys (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from Southern Brazil." Revue suisse de zoologie. 107 (2000): 663–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.80143.

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Galvão, Lênio Soares, Antônio Roberto Formaggio, and Daniela Arnold Tisot. "Discrimination of sugarcane varieties in Southeastern Brazil with EO-1 Hyperion data." Remote Sensing of Environment 94, no. 4 (February 2005): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.11.012.

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Nielsen, René Clausen, Miguel Luengo-Oroz, Maeve B. Mello, Josi Paz, Colin Pantin, and Taavi Erkkola. "Social Media Monitoring of Discrimination and HIV Testing in Brazil, 2014–2015." AIDS and Behavior 21, S1 (March 27, 2017): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1753-2.

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Faria, Isabella, Letícia Campos, Tayana Jean-Pierre, Abbie Naus, Ayla Gerk, Maria Luiza Cazumbá, Alexandra M. Buda, et al. "Gender-Based Discrimination Among Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Brazil." Journal of Surgical Research 283 (March 2023): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2022.10.012.

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Fleury, Sonia, Valéria Bicudo, and Gabriela Rangel. "Reactions to institutional violence: patient strategies for facing infringements of the right to health in Brazil." Salud Colectiva 9, no. 1 (April 4, 2013): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18294/sc.2013.197.

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In this article we identify evidences of inequalities, prejudices and discrimination in the access and utilization of public health services belonging to the Brazilian Unified Health Care System, considering them to be institutional violence and a negation of rights, in order to look at the reactions of the subjects victimized by this process. This research study utilized different methodologies, articulating participant observation, semi-structured interviews, focus groups and dramatization. The results highlight the trajectory in seeking health care as the main expression of inequalities, strengthened by structural factors such as the precarious condition of health care services, which potentiate power asymmetries, and the presence of discrimination derived from stigmas and prejudices. Most patients' reactions to the situation of institutional violence seek an individual solution to the problem, often reaffirming the conditions that generate rights violations. Few patients' reactions question the systemic conditions that determine the continued discrimination.

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Mackinnon, Susan E., and A. Lee Dellon. "Two-point discrimination tester." Journal of Hand Surgery 10, no. 6 (November 1985): 906–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-5023(85)80173-8.

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Braun, Richard M. "Two-point discrimination tester." Journal of Hand Surgery 11, no. 5 (September 1986): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-5023(86)80032-6.

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Monteiro, Simone, and Wilza Vieira Villela. "Forum on stigma, discrimination, and health: policies and research challenges. Introduction." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 28, no. 1 (January 2012): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2012000100016.

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This introduction outlines the Forum on stigma, discrimination, and health: policies and research challenges, including four articles and a final commentary. The first article reviews the development of international research on the relationship between discrimination and health. The second analyzes the recent Brazilian research output on AIDS, stigma, and discrimination. The third article addresses conceptual and methodological aspects of the relations between discrimination and health from an epidemiological perspective. The forth examines the process of affirming sexual rights in Brazil, involving the judiciary system, public policies, and the executive and legislative branches of government, among others. The fifth paper presents comments and questions on the contents discussed in the first four articles. The reflections aim to provide conceptual and methodological contributions for research and health policies on stigma and discrimination, given the gaps identified in the international and Brazilian literature.

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Ferreira Vasconcelos, Anselmo. "Ageism: a study of demographic diversity in Brazil." Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management 10, no. 3 (November 9, 2012): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/1536-541211273865.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the demographic diversity of the so‐called 100 best companies to work for in Brazil and probe whether they exhibit any age bias and discrimination and, if so, in what degree it occurs.Design/methodology/approachDrawing predominantly on Great Place to Work® Institute Brazil lists, the author develops, through a historical research method, the analysis of the published data of those organizations over the decade between 1998 and 2008.FindingsThe results show that older workers were being sidelined by top‐tier organizations in Brazil. Further, the findings suggest that just some worker groups were being benefited by the 100 best organizations to work for; at the same time, it seemed that they are not interested in other ones.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough some triangulations were done with the Minister of Labor statistics, this investigation it is not completely exempt of bias. In light of this possibility, future research should focus on those organizations that show an undeniable age bias in their workforce demographic diversity composition.Practical implicationsThe paper argues that behind the ageism concept lies an inadequate appreciation for some human beings. As a result, organizations that are concerned with better corporate reputation and images should hunker down to eliminate the signals of ageism and the lack of demographic diversity within their workforces.Originality/valueThis paper shows the results of a qualitative research design focused on Brazilian corporate settings reality. It examines the demographic diversity of the 100 best companies to work for in that country and identifies, in which degree, age bias and discrimination were found inside them, specifically over the period between 1998 and 2008.

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de Fatima S. Duarte, Maria, Leticia M. Malavasi, Catiana Leila Possamai, and Clarissa Rios Simoni. "Ironman Brazil 2004." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S143—S144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-00780.

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de Fatima S. Duarte, Maria, Leticia M. Malavasi, Catiana Leila Possamai, and Clarissa Rios Simoni. "Ironman Brazil 2004." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S143???S144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-00780.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Discrimination in sports – Brazil'

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