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HIRATA, GUILHERME ISSAMU. "RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN BRAZIL: PREFERENCE, COMPETITION AND PROPHECY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=25510@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Esta tese é composta por três artigos empíricos sobre discriminação racial no Brasil. O primeiro testa duas implicações do modelo de discriminação por preferência (BECKER, 1957), utilizando dados do Censo 2010 e da pesquisa Ações Discriminatórias no Âmbito Escolar (2008). Analisando o diferencial de salários entre brancos e negros no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, os resultados corroboram as previsões do modelo, indicando que i) o que determina o hiato salarial entre uma maioria e uma minoria não é a discriminação média na população, mas o grau de discriminação do empregador marginal, isto é, o empregador que mais discrimina entre os que contratam indivíduos da minoria; e ii) dada a distribuição das preferências por discriminação, quanto maior a proporção da minoria relativamente à maioria, maior tende a ser o hiato salarial. O segundo artigo utiliza a abertura comercial ocorrida no Brasil no início dos anos 1990 para analisar o efeito de um aumento da concorrência sobre a discriminação. De acordo com Becker (1957), um aumento da concorrência no mercado de produto deve diminuir o hiato salarial entre maioria e minoria no mercado de trabalho porque reduz as oportunidades de obtenção de renda econômica pura por parte dos empregadores. Utilizando os dados dos Censos 1991 e 2000, os resultados indicam que houve maior queda do hiato salarial entre brancos e negros nas microrregiões associadas a maiores reduções nas tarifas de importação, isto é, em mercados onde houve maior aumento da concorrência devido à abertura. Além disso, há evidências de que lugares com maior porcentagem de negros, maior propensão à discriminação e com maior porcentagem de trabalhadores empregados em indústrias concentradas tendem a experimentar maiores reduções no hiato, conforme previsto pela teoria. O terceiro artigo investiga a possibilidade de haver antecipação da discriminação por parte dos negros, em um mecanismo denominado profecia autorrealizável . Dada a crença dos empregadores de que a minoria é menos qualificada em média, o fenômeno ocorre quando indivíduos da minoria decidem investir menos em capital humano ao anteciparem que não terão as mesmas oportunidades e/ou salários que indivíduos da maioria no mercado de trabalho. Se este menor investimento realmente ocorrer, a crença dos empregadores é confirmada. Usando dados do Saeb 2011 e Censo 2010, testa-se a hipótese de que, em lugares com maior diferencial de salários, há menor investimento em educação por parte dos negros relativamente aos brancos. De acordo com os resultados, há poucas evidências deste fenômeno no Brasil.
This dissertation consists of three empirical papers on racial discrimination in Brazil. The first one tests two implications of the employer s discrimination model (Becker, 1957), using 2010 Census data and the Ações Discriminatórias no Âmbito Escolar Survey (2008). Analyzing the wage differential between blacks and whites in the Brazilian labor market, the results support the model predictions, indicating that i) what determines the wage gap between a majority and a minority is not the population average discrimination, but the discrimination of the marginal employer, i.e. the employer who discriminates more among those that hire minority; and ii) given the distribution of preferences for discrimination, the higher the proportion of the minority to the majority, the greater will be the wage gap. The second paper explores trade liberalization occurred in Brazil in early 1990s to analyze the effect of increased competition on discrimination. According to Becker (1957), increased competition in the product market should reduce the wage gap between majority and minority in the labor market because it reduces the chances of obtaining a pure economic rent by employers. Using data from Census 1991 and 2000, the results indicate that there was a greater fall in the wage gap between whites and blacks in the regions associated with greater reductions in import tariffs, i.e. in markets where there was a greater increase in competition due to the trade liberalization. Furthermore, there is evidence that places with higher percentage of blacks, more prone to discrimination, and greater percentage of workers employed in concentrated industries tend to experience greater reductions in the wage gap, as predicted by theory. The third paper investigates the possibility of anticipation of discrimination by blacks, in a mechanism called self-fulfilling prophecy. Given the employers belief that the minority is less qualified on average, the phenomenon occurs when minority individuals decide to invest less in human capital because they anticipate they will not have the same opportunities and/or wages of individuals from a majority group in the labor market. If this lower investment does occur, the belief of employers is confirmed. Using data from the Saeb 2011 and Census 2010, we test the hypothesis that, in places with greater wage differential, there is less investment in education by blacks relative to whites. According to the results, there is little evidence of this phenomenon in Brazil.
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Furuichi, Satomi. "On understanding racial inequality in Brazil /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Lyandvert, Shayna. "Does Discrimination Exist in the National Hockey League? An Analysis of Racial Salary Discrimination in the NHL (2012-2017)." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1916.
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This paper examines whether racial salary discrimination exists in the National Hockey League (NHL). I examine data from Hockey Reference and CapFriendly and find some evidence of racial salary discrimination, controlling for a rich set of demographic and performance characteristics. Specifically, when I solely control for race, I do not find any racial wage gap. This gap exists when I control for race and limited place of birth groups, however, the effect is wiped out by performance controls. When controlling for race and detailed place of birth groups, I find some evidence of a race gap even when controls for performance are included. Lastly, I discover that whites from all countries excluding the USA earn more than whites from the USA.
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Corbo, Monica. "Title IX compliance non-Appalachian versus Appalachian in colleges and universities /." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2003. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=366.
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Padgett, Brandice A. "Women in sports journalism : do the barriers still exist? /." View online, 1998. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211130723123.pdf.
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Simmons, Joseph Paull. "Gender issues and equity within Canadian high school sport." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0021/MQ56203.pdf.
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Bruening, Jennifer E. "Phenomenal Women: A Qualitative Study of Silencing, Stereotypes, Socialization, and Strategies for Change in the Sport Participation of African American Female Student-Athletes." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392903455.
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Racusen, Seth. ""A Mulato cannot be prejudiced" : the legal construction of racial discrimination in contemporary Brazil." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/31104.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (p. 396-406).
This dissertation, an in-depth empirical study of Brazilian racial discrimination law, examines the trends in complaining and surprising variation in official decisionmaking over the past decade. I collected more than 300 racial discrimination complaints, police investigations and court proceedings filed since 1989. I claim that Brazil's racial ideology and its theory of racial discrimination as an act of racial prejudice have been jointly constituted and, in turn, fully shape the making and the using of anti-discrimination law. I show that Brazil constructed racial discrimination narrowly compared to US theories of racial discrimination and the Brazilian understanding of other forms of discrimination, such as gender and age. Brazilians disproportionately file racial discrimination complaints about insults by a neighbor or co-worker. Officials treated these and most allegations as private, interpersonal disputes, even for allegations of firing and other problems protected in the law. I located approximately 40 findings for the plaintiff, a small fraction of the tens of hundreds of allegations, and analyze the variation in judicial inquiry and outcomes. Brazil's racial ideology and weak rule of law strongly influenced litigation. Defendants destroyed evidence and threatened plaintiffs and witnesses. Officials often erased the testimony of Black plaintiffs and witnesses in their holdings. Defendants often claimed to be Mulato or to have treated the plaintiff cordially as evidence of being Brazilian and inherently unprejudiced. Many officials accepted that defense. I hold the Brazilian theory of racial discrimination as overt prejudicial acts responsible for the use of the law.
(cont.) The law has focused attention on the mind and attitude of the aggressor. Although all judges invoke their ideology in their findings, Brazil's anti-discrimination law has increased that tendency by requiring judges to decide whether a defendant was prejudiced. Instead of providing clear standards to try cases, the law has encouraged judges to consult their own racial ideology.
by Seth Racusen.
Ph.D.
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Martel, Josée. ""It's a long hard road to the top" : the career paths and leadership experiences of women in Canadian sport administration." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of British Columbia, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-173). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.
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Garcia, Ozemela Liana M. "Race and diversity effects on earnings and educational outcomes in Brazil." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=167792.
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This thesis employs advanced econometric methods to understand the determinants of race inequalities in labour markets and in higher education in Brazil. It then investigates whether race diversity can be used as a policy to reduce existing inequalities in pay and college campuses. It uses data from the National Household Sample Survey PNAD of 2005 and the National Examination of Higher Education Courses (ENC/Provão) of 2003. The main methodological contributions of this thesis are: 1) extending wage models to include several variables which can explain more than 40 percent of the total variation in wages; 2) computing a proxy for parental education (this has not been possible to estimate using PNAD since 1996); 3) correcting wage equations for selection bias using a robust instrument (most studies ignore the sample selection problem by using employed males only); 4) implementing a new algorithm that combines Heckman Two-Step, complex sample weights and constrained least squares (this increases robustness of the detailed decomposition of the discrimination term). This is done in a generalized wage decomposition setting where the level of discrimination is invariant to the choice of the reference wage group. Results show an existing pay-gap and a significant level of discrimination against nonwhites even after corrections are made. Selection bias appears to underestimate the discrimination term considerably. This study also develops a theoretical framework for the study of the impact of diversity on labour productivity and on discrimination simultaneously. Results support policies which seek greater diversity in order to reduce the existing inequalities in labour markets and on higher education campuses. However, the outcome of policies aimed at increasing diversity on campuses can significantly differ depending on the existing level of diversity and the subject majors attended by students.
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Fleischman, Robert Paul. "Perceptions of Title IX and gender equity the influence of life histories, sports experiences, and campus initiatives /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
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Brown, Katrina Janel. "The demography of Nike, Helena, and Melpomene a feminist socio-legal analysis of athletic gender equity via sports law /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317327281&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Oates, Thomas Patrick. "On the block race, gender, and power in the NFL draft /." Diss., University of Iowa, 2004. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/114.
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Chappell, Christie Mikyla. "Perceptions of Gender in Collegiate Coaching: How Men’s and Women’s Experiences are Different." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26610.
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The number of men in collegiate coaching, in comparison to women, is overwhelmingly unbalanced. The accessibility men have to the profession of collegiate coaching at a high level in comparison to women’s’ greatly affects women’s’ ability to achieve similar jobs. The ease at which men attain jobs coaching both genders is perpetuated through the desire to maintain collegiate athletics as a male dominated profession. The women’s perspective broadens the profession itself and helps to break down the societal roles that have been assigned to women. The lack of women in collegiate coaching discourages other women from entering the profession and the women did not feel supported, accepted, or welcomed as collegiate coaches. The results also show a combination of feeling scrutinized because of their gender, and pressure to prove themselves as valuable members of the profession, which led the women interviewed to question if they should continue to coach.
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Chappell, Christie Mikyla. "Perceptions of Gender in Collegiate Coaching: How Men?s and Women?s Experiences are Different." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26610.
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The number of men in collegiate coaching, in comparison to women, is overwhelmingly unbalanced. The accessibility men have to the profession of collegiate coaching at a high level in comparison to women?s? greatly affects women?s? ability to achieve similar jobs. The ease at which men attain jobs coaching both genders is perpetuated through the desire to maintain collegiate athletics as a male dominated profession. The women?s perspective broadens the profession itself and helps to break down the societal roles that have been assigned to women. The lack of women in collegiate coaching discourages other women from entering the profession and the women did not feel supported, accepted, or welcomed as collegiate coaches. The results also show a combination of feeling scrutinized because of their gender, and pressure to prove themselves as valuable members of the profession, which led the women interviewed to question if they should continue to coach.
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Brinkley, Stacey K. "Time out on the field : a study of the socialization experiences of African American women in intercollegiate athletics administration /." View abstract, 2006. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Roberts, Cheryl. "Reconstruction of South African sport: from sports activism to post-apartheid policy planning and implementation." National and Olympic Sports Congress, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/73426.
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The six papers which appear in this publication were delivered at a consultative conference of the National and Olympic Sports Congress which was held in Johannesburg from 1-3 November 1991. There is no doubt that this conference on development could not have been held at a more critical juncture in South Africa's history, particularly at a time when the country stands on the threshold of an era which is expected to usher in a non-racial, democratic society. Given the legacy of apartheid, development and preparation have become priorities for the National and Olympic Sports Congress. It was against the background of the inequalities and future projections for transformation of the sports network which brought delegates together from across South Africa and from all codes of sport and co-ordinating regional councils. A central theme of the papers is that the reconstruction of South African sport demands a national programme, one that would ensure progress towards an equitable sports structure but also one that would set realistic goals without raising expectations that are unlikely to be realised. A central challenge of the conference was the search for a suitable combination of high performance sport and mass participation. The gender question in sport also came under the spotlight. Sport's male-dominated, hierarchical and sexist structure was mandated for urgent review. Conference was told that black women have very few opportunities to participate in sport unlike white sportswomen and sports people overall. Five resolutions, aimed at transforming the present state of South African sport, were adopted at the conference. After exhaustive discussions delegates identified the broad themes to be: national development and planning, national sports policy, building one sports federation, sponsorship, rural areas, affirmative action and empowerment. Conference noted the absence of a co-ordinated national sports policy, the heavy commercialisation of sport together with the lack of vision and planning for the future of sport. In this regard it was resolved to intiate the acceptance and development of a national sports policy which would emphasise development, national identity and patriotism, democracy, accountability, non-racialism and non-sexism. If the conference deliberations are to be seriously implemented then the apartheid sports network will undergo structural changes which will develop the historically disadvantaged and unleash the suppressed talents of millions of people who are trapped in an unequal and resourceless system.
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Fumarco, Luca. "Essays on discrimination in the marketplace." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-40568.
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This thesis is composed of four self-contained papers and focuses on discrimination in themarket place. Essay 1: “Disability Discrimination in the Rental Housing Market – A Field Experiment onBlind Tenants.” Although discrimination against disabled people has been investigated inthe labor market, the housing market has received less attention in this regard. This paperfocuses on the latter market and investigates whether blind tenants assisted by guide dogsare discriminated against in the rental housing market. The data are collected through afield experiment in which written applications were sent in response to onlineadvertisements posted by different types of advertisers. I find statistically significantevidence that one type of online advertiser, that is, the apartment owner (i.e., a person whoadvertises and rents out his/her own apartment(s) on his/her own), discriminates againstblind tenants, because of the presence of the guide dog, not because of the disability.According to the legislation, this behavior qualifies as illegal discrimination. Essay 2: “Does the design of correspondence studies influence the measurement of discrimination?”(co-authored with Carlsson and Rooth). Correspondence studies can identify the extent ofdiscrimination in hiring as typically defined by the law, which includes discriminationagainst ethnic minorities and females. However, as Heckman and Siegelman (1993) show,if employers act upon a group difference in the variance of unobserved variables, thismeasure of discrimination may not be very informative. This issue has essentially beenignored in the empirical literature until the recent methodological development byNeumark (2012). We apply Neumark’s method to a number of already publishedcorrespondence studies. We find the Heckman and Siegelman critique relevant forempirical work and give suggestions on how future correspondence studies may address thiscritique. Essay 3: “Does Labor Market Tightness Affect Ethnic Discrimination in Hiring?” (co-authoredwith Carlsson and Rooth). In this study, we investigate whether ethnic discriminationdepends on labor market tightness. While ranking models predict a negative relationship,the prediction of screening models is ambiguous about the direction of the relationship.Thus, the direction of the relationship is purely an empirical issue. We utilize three (butcombine into two) correspondence studies of the Swedish labor market and two distinctlydifferent measures of labor market tightness. These different measures produce very similarresults, showing that a one percent increase in labor market tightness increases ethnicdiscrimination in hiring by 0.5-0.7 percent, which is consistent with a screening model.This result stands in sharp contrast to the only previous study on this matter, Baert et al.(forthcoming), which finds evidence that supports a ranking model. Essay 4: “Relative Age Effect on Labor Market Outcomes for High Skilled Workers – Evidencefrom Soccer.” In sports and education contexts, children are divided into age groups that arearbitrary constructions based on admission dates. This age-group system is thought todetermine differences in maturity between pupils within the same group, that is, relative904627 Luca Furmaco_inl.indd 5 2015-02-24 16:58age (RA). In turn, these within-age-group maturity differences produce performance gaps,that is, relative age effects (RAEs), which might persist and affect labor market outcomes. Ianalyze the RAE on labor market outcomes using a unique dataset of a particular group ofhigh-skilled workers: soccer players in the Italian major soccer league. In line with previousstudies, evidence on the existence of an RAE in terms of representativeness is found,meaning that players born relatively early in an age group are over-represented, whileplayers born relatively late are under-represented, even accounting for specific populationtrends. Moreover, players born relatively late in an age group receive lower gross wages thanplayers born relatively early. This wage gap seems to increase with age and in the quantileof the wage distribution.
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Kay, Joanne. "The gendered construction of the female athlete." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0016/MQ29496.pdf.
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Hansford, Frances. "Bias and discrimination in intra-household food allocation : case study of a rural labour population in northeast Brazil." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2c71b8b9-0788-49af-97fb-2b7c240867d0.
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My thesis examines food allocation and nutritional outcomes in a sample of 152 individuals in thirty-two households of sugarcane workers in the municipality of Gameleira, Northeast Brazil. Anthropometric data show that undernutrition and overnutrition coexist in the study population, and often within households â a consequence of the changes in diet and physical activity linked to the nutrition transition. Food allocation was examined using an indicator of the frequency of consumption of high status foods - non-staple foods which are considered more desirable than staples because they add variety and taste to an otherwise monotonous diet. I created an intra-household index of food allocation in order to observe each individual's consumption in relation to the average in his or her household at two seasonal points of the year. The sample was split into two groups, a group of more affluent households in which high status foods were eaten on the harvest and non-harvest dietary recalls, and a group of less affluent households in which no-one ate high status foods on the non-harvest recall. I found gender biases in the allocation of food in favour of men relative to women, and girls relative to boys, in the higher income group, but no gender biases in the group of less affluent households. In relation to age, I found biases in favour of children relative to adults in less affluent households, but not during seasonal shortage in the higher income households. The biases were greater in households with higher incomes, but lower in households in which women controlled some household income relative to households in which men controlled all income. I considered whether discriminatory behaviour underpins these biases, based largely on periods of observation in a sub-sample of six households, and concluded that food distribution operates as a powerful medium for the expression of differential status among men and women, but not among boys and girls, who have equal status in this population.
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Almeida, Ricardo Guilherme Monteiro de. "Analise da descontinuidade do patrocinio esportivo em clubes de futebol no Brasil." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/274760.
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Orientador: Heloisa Helena Baldy dos ReisDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T01:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_RicardoGuilhermeMonteirode_M.pdf: 1373841 bytes, checksum: 7fa4edd21f380c0a9060d490fb37a5c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: O tema definido para essa dissertação procura mostrar as condições atuais dos clubes de futebol e a sua relação com empresas patrocinadoras. Dentre os objetivos específicos, pretendemos identificar, junto aos patrocinadores de clubes de futebol, as vantagens e desvantagens analisadas no patrocínio; identificar, junto aos patrocinadores de clubes de futebol, o retorno de investimento após o término de contrato com um clube de futebol; identificar, junto aos patrocinadores de clubes de futebol, quais as ações realizadas durante o contrato com os clubes para aumento da visibilidade de sua marca e como são implementadas; identificar os fatores relevantes que fazem com que os patrocinadores esportivos não renovem seu contrato junto aos clubes de futebol; identificar os motivos de troca entre patrocinadores e clubes após o término de contrato de patrocínio esportivo; identificar se a desorganização na gestão de um clube de futebol interfere na descontinuidade de um contrato de patrocínio esportivo; identificar o reconhecimento por parte dos executivos de empresas dos riscos relacionados ao patrocínio esportivo e como enfrentar estas contingências. O desenvolvimento da dissertação se inicia em seu primeiro capítulo com algumas idéias e conceitos do marketing esportivo, mostrando o desenvolvimento e crescimento do marketing esportivo no Brasil e no mundo. No segundo capítulo, abordo o patrocínio esportivo, que mostra os efeitos e benefícios que essa ação pode gerar ao ser bem administrado, através de análises de retorno do investimento realizado pelas empresas patrocinadoras. Nos capítulos seguintes, serão apresentados os dados coletados por meio de entrevistas com as empresas patrocinadoras de clubes de futebol no Brasil e com os respectivos clubes patrocinados, com o objetivo de entender os motivos de uma descontinuidade, quais os impactos gerados e uma análise comparativa entre as respostas dessas empresas, podendo confirmar ou não as hipóteses levantadas durante a dissertação.
Abstract: The subject chosen for this dissertation tries to show the current conditions of the football clubs and their relationship with sponsors. Among the specific objectives to be identified, together with the sponsors of football clubs, the advantages and disadvantages discussed in sponsorship, identify with sponsors of football clubs, the return on investment after completion of contract with a football club, to identify, with sponsors of football clubs, including the actions taken during the contract with the clubs to increase the visibility of your brand and how they are implemented, identify relevant factors that make sports sponsors not to renew his contract with the club football; identify the reasons for exchange between sponsors and clubs after the end of the sponsorship contract, identifying the disorganization in the management of a football club discontinuity interferes with a contract of sports sponsorship, to identify the recognition by corporate executives risks related to sports sponsorship and how to deal with these contingencies. The development of the dissertation starts in his first chapter with some ideas and concepts of sports marketing, showing the development and growth of sports marketing in Brazil and the world. In the second chapter, I discuss sports sponsorship, which shows the effects and benefits that this action may cause to be well managed through analysis of return on investment for sponsors. In the following chapters will present the data collected through interviews with the sponsors of football clubs in Brazil and its sponsored clubs, in order to understand the motives of a discontinuity, which the impacts and a comparative analysis replies from these companies and can confirm or refute the hypotheses for the dissertation.
Mestrado
Educação Fisica e Sociedade
Mestre em Educação Física
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Whittier, Scott A. "Court cases involving Title IX in intercollegiate athletics." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09162005-115044/.
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Reifsnyder, Laura Kathryn. "Jocks for Justice: How Sports Media Reflects and Propagates Societal Narratives." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1810.
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Sports presents one of the most popular forms of entertainment in society, and sports media continues to expand its billion-dollar influence through new television deal and broadcasting rights. But with a population of journalists who are overwhelmingly white, straight, and male, sports media is promoting the hegemony of said image by reproducing stereotypes in its broadcasts to audiences around the country. Mainstream media regurgitates these stereotypes in their coverage of minority athlete by portraying black players as unintelligent or “thug”-ish, women as “butch”, and gay athletes as effeminate. These representations allow for the perpetuation of the white, heterosexual male narrative throughout society while sidelining those who do not fit the description. But just as sports media is growing in popularity, so too is the athlete activist. Starting in 2013, today’s athletic superstars are now using their exalted platforms to address societal issues and speak on behalf of marginalized groups that are often ignored or misrepresented by traditional media narratives. The efforts of Colin Kaepernick, Billie Jean King, and Jason Collins in fighting against the system and these stereotypes will reveal how certain athletes are represented in the media and their unique position of changing the discussion and inspiring others to challenge societal norms. The growing popularity of social media and its use as a tool for social activism will also be examined, particularly as it has revolutionized the culture of athlete activism.
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Bogue, Elinor E. "A study of the gatekeeping role of chief photographers : the social identity theory and in-group bias in the assignment of sports photos." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2009. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1538076.
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Kluka, Darlene A. "The Brighton declaration on women and sport a management audit of process quality /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05262009-160707.
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Huske, Jared Thomas. "An analysis of the reasons behind the lack of black head football coaches at the NCAA Division I-A level and recommendations on improvements to solve this problem /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9913.
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Muresherwa, Gift. "The media impact of the 2014 FIFA World CUP in selected key marketsτм." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2538.
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Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.The hosting of 2014 FIFA World CupTM was an ideal opportunity for Brazil to enhance its international image. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact on Brazil and on Rio de Janeiro (as a host city and major tourist destination) of mainstream media reporting on the hosting of the 2014 FIFA World CupTM. It provides a picture of how Brazil and Rio de Janeiro were reported in selected newspapers at different stages of the event: pre-, lead-up, during, and post- the 2014 World Cup. The study also seeks to ascertain whether the major objectives of the Brazil World Cup bid were met in the hosting of this mega-event. A media content analysis was conducted in four key tourism markets: Argentina, USA, Germany and Portugal. These countries were chosen because they represent Brazil’s main tourism markets and reported significant numbers of ticket sales for the event. The methodology used was qualitative analysis, including content sourcing, content identification and the use of Leximancer, an analytic tool for large amounts of textual data. The study examined online newspapers with the largest readership and circulation numbers in the selected markets. In total, 1961 online newspaper articles relevant to Brazil’s hosting of the 2014 FIFA World CupTM were analysed. The findings revealed both positive and negative sentiments associated with Brazil’s hosting of the event. A key finding from the analysis was that for all markets, there was a shift from relatively positive sentiment in the pre-World Cup period, to more negative sentiment in the lead-up, followed by a return to positive sentiment during and after the World Cup. Having shifted to a more negative view leading up to and during the event, the USA market was dominated by media attention to social unrest and corruption. The period immediately prior to the tournament recorded an increase in both positive and negative media coverage in the US, German and Portuguese markets, but became more positive in the Argentinian market. Thus, the lead-up period was particularly significant in all markets. Safety and security concerns expressed in the lead-up period decreased significantly during the hosting and post- periods, and a positive image of the country was noticeable in the international media. Therefore, while the positive sentiments emerging during the event should be capitalised on, Brazil should also address the lurking concerns and negative perceptions that continue despite its successful hosting of the mega-event. By doing this the nation can consolidate its brand’s position in a sustained and positive way. As different reporting tones were noticed in the different markets across the time periods, it becomes important to consider these changes in the future event marketing and positioning of Rio de Janeiro as the leading tourism destination and events capital for Brazil, especially in relation to Rio de Janeiro’s hosting of future events.
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Atta, Beatriz Gonzalez. "Arquitetura desportiva." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18105.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.A investigação pretende ampliar os conhecimentos sobre a temática da arquitetura desportiva com foco nos estádios de futebol no Brasil e em Portugal, a evolução dos complexos e equipamentos desportivos, suas inserções no tecido urbano e a importância política e social destes. Faz parte do trabalho uma investigação e pesquisas em trabalhos e documentos produzidos que dão suporte ao entendimento dos contextos mundiais, políticos e arquitetónicos. Para a fundamentação do tema de estudo foram analisadas documentações como mapas, esboços, arquivos fotográficos, além da observação presencial. A dissertação inicia com os diferentes desportos pelo mundo que mais tarde deram origem ao futebol moderno. Explica como eram os jogos na Antiguidade e a história dos Jogos Olímpicos, depois como surgiu o campeonato americano, o brasileiro e o campeonato do mundo. Por fim, o estudo destaca as origens dos estádios e complexos desportivos além da sua evolução no contexto europeu e brasileiro. São apresentados estudos de caso no Brasil e em Portugal, bem como, seus diálogos com o entorno imediato e os impactos urbanos gerados.
ABSTRACT: The research intends to broaden the knowledge on the themathic of sports architecture focusing on the soccer stadiums in Brazil and Portugal, the evolution of sports complexes and soccer equipment, their insertion in the urban field and their political and social importance. Part of the work is an investigation and research into thesis and documents already produced that support the understanding of the world, political and architectural contexts. For the foundation of the study topic, documentaries such as maps, sketches, photographic archives, and face-to-face observation were analyzed. The dissertation begins with the different sports around the world that later gave became modern soccer. It explains how games were in the past and the history of the Olympic Games, then how american and brasilian championship appeared and the world championship. Afterward, the study reveals the origins of sports stadiums and complexes beyond their evolution in the European and Brazilian context. Case studies are presented in Brazil and Portugal, as well as their dialogues with the immediate environment and the urban impacts generated.
N/A
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Taylor, Bradley Lyle. "The retention and recruitment of African Americans in sport administration positions at NCAA institutions." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1221294.
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The intent of this investigation was to examine age and gender differences in neuromuscular adaptations following 12 wks of progressive resistance training(PRT). 39 healthy, untrained individuals were divided into four groups: older men((OM); 70±1.67; n=9), older women((OW); 73.75±1.76;n=8), young men((YM); 25.9±2; n=6) and young women((YW);22.2±1.2; n=6). Subjects participated in a bi-lateral knee extensor PRT consisting of 2 sets of 10 repetitions and 1 set to volitional failure at 80% of their onerepetition maximum(1RM), 3 days per week. Prior to and after completion of the PRT, subjects' right thigh muscles were evaluated for cross-sectional area (CSA) via computed tomography, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC), specific tension((ST);MVC/CSA), maximal neuromuscular drive(IEMG), and 1RM. Subcutaneous needle biopsies were also taken from the subjects' right vastus lateralis pre and post PRT. CSA increased (time, P<0.05) in all four groups following the PRT (4.35%+0.94 to 7.31%+3.87). Excluding OW, each group displayed an improvement (time, P<0.05) in MVC (OM 28.7%+5.06, YM 17.4%+5.8, and YW 17.8%±10.3). OM and YM demonstrated increases (time, P<0.05) in ST after completion of the PRT, 21.67%+4.88 and 12.5%+5.1, respectively. These two groups also improved (timeXgender, P<0.05) over their gender counterparts for this variable. IEMG increased (time, P<0.05) in OM and YM (37.8%+12.3 and 43.26+12.54, respectively) and both groups also showed improvements (timeXgender, P<0.05) over their gender counterparts. 1RM increased (time, P<0.05) in all groups (34.9%+7.9 to 57.3%+8). OW showed an increase (time, P<0.05) in the CSA of the MHC type Ha fibers. No other changes in single fiber CSA occurred. While all groups displayed increases in CSA and strength, ST and IEMG data indicate that neuromuscular drive may influence strength increases seen with resistance training to a greater extent in males than females, regardless of age.School of Physical Education
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Jakoet, Rashaad. "A cross sectional study to determine whether there are central nervous system changes in football players who have sustained recurrent lateral ankle injuries using the laterality judgement task, two point discrimination test and limb perception testing." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20375.
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Background: A chronic ankle sprain injury is a condition that affects professional, amateur and social football players globally. Despite a large amount of research into the medical management of this condition, it remains one of the most frequently experienced injuries in professional football. A previous ankle sprain is a recognised risk factor for future lateral ankle sprain injury. No previous study has investigated the effects of chronic lateral ankle sprains on the cortical representation of the ankle in the brain. Aim: To determine if there are any changes in the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices of football players who have a history of recurrent ankle sprain injuries Methods: 25 professional male football players (13 previously injured, 12 noninjured) with an average age of 24.9y (+/- 4.49y) from a national first division club were recruited for the study. . All players included in the study completed an informed consent form before participation in the study and were declared fit to play by the clubs medical staff. Player demographics and training history were collected by means of a questionnaire followed by anthropometric measurements being taken. Tests used in the assessment of complex regional pain syndrome (Laterality Judgement Task recognition, two point discrimination and limb perception drawing) were used to assess for cortical representation changes in both limbs of injured players and uninjured players.
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Abrell, Lura K. "An examination of the experiences of females coaching male athletes." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/691.
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Dieringer, Katherine I. Contreras Gloria. "An analysis of changes in perceptions of certified athletic trainers from 1996 to 2006 on the women in athletic training survey." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3679.
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Hughes, Raymond Finley. "Desegregating the holy day : football, blacks and the Southeastern Conference /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487688507503898.
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Sait, Shaabiera. "An anthropological investigation on the marginalization of women in sport: the case of women soccer in Gelvandale." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/10773.
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During the Apartheid era in South Africa, women were marginalized from sport. The ability to participate in sport in South Africa is inherently linked to the political history of the country. Sport played a dynamic role in the struggle against the diabolical system of apartheid in South Africa and has a powerful role to play in the transformation and nation building of South Africa. Women have made great strides in sport in recent years in South Africa. However, at times we find that there is unfair media coverage. The unfair coverage of women’s sport displays gender based attitudes which systematically disadvantage women’s position in society. Women’s participation in sport has grown dramatically but despite this growth coverage of women in sport remains inferior. This research study investigated the marginalization of women in soccer in the Gelvandale area, Port Elizabeth. The objective of this study is to investigate if women are being marginalised in Gelvandale where soccer is concern as well as determining the meaning of gender inequality from an anthropological perspective within the context of soccer in the Gelvandale area. Further, to contribute within the anthropology of soccer in South Africa particularly in the Eastern Cape Province and to come up with recommendations that will contribute towards improvement of soccer in Gelvandale and beyond.
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Hull, Rebecca A. "A comparison of the perceptions of NCAA Division III athletic administrators, coaches, and athletes regarding compliance with Title IX." Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/861385.
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The purpose of this study was to compare NCAA Division III male and female athletic administrators, coaches of men's and women's basketball, coaches of men's and women's tennis, coaches of men's baseball and women's softball, and athletes in those same sport regarding perceptions of gender equity in athletics at their own institution. Data on individual perceptions of equity attainment were obtained through a mail-out survey sent to 1895 individuals at a random sampling of 100 NCAA Division III schools.The results of the survey indicated that at least 70% of the respondents perceived there to be gender equity in 13 of the 20 items tested, while over 50% of the respondents perceived there to be gender equity in 18 of 20 items. Five null hypothesis were posited for the independent variables of gender, group affiliation, sport coached, and sport played. Each of the null hypotheses failed to be accepted (alpha = .05) in a multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA).Further, when a series of analyses of variances (ANOVAs) were performed, significant differences at the .05 level were found in 4 of the 5 dependent variables tested: program support, financial support, sports offerings, scheduling, and changes in the past 2-3 years. For the interaction of gender and group affiliation, a significant difference was found in program support only.Females perceived there to be less equity than males in all factors. Athletes perceived there to be less equity than athletic directors in program support, financial support and changes; and less equity than coaches in program support and scheduling.Coaches of women's softball and women's basketball perceived there to be less equity in program support than coaches of men's sports. Coaches of women's sports indicated less equity than coaches of men's sports in financial support. Women's team captains perceived less equity than men's team captains in financial support. Women's softball players perceived less equity than other team captains in program support, while women's tennis perceived less equity than men's team captains in program support.For changes in the past two years, each gender indicated the opposite was favored. For other dependent variables, when an advantage was registered, the advantagefavored the men.Department of Educational Leadership
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Booysen, Conrad. "The application of discriminant analysis and logistical regression as methods of compilation in the prediction function in youth rugby." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27250.
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Souza, Paola Faria Lucas de. "The importance of differences in wage discrimination: An analysis for Brazil and its regions for the years 2002, 2006 and 2009." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8335.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoA discriminaÃÃo de raÃa e sexo no mercado de trabalho à um fator marcante e importante na determinaÃÃo das desigualdades de rendimentos brasileira. Esta desigualdade tem alguns determinantes, entre eles estÃo caracterÃsticas que indicam produtividade dos indivÃduos como escolaridade e experiÃncia, e outras caracterÃsticas que sÃo meramente discriminatÃrias como gÃnero e raÃa. A desigualdade causada pelas diferenÃas de produtividade à identificada, neste trabalho, como efeito dotaÃÃo e a causada por fatores discriminatÃrios de efeito discriminaÃÃo. O objetivo à medir quanto da desigualdade de renda entre os grupos de raÃa/gÃnero à explicada pela discriminaÃÃo e pela diferenÃa de habilidades dos trabalhadores, analisando ainda como estes efeitos se comportam em diferentes quintis salariais. Para isto foram utilizadas as seguintes metodologias: curvas de probabilidade, decomposiÃÃo de Oaxaca-Blinder (1973) e decomposiÃÃo de Machado e Mata (2005). A anÃlise foi realizada para o Brasil e para as cinco regiÃes brasileiras, a partir dos dados das PNADs de 2002, 2006 e 2009. Os principais resultados sÃo: i) o grupo mais discriminado à o de mulheres nÃo brancas, seguido de mulheres brancas e homens nÃo brancos; ii) pelas curvas de probabilidade a discriminaÃÃo de raÃa e de gÃnero tem um formato de âUâ, sendo a maior discriminaÃÃo no primeiro e Ãltimo quintil exceto para o Sul e Sudeste onde a discriminaÃÃo à crescente nos quintis salariais; iii) queda da diferenÃa salarial entre os grupos entre 2002 e 2009; iv) toda a diferenÃa salarial entre gÃneros à explicada pela discriminaÃÃo, efeito dotaÃÃo contribui para a queda da diferenÃa salarial; v) quanto maior o quintil de renda maior à representatividade discriminaÃÃo na explicaÃÃo da diferenÃa entre os gÃneros; vi) na discriminaÃÃo racial, ambos os fatores, discriminaÃÃo e dotaÃÃo agem para aumentar a diferenÃa salarial; vii) fator mais importante para determinar a diferenÃa salarial entre grupos raciais: dotaÃÃo; viii) a diferenÃa salarial racial à crescente quanto maior o quintil; ix) a discriminaÃÃo racial à menos importante para determinar a diferenÃa de renda quanto maior o quintil no Brasil, o inverso à encontrado para as regiÃes.
Race and sex discrimination in the labor market is a poignant and important factor in determining income inequality in Brazil. This inequality has several determinants; among them are features that indicate the productivity of individuals, such as education and experience, and other features that are merely discriminatory, such as gender and race. The inequality caused by differences in productivity is identified in this work, the effect caused by endowment and the discriminatory effect of discrimination. The goal is to measure how much income inequality between race / gender groups can be explained by discrimination and difference in workers' skills, analyzing how these effects behave in different wage quintiles. For that purpose, the following methodology was used: probability curves, Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition (1973) and Machado and Mata decomposition (2005). The analysis was performed for Brazil as a whole and for the five Brazilian regions, using PNAD data for 2002, 2006 and 2009. The main results are: i) the most discriminated against group is nonwhite women, followed by white women and non-white men, ii) the probability curves for race and gender discrimination is shaped like a "U", and greater levels of discrimination are found in the first and last quintile, except for the South and Southeast regions, where discrimination grows with wage quintiles iii) a decrease in the wage gap is observed between groups in the 2002 to 2009 period; iv) the entire gender wage gap can be explained by discrimination, and effect endowment contributes to the wage gap decreasing, v) the higher the income quintile implies in discrimination having a larger role in gender differences, vi) on racial discrimination, both factors, discrimination and endowment act to increase the wage gap, vii ) the most important factor in determining the wage gap between racial groups is endowment; viii) the racial wage gap increases with the higher the quintile; ix) the higher the income, racial discrimination becomes less important in determining income differences considering Brazil as a whole, while the opposite is found in a regional level.
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Chapman, Aurelia. "The ties that bind : the relationship between politics and cricket in South Africa (1989-1992)." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/996.
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Hollingsworth, Jerry Don. "An Analysis of the Perception of the Degree of Compliance of Selected Texas Public High Schools with Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4960/.
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In recent years, few laws have had greater impact on public education than Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. As a result of this legislation, participation levels of female athletes have risen dramatically. Conducted in the Texas Education Agency's Region XI, this study sought to ascertain the perceptions of high school principals, the lead coaches of male athletes, and the lead coaches of female athletes with regard to their schools' compliance with the components of Title IX. The study centered on the results of a survey instrument that included twenty Likert-scale questions as well as several demographic questions. The research questions sought to determine: (1) respondents' overall perception of compliance; (2) any differences in perceptions of compliance based upon the role of the individual; (3) any differences in perceptions based upon the percentage of students qualifying for free and reduced lunch; (4) any differences based upon the state classification of the schools; (5) any differences based upon the gender of respondents; (6) whether complaints filed via OCR result in a perception of increased compliance; and (7) the program component areas in which respondents view their schools to be most compliant. Descriptive and causal-comparative methods were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that school leaders in north central Texas public high schools perceived a high degree of compliance of their schools with the requirements of Title IX regardless of their role. A descriptive analysis of the responses based upon respondent role yielded slight differences between coaches of males and females. An ANOVA of responses considering the variables of free and reduced lunch as well as state classification did not yield a statistical significance in terms of perceptions of compliance. Although the mean scores of female respondents were slightly lower than males, the research did not yield statistically significant differences based upon gender. The study was inconclusive in terms of whether districts that have experienced formal Title IX complaints are more compliant with Title IX. Finally, the study indicated that school leaders should focus more attention on the areas of coaching assignment and compensation as well as publicity as they seek to comply with Title IX.
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Sulayman, Shamila. "Transformation policy for South African rugby : comparative perceptions." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1649.
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Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006In 1992 the game of rugby became a unified entity for the first time in the history of the game in South Africa. Prior to that, like every other sport within South Africa, as well as other societal facets, sport had been played, administered, managed and funded along racially segregated lines. This reality was a direct product of South Africa's ruling party's official policy of Apartheid, which had officially been in existence since 1948 and, which meant that South Africa was divided and ruled in terms of its peoples' races and cultures. For all of rugby's stakeholders from both divides, namely blacks and whites, it would, therefore, require a change in mindset, attitude and practice in order to embrace this newfound unity, which would bring people together on the playing fields for the first time in more than 100 years. It has become evident, though, that in spite of the South African Government's call, via the South African Sports Ministry and its overseeing body, the South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee (SASCOC), for more transparency in terms of the South African Rugby Union's (SARU's) intentions for transformation within South African rugby and in spite of the government's guidelines and objectives for a democratic approach to sport in South Africa, the transformation pace within South African rugby has been inconsistent and slowed. This slowed process has also been inconsistent with SARU's measures and attempts at developing players; particularly those who hail from historically disadvantaged backgrounds
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Downing, Jane Duvall. ""Welcome to the ball, Cinderella" : investigating gender, sexuality, race, and class through a study of the lived experience of women athletes /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9962519.
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CRUZ, ADRIANA ALVES DOS SANTOS. "RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AGAINST AFRICAN DESCENDANTS IN BRAZIL AND THE IMPACT ON DEMOCRACY: A LOOK AT THE PERFORMANCE OF FEDERAL COURTS OF APPEALS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19097@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROConsiderando o reconhecimento da existência de raças como uma construção social e o peso dessa variante na determinação de desigualdades que recaem negativamente sobre a população afrodescendente no Brasil, o estudo busca analisar o impacto do racismo sobre a democracia, tomada esta não apenas como regime político, mas como uma forma de relação do Estado com os cidadãos e destes entre si, conforme o quadro teórico proposto por Guillermo O’Donnell. É estabelecido que a densa capilaridade da lei nessas relações é essencial para um maior nível de democratização e pressupõe instituições capazes de garantir efetividade à dimensão legal do Estado. Com base nas reflexões de Antonio Negri e Giuseppe Cocco, é problematizada a lei a imperar, considerada a forma como foi estruturado o Estado na América Latina, e no Brasil em particular, a qual obliterou o espaço para uma subjetividade que se potencialize coletivamente. É afirmado que um caminho de maior emancipação deve ser fruto de um processo em que haja a proeminência da subjetividade. Aplicada a lei como fruto imanente das forças sociais, sua aplicação intermitente, ou o hiato em sua aplicação, há de ser tida como vilipêndio à democracia. Sob essa perspectiva, lança-se o olhar sobre a Justiça Federal de Segunda Instância na aplicação das normas antidiscriminatórias relativamente aos afrodescendentes, para, a partir da identificação dos pontos de tensão contidos nas demandas e das soluções apresentadas à sociedade, verificar em concreto uma face do Estado na resposta a um fator que substantivamente afeta negativamente a democracia.
Considering the recognition of the existence of races as a social construction and the weight of this variant in determining inequalities that fall negatively on the population of African descent in Brazil, this study assesses the impact of racism on democracy, regarded not only as a political regime but as a form of relation of citizens between themselves and the State, according to the theoretical framework proposed by Guillermo O Donnell. It is established that the dense capillarity of the law in these relations is essential to a higher level of democratization and requires effective institutions capable of ensuring the effectiveness of the legal dimension of the state. Based on the reflections of Antonio Negri and Giuseppe Cocco, the prevailing law is questioned, considering the way the State was structured in Latin America, and particularly in Brazil, which obliterated the space for a subjectivity that is collectively leveraged. It is claimed that a path of greater emancipation must be the fruit of a process in which there is the prominence of subjectivity. The law applied as a result of immanent social forces, its intermittent application or the absence of its application, shall be regarded as contempt for democracy. From this perspective, the Federal Court of Appeal s implementation of antidiscrimination norms for African descendant is analyzed, in order to verify a side of the State responding to a factor that negatively influences democracy, from the identification of areas of tension within demands and in the solutions presented to society.
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Silva, Jair Batista da. "Racismo e sindicalismo : reconhecimento, redistribuição e ação politica das centrais sindicais acerca do racismo no Brasil (1983-2002)." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280873.
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Orientador: Ricardo AntunesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Esta tese discute como as duas principais centrais sindicais abordam o racismo no Brasil. O fio condutor utilizado foi a polêmica com a teoria do reconhecimento, cuja finalidade era tornar patente que as lutas por reconhecimento estão articuladas às lutas por redistribuição. Deste modo, a pesquisa evidenciou através de sistemática análise documental como a luta econômica, política e cultural se articulam no interior do sindicalismo brasileiro para sublinhar como os ativistas sindicais pensam o racismo, o preconceito e a discriminação racial. Em outros termos, demonstra-se como a luta de classe pode, e deve, se combinar com as lutas identitárias (lutas por reconhecimento) - especialmente a luta anti-racista -, com a finalidade de transformar práticas e culturas políticas arraigadas na tradição sindical. Por isso, a investigação deteve-se ainda sobre o conceito de classe social. A pesquisa analisou teses e resoluções de congressos, plenárias, documentos conjuntos, livros, jornais e revistas etc. Se o sindicalismo brasileiro tem passado, nos últimos anos, por profundas alterações, então aos dirigentes sindicais têm aparecido novas demandas: políticas, econômicas e culturais que provocam significativas mudanças na cultura política das entidades sindicais: lutas por igualdade de gênero, contra a discriminação e o preconceito racial, lutas contra o preconceito e discriminação aos homossexuais etc. impõem, em alguma medida, refazer toda uma tradição política e cultural para enfrentar esses amplos e renovados desafios. Assim, pelos resultados da pesquisa, foi possível concluir que a luta contra o racismo nas centrais limitou-se à garantia e ampliação de direitos. Desta forma, a luta anti-racista afastou-se paulatinamente de uma concepção classista, o que significou que as práticas e ações dos ativistas e das centrais sindicais permaneceram circunscritas à luta pela cidadania plena
Abstract: This dissertation explores how the two principal Brazilian trade unions (Central Única dos Trabalhadores and Força Sindical) address racism. The study utilized the theory of recognition, which argues that struggles for social recognition are linked to struggles for redistribution. Documentary research was directed at a comprehension of the relations between wider economic, political, and cultural conflicts and the inner workings of Brazilian syndicalism, to show how union activists conceive of racism and racial discrimination. The dissertation demonstrates that class struggles can, and should, combine with struggles for the recognition of social identities¿especially anti-racism movements¿in order to transform the traditional practices and political cultures of trade unions. To that end, the study also investigated conceptions of social class within the unions. Primary and secondary sources included resolutions of union congresses and plenary sessions, other union documents, books, theses, newspapers, and magazines. These sources show that, while Brazilian syndicalism has undergone profound change in recent years, union leaders are also being presented with a range of new demands that can significantly impact their own political culture: struggles for gender and racial equality, movements against the discrimination of homosexuals, et cetera, have the potential to both challenge and reinvent the unions¿ political and cultural traditions. Results of the study indicate that within these two trade unions, the anti-racism movement has gradually abandoned the class dimensions of its earlier initiatives to focus more narrowly on the general expansion of citizenship rights
Doutorado
Trabalho, Politica e Sociedade
Doutor em Ciências Sociais
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Sakurai, Celia. "Imigração tutelada : os japoneses no Brasil." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280717.
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Orientador: Mariza CorrêaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: As condições sócio-históricas do país de origem podem estar intimamente ligadas a estratégias de fixação dos imigrantes no seu país de destino. No Brasil, os japoneses e seus descendentes têm a sua imagem pública ligada à agricultura. A noção de imigração tutelada ajuda a refletir sobre como o grupo imigrante japonês se fixa no país, e atende aos interesses do Japão no Brasil. Até a discriminação contra os japoneses é utilizada para construir uma marca postiva para o grupo
Abstract: Social-historic conditions of the country of origin may be closely related to immigrant s strategies into a new country. In Brazil, Japanese immigrants and their descendents developed a public image assaciated to agriculture. The idea oftuttelled migration helps us to better understand how the Japanese immigrants as a group simultaneously set up in Brazil, and meet the interests of Japan. Even the discrimination against the Japanese has been used to get a positive score to the group
Doutorado
Doutor em Antropologia
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Maddox, Sandra Davis. "Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972: Level of Implementation in Texas Public Schools." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278329/.
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Using a survey and case study formats, this study focused on the level of understanding and implementation of Title IX relating to Texas public school students. The survey focused on the degrees of principal understanding and the compliance with the statute. Additional areas of study analyzed the impact of such factors as principal gender and school level on understanding and implementation. The case study examined the degrees of implementation for a district that had experienced civil rights action and one that had not.
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Melo, Matheus Hiroyuki Okawachi. "A associação entre o sucesso desportivo e o sucesso financeiro em clubes de futebol." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/31787.
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The variability and diversity of intentionally performed physical activities influenced the range of human interactions that went through constant evolutionary processes, to constitute true social phenomenal. One of them, sport, the result of the capacity for metamorphosis and adaptability, has a global and institutionalized scope, promoting systemic transformations in society. The use of financial and sports performance indicators is intended to promote greater variability of information that can lead to better decision-making. Recent literature perceives the need to combine areas of knowledge in order to achieve a greater degree of understanding about a complex phenomenon such as soccer, with regard to a holistic view of integrality. The proposed literature review was divided into five parts that support the theoretical scope of this research, in order to expand the possibilities of discussion that can guide the proposed purposes. The main objective of the dissertation was to evaluate sports performance and its association on financial and economic indicators in Brazilian soccer clubs, from 2014 to 2018 in the Brazilian Soccer Championship Series A. The selected sample was the income statements in exercise of 11 Brazilian teams that remained for five years in the elite of the most important national competition in the country. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. With regard to descriptive analyses, quantitative variables were presented based on their absolute numbers and percentages, as the case may be, as well as the measures of central tendency, notably the average, were calculated. For inferential analyses, which sought to verify the relationship between the dependent variable performance and economic-financial indicators, Pearson's correlation was use. The results presented demonstrate that the financial performance indicators used show a positive association with sports performance variables, specifically, scores. The success of sports entities is multifactorial, however it was possible to observe that financial indicators are a fundamental part of the managerial and strategic structure of football clubs. This dissertation can be an important point to help managers and sports directors make decisions, regarding better administration and sustainable management in high-performance teams; La asociación entre el éxito deportivo en el éxito financiero de los clubes de fútbol
Resumen:
La variabilidad y diversidad de las actividades físicas realizadas intencionalmente influyeron en la gama de interacciones humanas que atravesaron constantes procesos evolutivos, para constituir verdaderos fenómenos sociales. Uno de ellos, el deporte, fruto de la capacidad de metamorfosis y adaptabilidad, tiene un alcance global e institucionalizado, promoviendo transformaciones sistémicas en la sociedad. El uso de indicadores de desempeño financiero y deportivo tiene como objetivo promover una mayor variabilidad de información que pueda conducir a una mejor toma de decisiones. La literatura reciente percibe la necesidad de combinar áreas de conocimiento para lograr un mayor grado de comprensión sobre un fenómeno complejo como el fútbol, en lo que respecta a una visión holística de la integralidad. La revisión bibliográfica propuesta se dividió en cinco partes que sustentan el alcance teórico de esta investigación, con el fin de ampliar las posibilidades de discusión que puedan orientar los propósitos propuestos. El objetivo principal de la disertación fue evaluar el desempeño deportivo y su asociación en los indicadores financieros y económicos de los clubes de fútbol brasileños, de 2014 a 2018 en el Campeonato Brasileño de Fútbol Serie A. La muestra seleccionada fueron las cuentas de resultados en ejercicio de 11 equipos brasileños que Permaneció durante cinco años en la élite de la competición nacional más importante del país. Para el análisis de los datos se realizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. En cuanto a los análisis descriptivos, las variables cuantitativas se presentaron en base a sus números absolutos y porcentajes, según sea el caso, así como se calcularon las medidas de tendencia central, en particular el promedio. Para los análisis inferenciales, que buscaban verificar la relación entre la variable dependiente desempeño e indicadores económico-financieros, se utilizó la correlación de Pearson. Los resultados presentados demuestran que los indicadores de desempeño financiero utilizados muestran una asociación positiva con las variables de desempeño deportivo, específicamente, las puntuaciones. El éxito de las entidades deportivas es multifactorial, sin embargo, se pudo observar que los indicadores financieros son parte fundamental de la estructura gerencial y estratégica de los clubes de fútbol. Esta disertación puede ser un punto importante para ayudar a los gerentes y directores deportivos a tomar decisiones, en cuanto a una mejor administración y una gestión sostenible en los equipos de alto rendimiento.
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Bickel, Luke A. "The perceptions of gender equity in intercollegiate athletics by student athletes at Ball State University." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1204197.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the steps taken by the Ball State University Athletic Department in order to achieve the gender equity expectations set forth by Title IX. The study also investigated the perceptions and understanding of student athletes at Ball StateUniversity toward the steps taken to achieve gender equity. This study utilized surveys with student athletes from Ball State University. The results suggest that student athletes do not feel they are treated equally by the athletic department. However, it is unclear as to whether student athletes are fully aware of the actions taken by the athletic department to ensure gender equity.Department of Educational Leadership
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Meyer, Peter. "Do NBA Fans Discriminate Against Race Or Nationality?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/258.
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Previous work found evidence that the racial composition of NBA teams was positively correlated with the racial composition of their metropolitan market areas during the 1990s. This paper finds continued evidence of this relationship in the 2000s, with an accompanying attendance boost from the incorporation of white players on teams located in whiter areas. There is also evidence that white players receive a salary premium relative to black players of equal performance quality. An examination of player performance indicates that demand for foreign players with the skill set of a forward or center is higher than demand for players of equal quality from the U.S. However, an analysis of salary discrimination related to foreign players produced no conclusive evidence.
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Bueno, Noemi Correa. "A (in)visibilidade das mulheres em programas esportivos de tv: um estudo de casos no Brasil e em Portugal." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157187.
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Outra
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O objetivo desta tese consistiu em analisar a visibilidade e a participação das profissionais de comunicação (narradoras, apresentadoras e comentaristas) em programas esportivos da televisão aberta brasileira e portuguesa, transmitidos, respectivamente, em novembro de 2017 e abril/maio de 2017, a fim de verificar se existiam diferenças na quantidade de profissionais femininos e masculinos no jornalismo esportivo, bem como nas funções exercidas por homens e mulheres nesse campo, além de analisar ainda as construções discursivas organizadas por esses sujeitos e a respeito desses. Para tal, a pesquisa foi dividida nas seguintes etapas: contextualização histórica, traçando, a partir de consultas bibliográficas, o histórico de participação das mulheres no jornalismo esportivo; análise quantitativa a respeito do número de profissionais homens e mulheres nas funções de apresentação, narração e comentários no jornalismo esportivo; e, pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter exploratório, com orientação descritiva, mediante análise dos programas nos quais ocorre participação feminina (examinando a participação das(os) profissionais, a partir de posturas, falas, comportamentos e relações com demais colegas) e entrevistas semiestruturadas com questões em aberto. A partir disso, foi verificado que nesse campo ainda há predominância de profissionais do sexo masculino (sendo que, das(os) profissionais elencados neste trabalho, as mulheres representam apenas 11,4% no Brasil e 6,3% em Portugal), e que à minoria feminina ainda cabe atividades referentes à apresentação, cabendo aos homens os comentários e narrações. Além disso, por meio das entrevistas também foi constatado que ainda há dificuldades a serem superadas como: assédio, baixa oportunidade de participação efetiva e cobranças estéticas, capacidades e conhecimentos subestimados, tratamento com grosseria durante entrevistas, violência nas redes sociais, interrupções e dificuldades em conciliar vida profissional com vida pessoal, principalmente com a maternidade. O cenário apontado nas pesquisas atestou como o mundo do jornalismo esportivo ainda é permeado por uma mentalidade de valorização das masculinidades, confirmando a hipótese inicial desta tese de que o ethos do discurso esportivo ainda se mantém sob o domínio masculino e que ainda existe uma cultura androcêntrica presente em programas de esportes na televisão aberta brasileira e portuguesa, apresentando possibilidades diferentes de atuações para jornalistas homens e mulheres, veiculando e contribuindo para a manutenção de representações sobre o que é ser feminino e masculino a partir de referências androcêntricas, binárias e heteronormativas. Portanto, a reformulação da maneira de estilização dos sujeitos, não mais baseado em um rígido marco regulador, deveria tratar-se de um novo desafio a ser superado pelos programas esportivos das diferentes emissoras de TV aberta no Brasil e em Portugal.
This thesis argued that although there is an evolution in feminist achievements, there are still segments that reproduce the androcentric structure, in this case, sports journalism. The objective was to analyze the visibility and participation of communication professionals (narrators, presenters and commentators) in Brazilian and Portuguese sports programs on TV, transmitted in November 2017 and in April / May 2017. In order to verify if there were differences in the number of female and male professionals in sports journalism and analyze the discursive constructions organized by these subjects. For this, the research was divided in 4 stages: historical contextualization; quantitative analysis regarding the number of male and female professionals in the functions of presentation, narration and commentary in sports journalism; and qualitative through analysis of postures, speeches, behaviors and relations of women journalists. From this, it was verified that in this field there is still a predominance of male professionals (women represent only 11.4% in Brazil and 6.3% in Portugal), and that the female minority still are presenter, and the men are commentator and narrator. In addition, interviews revealed that there are still difficulties to overcome such as: harassment, low opportunity for effective participation and aesthetic charges, underestimated skills and knowledge, rude treatment during interviews, violence in social networks, interruptions and difficulties in to reconcile professional life with personal life, especially with motherhood. This survey testified how the sports journalism is still permeated by a mentality of valorization of masculinities, confirming the initial hypothesis of this thesis: the ethos of sports discourse still remains under the male domain and that there is still an androcentric culture present in sports programs in Brazilian and Portuguese television, presenting different possibilities of performances for male and female journalists, conveying and contributing to the maintenance of representations about what it is to be female and male from androcentric, binary and heteronormative references. Therefore, the reformulation of the stylization of subjects should be a new challenge to be overcome by the sports programs of Brazilian and Portuguese TV.
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Sheehan, William F. "Proposition 48 and intercollegiate athletes' graduation rates /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9842564.
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