Relevant bibliographies by topics / Discrimination in sports – Brazil

Academic literature on the topic 'Discrimination in sports – Brazil'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Discrimination in sports – Brazil"

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Borodina, M. A., G. N. Suvorov, and K. V. Mashkova. "THE MAIN APPROACHES TO THE LEGAL REGULATION OF GENDER VERIFICATION IN SPORT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Issues of Law 20, no. 3 (2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/pro-prava200304.

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Genetically determined differences in height, musculature and a number of other physiological parameters lead to a significant advantage for men over female in kind of sports where the key indicators depend on strength, speed and endurance. All above suggest the need to maintain the practice of holding separate competitions for different genders. However, the practical solution to this issue seems not that obvious, taking into consideration persons with an indeterminate gender identity and transgender person. Analysis of the current legislation of a significant number of States has allowed to identify some approaches:1) ignoring not only the problem of participation in sports activities of persons with an indeterminate gender identity and transgender person, but also the issue of their special legal status in general (Greece, Israel, Ireland, Cyprus, Latvia, etc.); 2) recognizing gender diversity and solving the problems of persons with an indeterminate gender identity and transgender personfrom the position of general provisions of non-discrimination legislation without defining the specifics of sports activities (Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary); 3) recognition of gender diversity but with strive to limit the opportunities for transgender personfor participation in sports in order to ensure fair competition (Brazil); 4) recognition of gender diversity with consequent regulation of sports participation of persons with an indeterminate gender identity and transgender person(Australia, great Britain, Canada, USA). Demonstrating the last example two patterns can be revealed: a possibility of developing different, sometimes diametrically opposite approaches to solving this problem due to the Federal structure of States, and the active involvement of national sports federations in this process
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Musch, Jochen, and Roy Hay. "The Relative Age Effect in Soccer: Cross-Cultural Evidence for a Systematic Discrimination against Children Born Late in the Competition Year." Sociology of Sport Journal 16, no. 1 (March 1999): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.16.1.54.

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Previous findings of skewed birth date distributions among sports professionals have been interpreted as evidence for a systematic discrimination against children born shortly before the cut-off date for each age grouping. Alternative explanations for these findings exist, however. This research therefore attempted to replicate the effect in a cross-cultural comparison. A strong relative age effect in professional soccer was found in Germany, Japan, Brazil, and Australia, showing that the effect is independent of different cut-off dates and a variety of climatic and sociocultural factors. A shifted peak in the birth date distribution of Australian soccer professionals paralleling a corresponding change in the cut-off date in Australian soccer in 1989 was also established. This pattern of results provides strong evidence for the cut-off date in youth soccer as the main cause for the relative age effect in professional soccer.
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Scherer, Z. A. P., and E. A. Scherer. "Female prisoners: Experiences and perceptions on violence in the world behind bars." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73388-0.

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IntroductionPrison can be considered an oppressive and limiting institution and, hence, a propitious site for the development of conflicting and hostile relations among prisoners.ObjectiveDescribe female prisoners’ experiences and perceptions regarding violence in the prison environment.AimsGet to know the circumstances of relationships established at a female prison.MethodExploratory and descriptive research, carried out at the Female Penitentiary in Ribeirão Preto (SP) - Brazil. A semistructured interview was applied to 15 female prisoners. The results were submitted to thematic content analysis.ResultsTwo categories were idenitfied. “Perception of violence in prison”: they denounced the power hierarchy form, in which some prisoners and employees used physical force as an instrument for authority and dominion; they also revealed being victim of sexual abuse and psychological mistreatment in interpersonal relations (rejection, depreciation, discrimination, disrespect, intimidation, oppression and charge). “Losses deriving from imprisonment”: they complained of the precarious hygiene conditions, overcrowded cells and difficult access to health services; distancing from the family, loss of comfort and civil rights, particularly the right to do what they want (choosing food, practicing sports and leisure).ConclusionPrison can be considered the representation of a place of exclusion, closed, enclosing multiple violent acts. This directly influences the perspective of life and future interpersonal relations of people going through this experience. Thus, interventions are needed that prioritize high-quality social reintegration for these people.
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Knotter, Ad, and David Mayer. "Introduction." International Review of Social History 60, S1 (October 9, 2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859015000450.

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AbstractThis introduction presents the main topics and analytical concerns of the contributions to this Special Issue about ethnicity and migration in coalfield history in a global perspective. From the nineteenth century the development of industrial and transport technologies required the supply of coal-based energy in every part of the world. Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century globalization, including colonialism, would not have been possible without coal. Coalmining operations were launched in all world regions, and to enable exploitation mine operators had to find, mobilize, and direct workers to the mining sites. This quest for labour triggered a series of migration processes (both from nearby and far away) and resulted in a broad array of labour relations (both free and unfree). This introduction points to the variety of constellations analysed in the different contributions to this Special Issue. These cover cases from Africa (Nigeria, Zimbabwe), Asia (China, Japan), the Americas (USA, Brazil), Turkey, the Soviet Union, and western Europe (France, Germany), and a broad range of topics, from segregation, forced labour, and subcontracting to labour struggles, discrimination, ethnic paternalism, and sport.
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De Carvalho, Pedro Guedes. "Comparative Studies for What?" Motricidade 13, no. 3 (December 6, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.13551.

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ISCPES stands for International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sports and it is going to celebrate its 40th anniversary in 2018. Since the beginning (Israel 1978) the main goals of the Society were established under a worldwide mind set considering five continents and no discrimination of any kind. The founders wanted to compare Physical Education and Sports across the world, searching for the best practices deserving consideration and applied on the purpose of improving citizen quality of life. The mission still stands for “Compare to learn and improve”.As all the organizations lasting for 39 years, ISCPES experienced several vicissitudes, usually correlated with world economic cycles, social and sports changes, which are in ISS journal articles - International Sport Studies.ISS journal is Scopus indexed, aiming to improve its quality (under evaluation) to reach more qualified students, experts, professionals and researchers; doing so it will raise its indexation, which we know it is nowadays a more difficult task. First, because there are more journals trying to compete on this academic fierce competitive market; secondly, because the basic requirements are getting more and more hard to gather in the publishing environment around Physical Education and Sports issues. However, we can promise this will be one of our main strategic goals.Another goal I would like to address on this Editorial is the language issue. We have this second strategic goal, which is to reach most of languages spoken in different continents; besides the English language, we will reach Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries. For that reason, we already defined that all the abstracts in English will be translated into Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese words so people can find them on any search browser. That will expand the demand for our journal and articles, increasing the number of potential readers. Of course this opportunity, given by Motricidade, can be considered as a good example to multiply our scope.In June 2017 we organized a joint Conference in Borovets, Bulgaria, with our colleagues from the BCES – Bulgarian Society for Comparative Educational Studies. During those days, there was an election to appoint a new (Portuguese) president. This constitutes an important step for the Portuguese speaker countries, which, for a 4th year term, will have the opportunity to expand the influence of ISCPES Society diffusing the research results we have been achieving into a vast extended new public and inviting new research experts to innovative debates. This new president will be working with a wide geographical diverse team: the Vice President coming from a South American country (Venezuela), and the other several Executive Board members are coming from Brazil, China, Africa and North America. This constitutes a very favorable situation once, adding to this, we kept the previous editorial team from Australia and Europe. We are definitely committed to improve our influence through new incentives to organize several regional (continental) workshops, seminars and Conferences in the next future.The international research is crossing troubled times with exponential number of new indexed journals trying to get new influence and visibility. In order to do that, readers face new challenges because several studies present contradictory conclusions and outcome comparisons still lacking robust methodologies. Uncovering these issues is the focus of our Society.In the past, ISCPES started its activity collecting answers to the same questions asked to several experts in different countries and continents across the world. The starting studies developed some important insights on several issues concerning the way Physical Education professionals approached their challenges. In the very starting documents ISCPES activity focused in identifying certain games and indigenous activities that were not understood by people in other parts of the world, improving this international understanding and communication. This first attempt considered six groups of countries roughly comprehending 26 countries from all the continents.ISCPES has on its archives several seminal works, PhD proposals and program proposals, which constitutes the main theoretical framework considered in some textbooks printed at the end of the sixties in the XXth century.The methods used mostly sources’ country comparisons, historic development of comparative education systems, list of factors affecting those systems and a systematic analysis of case studies; additionally, international organizations for sports and physical education were also required to identify basic problems and unique features considered for the implementation of each own system. At the time, Lynn C. Vendien & John E. Nixon book “The World Today in Health, Physical Education and Recreation”, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1968, together with two monographies from William Johnson “Physical Education around the World”, 1966, 1968, Indianapolis, Phi Epsilon Kappa editions, were the main textbook references.The main landscapes of interest were to study sports compared or the sport role in Nationalisms, Political subsidization, Religion, Race and volunteering versus professionalism. The goal was to state the true place of sports in societies.In March 1970, Ben W. Miller from the University of California compiled an interesting Exhibit n.1 about the main conclusions of a breakfast meeting occurred during the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. There, they identified thirty-one individuals, which had separate courses in “Comparative and/or International Physical Education, Recreation and Sports”; one month later, they collected eighteen responses with the bibliographic references they used. On this same Exhibit n.1 there is detailed information on the title, catalogue description, date of initial course (1948, the first), credit units, eligibility, number of year offer, type of graduation (from major to doctorate and professional). Concluding, the end of the sixties can be the mark of a well-established body of literature in comparative education and sports studies published in several scientific journals.What about the XXIst century? Is it still important to compare sports and education throughout the world? Only with qualitative methods? Mixed methods?We think so. That is why, after a certain decline and fuzzy goal definition in research motivations within ISCPES we decided to innovate and reorganize people from physical education and sports around this important theme of comparative studies. Important because we observe an increasing concern on the contradictions across different results in publications under the same subject. How can we infer? What about good research questions which get no statistically significant results? New times are coming, and we want to be on that frontline of this move as said by Elsevier “With RMR (results masked review) articles, you don’t need to worry about what editors or reviewers might think about your results. As long as you have asked an important question and performed a rigorous study, your paper will be treated the same as any other. You do not need to have null results to submit an RMR article; there are many reasons why it can be helpful to have the results blinded at initial review”.https://www.elsevier.com/connect/reviewers-update/results-masked-review-peer-review-without-publication-bias.This is a very different and challenging time. Our future strategy will comprehend more cooperation between researchers, institutions and scientific societies as an instrument to leverage our understanding of physical activity and sports through different continents and countries and be useful for policy designs.Next 2018, on the occasion of the UE initiative Sofia – European Capital of Sport 2018 we - Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES) & the International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sport (ISCPES) - will jointly organize an International Conference on Sport Governance around the World.Sports and Physical Education are facing complex problems worldwide, which need to be solved. For health reasons, a vast number of organizations are popularizing the belief that physical education and sports are ‘a must’ in order to promote human activity and movement. However, several studies show that modern lifestyles are the main cause for people's inactivity and sedentary lifestyles.Extensive funded programs used to promote healthy lifestyles; sports media advertising several athletes, turning them into global heroes, influencers in a new emerging industry around sports organizations. Therefore, there is a rise in the number of unethical cases and corruption that influence the image of physical education and sports roles.We, the people emotional and physically involved with sports and physical activity must be aware of this, studying, discussing and comparing global facts and events around the world.This Conference aims to offer an incentive to colleagues from all continents to participate and present their latest results on four specific topics: 1. Sport Governance Systems; 2. Ethics and Corruption in Physical Education and Sports Policies; 3. Physical Education and Sport Development; 4. Training Physical Educators and Coaches. Please consider your selves invited to attend. Details in http://bcesconvention.com/
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Pimenta, Izadora Silva. "Racismo no futebol." Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo 10, no. 2 (December 19, 2021): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/slj.v10.n2.2021.446.

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PT. O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar os Julgamentos (Martin e White, 2005) presentes no discurso midiático a respeito de um caso de racismo sofrido pelo jogador Daniel Alves em 2014, à época, no Barcelona. A análise foi feita a partir do fragmento de um corpus coletado em minha pesquisa de mestrado (Pimenta, 2019), compilado com a plataforma Sketch Engine a partir de 65 artigos de hard news sobre o tema, publicados de forma online no Brasil, totalizando 21.387 formas, 1.014 sentenças e 25.127 palavras. Para os trechos analisados neste artigo, considera-se apenas os trechos das notícias nos quais a voz do repórter está sendo utilizada em primeiro plano. A análise é realizada a partir da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (Halliday e Matthiessen, 2014) e do Sistema de Avaliatividade (Martin e White, 2005), a partir dos quais a linguagem é visualizada como um sistema sociossemiótico, ou seja, entende-se que a comunicação se dá por um sistema, sendo ele repleto de significados de cunhos sociais e culturais. O trabalho também se baseia na hipótese de que as hard news nunca são neutras (White, 2003) e, portanto, passíveis da presença de significados avaliativos ao longo do texto. Para compreender o contexto no qual as notícias estão sendo relatadas, há ainda uma compreensão inicial sobre alguns preceitos das relações raciais no Brasil e no futebol. Os resultados mostram que a linguagem utilizada pelo discurso midiático opera como fator de reforço para padrões de representação sobre o racismo no futebol e seus aspectos presentes na sociedade brasileira. Uma vez em que o racismo é base para as formas de desigualdade e violência dessa sociedade (Almeida, 2019), é possível observar que a presença deste na estrutura se mostra visível na linguagem em uso. Os dados obtidos nesta pesquisa oferecem, ainda, um desenho para uma metodologia de análise de aspectos sociológicos do esporte e do racismo como ideologia vigente por meio da linguagem intrínseca. *** EN. This article analyzes the judgments (Martin and White, 2005) developed in the media coverage of a case of racial discrimination experienced by Brazilian Daniel Alves in 2014, at the time playing for the FC Barcelona. The analysis is based on a segment of a corpus compiled as part of a master's research (Pimenta, 2019) using the platform Sketch Engine. The corpus is composed of 65 hard news articles published online in Brazilian media, which break down into 21,387 forms, 1,014 sentences and 25,127 words. The analysis focuses exclusively on extracts in which the journalist’s position is made clear. Research methodology is based on systemic-functional linguistics (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014) and appraisal theory (Martin and White, 2005), which consider language as a socio-semiotic system loaded with social and cultural meanings, through which communication occurs. The research is based on the hypothesis that hard news is never neutral (White, 2003). On the contrary, hard news articles include an evaluative dimension throughout the reports. Understanding some of the precepts of race relations in Brazil and in soccer is central to better understant the context in which the news is reported. Results of the analysis show that the language produced by media coverage reinforces standards of race representation in soccer, which is part of the larger racial discrimination dynamics that characterize contemporary Brazilian society. The language used by the media indeed illustrates how racial discrimination is a root cause of inequality and violence in Brazilian society today (Almeida, 2019). Based on the data collected, a methodological model of analysis was developed through language and its intrinsic features, allowing to reveal specific sociological aspects of sports and racial discrimination, which still today remains a dominant ideology. *** FR. Cet article analyse les jugements (Martin et White, 2005) présents dans le discours médiatique autour d’un cas de racisme subi par le Brésilien Daniel Alves en 2014, à l’époque joueur du FC Barcelone. L'analyse se penche sur une partie d’un corpus plus large compilé dans le cadre d’une recherche de master (Pimenta, 2019) à l’aide de la plateforme Sketch Engine. Ce corpus de 65 articles de hard news sur le sujet, publiés en ligne dans des médias brésiliens, est constitué de 21 387 formes, 1 014 phrases et 25 127 mots. L’analyse porte uniquement sur les extraits où la voix du journaliste apparait au premier plan. L’apport méthodologique repose sur la linguistique systémique-fonctionnelle (Halliday et Matthiessen, 2014) et sur la théorie de l’évaluation (Martin et White, 2005), où le langage est perçu comme un système socio-sémiotique chargé de significations de natures sociale et culturelle, au travers duquel se réalise la communication. Notre étude part de l'hypothèse que les hard news ne sont jamais neutres (White, 2003). Bien au contraire, elles sont sujettes à la présence de significations évaluatives tout au long du texte. Ainsi, pour appréhender le contexte dans lequel sont rapportées les informations d’actualité, il importe également de comprendre certains préceptes des relations raciales au Brésil et dans le football. Les résultats montrent que le langage produit par le discours médiatique renforce les standards de représentation du racisme dans le football et les aspects de ce racisme qui caractérisent la société brésilienne. En effet, le langage des médias illustre bien le fait que le racisme est à la base des formes d'inégalité et de violence de cette société (Almeida, 2019). A partir des données recueillies, nous avons pu construire un modèle méthodologique d'analyse, par le biais du langage et des traits qui lui sont intrinsèques, capable de révéler certains aspects sociologiques du sport et du racisme, qui s’avèrent constituer l'idéologie dominante. ***
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Botelho, Fernando, Ricardo A. Madeira, and Marcos A. Rangel. "Racial Discrimination in Grading: Evidence from Brazil." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20140352.

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We investigate whether racial discrimination in the form of biased assessment of students is prevalent within Brazilian schools. Evidence is drawn from unique administrative data pertaining to eighth-grade students and educators. Holding constant performance in blindly-scored tests of proficiency and behavioral traits we find that blacks have lower teacher-assigned math grades than their white classmates. Heterogeneity in differentials provides evidence both of robustness with respect to omission biases and of compatibility with predictions from models of statistical discrimination. (JEL I21, I24, J15, O15)
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Mitchell-Walthour, Gladys. "Economic Pessimism and Racial Discrimination in Brazil." Journal of Black Studies 48, no. 7 (June 14, 2017): 675–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934717714769.

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When studying Black politics, Brazil is an important country to consider because of its large Afro-descended population, its history of slavery, and persistent racial and economic inequality. In this article, I examine the role perceptions of racial discrimination play on the economic well-being of the Black Afro-Brazilian population. I test the hypothesis that, as Afro-Brazilians’ perceptions of racial discrimination increase, the more likely it is they will hold a pessimistic view of their economic situation. I rely on 2010 national data to conduct an ordered logit regression analysis which shows that Black and Brown Brazilians who have experienced racial discrimination are more likely to be pessimistic about their economic situation when compared with Blacks and Browns who have not experienced racial discrimination. In addition, ordered logit regression analysis demonstrates that respondents who admit experiencing racial discrimination are more likely to be women, identify as preto, and have more education.
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Hirata, Guilherme. "Evidence of discrimination by preference in Brazil." Economia Aplicada 21, no. 1 (April 8, 2017): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1413-8050/ea153368.

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Este artigo testa implicações do modelo de discriminação por preferência de Becker (1957). Utilizando dados brasileiros, rejeita-se a hipótese de que o hiato salarial entre brancos e negros seja determinado pelo nível médio de discriminação. Os resultados mostram que o hiato está relacionado ao grau de discriminação do empregador marginal, isto é, aquele que mais discrimina entre os que contratam negros. Além disso, os resultados estão de acordo com a previsão de que o hiato salarial é maior em lugares com maior proporção de negros no mercado de trabalho, ou seja, onde há mais interação social entre raças.
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Carrara, Sergio. "Discrimination, policies, and sexual rights in Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 28, no. 1 (January 2012): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2012000100020.

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This article focuses on a politics arena that has been articulated through the impact of ideals of sexual rights on Brazilian sexual politics, namely the affirmation of "LGBT rights". These rights have been constructed both through attempts to extend civil and social rights to the LGBT population that were previously restricted to heterosexuals, and by the enactment of provisions directly banning homophobic discrimination and violence. The focus will be on some of the principal social actors in this process, especially those situated in the three branches of government, since the most decisive clashes are now being waged at this level. Without intending to offer an exhaustive description of what has occurred in the Brazilian courts, Congress, and Administration, we point to the complexity of a situation which shows numerous innovations and breaks in its different dimensions, while simultaneously revealing contradictions, gaps, and ambiguities.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Discrimination in sports – Brazil"

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HIRATA, GUILHERME ISSAMU. "RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN BRAZIL: PREFERENCE, COMPETITION AND PROPHECY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=25510@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Esta tese é composta por três artigos empíricos sobre discriminação racial no Brasil. O primeiro testa duas implicações do modelo de discriminação por preferência (BECKER, 1957), utilizando dados do Censo 2010 e da pesquisa Ações Discriminatórias no Âmbito Escolar (2008). Analisando o diferencial de salários entre brancos e negros no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, os resultados corroboram as previsões do modelo, indicando que i) o que determina o hiato salarial entre uma maioria e uma minoria não é a discriminação média na população, mas o grau de discriminação do empregador marginal, isto é, o empregador que mais discrimina entre os que contratam indivíduos da minoria; e ii) dada a distribuição das preferências por discriminação, quanto maior a proporção da minoria relativamente à maioria, maior tende a ser o hiato salarial. O segundo artigo utiliza a abertura comercial ocorrida no Brasil no início dos anos 1990 para analisar o efeito de um aumento da concorrência sobre a discriminação. De acordo com Becker (1957), um aumento da concorrência no mercado de produto deve diminuir o hiato salarial entre maioria e minoria no mercado de trabalho porque reduz as oportunidades de obtenção de renda econômica pura por parte dos empregadores. Utilizando os dados dos Censos 1991 e 2000, os resultados indicam que houve maior queda do hiato salarial entre brancos e negros nas microrregiões associadas a maiores reduções nas tarifas de importação, isto é, em mercados onde houve maior aumento da concorrência devido à abertura. Além disso, há evidências de que lugares com maior porcentagem de negros, maior propensão à discriminação e com maior porcentagem de trabalhadores empregados em indústrias concentradas tendem a experimentar maiores reduções no hiato, conforme previsto pela teoria. O terceiro artigo investiga a possibilidade de haver antecipação da discriminação por parte dos negros, em um mecanismo denominado profecia autorrealizável . Dada a crença dos empregadores de que a minoria é menos qualificada em média, o fenômeno ocorre quando indivíduos da minoria decidem investir menos em capital humano ao anteciparem que não terão as mesmas oportunidades e/ou salários que indivíduos da maioria no mercado de trabalho. Se este menor investimento realmente ocorrer, a crença dos empregadores é confirmada. Usando dados do Saeb 2011 e Censo 2010, testa-se a hipótese de que, em lugares com maior diferencial de salários, há menor investimento em educação por parte dos negros relativamente aos brancos. De acordo com os resultados, há poucas evidências deste fenômeno no Brasil.
This dissertation consists of three empirical papers on racial discrimination in Brazil. The first one tests two implications of the employer s discrimination model (Becker, 1957), using 2010 Census data and the Ações Discriminatórias no Âmbito Escolar Survey (2008). Analyzing the wage differential between blacks and whites in the Brazilian labor market, the results support the model predictions, indicating that i) what determines the wage gap between a majority and a minority is not the population average discrimination, but the discrimination of the marginal employer, i.e. the employer who discriminates more among those that hire minority; and ii) given the distribution of preferences for discrimination, the higher the proportion of the minority to the majority, the greater will be the wage gap. The second paper explores trade liberalization occurred in Brazil in early 1990s to analyze the effect of increased competition on discrimination. According to Becker (1957), increased competition in the product market should reduce the wage gap between majority and minority in the labor market because it reduces the chances of obtaining a pure economic rent by employers. Using data from Census 1991 and 2000, the results indicate that there was a greater fall in the wage gap between whites and blacks in the regions associated with greater reductions in import tariffs, i.e. in markets where there was a greater increase in competition due to the trade liberalization. Furthermore, there is evidence that places with higher percentage of blacks, more prone to discrimination, and greater percentage of workers employed in concentrated industries tend to experience greater reductions in the wage gap, as predicted by theory. The third paper investigates the possibility of anticipation of discrimination by blacks, in a mechanism called self-fulfilling prophecy. Given the employers belief that the minority is less qualified on average, the phenomenon occurs when minority individuals decide to invest less in human capital because they anticipate they will not have the same opportunities and/or wages of individuals from a majority group in the labor market. If this lower investment does occur, the belief of employers is confirmed. Using data from the Saeb 2011 and Census 2010, we test the hypothesis that, in places with greater wage differential, there is less investment in education by blacks relative to whites. According to the results, there is little evidence of this phenomenon in Brazil.
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Furuichi, Satomi. "On understanding racial inequality in Brazil /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Lyandvert, Shayna. "Does Discrimination Exist in the National Hockey League? An Analysis of Racial Salary Discrimination in the NHL (2012-2017)." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1916.

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This paper examines whether racial salary discrimination exists in the National Hockey League (NHL). I examine data from Hockey Reference and CapFriendly and find some evidence of racial salary discrimination, controlling for a rich set of demographic and performance characteristics. Specifically, when I solely control for race, I do not find any racial wage gap. This gap exists when I control for race and limited place of birth groups, however, the effect is wiped out by performance controls. When controlling for race and detailed place of birth groups, I find some evidence of a race gap even when controls for performance are included. Lastly, I discover that whites from all countries excluding the USA earn more than whites from the USA.
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Corbo, Monica. "Title IX compliance non-Appalachian versus Appalachian in colleges and universities /." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2003. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=366.

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Padgett, Brandice A. "Women in sports journalism : do the barriers still exist? /." View online, 1998. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211130723123.pdf.

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Simmons, Joseph Paull. "Gender issues and equity within Canadian high school sport." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0021/MQ56203.pdf.

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Bruening, Jennifer E. "Phenomenal Women: A Qualitative Study of Silencing, Stereotypes, Socialization, and Strategies for Change in the Sport Participation of African American Female Student-Athletes." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392903455.

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Racusen, Seth. ""A Mulato cannot be prejudiced" : the legal construction of racial discrimination in contemporary Brazil." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/31104.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 396-406).
This dissertation, an in-depth empirical study of Brazilian racial discrimination law, examines the trends in complaining and surprising variation in official decisionmaking over the past decade. I collected more than 300 racial discrimination complaints, police investigations and court proceedings filed since 1989. I claim that Brazil's racial ideology and its theory of racial discrimination as an act of racial prejudice have been jointly constituted and, in turn, fully shape the making and the using of anti-discrimination law. I show that Brazil constructed racial discrimination narrowly compared to US theories of racial discrimination and the Brazilian understanding of other forms of discrimination, such as gender and age. Brazilians disproportionately file racial discrimination complaints about insults by a neighbor or co-worker. Officials treated these and most allegations as private, interpersonal disputes, even for allegations of firing and other problems protected in the law. I located approximately 40 findings for the plaintiff, a small fraction of the tens of hundreds of allegations, and analyze the variation in judicial inquiry and outcomes. Brazil's racial ideology and weak rule of law strongly influenced litigation. Defendants destroyed evidence and threatened plaintiffs and witnesses. Officials often erased the testimony of Black plaintiffs and witnesses in their holdings. Defendants often claimed to be Mulato or to have treated the plaintiff cordially as evidence of being Brazilian and inherently unprejudiced. Many officials accepted that defense. I hold the Brazilian theory of racial discrimination as overt prejudicial acts responsible for the use of the law.
(cont.) The law has focused attention on the mind and attitude of the aggressor. Although all judges invoke their ideology in their findings, Brazil's anti-discrimination law has increased that tendency by requiring judges to decide whether a defendant was prejudiced. Instead of providing clear standards to try cases, the law has encouraged judges to consult their own racial ideology.
by Seth Racusen.
Ph.D.
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Martel, Josée. ""It's a long hard road to the top" : the career paths and leadership experiences of women in Canadian sport administration." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://www.oregonpdf.org.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of British Columbia, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-173). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.
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Garcia, Ozemela Liana M. "Race and diversity effects on earnings and educational outcomes in Brazil." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=167792.

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This thesis employs advanced econometric methods to understand the determinants of race inequalities in labour markets and in higher education in Brazil. It then investigates whether race diversity can be used as a policy to reduce existing inequalities in pay and college campuses. It uses data from the National Household Sample Survey PNAD of 2005 and the National Examination of Higher Education Courses (ENC/Provão) of 2003. The main methodological contributions of this thesis are: 1) extending wage models to include several variables which can explain more than 40 percent of the total variation in wages; 2) computing a proxy for parental education (this has not been possible to estimate using PNAD since 1996); 3) correcting wage equations for selection bias using a robust instrument (most studies ignore the sample selection problem by using employed males only); 4) implementing a new algorithm that combines Heckman Two-Step, complex sample weights and constrained least squares (this increases robustness of the detailed decomposition of the discrimination term). This is done in a generalized wage decomposition setting where the level of discrimination is invariant to the choice of the reference wage group. Results show an existing pay-gap and a significant level of discrimination against nonwhites even after corrections are made. Selection bias appears to underestimate the discrimination term considerably. This study also develops a theoretical framework for the study of the impact of diversity on labour productivity and on discrimination simultaneously. Results support policies which seek greater diversity in order to reduce the existing inequalities in labour markets and on higher education campuses. However, the outcome of policies aimed at increasing diversity on campuses can significantly differ depending on the existing level of diversity and the subject majors attended by students.
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Books on the topic "Discrimination in sports – Brazil"

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Cozzillio, Michael J. Sports and inequality. Durham, N.C: Carolina Academic Press, 2005.

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author, Braddock Jomills H., ed. Sex segregation in sports: Why separate is not equal. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016.

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Centro de Proyectos Integrales en Base a la Alpaca (Peru), ed. Brazil: Women and legislation against racism. Rio de Janeiro: CEPIA, 2001.

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Hyde, Evan X. Sports, sin and subversion. Belize City, Belize: Ramos Publishing, 2008.

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Hyde, Evan X. Sports, sin and subversion. Belize City, Belize: Ramos Publishing, 2008.

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Sports, sin and subversion. Belize City, Belize: Ramos Publishing, 2008.

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Arabsheibani, G. R. Gender wage differentials in Brazil: Trends over a turbulent era. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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Souza, Maria Elena Viana. Relações raciais no cotidiano escolar: Diálogos com a Lei 10,639/03. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Editora Rovelle, 2009.

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1959-, Young Kevin, and White Philip 1952-, eds. Sport and gender in Canada. 2nd ed. Don Mills, Ont: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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Women, sports, and the law: A comprehensive research guide to sex discrimination in sports. Buffalo, N.Y: W.S. Hein, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Discrimination in sports – Brazil"

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Müller, Ângelo Felipe. "Brazil." In Sports Economics, Management and Policy, 43–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02354-6_5.

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Couto, Ana Cláudia, Mauricio Couto, Cláudio Boschi, and Kátia Lemos. "Brazil." In Sports Economics, Management and Policy, 301–10. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8905-4_22.

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Borges, Maurício Ferrão Pereira. "Sports Betting: Brazil." In Sports Betting: Law and Policy, 253–63. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-799-9_13.

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Manning, Stephanie, Ho Fai Chan, and David A. Savage. "Discrimination, disequilibrium and disincentives." In Behavioural Sports Economics, 119–38. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003080824-8.

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Sandy, Robert, Peter J. Sloane, and Mark S. Rosentraub. "Discrimination in professional sports." In The Economics of Sport, 104–26. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-37403-4_5.

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Evens, Tom, Petros Iosifidis, and Paul Smith. "Brazil." In The Political Economy of Television Sports Rights, 136–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137360342_9.

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Barros Oquendo, Felipe. "Brazil." In Competition Law Analysis of Price and Non-price Discrimination & Abusive IP Based Legal Proceedings, 381–401. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55765-2_17.

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de Lima Assafim, João Marcelo. "Brazil." In Competition Law Analysis of Price and Non-price Discrimination & Abusive IP Based Legal Proceedings, 93–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55765-2_4.

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Vamplew, Wray. "Corruption, Environmental Unsustainability, and Discrimination." In Sports Economics for Non-Economists, 122–31. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003128632-14.

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Weatherill, Stephen. "Discrimination on Grounds of Nationality in Sport." In ASSER International Sports Law Series, 21–62. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-939-9_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Discrimination in sports – Brazil"

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Maeda, Toshiyuki, and Masumi Yajima. "Sports skill discrimination with motion frequency analysis." In 2016 Future Technologies Conference (FTC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ftc.2016.7821618.

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Moraes, Fernando S., Luiz G. C. L. Loures, Sergio A. M. Oliveira, Igor L. S. Braga, Kledson Tomaso, Marimonica R. J. Carvalho, Silvia R. Malagutti, and Emanuel F. da Costa. "Porosity, fluid discrimination and monitoring from prestack seismic data: A case from Campos Basin, Brazil." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2008. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3059193.

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Silva, Jose Wanderson, and Luiz Marcos Gonçalves. "A behavioral box for tactile tasks discrimination." In VIII Workshop de Teses e Dissertações em Robótica/Concurso de Teses e Dissertações em Robótica. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wtdr_ctdr.2020.14952.

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Among the studies done with rodents, the behavioral ones stand out. To perform these studies, the behavioral boxes are commonly used. These are devices in which the rodents perform some task to receive a reward. These animals are considered excellent subjects for studying the tactile sensory system, since they use their whiskers to locate and discriminate objects. In this work the goal is studying the sensory system of rodents in tasks in which the animals must discriminate the width of an aperture, using only their whiskers to receive a reward. We aim to develop an automated open-hardware behavioral box to perform task of tactile discrimination in rodents. For such, we designed the box using a three-dimensional modeling software and its control is implemented with Arduino, which was tested in a computer model trhough physical simulation. All used components are low cost and can be found or developed in Brazil. The present study provides an important tool for the study of the tactile sensory system, that makes possible other laboratories to build their own behavior box for tactile studies.
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Moraes*, Fernando S., Luiz G. C. L. Loures, Sergio A. M. Oliveira, Igor L. S. Braga, Kledson Tomaso, Marimonica R. J. Carvalho, Silvia R. Malagutti, and Emanuel F. da Costa. "Porosity and fluid discrimination from prestack seismic data using multiple vintage volumes." In 11th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society & EXPOGEF 2009, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 24-28 August 2009. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Brazilian Geophysical Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/sbgf2009-265.

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Damasceno, A., A. Tura, J. Simmons, and G. Vasquez. "Integrating Rock Physics, 4D Inversion and Time-Shifts for Pressure and Waterflooding Discrimination in Jubarte Field (Brazil)." In EAGE 2020 Annual Conference & Exhibition Online. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202011142.

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Mon, Myo Myo, Kyaw Min Htut, and Wai Wai Myint. "P4.72 Stigma and discrimination experienced by young men who have sex with men in large cities of myanmar." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.568.

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Contreras, *C S. R., L. Landau, P. C. Pereira, and M. A. Martins. "Using Running Sum of AVO Attributes to Improve Albian Carbonates Discrimination on Santos Basin." In 15th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society & EXPOGEF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 31 July-3 August 2017. Brazilian Geophysical Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/sbgf2017-247.

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Yordanov, Sasho, Petyr Yordanov, and Ivaylo Zdravkov. "MODERN PRACTICE AND METHODS FOR INTEGRATION THROUGH GOLF." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/12.

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ABSTRACT Summary: Introduction: Modern developed and civilized society is based on the principles of democracy, humanism, and pluralism. In his social center stands the person - the person with individual rights, duties, and responsibilities. People are born different, unique, with individual desires, opportunities, dreams, and interests, but with equal rights in society. Equality and the absence of any discrimination is a fundamental principle in advanced civil societies and social systems. Methodology: In the research process, we have applied: informational research, document analysis, and historical analysis, conclusions, based on personal experience, monitoring, synthesis, and theoretical analysis. Results: Based on this pilot study have been created practical recommendation for integration through golf. Discussion: The results obtained suggest that golf can successfully enhance integration processes in society, as well as improve the social inclusion of all social groups at risk. Golf has immense potential for combating youth unemployment, provoking and developing the various social knowledge, skills, and competences that everyone needs, regardless of their social status, gender, race, or ethnicity. Conclusion: It is of the utmost importance for society to continue to work on the topic by promoting and guaranteeing greater impact on problems and solutions in this area, promoting good practices for integration and social inclusion.
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Bonet, G., C. Aizprua Luna, T. Watton, and D. W. Hunt. "A key uncertainty in pre-salt evaluations: Carbonates vs. Volcanic discrimination in the Campos & Santos Basins (Brazil)." In First EAGE Workshop on Pre-Salt Reservoir: from Exploration to Production. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201982018.

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Ilieva-Sinigerova, Silvia. "DIDACTIC TEST FOR ASSESSMENT OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE IN TAEKWON-DO." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/140.

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ABSTRACT Successful performance and high sports achievements in martial arts depend on the various aspects of sports training - physical, technical, tactical, and psychological training. On the other hand, the increase in technical degree is related to a physical and theoretical exam. The aim of the present study is to assess the knowledge of athletes related to the history and creation of taekwon-do. Methodology: The study was carried out in April – May 2020. The research was aimed to explores the knowledge of the athletes, related to the history and creation of taekwon-do. The study involved 232 taekwon-do athletes (15.53 ± 4.30 years) with different sports experience and degree from 15 local taekwon-do clubs in Bulgaria. The online form test contains a total of 17 questions (4 personal and 13 specialized questions). Results: The largest accumulation of values (most athletes) received a result in the range of 11-16 points (68.53% of all tested). Most tasks have very good discrimination (0.40 ≤ DP ≤ 0.70). The calculated difficulty P of the questions used is in the range of 63-97%. Conclusion: Empirical data show that the test has good statistical characteristics and can be used to assess the theoretical knowledge of athletes during a promotion exam. The data obtained from the pedagogical experiment give grounds to claim that the level of knowledge and skills of taekwon-do athletes are at different levels.
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Reports on the topic "Discrimination in sports – Brazil"

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Chauvin, Juan Pablo, and Clemence Tricaud. Gender and Electoral Incentives: Evidence from Crisis Respons. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004458.

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While there is evidence of gender differences in leaders behavior, less is known about what drives these gaps. This paper uncovers the role of electoral incentives. Using a close election regression discontinuity design in Brazil, we first show that female mayors handled the COVID-19 crisis differently over the year 2020, which ended with new municipal elections. We find that having a female mayor led to more deaths per capita at the beginning of the pandemic a period characterized by uncertainty about the severity of the threat but to fewer deaths per capita later in the year, a period where this uncertainty was reduced. We provide additional evidence that female mayors were less likely to close non-essential businesses early on, and more likely to do so at the end, and that residents in female-led municipalities were more likely to stay at home in the weeks surrounding the election. We then show that these results can be rationalized by a simple political agency model where politicians seek re-election and where voters assess female and male politicians actions differently. Consistent with this interpretation, we show that the gender differences we find are driven exclusively by mayors who were not term-limited and thus allowed to run for re-election, and that the effects are stronger in municipalities with greater gender discrimination. Taken together, the results suggest that female and male leaders face different electoral incentives and adapt their policy decisions to voters expectations.
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