Journal articles on the topic 'Discrimination in employment – European Union countries'
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1
Savchuk, Sergiy. "Special aspects of legal regulation of fixed-term employment contracts of some European countries." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.54.
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The article is devoted to the study of foreign experience in legal regulation of fixed-term employment contracts. Fixed-termemployment contracts should be considered as one of the earliest and, accordingly, the oldest forms of non-standard employment. Tur -ning to the concept of the application of fixed-term employment contracts in Ukraine in the near future, it seems appropriate to consider the possibility of their further development through the prism of studying European experience. Indeed, in many European countriesthe fixed-term contracts are quite common and therefore analysis of both positive and negative examples of their legal regulation willbe useful for the future development of labour legislation in Ukraine.The article features an analysis of the relevant legislation of the United Kingdom, Estonia, Italy, Poland and France. It is concludedthat the membership of these states in the European Union has had a significant impact on the evolution of national labour le -gislation. This also applies to the United Kingdom, which had been part of this economic and political union for a long time.The transposition of EU legislation into national law by these countries predetermines the existence of common features betweenthem in the legal regulation of fixed-term employment contracts. This common features include: clear time limits of the employmentcontract, maximum allowable number of renewals enshrined in law, compliance with the principle of non-discrimination, etc.In turn, the implementation of fixed-term employment relationships in each country differs in its uniqueness, which is due to thedomestic tradition of their implementation. For example, in the United Kingdom, the dismissal of an employee due to the expiration ofthe employment contract is considered through the lens of fairness of the employer’s actions, while in Italy the number of fixed-termemployment contracts with a particular employer cannot exceed 30 %.The above circumstances should be taken into account by Ukraine when reforming labour legislation. Indeed, the need to implementCouncil Directive 1999/70/EC is clearly provided for in clauses 1139 and 1140 of the Action Plan for the implementation of theAssociation Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and theirmember states, on the other hand, approved by Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 1106, of 25.10.2017.
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McKay, Sonia. "Does One Size Fit All? Trade Unions, Discrimination and Legal Regulation in the European Union." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 27, Issue 2 (June 1, 2011): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2011012.
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It is argued that accessing decent work and employment is among the most effective ways of integrating people and encouraging social cohesion, and it was within this framework of understanding that, just over ten years ago, two Directives were passed: Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in accessing employment and while in work and Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin.1 The Equality Directives do more than simply locate equality issues within the workplace. They also place a particular responsibility on Member States to promote social dialogue between the social partners, employers, and trade unions to work towards the promotion of equality. This article considers the extent to which the directives have been successful in this regard through an examination of initiatives taken by Europe's trade unions to foster equal treatment. Based on a study of 130 such trade union initiatives in thirty-four European countries, selected on the basis of their significance or degree of innovation in relation to their specific country contexts, the article examines whether and in what way the principles enshrined in the directives have impact on the practices of Europe's trade unions while also considering whether their histories, geographies, policies, and practices together with their contexts of operation make the promotion of equality in all of the areas covered by the directives a challenge too far. This also at least raises the question as to whether a single framework for legal regulation can operate as an effective tool for the promotion of equality, in particular, given the responsibility of trade unions to their members, who, in periods of economic crisis, may focus on job protection measures to the exclusion of other policies.
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Malina, Anna. "Assessment of women’s situation on the labour market in EU countries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 65, no. 3 (April 17, 2020): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0458.
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The aim of the article is to analyse and evaluate the changes in women’s situation on the labour market of European Union countries in the years 2005–2018. The analysis focused on the economic activity of women and men and the following selected aspects of the labour market: the employment and unemployment rates and the relation between women and men’s wages. A hypothesis that women’s situation on the labour market improved, and the pay discrimination against women shrank in EU countries, has been formulated. The study utilised statistical data from the Eurostat Data Base. The evaluation of women’s situation was performed by means of a synthetic measure whose values were determined using the non-standard formula. That measure served as the basis for the linear ordering of EU countries according to the situation of women on the labour market. The study demonstrated that overall, women’s situation on the labour market improved in most EU countries in the analysed period. In all EU countries, the employment rate of women remains lower than the employment rate of men, and additionally, the former strongly varies throughout EU countries. The indicator which differentiates between the women’s and men’s labour markets to a large extent is the percentage of persons employed part-time. Part time employment is more popular in Western European countries and concerns women to a much greater extent than men. The study indicates that the levelling of women’s and men’s wages is taking place; nevertheless, women’s wages in nearly half of EU countries still do not exceed 80% of men’s average wages.
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Mosakova, E. A., and K. Kizilova. "Labor market in the UK in digital era: The gender dimension." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 3 (September 17, 2021): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-3-512-519.
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The article considers gender discrimination in the field of labor relations in the United Kingdom (UK) in the pre-covid period. In the past decades, the Western European countries have made the most significant progress in achieving gender equality in various fields, including labor relations, and became the world leader in this area. However, despite all the efforts of the international community, no country has achieved a full gender equality, and Great Britain is no exception. The authors argue that the British anti-discrimination legislation (before leaving the European Union) was based on international acts and conventions. For a long time, there were acts and laws prohibiting discrimination in the labor market, which seriously hindered the implementation of an effective anti-discrimination policy in the sphere of labor relations. It was not until 2010 that the law on equality was passed to replace all previous laws and regulations and to provide an exhaustive list of criteria for prohibiting discrimination. As a result, Great Britain began to develop a rather strict national anti-discrimination legislation in the field of labor relations. Thus, in the past decades, the UK has been achieving gender equality in the economic sphere at a faster pace than the average European Union country. The study shows a steady decline in the gender wage gap in the UK over the past two decades, which may be considered one of the countrys most significant achievements in fighting gender discrimination in the labor market. However, there is still a number of serious challenges: a relatively low female labor force participation and employment rate, a gender wage gap and income gap, horizontal and vertical segregation, a gender gap in postgraduate education, and a significant gender gap in time spent on family responsibilities. Age discrimination presents a special problem in the sphere of labor relations in Great Britain. In the European Union, the first laws prohibiting age discrimination were adopted only in the 2000s, and in the UK - in 2006. This problem still remains extremely acute for the labor market, since age discrimination in the UK ranks third among the most common grounds for discrimination - after gender and disability.
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Grybaitė, Virginija. "ANALYSIS OF THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO GENDER PAY GAP." Journal of Business Economics and Management 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2006): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2006.9636127.
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The number of women in the world labour force is growing. Nevertheless, in spite of women's large share in the labour force, many gender inequities in the labour market, such as gender specific jobs, pay inequities are observed. Women and men do not receive equal pay for equal work. Wage discrimination is reality. Women on average have lower incomes, lower wages and less advantageous terms of employment than men. The purpose of this article is to review main theoretical approaches to the basic economic question about the gender pay gap: why do, women, on average earn less than men. Attention has been focused on basic theoretical approaches: human capital model, labour market discrimination and theory of occupational segregation. The paper is based on empirical data from Lithuania and other European Union countries.
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Egorov, A., and A. Petrovskiy. "Social and Economic Problems of EC Countries in the Initial Pandemic Period." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 3 (2021): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-3-52-59.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of key social and economic problems in the EU countries during the initial period of the pandemic. Forced isolation amid the spread of the coronavirus contributed to the growth of domestic and domestic violence, manifestations of racism and xenophobia in the EU. Social discrimination manifested itself in the restriction of access to goods and services for people with Asian appearance. A negative factor was the statements of certain right-wing politicians, as well as a number of media outlets. The member states of the European Union sought to carry out proactive communication with the population of their countries, convincing the latter to use exclusively official information about the situation with the COVID 19 virus and taking steps to ensure the widespread presence of the opinion of the governance in the media and on the Internet. Due to the extraordinary circumstances, EU member states have resumed controls at their internal borders in an effort to ensure the safety of their citizens. Despite assurances from the European Commission that the restrictions would not affect the interests of the EU population and third-country nationals, in March 2020, tangible obstacles arose in the way of realizing the fundamental right to free movement. The first steps were taken to support the sectors of the economy and the employment market in the initial phase of the pandemic. Particular attention was paid to the state of affairs in the most vulnerable service sector. The employment market experienced serious shocks, which was reflected in the growth of unemployment in the EU countries. The measures taken by the authorities of the member states, in general, met the interests of workers, but encountered difficulties in the course of implementation.
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Gerych, A. Y. "The genesis of the legal regulation of migration control in the EU countries and the impact on this process of the military invasion of the russian federation on the territory of independent Ukraine." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 3 (September 28, 2022): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.03.51.
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The article is devoted to the study of legal regulation of migration control, security, legal regulation of asylum, integration of immigrants, etc. in EU countries, as well as its generalization and identification of stages of development of suchregulation. It is established that, in general, there are four such stages: 1) from the beginning of the formation of the European Community to the end of the 1960s; kin. 60’s - 70’s of the XX century .; 80 years of the twentieth century. - zero years of theXI century; 4) since the 10 years of the XI century. It was established that at the first stage of the formation of the European Community migration policy was not relevant in the legal regulation.
It is researched that the beginning of the second stage is connected with the adoption in 1968 of the Regulation «On freedom of movement of workers within the community», which aimed to create incentives for mobility and flexibility of labor migrationwithin European education. This Regulation provides for the elimination of any discrimination on grounds of nationality between workers of the Member States in respect of employment, remuneration and other conditions of work and employment.
It was determined that in the third stage migration of economic-social migration was transferred to the sphere of politics. An important factor in the politicization of migration has been the use of an asylum institute for immigration purposes as an alternative way of economic immigration to EU countries. This period is characterized by the interstate cooperation of European countries within the framework of the Task Force on Immigration (Trevi) and the Schengen Group, as well as with functional organizations such as the police, the Schengen Agreement on the free crossing of borders between the participating countries and the abolition of border controls in Maastricht the definition of migration, asylum and refugees became part of theThird Pillar and the Treaty of Amsterdam, where sections of the Third Pillar concerning immigration, asylum and refugees as were komunitaryzovani.It is concluded that the European Union countries are in the fourth stage of the development of legal regulation of migration control, which began with the migration crisis of 2014-2015, but has not yet been resolved with the problems and challengesfaced by the participating countries.
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Vapnyarchuk, N. "To the issue of discrimination in the field of labor relations in today's conditions." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 73 (December 9, 2022): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.73.25.
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The article is devoted to the study of the problems of discrimination, its manifestations in the field of labor relations in today's conditions. Because at the current stage of development and formation of Ukraine, the problems of discrimination are gaining great importance and require additional research. Today, the main problem of discrimination in Ukraine is its widespread form of manifestation, which consists in gender inequality in the field of employment and job search. Domestic legislation, international documents, as well as the views of scientists who were engaged in the study of this problem were analyzed. It is noted that discrimination in the field of labor is unequal opportunities for employees endowed with equal productivity, or unequal treatment of them by employers, society and the state; this is a deliberate restriction of the rights of the subjects of social and labor relations, which blocks their access to equal opportunities in the labor market. It was concluded that the adoption of legislative acts aimed at preventing discrimination in the field of employment (Laws of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Regarding Strengthening the Protection of Workers' Rights" dated 05.12.2022 No. 2253-IX, "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the optimization of labor relations" dated 01.07.2022 No. 2352-IX) will contribute to bringing domestic legislation into line with the legislation of the European Union, the practice of the International Labor Organization and will have a positive impact on the market environment. Since, as the experience of developed countries shows, non-discrimination contributes not only to the establishment of democratic principles and respect for human rights, but also has a positive impact on social and economic relations in society, allows more efficient use of human resources, and ensures stability. Especially today, when Ukrainian society has faced new challenges. In such an extremely difficult time, the field of labor legislation more than ever needs adaptation, and therefore, the introduction of appropriate changes.
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Vennikova, V. V. "Disputes in the sphere of social security: ways of prevention, essence and methods of resolution in the countries of the European Union." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 3 (September 28, 2022): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.03.17.
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The article examines the European experience of considering disputes in the field of social security, the ways of their prevention, the essence and methods of resolution, the possibility of borrowing positive assets of foreign states in the law enforcement practice of Ukraine is considered.
Having analyzed the European experience of resolving disputes in the field of social security, three ways of their possible settlement are distinguished: 1) with the help of special courts on social security issues (sectoral justice); 2) through a civil process in general courts; 3) by means of conciliation and arbitration procedures.
It was determined that a social model has developed in European countries, which is based on such values common to all EU member states, such as: a close connection between the level of economic development and social progress; high level of social security, which is universal in nature; developed legislation; equal opportunities and fight against discrimination; production democracy; dialogue of social partners within the framework of contractual relations; availability of developed social infrastructure; the key role of the state in solving social problems; the struggle for employment and eradication of the phenomenon of social rejection and poverty; decent salary; social justice and solidarity in society. These basic values also formed the basis of consideration and resolution of disputes in the field of social security. The listed values should form the foundation of the Ukrainian theory and practice of social disputes. It was determined that the national specifics and practice of each European state provide for the use of various methods of resolving social disputes with recourse to social courts, reconciliation services, mediation, arbitration and mediation. The activity of social courts is based on the principles of tripartite cooperation (tripartism). Court cases are considered by a panel consisting of a professional judge and two non-professional judges.
In addition, state mediation and mediation are effective measures for the pre-trial resolution of social disputes in the EU countries. They contribute to the relief of the judicial system, saving time and financial resources of the parties to the dispute. These institutions are little known for Ukraine and, at the same time, promising.
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Zholudeva, Natal’ya R., and Sergey A. Vasyutin. "Employment Problems of Muslim Migrants in France (Exemplified by Paris). Part 1." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 6 (December 20, 2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v137.
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The first part of the article briefly covers the history of immigration to France, social conflicts associated with migrants, and the results of French research on discrimination of immigrants in employment. In spite of the high unemployment rate, compared with other European Union countries, France remains one of the centres of migration and receives a significant number of migrants and refugees every year. The origins of immigration to France go back to the mid-19th century. Initially, it was mainly for political reasons, in order to find a job or receive an education. Between the First and the Second World Wars, France accepted both political (e.g. from Russia, Germany and Spain) and labour migrants (from Africa and Indo-China). After World War II, the French government actively invited labour migrants from the French colonies, primarily, from North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco). When the Algerian War ended, the Harkis – Algerians who served in the French Army – found refuge in France. By the late 1960s, the Moroccan and Tunisian communities were formed. Up to the 1980s, labour migration was predominant. However, with time, the share of refugees and those who wanted to move to France with their families started to increase. This caused a growing social and political tension in French society resulting in conflicts (e.g. the 2005 riots in Paris). Moreover, the numerous terrorist attacks and the migration crisis of 2014–2016 had a particularly negative impact on the attitude towards migrants. All these issues have to a certain extent affected the employment of the Muslim population in France.
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Munkholm, Natalie Videbaek, and Jackie Lane. "Danish and British Protection from Disability Discrimination at Work Past, Present and Future." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 31, Issue 1 (March 1, 2015): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2015006.
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Denmark and the United Kingdom both became members of what is now the European Union (EU) in 1973 and are thus equally matched in terms of opportunity to bring their anti-discrimination laws into line with those of the EU and other supra-national bodies such as the United Nations (UN) and the Council of Europe. Our investigation, based on existing reports, academic analysis and case law rulings involving alleged discrimination on grounds of disability, has revealed some major differences in the level of protection provided by each country's legislature and judicature, but also by other mechanisms that extend beyond these traditional measures, such as workplace collective agreements. While the UK has a long history of supporting people with disabilities by legislating in all aspects of society, Denmark has been at the forefront with social mechanisms, but has been reluctant to ensure equality in the labour market. However, both countries have been equally unsuccessful in ensuring opportunities for disabled workers, and consideration is given here as to whether one system of dealing with this is better than another. We conclude that neither strict regulation imposed by the EU or national governments, nor the laissez-faire method of leaving the level of protection to be decided by collective agreement is entirely satisfactory. A different perspective altogether would be to adopt the substantive diversity theory which would focus on a person's abilities and what they are able to do, and to gear society to embrace diversities, as the Danish employment agency Specialisterne has done so successfully in the case of adults with autism. Countries such as Denmark and the UK have much to learn from each other to tackle successfully this last bastion of workplace inequality.
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Bajzíková, Ľubica, and Peter Bajzik. "Mobility and working opportunities in the EU and Slovakia." Management 25, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30924/mjcmi.25.1.6.
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Current globalisation processes witness the mobility and migration of labour as their characteristic features. The free movement of people and workers is one of the rights of citizens of the European Union (EU), and includes the right to move, to reside and to work in an EU member state without discrimination. The aim of this paper is to analyse the labour mobility within the EU with special attention to Slovakia. In its historical development, Slovakia belonged to countries with population migrating predominantly to foreign countries and was not a traditional destination country for migrants. However, today it has gradually become a state that employs foreign labour, especially in production plants. This change has not only been contributed to by Slovakia’s accession to the EU, but especially by the economic development of the state and the creation of new job opportunities for both domestic and foreign labour. The study analyses the intra-mobility in Slovakia and focuses on analysis of the trends in employment of foreign workers from EU and non-EU member states between 2007 and 2019. For the purposes of this paper, data were extracted from a relatively large number of prominent sources, for example: the European Commission, Eurostat, and the International Labour Organization (ILO) reports, and the Slovak Statistical Office resources related to labour mobility. In the desk research, the collected information were analysed and subjected to critical multidimensional assessment from quantitative, absolute, and relative, as well as cross-sectional perspectives. Special attention was paid to analysis of documentation that accompanied these data. The significance of the examined topic is underlined by the fact that Slovakia is currently a recipient of foreign labour due to insufficient qualification of domestic labour. It therefore introduces new legislative measures to speed up the employment process, remove administrative barriers and, in cooperation with employers, accelerate the process of adaptation to new work-related conditions, especially for workers from non-EU countries. In addition, employment of third-country nationals in Slovakia is a relatively demanding and lengthy process. On the one hand, the employment of foreigners contributes to economic development. On the other hand, this process stirs various problems, which are mainly related to cultural and social integration, and the removal of which cannot be achieved only through the legal regulations.
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Varga, Bernadett Mária. "Access to healthcare services for the Roma and undocumented migrants in the EU in light of the Covid-19 pandemic." International Journal of Roma Studies 2, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/ijrs.2020.5952.
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Background. The rising number of the EU Roma citizens from the CEE countries, non-EU Roma citizens from the Western-Balkans, and of undocumented migrants in the European Union makes it interesting to see that most of them face barriers when accessing health services [with a European Health Insurance Card (EHIC)] or have no health coverage at all [no legal entitlement]. European migrant health policies are seemingly well structured and responsive to the needs of migrants, however, results of recent studies raise the question whether the legislations are responsive enough to the needs of the Roma and undocumented migrants when accessing health services. Given the circumstances of the Covid-19 pandemic these groups are now at an increased risk and they might not be able to understand how the virus transmits and how they can protect themselves from it. Methods. Literature review focusing on the access to health services and migrant health policies in the EU and the UK was carried out. The target groups of this research were Roma citizens and third-country national undocumented migrants residing in the European Union. Results. In theory the legal entitlement for accessing healthcare for migrants in general is satisfactory, while in practice these groups face difficulties, such as prejudice, discrimination and other barriers (language, logistical) when approaching health services. Migrants lack trust in the health system and the healthcare professionals, and are not aware of their fundamental rights to healthcare either. Conclusions. Legal entitlements for EU migrant citizens do not differ within EU countries but they significantly vary for undocumented migrants Europe-wide and there seems to be a mismatch between the legal entitlements for undocumented migrants in theory and their implementation in practice. Given the circumstances of the pandemic these groups are at an increased risk and therefore their health inclusion through health literacy programs should take place, as well as health workers should be trained on diversity in order to establish diversity adapted EU health systems. Seeking adaptive practices to establish cultural diversity within the healthcare settings, and introducing the universal health coverage scheme Europe-wide in order for undocumented migrants and EU citizens without employment to benefit from proper healthcare services is encouraged and necessary.
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Kolin, Marija, and Lilijana Cickaric. "Gender inequalities in employment, governance and decision-making." Stanovnistvo 48, no. 1 (2010): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1001103k.
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In this paper we examine gender differences in the pattern and level of employment, main characteristics of women's employment and their participation in political institutions, public policy and decision-making process. The analysis contains comparative view pointed out on gender differences in Serbia and European Union and assessment of anti-discrimination measures and active integrative approach to gender participation. The quantitative data derived from official gender sensitive statistics from EU and UN institutions, supplemented by qualitative findings of recent surveys. The evidence presented in the paper pointed out unfavorable position of women in the labor market, characterized by low economic activity, limited access to managerial position and prestige wages, high unemployment, poverty and vulnerability. The Serbian labor market is characterized by a downward rate of activity of women and a high unemployment rate, the latter being the crucial factor of unequal position. Activity of women at the labor market amounting to 54.6% in 2006 relative to the total female population of working age is very low. Economic activity of women is considerably beneath that of men which amounts to 72.7% active men as compared to the total male population of working age. Statistics and reports on the structure of the unemployed show that women are more affected by unemployment than men. It is 1.5 times higher than that of men of the same working age. The unemployment rate in Serbia is one of the highest in Europe, ranging from 21% to 30%, depending on the methodology of calculation. The position of unemployed women is determined by poor opportunities to contract full-time employment, low and irregular payment of unemployment benefits, poor chances for prequalification and professional retraining and a high probability of engagement on unpaid jobs at home or jobs in 'gray economy'. In the second part of the article the differences and similarities in patterns of political behavior of women in Serbia and European Union are examined, considering participation in governance, decision making and public policy. The analysis emphasizes that women are still under-represented in political system and its institutions in Serbia, more then in the most EU countries. Namely, the number of women in politics in Serbia was dramatically reduced in the course of the nineties due to strengthening of nationalistic politics, ethnic conflicts, economic sanctions and isolation of the country. Relative to the socialist period, when participation of women in parliaments was 17%, women completely disappeared from the political scene in this period. After the 1992 elections, only 4.0% women were elected into the Serbian parliament, and after the elections in 2000, of the 250 members of the Serbian parliament, only 27 (10.8%) were women. Finally, participation of women at the 2008 Parliamentary Elections doubled (20,4%) following the introduction of quota for the less represented gender in the Law on Election of Members of Parliament. Representation increased to 21.3% at the local level also. But, women are still underrepresented on leading positions in governing and decision making in public policy. There are three times less women among the legislators, state agencies officials, CEOs, directors and managers. .
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Cordos, Alexandru. "THE IMPORTANCE OF APPLYING THE GENDER EQUALITY PRINCIPLE AT INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL." Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v9i1.1865.
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Gender equality, as a fundamental principle of the European Union, is included in a series of legislative and non-legislative documents recommending a balanced participation of both genders in the drafting and adoption of major decisions in the political and social fields, as a vital component in the development of a real democracy and a decisive factor of economic growth.In terms of the degree of labour employment, gender equality is reflected in the need to promote equally women and men in the labour market, particularly in leading positions.According to the European Commission’s report, women in European countries are still underrepresented in leadership positions, although there has been some general progress. Compared to the situation recorded ten years ago, at EU level, there was an increase by 16% of women involved in politics and appointed to ministerial posts.The drafting of the first National Strategy on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men adopted by Government Decision no. 319/2006 approving the National Strategy on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men for the period 2006-2009 and of the General Action Plan for Implementing the National Strategy on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men for the period 2006-2009.This shows that women in Romania still experience gender discrimination, and this is true for areas of economy where women are the majority, as well as for those where men are the majority. The result is the emergence of occupational gender segregation, feminized occupational fields are generally lower paid. Although progress has been made both in the field of education and that of labour employment, women still have many obstacles to pass before achieving real equality.The efforts to be made in order to strengthen gender equality must address not only the improvement of legislation in the field of opportunity and gender equality, but also a change in attitudes and behaviours, in social structures, so as to allow women to develop their personality according to their own will and be actively involved in all areas of life.
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Fouskas, Theodoros. "Repercussions of precarious employment on migrants’ perceptions of healthcare in Greece." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 11, no. 4 (September 10, 2018): 298–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-01-2018-0010.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the cases of Bangladeshi, Filipina, Nigerian, Palestinian and Pakistani migrant workers and how the frame of their work and employment in precarious, low-status/low-wage jobs affects their perceptions and practices regarding health and access to healthcare services. Design/methodology/approach Using qualitative research methodology, the analysis via in-depth interviews focuses on male Bangladeshi, Nigerian, Pakistani and Palestinian unskilled manual and textile laborers as well as street vendors, and female Filipina live-in domestic workers. Findings Migrants are entrapped in a context of isolative and exploitative working conditions, i.e., in unskilled labor, textile work, street-vending, personal services, care and domestic work, which lead them to adopt a self-perception in which healthcare and social protection are not a priority. Social implications Throughout the paper it has become clear that these precarious low-status/low-wage jobs have an important underside effect on migrants’ lives, intensifying labor and health instability and exposing migrants to employment-generating activities that do not guarantee health safety. In Greek society, the impact of migration on public health is characterized by many as a “time bomb ready to explode,” especially in urban centers. Meanwhile, the economy and particularly the informal sector of the labor market is benefiting from migrant workers. More research is needed as this mode of exploitative labor and precarious employment needs to be adequately addressed to mitigate barriers in the access of labor and healthcare rights. Originality/value Via its contribution to the sociology of migration with particular emphasis on labor healthcare, the paper provides evidence that due to their concentration in precarious, low-status/low-wage jobs migrant workers have very limited access to healthcare services. The removal of inequalities and discrimination against migrant workers in accessing healthcare services and medical care is a challenge for South European Union countries and particularly for Greece. However, in spite of this, there is no uniform policy in the management of migrants with respect to their access to health services. The paper will aid debates between policy makers and academics working on migration and inequalities due to the division of labor and health disparities, will contribute to the understanding of the perils attached to precarious, low-status/low-wage jobs and in addressing health inequalities effectively.
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Bell, Mark. "Combating Racial Discrimination Through the European Employment Strategy." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 6 (2004): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802759458.
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During the last decade, the European Union has taken a variety of initiatives that together form a policy on combating racial discrimination. Understandably, legal academics have so far devoted greatest attention to the legislative initiatives, most notably, the EU Race Directive. The Directive is striking, both because of its broad material scope (covering areas such as employment, education, housing and healthcare), but also as a result of the new directions that it introduced into EU antidiscrimination law. Whilst it is certainly the centrepiece of EU anti-racism policy, it is part of a broader policy framework. This includes other, less auspicious legal instruments, as well as various public expenditure programmes. The EU Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia provides an institutional dimension to the anti-racism policy.
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Bell, Mark. "Combating Racial Discrimination Through the European Employment Strategy." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 6 (2004): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000003578.
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During the last decade, the European Union has taken a variety of initiatives that together form a policy on combating racial discrimination. Understandably, legal academics have so far devoted greatest attention to the legislative initiatives, most notably, the EU Race Directive. The Directive is striking, both because of its broad material scope (covering areas such as employment, education, housing and healthcare), but also as a result of the new directions that it introduced into EU antidiscrimination law. Whilst it is certainly the centrepiece of EU anti-racism policy, it is part of a broader policy framework. This includes other, less auspicious legal instruments, as well as various public expenditure programmes. The EU Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia provides an institutional dimension to the anti-racism policy.
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Banelienė, Rūta. "EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ECONOMIC POLICY UNDER THE EUROPE-2020 STRATEGY IN SMALL EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Ekonomika 92, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2013.0.1418.
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Abstract. The evaluation criteria to measure the efficiency of a state’s economic policy in terms of integration processes in the European Union were determined in the Europe 2020 Strategy endorsed by the European Council in June 2010. According to the Strategy, the European Union has committed to seek progress in the fields of employment, investment in R&D, climate change and energy, education, and poverty reduction. With a view to assessing the economic impact of the above commitments by the European Union vis-a-vis small European Union countries, this article provides an evaluation of the three objectives of the Europe 2020 Strategy – employment, education, and investment in R&D – and their impact on the economic growth in smaller countries of the European Union.This article concludes that many of the smaller European Union countries choose not to be ambitious enough in their national objectives of employment, education, and investment in R&D areas under the Europe 2020 Strategy and, during the 2011–2020 period, they show on average a 4.8% lower annual GDP growth than it could potentially be, i.e. they abandon far-reaching ambitious targets.Key words: economic policy, small European Union countries, Europe 2020 Strategy, employment, education, R&D
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Georgescu, Maria-Ana, and Emilia Herman. "Productive Employment for Inclusive and Sustainable Development in European Union Countries: A Multivariate Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 24, 2019): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061771.
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It is widely recognized that achieving highly productive employment is a serious challenge facing inclusive and sustainable development. In this context, the aim of this article was to highlight the main characteristics and mechanisms of productive employment, focusing on the interrelationships between productive employment, and inclusive and sustainable development in European Union countries, during the recent economic crisis and recovery period (2007–2016). The results of the correlation and regression analysis suggest that the high level of inclusive and sustainable development in some European Union countries can be mainly explained by high labor productivity, an efficient sectoral structure of employment, a low level of vulnerable and precarious employment, and low working poverty. Moreover, the results of the principal component analysis and cluster analysis show that there are common features and differences between the European Union member states in terms of their interrelationship between productive employment, and inclusive and sustainable development, which emphasizes the need to take specific actions to transform unproductive employment into productive employment, especially in southern countries and some central and eastern European countries, so that productive employment will be the driving force for development.
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Sardelić, Julija. "The Exclusion of Roma and European Citizenship." Current History 120, no. 824 (March 1, 2021): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.824.100.
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Some 10-15 million members of the Roma minority live in Europe; an estimated 6 million are citizens of the European Union. It was not until the 1990s that European Union institutions began treating Roma as an ethnic minority deserving of human rights protections. Concerns about mass migration of Roma from Eastern European countries where they face severe discrimination was one of the reasons the EU included protections for Roma among the conditions that candidate countries had to meet to qualify for consideration in its most recent rounds of enlargement. Those EU efforts have overlooked similar discrimination and neglect in western member states.
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Skupień, Dagmara. "Praca na własny rachunek w ramach Unii Europejskiej w świetle prawa i orzecznictwa." Studia z zakresu Prawa Pracy i Polityki Społecznej 29, no. 3 (October 20, 2022): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444654spp.22.023.16568.
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Self-employment in the European Union in the light of legal regulations and case law Self-employment is the subject of both EU regulations and case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. On the one hand, EU law ensures self-employed persons freedom to provide services and freedom of establishment by removing barriers and protecting against discrimination. On the other hand, EU law aims to combat bogus self-employment and to provide social protection for the self-employed, recognizing the wide spectrum of their labour market situation. The case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, discussed in this article, plays an important role in extending the personal scope of the concept of ‘worker’ under various social policy directives to persons who perform work on a basis other than an employment relationship, working under similar conditions.
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Ewa Pośpiech and Adrianna Mastalerz-Kodzis. "Economic Activity of the Population by Age in the European Union Countries." Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences 2, no. 3 (May 6, 2020): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/jarss.v2i3.287.
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The employment level research is an important element of economic analyses supporting the conduct of efficient regional or country policy. Many factors influence the level of this phenomenon, these are demographic, social and economic factors. The employment level can be considered in various categories and the demographic changes encourage to carry out employment analyses by age. Therefore, the subject of the analysis was employment (employment rate) of the European Union countries broken down by age. The main purpose of the article was to show similarities and differences in the level and structure of employment occurring in the European Union countries, and besides, examining the existence of spatial patterns in the period under investigation. To achieve this goal, selected quantitative tools were used, including classic and positional measures of central tendency, indicators of dynamics (average change rate) and measures of interdependence between variables (Pearson's correlation coefficient). In addition, selected spatial autocorrelation measures (global and local Moran's statistic) were used to identify spatial dependences. Data for analyses were taken from the Eurostat database. The results of the research showed the changing employment structure (by age) in the European Union countries and showed the existence of certain spatial dependences, especially in the oldest group of employed persons.
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Schefer, Krista Nadakavukaren. "Fag og Arbejde v. Kommunernes Landsforening (CJEU)." International Legal Materials 54, no. 4 (August 2015): 735–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.54.4.0735.
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On December 18, 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU or the Court) issued its judgment of the case Fag og Arbejde (FOA) v. Kommunernes Landsforening (KL).1 The CJEU’s decision is notable for being the first in which the Court directly rules on the question of whether discrimination based on body weight is prohibited under European law. Finding that there is no general prohibition on obesity discrimination in the employment context, the Court of Justice of the European Union nevertheless considers that in some cases, obesity can be a cause of disability. As a result, unequal treatment of obese persons could be a violation of the protections of non-discrimination enjoyed by persons with disabilities.
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Angheluță, Petrică Sorin, Svetlana Platagea Gombos, Ciprian Rotaru, and Anna Kant. "Aspects of globalization of employment in the European Union." SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112908001.
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Research background: The influence exerted by globalization manifests predominantly in field of employment. The challenges generated by this process are amplified by technological developments. Facilities of movement and establishment in various regions, and the new opportunities for conducting professional activities, have led to increased mobility of employment. Globalization has led to a growing interest of businesses to operate outside their own country. Purpose of the article: In the current context, the purpose of the article is to analyze whether in the field of employment there is a tendency to increase the share of persons employed in enterprises controlled from outside the EU in total EU employment. Methods: The article presents the comparative situation of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from outside the EU. The article also presents an analysis of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from inside the European Union. Findings & Value added: Following the analysis, there is an increase in employment in enterprises controlled from inside the EU in total EU employment. Also, depending on the economic activity, there is a higher distribution for the following economic activities: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Information and communication, Transportation and storage. Regarding the comparative situation of the number of employed persons for enterprises controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, a number of over 5 million employed persons was registered in 6 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Netherlands). Regarding the situation of the foreign control of enterprises by economic activity, controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, at the level of the European Union the economic activities in which more than 10 million people are employed are: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Construction, Professional, scientific and technical activities, Accommodation and food service activities and Transportation and storage.
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Nagy, Benedek. "The Restructuring of the European Pharmaceutical Industry between 2000 and 2018." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.24.14.
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To meet the requirements of global competition, the European Union (EU) places particular emphasis on the development of knowledge‑intensive, innovative industries. The pharmaceutical industry, as a high‑tech manufacturing subsection, has a long tradition in Europe. However, the distribution of pharmaceutical industry employment and value added is not even within the Union, and its temporal dynamics is also different.
In the present paper, I examine the change of the structure of the pharmaceutical industry within the Union using country groups. I compare the development of pharmaceutical industry employment in the period between 2000 and 2018 in three country groups. I use a simple decomposition method to separate the effects of sector growth and labor productivity change on the change of pharmaceutical employment to find out how similarly this industry evolved in the different country groups. The analysis shows that while in the 12 original, i.e., pre–2004, member states (Core EU), employment slightly increased alongside a considerable increase in value added, the nine post‑socialist countries (PS9) achieved slightly greater value added expansion combined with substantial employment growth. Meanwhile, the four Visegrád countries (V4) achieved a value added growth similar to the PS9, but an even greater employment growth. This indicates that the part of the pharmaceutical industry operating with higher labor productivity is concentrating in the Core EU countries, while in the less developed post‑socialist countries, the part of the pharmaceutical industry with lower labor productivity is developing.
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Nowak, Anna, Aneta Jarosz-Angowska, and Artur Krukowski. "The Potential of Polish Bioeconomy Compared to the European Union Countries." Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/ppe.13792.
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Bioeconomy has become one of the major directions in the development of the European Union (EU). This is a response to global challenges including sustainable management of natural resources, sustainable production, public health improvement, mitigation of adverse effects of climate change, and integrated social and economic development. This article aimed to describe how bioeconomy develops and how significant it is to the European Union and evaluate the potential of bioeconomy in Poland in comparison to other EU member states. The potential of bioeconomy was analysed according to the level and structure of employment, gross value added generated by this sector of the economy, as well as according to labour productivity. The analysis was based on an official classification of economic activity in Europe (NACE). The timeline of the study was 2008 and 2017, which allowed evaluating changes that occurred over a decade. The analysis involved data deriving from the European Commission’s statistical database. The studies imply that in 2017 Poland ranked first in the EU in terms of the number of bioeconomy workers, whereas differences in the structure of employment could be observed between Poland and the whole EU. They mostly referred to a higher share of employment in Polish agriculture, with a lower percentage of employment in the food, beverage and tobacco sector. In addition, Poland had a 5% share in generating the Gross Value Added (GVA) of the EU bioeconomy, which put it fifth among all the member states. The GVA of bioeconomy in Poland had a structure similar to that presented by the whole EU with Food, beverage and tobacco and Agriculture being the most significant sectors and Bio-based electricity and Liquid biofuels being relatively insignificant. In addition, in all the sectors labour productivity was lower than on average in the EU.
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Bosch, Gerhard, and Alexandra Wagner. "Service economies in Europe - challenges for employment policy and trade union activities." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 8, no. 3 (August 2002): 392–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890200800306.
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This contribution discusses how service-employment growth can be promoted. After considering some methodological issues in the comparison of service societies, the EU countries are compared in respect of the degree of tertiarisation of their economies, on the basis of which a typology of European service societies is developed. The authors then identify, with reference to empirical data, the driving forces behind the growth of service employment in the EU countries. A central result of the analysis is that service employment does not automatically increase with continued economic growth, but is more closely tied to social innovations than is commonly thought. The authors argue for an orientation model of service employment in the future that both meets employees’ interests in high-quality employment, adequate earned income and social protection, and is economically feasible and socially acceptable. European service societies differ clearly from the US model, and the European model is closely linked to strong trade unions and forms of social dialogue.
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Ferri, Delia, and Silvia Favalli. "Defining Disability in the European Union Nondiscrimination Legislation: Judicial Activism and Legislative Restraints." European Public Law 22, Issue 3 (September 1, 2016): 541–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2016033.
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To date European Union anti-discrimination legislation, particularly the Employment Equality Directive (Directive 2000/78/EC), does not provide any clear definition of disability as a ground of discrimination. In the last few years, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has attempted to fill this gap and discussed the concept of disability in several decisions, in the attempt to provide a definition of the ground of disability. The ratification by the European Union of the UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), has led to a clear overruling in the case law: the Court shifted from the medical model to the social model of disability. The UNCRPD now represents a milestone for the CJEU, which recognized that a duty arises to define disability in line with the social model, under the principle of consistent interpretation. Against this background, this article discusses CJEU case law, and compares and contrasts the judicial activism of the Court with the cautious approach adopted by the European Commission in the proposal for a new non-discrimination directive.
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Zieliński, Mariusz. "USE OF FLEXIBLE FORMS OF EMPLOYMENT IN CHOSEN COUNTRIES OF EUROPEAN UNION DURING THE YEARS 2007-2011." sj-economics scientific journal 10 (December 30, 2012): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v10i.451.
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The article analyses the main trends on the labor market in Poland and other chosen countries in European Union. The research problem has been formulated as follows: economic crisis have an major influence on changes in level and structure of employment. The theoretical part of the article presents characteristics changes on the labor market from point of view of influence of prosperity conditions on flexible forms of employment. The practical part of the article is based on method of statistical analysis. Statistical analysis embraces changes in level and structure of employment, especially level of part-time employed, temporary employed, self-employed. Statistical data show that economic crisis in European Union caused fall in level of employment, increase in level of part-time employment and fall in level of temporary employment and self-employed.
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Sompolska-Rzechuła, Agnieszka, and Agnieszka Kurdyś-Kujawska. "Generation of Young Adults Living with Their Parents in European Union Countries." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (April 4, 2022): 4272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074272.
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Young adult Europeans today find it more and more difficult to leave their native nest. The article examines the changes in the percentage of nesters over time, considering their gender, age, and the form of professional activity and employment status. The article also measures the phenomenon of nesting using the linear ordering of countries. Eurostat data were used in the work. The period of the study covers the years 2011–2019, while the spatial scope relates to the 28 countries of the European Union. The results show that more and more young adults live with their parents, and the percentage of nesters varies across Europe. Young adults living with their parents are people with a different employment status and professional activity. Those are employed persons working full-time, employed persons working part-time, unemployed persons, students, employees with a permanent job, employees with a temporary job and other persons outside the labor force. We prove that the problem of nesting between European countries was varied. It is noticeable that this phenomenon is intensifying, especially among the unemployed and those without permanent employment.
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Fourie, E. S. "Non-Standard Workers: The South African Context, International Law and Regulation by The European Union." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 11, no. 4 (July 4, 2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2008/v11i4a2787.
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The current labour market has many forms of employment relations that differ from full-time employment. "Atypical," "non-standard," or even "marginal" are terms used to describe these new workers and include, amongst others, parttime work, contract work, self-employment, temporary, fixed-term, seasonal, casual, piece-rate work, employees supplied by employment agencies, home workers and those employed in the informal economy. These workers are often paid for results rather than time. Their vulnerability is linked in many instances to the absence of an employment relationship or the existence of a flimsy one. Most of these workers are unskilled or work in sectors with limited trade union organisation and limited coverage by collective bargaining, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation. They should, in theory, have the protection of current South African labour legislation, but in practice the unusual circumstances of their employment render the enforcement of their rights problematic. The majority of non-standard workers in South Africa are those previously disadvantaged by the apartheid regime, compromising women and unskilled black workers. The exclusion of these workers from labour legislation can be seen as discrimination, which is prohibited by almost all labour legislation in South Africa. This contribution illustrates how the concept of indirect discrimination can be an important tool used to provide labour protection to these workers. The purpose of this article is to explore the scope of the extension of labour rights to non-standard workers in the context of South African labour laws and the international framework.
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Irimia, Ana Irina. "The European Union and Minorities." Scientific Bulletin 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsaft-2015-0021.
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Abstract We are currently in the process of making a Europe where the elements of national sovereignty will be narrowed through the sharing of sovereignty and for collective security. Another trend in the field was that of regionalization of the importance and implications of this issue, explicitly or implicitly considered as belonging to Central and Eastern Europe. Such an assessment neglects the significance of a number of factors pertaining to the historical and political developments has on the matter, particularly regarding economic development of Central and Eastern Europe areas, and that the conflictual degeneration of perceiving ethnical, cultural and regional otherness is not a phenomenon which affects this space alone, but also the West. In contradiction with this point of view, some foreign experts in the field say it is a social reality that discrimination and intolerance connected to religion and ethnicity can be found in all meetings of the world and in countries with different economic development phases.
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Palić, Petra, Nikolina Pejović, and Ana Pavković. "The State of Social Entrepreneurship in Selected European Union Countries." Acta economica et turistica 8, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46672/aet.8.1.1.
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Social entrepreneurs create value. Global problems such as poverty have been heightened by the economic crisis lately and continue to affect the lives of many people all over the world and bring a great deal of interest to the social economy. Social entrepreneurship is an important determinant of the social economy and describes a set of exceptional behaviors. This paper analyzes the notion, perception, and degree of social-economic development with an emphasis on social entrepreneurship in the selected countries of the European Union and Croatia. The analysis encompasses the concept and development of selected older members of the European Union and relies on post-socialist countries at the same time as the newest members of the European Union. By analyzing the facts it is trying to prove that the social economy and social entrepreneurship are more developed and more fragmented in the older and more developed countries of the European Union. Further evidence of this fact is the level of employment in the social economy in the European Union, where the postsocialist countries lag behind the more developed countries of the European Union.
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Bengtsson, Lyndsey. "Addressing age stereotyping against older workers in employment." International Journal of Law and Management 62, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-01-2019-0019.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report on an analysis of direct age discrimination cases by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the UK courts and employment tribunals over an 11-year period. The paper focusses upon age stereotyping towards older workers and analyses whether it is endorsed at the European level and/or national level. Design/methodology/approach This research has analysed a sample of 100 employment tribunal judgments concerning direct age discrimination together with 28 CJEU decisions on direct age discrimination. Findings This paper highlights that there are a number of cases in which age stereotyping has been endorsed at the CJEU level. By contrast, the UK courts and employment tribunals have adopted a more robust approach. Research limitations/implications The main limitation is that it only considers case law from the European Court and the influence on the UK case law, without analysing the eventual decisions of the other EU member states. Originality/value The paper contributes to the debate with regard to the approach of the CJEU and the UK courts and employment tribunals in tackling age stereotyping and is the first to examine the influence the CJEU decisions has had on the UK jurisprudence over the period studied.
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Matsue, Toyoki. "Labour Market Institutions and Amplification of Employment Fluctuations." Central European Economic Journal 6, no. 53 (April 29, 2020): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2019-0010.
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AbstractLabour market reforms have been undertaken to eliminate labour market rigidities in European countries since 1970s. The important features of the reforms are the reduction in adjustment costs and the introduction of fixed-term contracts (FTC). Some empirical studies point out that employment fluctuations have become more volatile after the reforms. This paper presents a model with FTC and analyzes the effects of the key features of the reforms. Numerical examples show that an expected productivity shock causes the oscillatory behaviour of employment. Moreover, a reduction in adjustment costs amplifies fluctuations. In the labour market literature, a number of studies point out the importance of trade unions in European countries. This paper also analyzes the effects of union influence, and the numerical examples indicate that the stronger union influence leads to larger employment fluctuations.
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Doronina, Olha. "LIFELONG LEARNING STRATEGIES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Grail of Science, no. 16 (July 11, 2022): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.17.06.2022.074.
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A traditional definition of lifelong learning is “all learning activity conducted throughout life with the goal of enhancing knowledge, skills, and competences within a personal, civic, societal, or employment-related viewpoint” (European Commission, 2001). Over the years, the European Union has placed a strong emphasis on the development of the knowledge triangle "education, innovation, and research," as well as the development of skills. Lifelong learning has been deemed a high political priority by numerous EU organizations with a series of decisions and resolutions (European Commission, 2021). It has been acknowledged that to ensure an individual's life development and self-fulfillment, it is vital to regularly update knowledge and competences as a result of increasing skill differentiation and globalization.
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Witkowska, Dorota, and Aleksandra Matuszewska-Janica. "Factors determining disproportions in men and women’s wages in the European Union countries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 66, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.7985.
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The primary aim of the presented study was to identify how selected factors determining gender-based inequalities affected the volume of the unadjusted pay gap among employees hired in the European Union after the 2007 crisis compared to the pre-crisis situation.An additional purpose of the study was to indicate changes in the employment rates of men and women, as well as changes in the pay gap between the two sexes (measured by means of the gender pay gap index – GPG), which became noticeable in the EU countries after the crisis, as compared to the pre-crisis period. The study was conducted using single-equation descriptive econometric models describing the wage gap. The analysis was based on the results of the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) and the Labour Force Survey (LFS), both published by Eurostat. Due to data availability issues, data for 2006 were assumed to be representative for the situation prior to the crisis (the study took into account also countries which became member states in later years), while data covering the year 2012 (employment rate) and the years 2014–2018 (GPG) were assumed as representative for the post-crisis period. The analyses of the male and female employment rate and gender pay gaps indicate that following the crisis, the employment in the 24 EU countries became increasingly ‘feminised’, while no significant reduction of the pay gap was observed in the years 2006–2018. The obtained results indicate that greater ‘feminisation’ of employment is connected with greater gender pay gaps. A similar correlation occurs in relation to the professional activisation rate. In addition, significant differences are observed in terms of the impact some of the analysed factors have on the volume of the gender wage gap in different age and occupational groups.
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Szczepaniak, Małgorzata, and Agnieszka Szulc-Obloza. "Associations Between Job Satisfaction and Employment Protection in Selected European Union Countries." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XXIV, Issue 1 (February 1, 2021): 542–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1979.
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Cyrek, Magdalena. "Modernization of employment structures enhancing socioeconomic cohesion in the European Union countries." Journal of International Studies 10, no. 3 (October 2017): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2017/10-3/14.
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Cabral, Pedro, and Ricardo Neves. "General Principles of EU Law and Horizontal Direct Effect." European Public Law 17, Issue 3 (September 1, 2011): 437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2011031.
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This article comments upon the Kücükdeveci judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union of 19 January 2010. The decision, issuing from the Court's Grand Chamber in a procedure involving observations from six Member States, is of huge significance. Not only does it represent an important contribution to the development and consolidation of European Union law on non discrimination in the context of employment but also, and most crucially, it is a fundamental milestone in the Court's jurisprudence concerning horizontal direct effect and general principles of EU law.
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Bosch, Gerhard, and Sebastian Schief. "Older employees in Europe between ‘work line’ and early retirement." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 13, no. 4 (November 2007): 575–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890701300405.
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The European Union has set ambitious aims concernin the employment of older persons. In March 2001 the Stockholm European Council agreed on the aim of increasing the employment rate of the EU population aged 55–64 to 50%. This article uses data from the European Labour Force Survey 2006 to analyse the employment rates of this age group in the EU-15. In most EU countries only highly qualified men aged 55–64 have an employment rate over 50%. The low skilled and women in particular are rarely employed over 55 years of age. The authors conclude that ending early retirement policies is not sufficient to increase their employment rates. Drawing lessons from the EU countries with the highest employment rates for older employees (Sweden and Denmark) they identify five major additional areas of action.
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Kwiatkowska, Walentyna. "The Service Sector in the Economy in Poland and European Union Countries." Olsztyn Economic Journal 10, no. 3 (November 30, 2015): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3146.
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The role of the service sector in the economy is increasing in the process of socio-economic development. This tendency has been confirmed and explained by the three-sector theory formulated by A.G.B. Fisher, C. Clark, and J. Fourastie. The main goal of the paper is to show development tendencies in service sectors in Poland and the EU countries and assess them in view of the three-sector theory. The share of the service sector in the total employment and in the total gross value added in the years 2005-2013/2014 will be analysed together with two sub-sectors including market and non-market services. The research shows that the share of the service sector in total employment and total gross value added has been recently increasing in Poland as well as in other EU countries, but there is a gap in this process between Poland and the most developed EU countries. Moreover, in Poland, the role of market services has been recently increasing much faster than the role of non-market services.
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Skidmore, Paul. "Improving the Position of Lesbians and Gay Men at Work in the Light of the Framework Directive for Equal Treatment in Employment: A German Case-Study." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 3 (2000): 425–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802859088.
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The Framework Directive for equal treatment in employment adopted in November 2000 by the Council of Ministers marks an important event for the millions of lesbians and gay men within the European Union. It follows hard on the heels of the successful lobbying to have “sexual orientation” included within an anti-discrimination article inserted into the Community treaties by the Treaty of Amsterdam, as part of the development of European citizenship.
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Skidmore, Paul. "Improving the Position of Lesbians and Gay Men at Work in the Light of the Framework Directive for Equal Treatment in Employment: A German Case-Study." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 3 (2000): 425–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000003876.
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The Framework Directive for equal treatment in employment adopted in November 2000 by the Council of Ministers marks an important event for the millions of lesbians and gay men within the European Union. It follows hard on the heels of the successful lobbying to have “sexual orientation” included within an anti-discrimination article inserted into the Community treaties by the Treaty of Amsterdam, as part of the development of European citizenship.
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Martinho, Vítor João Pereira Domingues, and António José Dinis Ferreira. "Forest Resources Management and Sustainability: The Specific Case of European Union Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010058.
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Forest land provides several environmental services and goods with significant implications for different socioeconomic and environmental dimensions. Forestry and its management are determinant activities for sustainable development, specifically in the current context of urgent mitigation of climate change. In this perspective, one objective of this research was to survey the main insights from the literature about the forest and management dimensions put together, highlighting the contributions of these activities to mitigate climate change. Another objective was to explore indicators related to forest management (land, employment, output, and net emissions) in order to obtain a forest sustainability index through factor analysis. As main insights from this study, we can quote that the literature survey pinpoints the most relevant factors framing forest management: soil characteristics, ecology, ecosystems, biodiversity, deforestation, climate change, socioeconomic frameworks, local knowledge, public policies, institutional context, and new technologies. Forest indicators reveal a strong relationship between forest land, employment and output, and a weaker relation with net emissions. We concluded that there is a need for stakeholders to explore and improve the interlinkage with climate change impact, specifically with regard to improving the relationships of forestry greenhouse gas emissions impacts with forest size and output.
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Kulynych, Olha, Oksana Kurylina, Nataliia Serdiuk, Serhii Bashlai, Olena Nesterenko, and Petro Trachuk. "Protection of Economic Rights in Eastern European Countries." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 18 (May 5, 2021): 803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2021.18.76.
Full textAbstract:
Current problems in the protection of economic rights in Eastern Europe (the impact of the oil industry on the environment and human health, discrimination in employment, including the abuse of the rights of migrant workers and women) determine the potential for economic development. This scientific article based on: qualitative and quantitative methodology; combination of comprehensive and systematic approaches; case method; analysis of statistical indicators. The aim of the research is to analyze the protection of economic rights in Eastern European countries and their negative impact on the lives of citizens. It has been found that in addition to unresolved issues of non-payment of salaries and discrimination against various social groups, these countries have new problems in the field of protection of intellectual property rights through the development of the digital economy. The legal system carefully and slowly integrates the practice of developed countries to provide guarantees for the most vulnerable (women, migrant workers). As a result, Eastern European countries are characterized by slow structural changes in the economy and an average level of GDP per capita. Discrimination, which is characterized by differences, is among the main problems. Discrimination does not ensure equal access for women to all spheres of public life. The revealed connection between gender equality and the economic well-being of the population proves the importance of protecting economic rights as a tool to ensure the formation of a socially oriented market economy. In Eastern European countries, there is no consistent concept of equality regardless of the social-economic characteristics of the citizen. Judicial practice remains quite cautious in sentencing and there are cases of return to formal equality.
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Vilerts, Karlis. "PUBLIC SECTOR WAGE PREMIUM AND OUTPUT VOLATILITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Business, Management and Education 16 (September 6, 2018): 160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bme.2018.2145.
Full textAbstract:
This study seeks to uncover the role played by the public sector wage premium in explaining the output volatility. Furthermore, the study also explores the factors that might substantiate the cross-country differences in the volatility of the public sector wage premium. Using cross-sectional regression analysis for the European Union countries, the findings indicate that more volatile public sector wage premium is associated with higher fluctuations in the private sector employment and less stable growth. Findings also suggest that volatility of the public sector wage premium tends to be larger in countries with smaller governments and in countries where collective bargaining is the predominant regime for public sector wage setting.
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Schlachter, Monika. "Mandatory Retirement and Age Discrimination under EU Law." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 27, Issue 3 (September 1, 2011): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2011019.
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In what direction has the prohibition of age discrimination been heading since the European Court of Justice (ECJ) ruled in Rosenbladt that there are almost no limits to the discretion of Member States in adopting mandatory retirement rules? This article argues that the general labour market policy of Member States will probably continue to be exempt from strict judicial scrutiny when long-standing features of employment law that are shared by many States are concerned. However, in the case of rules for specific occupations or specific age-related entitlements, the margin of discretion left to the Member States is narrowed down considerably. This article argues that there is a need to bridge the gap between the different control standards. Especially since the entry into force of the European Union (EU) Charter of Fundamental Rights, the interest of some employees to continue in employment and to pursue their chosen occupation needs to be balanced more evenly against the labour market policy of Member States. A suggestion about how to reconcile these interests is put forward.
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Roy, Archie W. N., Kate Storrow, and Robin Spinks. "Supporting the Transition of Visually Impaired Adults to Employment: European Union Innovations." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 96, no. 9 (September 2002): 645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x0209600905.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses ways in which programs have facilitated better understanding among European Union (EU) countries and specialist organizations that work with visually impaired people. It then describes several EU projects that are designed to support visually impaired adults to obtain employment and social integration.