Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Discrimination and reproduction'
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Cansoy, Mehmet Suleyman. ""Sharing" in Unequal Spaces: Short-term Rentals and the Reproduction of Urban Inequalities." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108139.
In this dissertation, I argue that questioning the relationship between technological change, specifically the new types of markets and practices enabled by the “sharing economy” and inequality has become an urgent need. While the sector promotes itself as the harbinger of egalitarian access to economic opportunity and consumption, independent studies of its operations and impacts point towards significant discriminatory dynamics favoring the already privileged. As the sector keeps growing, understanding its impact on inequality becomes ever more critical. I focus on one sharing economy platform, Airbnb, which facilitates the practice of “home-sharing,” or more accurately short-term rentals. I investigate the relationship between Airbnb and inequality in three papers that focus on how the deeply unequal urban settings where much of the economic activity on Airbnb takes place operate within the context of economic activity enabled by the platform. The analysis for all three papers is based on the data for more than 450,000 Airbnb listings and the demographic and economic characteristics of the neighborhoods they are located in. In the first paper, I look at how race determines the patterns of participation and outcomes for people who rent out their properties. I show that the economic opportunities generated by the platform are unequally distributed across the urban landscape. There are fewer listings in areas with higher concentrations of non-White residents, the listings that are located in these areas charge lower prices, and have lower earnings. The second paper investigates the relationship between the public reputation system on Airbnb and racial discrimination. I show that characterizing the reputation system as a racially neutral tool, which has the potential to reduce discriminatory outcomes, is highly problematic. Airbnb listings located in neighborhoods with higher percentages of non-White residents have a harder time generating reputation information when they first come on the platform and tend to have systematically lower ratings. The third paper focuses on how short-term rentals generates new dynamics of gentrification in cities, by providing evidence for a new type of “rent gap” between long-term and short-term rentals, and how property owners are exploiting it. I argue that short-term rentals, in the absence of further effective regulation from governments, are likely to drive increasing levels of gentrification as they remain highly profitable and occupy an increasing number of housing units. I believe that studying these aspects of the sharing economy contributes to a fuller understanding of technological change and its understudied interaction with inequality. Moving beyond the mostly theoretical and aggregated understanding of change inherent in the SBTC literature, my research promotes a more concrete and empirical engagement with change in line with some of the research on the “digital divide,” and the emergent literature on inequality on online platforms. Ultimately, I think such an engagement can serve as the basis for a broader theoretical reckoning with the increased pace of technological change as more and more of our social life is “disrupted” by technological interventions, with significant consequences
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Sociology
Beatty, Michelle. "Procreation: How Others View Those Who Can Not or Will Not." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1394881812.
Kushnick, Louis. "Race and class : racism and the reproduction of class-based societies : studies of Britain, the United States and western Europe." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1996. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669670.
Onokoko, Okitongombe François. "L'éducation des enfants et des jeunes du Sankuru à l'épreuve des inégalités de la République Démocratique du Congo." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ2024.
Inequalities in the schooling of children (6-12 years old) and young people (12-15 years old) are usually noticed in many societies worldwide has been particularly known in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) for many years. Access to education is a subject of debate and discussion among decision-makers, researchers and national or international bodies and is far from being applied to all children in the World. It is even less so in Sankuru, which is our area of research. A combination of factors makes it possible to explain and understand the paradox of maintaining inequalities in access and in the conditions of schooling of children in a context of expansion of primary and secondary education in Sankuru: the lack of public schools, the inequal implementation of the principle of free education, the lack of financial, material and human resources. The relationship between public and educational policies in the Sankuru province is crucial. Our diverse sample composed of schools and individuals (students, parents, educational staff, policy makers, farmers, trades people and shopkeepers) allowed us to conduct interviews and field observation. The analysis of the data collected from the field allowed us to observe inequalities resulting from discriminatory policies implemented by the public authorities, of which some families and children are victims. Symbolic (cultural) violence within the family is also shown, explaining the disparity in access to school between girls and boys
Belanger, Rachelle Marie. "An Interdisciplinary Investigation of the Role of Crayfish Major Chelae in the Discrimination of Conspecific Odours: from Morphology to Behaviour." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1182174766.
Hamidi, Rachid. "Structure sociale et stratégies de reproduction chez la fourmi hautement polygyne Crematogaster pygmaea." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210099.
A l’aide de confrontations en milieu naturel, nous avons montré que C. pygmaea est clairement une espèce multicoloniale. Les confrontations traditionnelles en boîte de Pétri se sont avérées insuffisantes pour déterminer le degré d’ouverture des colonies de C. pygmaea. Le profil d’hydrocarbures cuticulaires des ouvrières est simple mais présente quelques alcanes branchés et quelques alcènes qui pourraient suffire au codage de l’odeur coloniale. Les colonies de C. pygmaea sont formées de plusieurs calies qui s’échangent des ouvrières. Ces échanges contribueraient à l’homogénéité et à l’intégrité génétique et chimique des colonies au sein des populations.
Contrairement à ce qui est observé chez d’autres fourmis, la forte polygynie de C. pygmaea n’est pas associée à l’incapacité d’une fondation solitaire. En effet, le dimorphisme reines-ouvrières est très marqué, l’haplométrose et la pléométrose sont possibles en laboratoire et des essaimages et tentatives de fondations solitaires ont été observés dans la nature. La dissémination des colonies par essaimage pourrait avoir lieu sur de courtes distances, comme le suggère la corrélation positive entre les distances génétique et géographique qui séparent les colonies.
Les reines sont capables de suivre des pistes, ce qui pourrait favoriser leur pénétration dans une colonie existante. Néanmoins, les ouvrières sont capables de reconnaître une reine étrangère et les degrés d’apparentements au sein des colonies sont élevés. Les analyses génétiques ont montré que les colonies forment des unités familiales dont les reines sont recrutées au sein d’une même génération. Ces reines sont à l’origine des ouvrières présentes dans la colonie. Chez les colonies pérennes, la présence d’un bottleneck royal pendant la saison sèche, associée à des accouplements intranidaux, devraient atténuer l’érosion des degrés d’apparentement liée au chevauchement entre les générations. Par ailleurs, nos résultats montrent aussi que les ouvrières peuvent produire des mâles fertiles. Le maintien de forts degrés d’apparentement et la présence de worker policing devraient garantir la fitness indirecte des ouvrières.
Enfin, nous montrons dans cette étude que les profils cuticulaires des individus pondeurs et non pondeurs diffèrent par la présence de quatre alcènes. L’accouplement ne modifie par le profil cuticulaire. Le profil des reines matures, très attractives vis-à-vis des ouvrières, est paradoxalement plus proche des individus non pondeurs. Néanmoins, le pentacosene présent uniquement chez les individus fertiles, pourrait être interprété comme un signal de fertilité par les ouvrières.
Dans cette étude, nous montrons que C. pygmaea bien que hautement polygyne possède plusieurs caractéristiques typiques des espèces monogynes. Sa stratégie de reproduction différenciée (la philopatrie des sexués et les essaimages) permet vraisemblablement à la fois la production massive d’ouvrières lors de la dilatation des colonies à la saison des pluies et la colonisation de territoires plus éloignés. La flexibilité de la gynie et de la polydomie de C. pygmaea contribueraient à une meilleure adaptation des colonies face aux saisons marquées du Nordeste brésilien/
Reproductive strategy is one of the main factors explaining eusociality and the ecological success of ants. In monogynous ants, independent foundation lead to high levels of relatedness between workers, ensuring their indiret fitness. Territoriality helps to maintain the social cohesion of the colony. In polygynous ants, nestmate recognition is generally less efficient, queens have lost the capability of solitary foundation and several maternal lineages lead to lower degrees of relatedness. Although highly polygynous, Crematogaster Pygmaea seems to share several biological traits with monogynous ants. These characteristics make this species a particularly interesting model to test several of the assumptions proposed to explain the origin and maintenance of polygyny in ants.
In the field, our results reveal that workers of this species are clearly aggressive towards non-nestmates. Populations of C. pygmaea are therefore multicolonial. Traditional Petri dish confrontations were insufficient to determine colonies’ degree of openness. Despite a simple cuticular hydrocarbon profile, alkenes and branched alkanes could be sufficient to support the colonial odor. Colonies of C. pygmaea consist of thousands of workers exchanged between different calies. Genetic and chemical data show that these exchanges contribute to the homogeneity and integrity of the colonies within populations.
Queen-worker dimorphism is pronounced in C. pygmaea and, in the laboratory, young mated queens are able to initiate a new colony by claustral foundation (in haplometrosis and pleometrosis). In the field, nuptial flights were noted at the beginning of the rain season and several young mated queens were observed digging the wet soil actively, confirming that solitary foundation is likely in this species. Swarming may occur over short distances, as suggested by the positive correlation between genetic and geographic distances among colonies.
Queens are able to follow chemical trails. Therefore, they could enter in established colonies. Nevertheless, since (i) workers are able to discriminate and kill foreign queens and (ii) relatedness is strong within colonies, adoption of foreign queens is probably rare. Genetic analysis rather suggest that colonies form family units in which the queens are recruited within a single generation and produce the workers of this generation.
Our results also show that workers are able to produce fertile males in the absence of queens. Despite this ability to reproduce, reproductive altruism in workers is probably maintain by high degree of relatedness between colony members and worker policing behaviours.
Our data show that cuticular lipid of non-fertile individuals (workers and winged virgin queens) differ from those of fertile ones by the presence of four alkenes. Mating does not alter the cuticular profile. Surprisingly, the cuticular lipid profile of mature queens is more similar to those of infertile individuals than to those of young egg-laying queens, although mature laying queens are twice as attractive as young laying queens. However, the relative proportion of one alkene (pentacosene) is clearly higher in mature queens than in their non-laying nestmates. It is therefore suggested that alkenes, and more particularly pentacosene, could be involved in fertility signalling but that queen attractiveness to workers could be released by other, non-cuticular compounds.
The biological traits of C. pygmaea have been interpreted in terms of adaptation to its environment characterized by sharply contrasting seasons. It is suggested that high number of related queens and polydomy ensure a rapid expansion of the colonies during the rainy season, allowing this species to exploit available resources with efficiency.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Ribeiro, Corossacz Valeria. "Le corps de la nation : classification raciale et gestion sociale de la reproduction dans un hôpital public de Rio de Janeiro." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2002EHES0138.
The thesis examines reproduction as a site of Brazilian national identity. In particular it investigates the racial classification of new-borns and mothers in the medical environment and the social management of reproduction in reference to female sterilisation. The thesis explores the relationship between racism and racial democracy, and the dynamic between the discrimination of African descendants and the valorisation of métissage at the core of Brazilian national identity. Racial classification and female sterilisation are the sites where the link between individual and community is established by social actors in a discourse that refers to Brazil as a mixed community. This thesis is based on fieldwork in two public hospitals in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro. It also includes a sociological history of the categories of race, métissage, nation and reproduction, used to define the idea of community in the process of national identity formation in Brazil
Krahn, Timothy. "Reflections on the Law and Ethics of Regulating Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis in the United Kingdom." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30172.
Ziegler, Barbara. "Die sprachliche Konzeptualisierung des Eigenen und des Fremden in den aktuellen Parteiprogrammen der SPD und der CDU : Eine linguistische Untersuchung." Thesis, Stockholm University, Stockholm University, Department of Baltic Languages, Finnish and German, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-26262.
The present essay examines the linguisitc conceptualisation of otherness in the present party platforms of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD, Social Democratic Party of Germany) and the Christliche Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU, Christian Democratic Union of Germany). The language and the textual structure of their party platforms is analysed, its function described and compared with each other by using representative text excerpts. The theoretical background of this study is grounded in cultural studies. The methodological framework consists of a combination of critical discourse analysis and textual analysis. Criterias of the linguistic analysis are: coherence (including implicit meanings, propositions and presuppositions), modality, thematic roles, deixis and pronouns and keywords.
The study shows that the Other is cleary conceptualized by using binary oppositions whereas those who are reperesented by we can not always be clearly identified. By using both objective and subjective modality authority and legitimacy are linguistically constructed by those who represent we. The analysis shows that stipulations and issues are mentioned which are supposed to be abided by the Others without being justified by those who represent we. Consequently the Other is excluded. Analysing both party platforms shows that the Other is subcategorized, too. Myths about the Others are confirmed by representing a stereotypical image of the Other through language. However there are differences in the linguistic conceptualization of alterity. The representatives of CDU speak out more explicitly on specific issues concerning the Other than representatives of SPD do. Consequently SPD’s statements concerning the Other are more implicit.
The study shows that meaning is created by language and that myths of the Other are reproduced in political discourse.
Del, Re Alisa. "Les politiques sociales en France dans les années trente : Etat et rapports sociaux de sexe." Paris 8, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA080745.
Some laws brought into force in france in the thirties were designed to establish guarantees regarding reproduction (social insurances, family allowances, 1936 laws, code de la famille). The state penetrated the daily life of the urban working class to ensure that reproduction followed a certain pattern. This system of control called for investment in women, a social subject wich became a political subject because of its historically determined link with reproduction
Leclère, Alexandra. "L'homosexualité et la constitution de la famille : situations française et européenne." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOD003/document.
The 2013-404 law of 17 May 2013 which opened up the possibility for people of the same gender to get married shows a turning point for the family rights in France. This law, sometimes described as a real tsunami, is the outcome of taking into account the homosexuals' claim for starting a family. Before 2013 the French right did not allow a homosexual couple to be a homoparental family. It did not authorize people of the same gender to get married. Moreover Assisted Reproduction is only reserved to heterosexual couples and Gestation for Others is strictly forbidden in France. This seemingly constrained consensus on the non-legal recognition of the homosexual family is reinforced by the European right, particularly the European Court of Human Rights whose precedents still show few signs of evolution. Yet, from 2008 the European Court of Human Rights gave a verdict with the 'EB against France' decision on the question of child adoption by a homosexual person ; it implements a major change and marks a break with its prior 'Fretté against France' precedent. This jurisprudential evolution of the EC of HR is part of a larger movement of national rights towards the recognition of the homosexual family. For all that,some questions have been on hold since 2013, particularly for the Assisted Reproduction and the Gestation for Others. The composition of the homosexual family has not yet reached the end
Leask, Kathryn. "Prenatal testing and reproductive autonomy : defending against disability discrimination concerns." Thesis, Keele University, 2017. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/3137/.
Belondo, Sandra. "Diversité et pluralité linguistique d'enfants allophones en mobilité : réussir avec, malgré ou sans les langues ?" Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR2016/document.
Diversity, linguistic and cultural pluralism of allophones children in migratory process: succeed with, despite or without languages? The purpose of this thesis is to study how the linguistic and cultural diversity of young allophone children and their families in migratory processes, is taken into consideration by the French society and, more particularly, the linguistic, social and academic systems established by the State and its institutions. Based on a comprehensive and interpretive approach, this study raises the question of how young migrants diversity is appreciated and handled, or not, questioning the use and/or the building of sociolinguistic representations concerning the roles and statuses of the languages in presence within migratory and integration processes such as social and academic achievement dynamics
Campanha, Eduardo Vilodres. "Modulação atencional da percepção de tempo e suas relações com o envelhecimento e a doença de Alzheimer." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42137/tde-01072009-110031/.
Our work focused on the attentional modulation of the perception of time. Additionally, other objective was to study the effect of aging and Alzheimers disease (DA) on temporal perception. We have performed four experiments. The first and the second experiments evaluated time perception in young volunteers, by means of the reproduction and discrimination of time intervals, respectively. The results showed an effect of attention on short durations, confirmed by d. The third and fourth experiments had the objective to compare time perception among young volunteers, elderly and DA patients, utilizing reproduction and discrimination of time intervals, respectively. Our findings showed a worse performance in both elderly volunteers and patients with DA in comparison with the group of young volunteers. Our conclusion is that time perception deficits in elderly and patients with DA are associated either to lesser attentional resources or to an increased difficulty in focusing attention on the target, which is more evident in patients suffering of DA.
Bukky, Molly B. "Move to the Head of the Class: Teacher Agency in Constructing Student Roles in a Rural Elementary School." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1212777927.
Maes, Renaud David. "L'action sociale des universités à l'épreuve des mutations de l'enseignement supérieur en Europe." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209345.
Dans une première partie, nous questionnons l'origine de ce modèle d'université de marché, en le confrontant aux différents "modèles historiques" qui ponctuent l'histoire des universités modernes. Nous étudions alors l'évolution des missions de recherche et d'enseignement des universités.
Afin d'interroger la description ainsi offerte de la nouvelle université capitaliste à l'aune de constat empiriques, nous interrogeons dans la seconde partie les différentes manières par lesquelles elle contribue à reproduire les inégalités sociales, à produire des héritiers et des « miraculés ». Cela nous permet de raffiner la description et de montrer quelques propriétés particulières de l'université en cours d'avènement.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Rozée, Virginie. "L'application de la Convention sur l'élimination de toutes les formes de Discrimination à l'égard des Femmes en Amérique latine : le cas des droits reproductifs et sexuels en Bolivie." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00548925.
Rebolone, Ana Maria. "Feminists in unchartered water, the legal pursuit of reproductive autonomy in the Supreme Court of Canada in the 1990s." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0003/MQ45377.pdf.
Rozée, Gomez Virginie. "L'application de la convention sur l'élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l'égard des femmes en Amérique latine : le cas des droits reproductifs et sexuels en Bolivie." Paris 3, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00548925.
In 1979 the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which commits signatory states to adopt and implement a series of legal measures on equality of men and women and all discrimination based on gender. All Latin American states have ratified the CEDAW and have integrated the Convention into their domestic law. Measures have been adopted, legislation voted and regional institutions have been set up. However, normative discrimination persists and the legal rights of women to equality of treatment are still out of step what is happening in reality. Ideological and pragmatic factors, such as cultural stereotypes and female vulnerability, still condition the situation of Latin-American women. In ratifying the CEDAW, and later the Cairo and Beijing Programs of Action, Bolivia recognises women’s human rights in the various social and political spheres, and more specifically in their reproductive and sexual rights. The country has made important political and symbolic progress in the field of gender equality, female reproduction and sexuality. Nevertheless, the effects on Bolivian women, especially from La Paz and El Alto, of their re-appropriation of human rights in general, and their sexual and reproductive rights in particular, encounter a whole series of political, social, cultural and medical obstacles. Factors such as the catholic and male chauvinistic influence, socio-cultural patterns, the penalisation of abortion, ignorance of legal rights and the weak empowerment of women all contribute to allowing them little autonomy in their reproductive and sexual decisions. This autonomy would be the key to female emancipation in Bolivia
CARNOVALI, SARA. "DOPPIAMENTE DISCRIMINATE: LE DONNE CON DISABILITÀ." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/564454.
The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate multiple discrimination against women with disabilities, as a result of the intersection between “gender” factor and “disability” factor. Specifically, the contribution seeks to highlight the most important constitutional profiles in the guarantee of fundamental rights of women with disabilities affecting the “body”, investigating the issues of violence, sexuality and reproductive rights of women with disabilities. Such matters appear indeed to be those where the discrimination experienced by these women is particularly pervasive, as well as those less explored by the legal doctrine, which can therefore offer new or different areas of research in the field of multiple discrimination.
Lucia, Kristen E. "Inbreeding avoidance and the effects of inbreeding on adult prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1313167384.
Beale, B. L. "Maternity services for urban Aboriginal women : experiences of six women in Western Sydney /." View thesis, 1996. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030613.161127/index.html.
Johansson, Mattias. "The Human Cloning Era : On the doorstep to our posthuman future." Thesis, Linköping University, Centre for Applied Ethics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1858.
Human reproductive cloning came to the public´s attention when Dolly the sheep was cloned in Scotland in 1997. This news quickly spread around the world causing both excitements at the possibilities of what cloning techniques could offer, as well as apprehension about the ethical, social and legal implications should human reproductive cloning become possible. Many international organisations and governments were concerned about the impact of human reproductive cloning on human health, dignity and human rights. To this day, many institutions have drafted resolutions, protocols and position statements outlining their concerns. This paper outlines some of the major ethical issues surrounding human reproductive cloning and the position towards this novel technique taken by three important international organisations - Council of Europe, World Health Organization, and United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization - expressed in different regulatory frameworks. Proponents of human cloning occasionally point out that cloned humans are already among us in the form of twins - people with identical sets of DNA - so what is the problem? Besides avoiding the fact that natural twins are always siblings, whereas a clone could be the twin of a parent or grandparent, this observation ignores a crucial moral difference: natural twins arrive as rare creations, not as specifically designed products. Instead of being an uncontrolled, self-regulated evolutionary process, creation of man through reproductive cloning are shifting from being natural to a state of instrumentality where parental interests constitutes what is important. This shift will inevitably lead to the child being a means for some other end (parental interests). However, this is not the same as being subdued into genetic determinism, but the point brought forward is the child´s lack of freedom caused by the interests of the parents. In this sense the clone´s genome constitutes a heavy backpack because of our pre-knowledge of its physical building blocks - or in other words its potentiality. Even though the argument of genetic determinism is a weak one, our subconscious"forces"us to create hopes upon the child because of its potentiality. No longer is the evolution the creator with the dices of randomness. A new gambler is in town and this time the dices are equilateral.
Lebreton, Sébastien. "Stratégies de ponte en situation de compétition chez une guêpe parasitoïde." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441637.
Hermansson, Isabel. "Om rätten till sexuell och reproduktiv hälsa för män i Sverige." Thesis, Enskilda Högskolan Stockholm, Högskolan för mänskliga rättigheter, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ths:diva-157.
Griebling, Hannah J. "Intraspecific Variation in Cognitive Traits in a Swordtail Fish (Xiphophorus multilineatus)." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1562614167305022.
Mabeu, Marie Christelle. "Institutions and Immutable Causes of Human Capital." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40683.
Widdig, Anja. "Paternal kinship among adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/14830.
The impact of maternal kinship on social behaviour has been studied in detail for many primate species, but it is difficult to assess the importance of kin selection in shaping the evolution of social behaviour when studies are limited to maternal kin, completely ignoring paternal kinship. This thesis aimed to investigate the extent of paternal kinship and its impact on the social relationships among adult females in one group of free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) living on the island of Cayo Santiago. The main findings can be summarised as follows: Firstly, in order to access the extent of paternal kinship, paternity has been analysed for all infants of the study group born between 1993 and 1998. Results revealed that male reproduction was highly skewed over the study period as few males have sired a high number of offspring, but the majority of potential sires have sired no or few offspring. This created a kinship structure in which nearly all animals born during the study period had at least one paternal half-sibling in close age proximity, i.e., either of the same age (74%) or within a two-year age difference of themselves (15%). Assuming that male reproductive success is also skewed in other primate species, then the importance of paternal kinship in primate societies should be re-emphasised. One of the most important consequences of male reproductive skew is that many individuals will have more paternal than maternal half-siblings during their life time. Secondly, in order to access the impact of paternal kinship on the social relationships among adult females, focal data on affiliation and aggression have been collected on 34 adult females with respect to their social partners who were either their maternal half-sisters, paternal half-sisters or unrelated females. The present study confirmed that the closest affiliative relationships characterise maternal half-sisters. Probably the most important result of this study was the finding that adult females were significantly more affiliative with their paternal half-sisters than with their non-kin. The recognition of paternal sisters was more pronounced among females of the same age than among females of different age, with a decrease in affiliation as the exact age difference (measured in years) increased among paternal half-sisters. This indicates that age proximity had an additional regulatory effect upon affiliative behaviour. However, evidence for paternal kin discrimination was only found with respect to affiliation, but not with respect to dyadic aggression suggesting context-dependent kin discrimination. Thirdly, when more kin categories were included in the analysis, adult females showed a strong bias towards maternal kin in comparison to paternal kin. This bias towards maternal kin when the degree of relatedness was held constantly suggests, that maternal kinship had a larger impact on the social relationships among adult female rhesus macaques than paternal kinship at least in the study group. Both affiliation and aggression declined with decreasing degrees of relatedness, but distant kin still differentiated each other from non-kin contradicting the existence of a relatedness threshold. Fourthly, paternal kinship was finally investigated with respect to coalition formation. A coalition is formed when an individual intervenes in an ongoing conflict between two opponents in order to support one party against the other. Female rhesus macaques intervened most often on behalf of their maternal half-sisters. In addition, unrelated female peers supported each other more often than unrelated female non-peers. Females did not support their paternal half-sisters more often than non-kin, but data may indicate indirect evidence for paternal kin discrimination as females tended to target their paternal half-sisters less often than non-kin. This finding might be due to the fact, that paternal half-sisters can be very different in rank, while maternal half-sisters are of adjacent rank, implying that a low-ranking female cannot provide actual help to her paternal half-sisters, as she may risk a higher probability of retaliation when intervening in a conflict between two higher-ranking opponents. As a compromise, females may instead avoid to target their paternal half-sisters, suggesting that constraints to an individuals own competitive ability play an important role in coalition formation. Maternal and paternal half-sisters showed a stronger trend in reciprocity and interchange than non-kin and also provided a higher proportion of costly interventions towards each other. Finally, the results of the present study strongly suggest that familiarity among individuals can arise through association in early development by at least two alternatives: (i) mothers mediating familiarity among their offspring (which are maternal half-siblings) caused by the close mother-offspring relationship during lactation and (ii) age proximity is mediating familiarity among age mates (including both paternal related and unrelated peers) as peers go through important life history stages such as infancy, menarche, pregnancy or motherhood at similar times while females of different age do not. In any case, paternal half-siblings additionally need a mechanism such as phenotype matching to discriminate paternal half-siblings from non-kin even within their peer group.
Nitschke, Johannes. "Kartografien der Sexualpolitik." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-224141.
Martin, Geraldine. "The reproduction of racism in the private recruitment industry." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3749.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
Guda, Nelson Adkins. "Communication in the Neotropical hylid, Smilisca phaeota call variation, signal recognition, mate discrimination and male calling behavior /." Thesis, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3120298.
ZUCCOTTI, Carolina Viviana. "Shaping ethnic inequalities : the production and reproduction of social and spatial inequalities among ethnic minorities in England and Wales." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/37641.
Examining Board: Professor Fabrizio Bernardi, European University Institute (supervisor); Professor Alessandra Venturini, European University Institute; Professor Anthony Heath, University of Oxford; Professor Héctor Cebolla-Boado, UNED.
This thesis is about the production and reproduction of social and spatial inequalities among ethnic minorities in England and Wales. More specifically, I study how the interaction of different forms of inequality shapes the opportunities of individuals in a series of outcomes. The main source of inequality explored here is that which derives from ethnicity and migration status. Alongside this, two dimensions of inequality are also explored: social origins and the characteristics of the neighbourhood of residence. The analysis, carried out for second generation ethnic minorities (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese, Caribbean and African) and the white British, is based on rich individual, household and neighbourhood-level data: the ONS Longitudinal Study, a dataset that links census information for a 1% sample of the population of England and Wales and to which it is possible to attach household and neighbourhood information, and aggregated census data (1971-2011). I show that ethnic penalties in the labour market are, partly or totally, penalties related to the socio-economic origins of ethnic minorities, usually less advantaged as compared to that of the white British. This suggests that scholars in migration might overestimate the ethnic gap if social origins are not considered. A second crucial finding is that the geographical space is a source of production and reproduction of ethnic inequalities. Three outcomes support this. First, I found evidence of ethnic enclave and place stratification spatial models: most ethnic minorities, but particularly individuals with lower educational and occupational attainments and Pakistani and Bangladeshi populations, are less likely than the white British to improve the neighbourhood in which they were raised, both in terms of deprivation levels and in terms of the share of non-whites. Second, I found evidence of neighbourhood effects: having been raised in areas with a high share of co-ethnics has a negative effect on the labour market outcomes of some groups, mainly Pakistani and Bangladeshi. Third, I found evidence of increasing spatial segregation: between 2001 and 2011, non-whites, and in particular Pakistani populations, increased their spatial clustering and their likelihood of sharing the space with other co-ethnics.
Talip, Tamima. "Lost in transit: cross border surrogacy arrangements and the right of children not to be discriminated against on the basis of their birth or status." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3874.
Šerá, Tereza. "Sociální mobilita potomků imigrantů ze zemí Maghrebu ve francouzské společnosti." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-329048.
Baxová, Tereza. "Analýza sluchové percepce dětí předškolního věku." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-355938.
Slunéčková, Zuzana. "Aspekty života homoparentálních rodin v České republice z pohledu rovného zacházení." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372870.
Grekula, Katja-Helena. "Gender and reproductive autonomy : are there second-class citizens in Europe?" Master's thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/4266.
The aim of this study is to clarify the pre-conditionality of reproductive autonomy and women’s citizenship in Europe in the light of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights2. Women’s reproductive autonomy has often been denied in the name of the moral and ethical concerns and nationalistic discourses. However, in Europe there is a strong consensus on gender equality which covers also reproductive autonomy. The Court has tried to balance in its verdicts the competing rights of individuals and the state. It has tried to set boundaries on the question of to what extent pluralistic modern democracies must tolerate intolerance. Despite its shortcomings the Court has played an important role in securing a minimum standard of the protection though realities of the women’s reproductive autonomy are still defined by the state. My approach to reproduction has been non-biological and therefore I have not made a definite distinction between biological and social parenthood. In this study, I have treated the concept of citizenship in the light of critical feminist research seeing it as a wider concept than referring only to public rights and duties but rather as forming the autonomous space in society which allows a person to lead her life as she wishes.
Zigira, Christopher Amherst Byuma. "Religion, culture and gender : a study of women's search for gender equality in Swaziland." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17875.
Religious Studies and Arabic
D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)
Castelen, Milton Andy. "Women's Reproductive Health Rights: The Rule of Law and Public Health Considerations in Repealing the Criminal Laws on Abortion in the Republic Suriname." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18236.