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1

Li, Xu 1974. "Behavioral explanation for mispricing of IPO's discretionary current accruals and impact of firm's information environment of information asymmetry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17798.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis contains two chapters. Chapter One provides definitive evidence about the effect of discretionary current accruals on the pricing of IPOs. Specifically, I seek to discriminate between two alternative explanations for the prior findings: 1) behavioral biases coupled with limited arbitrage; and 2) the sample- and period-specific nature of the results in the prior literature. Using hand-gathered accrual data for all IPOs from 1926 to 1961 and machine-readable accrual data for all IPOs from 1962 to 1998, I obtain the following results. First, I fail to observe a negative association between discretionary current accruals and subsequent price performance for the 1926 to 1971 period. Second, my analysis reveals that the pattern of cross-sectional evidence is inconsistent with the predictions made by behavioral theories. Third, in the 1972 to 1998 period, evidence of predictable negative performance attributable to IPO discretionary current accruals is limited to NASDAQ firms. Overall, these findings are difficult to reconcile with mispricing as an outcome of investor behavioral biases correlated across individuals. Chapter Two examines how financial statement informativeness, analyst following, and company news relate to the information asymmetry between insiders and outsiders. Corporations' timely disclosures of value relevant information and information collection by outsiders reduce information asymmetry, limiting insiders' ability to trade profitably on private information. We use the profitability and intensity of insider trades to proxy for information asymmetry. We find that increased analyst following is associated with reduced profitability of insider trades and reduced insider purchases. Financial statement
(cont.) informativeness is negatively associated with the frequency of insider purchases. However, company news, good or bad, is positively associated with insider purchase frequency.
by Xu Li.
Ph.D.
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2

Ananthanarayanan, Umapathy. "The association between auditors' fees and earnings management in New Zealand." Click here to access this resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/460.

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This study provides evidence between auditors' fees and earnings management in New Zealand. The fee measures used in this study are audit fees, non-audit fees and total fees paid by a client to the audit firm. For each of the three fee measures, I derive client importance fee measures that reflect a client’s economic importance to the auditor relative to other clients of the auditor at the city office and national levels. This study employs both performance adjusted discretionary accruals and current accruals as proxies for earnings management. Using a sample of 224 firm-years comprising firms listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX) in fiscal years 2004 and 2005, the results of multivariate tests indicate an adverse association between non-audit fees and earnings management. In other words, non-audit fees paid by a client relative to fees paid by other clients, at the office and national levels, appear to impair the auditor’s independence because clients generating relatively more non-audit fees report greater discretionary and current accruals. Such evidence is more pronounced for income increasing accrual proxies for earnings management. The results also show that audit fee is not related to earnings management. As the results in this study are consistent across both discretionary and current accruals, the validity of the results is strengthened. This study contributes to the literature by providing insight into how auditors’ fee metrics indicating client importance affect earnings management in a legal and institutional environment of a small economy, and where the audit market is largely saturated with little room for growth. This study raises implications for relevant regulatory bodies in New Zealand pertaining to future developments of auditor independence and financial reporting regulations.
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3

Ferreira, Felipe Ramos. "Os efeitos da auditoria independente (externa) sobre a manipulação da informação contábil por parte das OPS brasileiras." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11245.

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A presente pesquisa busca investigar se a auditoria externa (independente) minimiza a propensão à manipulação das informações contábeis - MIC (medidas pelas acumulações discricionárias correntes) por parte das operadoras de plano privado de assistência à saúde, no que tange às informações econômico-financeiras divulgadas à Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar. Após revisão bibliográfica sobre qualidade da informação contábil, auditoria e mercado de saúde suplementar, promoveu-se uma pesquisa empírica com informações prestadas à ANS pelas OPS relativas ao período de 2004 a 2006. Para verificar se há diferença significativa no nível de acumulações discricionárias correntes, medidas pelo modelo AWCA e Jones Modificado (1995), entre as informações auditadas (quarto trimestre de cada ano) e as informações nãoauditadas (três primeiros trimestres de cada ano) para as mesmas empresas foi aplicado o teste não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Os resultados indicam que não existem diferenças estatísticas significativas na propensão à manipulação entre as informações contábeis auditadas e não-auditadas, pelo menos no que tange às informações de 2004 a 2006 prestadas pelas OPS à ANS. Adicionalmente, também foram testadas as influências do tipo de modalidade, porte da firma e situação apresentada do patrimônio líquido sobre as acumulações discricionárias correntes. Observou-se que essas três variáveis influenciam em maior ou menor grau na manipulação da informação contábil gerada pelas OPS à ANS. Neste contexto, as seguintes características sobre a maior propensão a MIC foram diagnosticadas: Cooperativa Odontológica e a Medicina de Grupo (Modalidade); Pequeno (Porte da Firma); e Passivo a Descoberto ou PL Próximo de Zero (Situação do Patrimônio Líquido). Ao passo que as características relacionadas à menor propensão de MIC foram: Cooperativa Médica e Filantropia (Modalidade); Médio e Grande (Porte da Firma); Patrimônio Líquido Favorável (Situação do Patrimônio Líquido).
This research aims to investigate whether the external (independent) audit minimizes the propensity for manipulation of accounting information (measured by discretionary current accruals) by health maintenance organizations (OPS), in regard to financial information disclosed to the Brazilian Health Care Agency (ANS). Based on a literature review of external audit, manipulation of accounting information and health care industry we developed an empirical research to information provided by OPS to the ANS for the period 2004 to 2006. To test for significant differences in the level of discretionary current accruals, measured by AWCA model and modified Jones (1995), we compared the quality of audited information (fourth quarter of each year) with the quality of non-audited information (the first three quarters of each year) from the same companies. This difference was investigated by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. The results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences in the propensity to manipulation of accounting information between audited and non-audited financial reports, at least in relation to information from 2004 to 2006 provided by OPS to the ANS. In addition, there were also tested the influence of type of procedure, size of firm and the situation presented in shareholders' equity on the discretionary current accruals. It was observed that these three variables influence a greater or lesser degree in the manipulation of accounting information generated by the OPS to the ANS. In this context, the following features on the more likely the MIC were diagnosed: Cooperative Dental and Medical Group (Type of Procedure); Small (Size of Firm); and Negative Equity or close to zero (Situation Presented in Shareholders’ Equity). On the other hand, the main features that are less likely to MIC were: Cooperative Medical and Philanthropy (Type of Procedure); Medium and large (Size of Firm); and Equity Favorable (Situation Presented in Shareholders’ equity).
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4

Young, Steven Eric. "Discretionary accounting accruals : systematic measurement error and firm-specific determinants." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307362.

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5

Gioielli, Sabrina Patrocinio Ozawa. "Os gestores de private equity e venture capital influenciam a governança corporativa das investidas? Evidências das empresas estreantes na Bovespa." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/2245.

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Este trabalho investiga a influência da participação de gestores de private equity e venture capital (PE/VC) na governança corporativa das empresas investidas. Mais especificamente, o objetivo do presente estudo é verificar se as empresas financiadas por fundos de PE/VC estréiam no mercado acionário brasileiro com melhor qualidade de informação contábil e melhores padrões de governança corporativa do que as restantes. A amostra utilizada é composta por 69 empresas que efetuaram oferta pública inicial (IPO) na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA) no período de janeiro de 2004 a julho de 2007. Primeiramente, constatou-se que o nível de gerenciamento de resultados contábeis, ou earnings management (medido pelas acumulações discricionárias correntes) das companhias com investimento de PE/VC é significativamente inferior ao nível apresentado pelas empresas que não receberam este tipo de aporte de capital. Ademais, os resultados indicam que a influência do gestor de PE/VC na redução da manipulação de informações contábeis é mais importante exatamente no momento mais crítico, ou seja, no intervalo imediatamente ao redor da data do IPO, quando as empresas gerenciam os resultados mais intensamente. Por fim, também foram encontradas evidências de que as empresas investidas por PE/VC possuem conselhos de administração mais independentes da gestão, em comparação às demais empresas da amostra. A proporção de membros executivos e instrumentais, estreitamente relacionados à administração, é menor entre o grupo de companhias do portfolio dos fundos de PE/VC, enquanto a participação relativa de conselheiros com a função de monitoramento é substancialmente maior. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo foram robustos a diversos testes de sensibilidade. Em síntese, as evidências encontradas levam à conclusão de que as organizações de private equity e venture capital influenciam de forma positiva as práticas de governança corporativa das empresas por elas financiadas.
This paper investigates the role of private equity and venture capital (PE/VC) organizations in the corporate governance of portfolio firms. More specifically, the objective of the present study is to verify if the PE/VC-backed companies have better financial reporting quality and corporate governance standards than others at the time of the Initial Public Offering (IPO) in Brazil. The sample is composed of 69 firms’ IPOs on the Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA) in the period from January 2004 to July 2007. First, it was verified that PE/VCbacked companies have significantly lower earnings management (measured by the level of discretionary current accruals) than non-PE/VC-backed firms. Moreover, the results indicate that the influence of PE/VC managers in reducing the manipulation of accounting information is more important exactly in the most critical moment, that is, in the interval immediately around the date of the IPO, when firms manage earnings upwards more intensely. Finally, evidences have showed, as well, that PE/VC invested companies have boards of directors more independent from management, compared to other companies in the sample. The proportion of executive and instrumental members in the board, closely related to the management, is lower among the group of companies in the portfolio of PE/VC funds, while the participation of directors with the task of monitoring is substantially greater. The results obtained in this study were robust to different tests of sensitivity. In summary, the evidences found lead to the conclusion that private equity and venture capital organizations influence in a positive way the practices of corporate governance at companies they finance.
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6

Ibrahim, Salma Samir. "An alternative measure to detect intentional earnings management through discretionary accruals." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2679.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Business and Management. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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7

Meyer, Kyle. "Industry specialization and discretionary accruals for Big 4 and non-Big 4 auditors." Tallahassee, Florida : Florida State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05092009-121521.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2009.
Advisor: William Hillison, Florida State University, College of Business, Dept. of Accounting. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed on Oct. 26, 2009). Document formatted into pages; contains x, 126 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
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8

Bos, Sebastian. "financial performance, discretionary accruals, and the value relevance of earnings : The impact of managerial ownership." Thesis, University of York, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535022.

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9

Joia, Roberto Midoguti. "Adoção de IFRS e gerenciamento de resultado nas empresas brasileiras de capital aberto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96133/tde-06122012-155637/.

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A contabilidade brasileira passou por mudanças normativas que deixaram suas demonstrações de acordo com o padrão internacional. Pesquisas realizadas com empresas de capital aberto em vários países do mundo indicam que essa nova norma tende a melhorar a qualidade da informação e deixá-la mais comparável e transparente. Diante disso, o estudo tem como objetivo analisar o impacto da adoção do International Financial Reporting Standard sobre os níveis de gerenciamento de resultados das companhias brasileiras de capital aberto (com exceção das instituições financeiras). A hipótese desenvolvida é de que a nova norma reduz o gerenciamento de resultados nas empresas brasileiras. Os dados foram extraídos das demonstrações contábeis trimestrais dos bancos de dados do Economática e da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários referentes ao período de 2006 a 2011. Para alcançar o objetivo da pesquisa, foi examinada por meio de um modelo proposto a relação entre as variáveis accruals discrionários e a aderência do International Financial Reporting Standard. Na equação, além dessas, foram inseridas as variáveis de controle como o nível de endividamento, o fluxo de caixa operacional, o retorno sobre o ativo e o tamanho da empresa. Para o cálculo dos accruals discricionários foi empregado o Modelo de Jones Modificado. Com base no modelo proposto, foram utilizadas várias técnicas estatísticas e aplicou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para analisar se a amostra possui dados distribuídos normalmente. Em seguida, foi analisada a correlação de Spearman entre as variáveis do modelo proposto e analisada as médias dos accruals, por meio do teste U de Mann-Whitney. Por fim, foi elaborada a análise de regressão com dados dispostos em painel com correção de Newey- West. A correlação e o teste de médias corroboraram a hipótese desenvolvida, porém aregressão não confirmou a hipótese, com significância estatística, de que o novo padrão contábil reduziu o nível de gerenciamento de resultados nas divulgações das demonstrações elaboradas com a adoção das normas IFRS pelas empresas brasileiras de capital aberto.
The Brazilian accounting has undergone regulatory changes that have left their statements according to international standard. Research conducted with publicly traded companies in various countries around the world indicate that this new standard tends to improve the quality of information and make it more comparable and transparent. Thus, the study aims to analyze the impact of adopting International Financial Reporting Standard on the levels of earnings management of Brazilian companies traded (excluding financial institutions). The hypothesis is that the new standard reduces the earnings management in Brazilian companies. Data were extracted from the quarterly financial statements of databases Economática and Comissão de Valores Mobiliários for the period 2006 to 2011. To achieve the objectives of the study was examined by means of a model the relationship between the variables discretionary accruals and International Financial Reporting Standard. In the equation, beyond these, the control variables were entered as the level of debt, the operating cash flow, return on assets and firm size. For the calculation of discretionary accruals, we employed the Modified Jones Model. Based on the proposed model, several statistical techniques were used and applied the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to examine whether the sample has normally distributed data. Next, we analyzed the Spearman correlation between the variables of the model and analyzed the average, by means of the U of Mann-Whitney. Finally, we elaborate regression analysis with data arranged in a panel with Newey-West correction. The correlation and mean test corroborated the hypothesis developed, but the regression did not confirm the hypothesis with statistical significance that the new accounting standard reduced the level of earnings management disclosures in the financial statements prepared with the adoption of IFRS for publicly traded Brazilian companies.
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10

Santos, Isabela Travaglia. "Gerenciamento de resultados em fechamento de capital." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/8135.

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Mercados financeiros e finanças corporativas
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This study investigates the dynamics of earnings management of Brazilian companies previously to their going private operations in the period of 1999 from 2009. Three main issues are investigated: the type of operation (LBO or Acquisition), the periods in which occur significant manipulation and the legislation change in 2001, which main goal was to cohibit the abusive rebuying of shares by the companies that wanted to go private prior to the going-private operation. The sample is composed of 132 companies that went private from 1999 to 2009 and the data were quarterly collected ranging five years. We found evidence that the sample firms manipulated their earnings approximately two years before going private. Also, some results show that there are differences in the direction of earnings management depending on the type of public-to-private operation: LBOs firms tended to manage their earnings up, as well as the companies that were acquired by their controlling firms, while the other acquisitions showed signs of downward manipulations. Finally, we found evidence that the legislation change in 2001 not only might have changed the pattern of firm´s manipulation but has also increased earnings management right after its effective date.
Esse trabalho investiga a dinâmica da manipulação de resultados de empresas brasileiras que fecharam o capital no período de 1999 a 2009. Dentre os fatores investigados estão o tipo de fechamento (OPA, aquisição, aquisição por controladoras), o período de manipulação e a mudança que a Lei nº 10.303/2001 (cujo objetivo era coibir o fechamento branco de capital) teria sobre o gerenciamento. A amostra utilizada é composta de 132 empresas que realizaram o fechamento no período citado, sendo o ciclo de dados coletado para cada empresa de vinte trimestres. Foram achados indícios de que essas empresas manipularam seus ganhos aproximadamente dois anos antes de seu fechamento. Além disso, foram encontradas evidências de diferença de direção de manipulação para os tipos de fechamento: empresas cujos fechamentos ocorreram através de OPA, assim como as que sofreram aquisição por suas controladoras, tenderiam a manipular seus ganhos para baixo, enquanto que as demais aquisições se caracterizariam por terem seus resultados adulterados para cima. Por fim, foram achados indícios de que a Lei nº 10.303/2001 tenha alterado o comportamento de manipulação contábil das empresas e de que houve um aumento de manipulação logo em seguida à sua vigência.
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11

Abdia, M. (Meerab). "Accounting environment impact on use of discretionary accruals to raise financing by financially constraint firms with positive projects." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201806062516.

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The study was conducted to examine the effect of accounting environment on use of discretionary accruals by constrained firms in order to raise finance by debt and equity. For the purpose of the study Germany was chosen as code law country and United Kingdom was chosen as common law country. The data included firms listed on Deutsche Börse Stock Exchange and London Stock Exchange. Data was collected for years 1990 to 2015. Regression analysis was done on 7827 firm year observations. Modified Jones model was used to determine discretionary accruals and lagged year return on assets was added to Modified Jones model to adjust for performance. Performance adjusted accruals were called abnormal accruals in the study. Net leverage, free cash flow and KZ index methods were used as constraint measures and capital expenditure has been used as investment opportunity. Pooled regression controlled for year effect was performed to capture the influence of time series trends. All the models have insignificant results, but when pooled regressions controlled for year effect were run significant results were obtained. For first hypothesis pooled regression controlled for years by net leverage constraint has significant results revealing that common law countries have lower accruals for constrained firm with investment opportunity. This can be because in common law countries firms signal growth to investors by income decreasing accounting choices as it is taken as positive signal. On the other hand, in code law countries firms can use discretionary accruals to get waivers and debt at low cost. Furthermore, for second hypothesis only pooled regression accounting for year on debt financing using net leverage have significant results revealing that when discretionary accruals are used more debt financing is raised by financially constrained firm with investment opportunity in common law countries as compared to code law countries. This can be because in common law countries firms are not closely monitored by banks as financial disclosure is considered high in such countries. Results were insignificant for pooled regression controlled for year effect for raising equity. However, for all pooled regression controlled for year effect for debt and equity raised significant results were obtained for result that more equity and debt is raised by financially constrained firm when they have positive projects. The study results will help investors in respective accounting environments to make financing decisions. Moreover, it will assist managers to make corporate and financing decisions using accruals. The study also adds to literature of signaling and opportunistic hypothesis. However, future research is needed to examine the motivation of accrual use in different accounting environments.
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Smith, Dallin O. "Impact of Internal Information Quality on Potential Earnings Management and Fraud." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1626457058557002.

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13

Nardi, Paula Carolina Ciampaglia. "Gerenciamento de resultados contábeis e a relação com o custo da dívida das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96133/tde-28042009-110359/.

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Sob a teoria de agência e o contexto de gerenciamento de resultados, o objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a relação entre o gerenciamento de resultados (GR) e o custo da dívida (Ki) das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto, no período de 1996 a 2007. Para isso, foram levantadas duas hipóteses de pesquisa quanto à possível relação entre GR e Ki: H1- as variáveis são inter-relacionadas; e H2- a relação é unidirecional, em que o Ki é influenciado positivamente pelo GR. Os pressupostos levantados, por meio da literatura existente, para a formulação da primeira hipótese são de que, almejando melhores condições contratuais, como o custo da dívida, o custo atual ou passado motiva a empresa a gerenciar o resultado corrente para obter melhores condições de custo futuro ou corrente. Dessa forma, as empresas, intencionalmente, procurariam gerenciar seus resultados, motivadas pelo custo da dívida. Todavia, há suporte teórico para que a relação entre essas variáveis seja unidirecional, com o gerenciamento de resultados influenciando o custo da dívida, sustentando a segunda hipótese. Um por exemplo disso é o gerenciamento de resultados, que é percebido como fator de assimetria de informação pelos credores, os quais, ao identificarem o gerenciamento, exigirão um prêmio maior pelo risco da falta de informação, elevando o custo da dívida das empresas. Assim, para testar as hipóteses do trabalho, a proxy de GR foi definida com o uso do modelo para cálculo dos accruals discricionários proposto por Kang e Sivaramakrishnan (1995) e a variável representativa do custo da dívida foi a relação entre a despesa financeira e o passivo oneroso total. A análise inicial foi feita utilizando-se o índice de correlação de Spearman e análise de média, por meio do teste não-paramétrico U de Mann-Whitney. Em seguida, utilizou-se o teste de especificação de Hausman para análise de simultaneidade, seguido da análise de regressão com dados dispostos em painel com correção de Newey-West, correção por cluster - ambas nas situações em que havia heterocedasticidade e correlação serial-, e estimador MQ2E. Os testes de correlação e de média apontaram para uma relação positiva entre GR e Ki, mas o teste de simultaneidade não indicou haver inter-relação entre as variáveis. Os resultados das regressões em painel indicaram que o Ki, atual ou passado, não influencia o GR, mas apontam para uma relação positiva, em que quanto maior o gerenciamento de resultados, maior o custo da dívida, ou seja, este é influenciado por aquele. Desse modo, os resultados permitem rejeitar a hipótese 1, mas confirmam a segunda hipótese. A princípio, tais resultados indicam que não há uma inter-relação entre GR e Ki e que as empresas não gerenciam com a intenção de impactar no custo da dívida, mas que o gerenciamento de resultados pode ter outras motivações para as empresas brasileiras. Todavia pode ser percebido pelos credores como maneira de reduzir a transparência das demonstrações contábeis, levando-os a cobrar maiores taxas de empresas com gerenciamento de resultados, gerando maior custo da dívida para as companhias.
Under the theory of agency and the context of earnings management, the objective of this research was to study the relationship between the earnings management (EM) and the cost of debt (Ki) of Brazilian open-capital companies, from 1996 to 2007. For this, two hypotheses of research have been raised as to the possible relationship between GR and Ki: H1: the variables are interrelated and H2: the relation is unidirectional where Ki is influenced positively by the GR. The hypothesis raised, by means of existing literature, to elaborate the first hypothesis are that, longing for better contractual conditions, such as the cost of the debt, the current or past costs motivate the company to manage the current result to get better conditions for future or current costs. Therefore, the companies, intentionally, would manage their results, motivated by the cost of debt. However, there is theoretical support that relations between these variables are unidirectional, with the earnings management influencing the cost of debt, supporting the second hypothesis. For example, the earnings management is perceived as a factor of asymmetric information by the creditors, who will demand a bigger prize for the risk regarding the lack of information, which raises the cost of debt of the companies. Thus, to test the hypotheses of this research, the proxy of GR was defined with the use of the model for calculation of discretionary accruals considered by Kang and Sivaramakrishnan (1995) and the representative variable of the cost of debt was the relationship between the financial expense and the total financial liability. The initial analysis was made using the index of correlation of Spearman and analysis of average, by means of non-parametric test U of Mann-Whitney. After that the test of specification of Hausman was used, for analysis of simultaneity, followed by the analysis of regression with data disposed on panel corrected by Newey-West, correction by cluster - both under the condition where there were heteroskedasticity and serial correlation, and estimator MQ2E. The average and correlation tests pointed out a positive relation between GR and Ki, but the concurrence test did not indicate to have interrelation between the variables. The results of the regressions in the panel indicated that the Ki, current or past, does not influence the GR, but point a positive relationship, where the bigger the earnings management, greater is the cost of debt, that is, this is influenced by management. Then, the results allow rejecting the first hypothesis, confirming the second hypothesis. Such results indicate that there is not an interrelation between GR and Ki and that the companies do not manage with the intention of impacting the cost of the debt, but that the earnings management can have other motivations for the Brazilian companies, however it can be perceived, by the creditors, as a way to reduce the transparency of the accounting demonstrations, leading to charge greater fees from companies with earnings management, generating bigger cost of debt for the companies.
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14

LEONE, FÁTIMA PENHA. "O GERENCIAMENTO DE RESULTADOS E SUA RELAÇÃO COM O ENDIVIDAMENTO DE EMPRESAS BRASILEIRAS DE CAPITAL ABERTO." Universidade Metodista de Sao Paulo, 2016. http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/1582.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This study aimed to verify the existence of relationship between the indebtedness of companies and the earnings management, trying to analyze if the debt influences somehow this kind of practice used by companies in order to change the perception of users of accounting statements. The objective includes: (i) to verify if companies with higher debt levels incurred with greater intensity in the earnings management practice; ii) to identify whether the companies practiced earnings management in the period prior to fundraising through debentures or financial debt; (iii) check for differences in earnings management practices in companies that own debentures and those that do not have debentures; and (iv) to investigate whether there is difference in the practice of earnings management regarding short-term or long-term debts. The sample was collected in the Economatica database, considering the period from 2008 to 2015. After using Model KS (1995) and Model Dechow et al (2012) it was possible to verify the relationship between earnings management practices and indebtedness of companies. A positive relationship between the short-term financial debts and the earnings management practices was found, suggesting that companies with higher debt levels close to maturity, would have a greater concern with funding costs. As for the long-term debt, no relationship was found between the variables, denying the expectation that companies that need third-party capital to maintain their operations manage results to meet requirements linked to contracts loans. Regarding total indebtedness, relationship between debt and management results was found, indicating that companies incur in earnings management practice to change the perception of risk and raise funds with lower rates.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a existência de relação entre o endividamento de empresas e o gerenciamento de resultados, buscando analisar se a dívida influencia de algum modo esse tipo de prática utilizada por empresas com o intuito de alterar a percepção de usuários das demonstrações contábeis. Quanto aos objetivos propostos para a pesquisa têm-se: (i)verificar se empresas com maiores níveis de endividamento incorrem com maior intensidade na prática de gerenciamento de resultados; (ii) identificar se as empresas praticaram gerenciamento de resultados no período de captação dos recursos por meio de debêntures e ou dívidas financeiras; (iii) verificar se há diferenças quanto ao gerenciamento de resultados em empresas que possuem debêntures e aquelas que não possuem debêntures; e, (iv) investigar se existe diferença quanto à pratica de gerenciamento de resultados e dívidas de curto prazo e ou dívidas de longo prazo. A amostra foi coletada no banco de dados da Economática, considerando o período de 2008 a 2015 e, após a utilização do Modelo KS (1995) e do Modelo Dechow et al (2012), foi possível verificar a relação entre o gerenciamento de resultados e endividamento de empresas. Foi encontrada relação positiva entre as dívidas financeiras de curto prazo e o gerenciamento de resultados, sugerindo que empresas que possuem maiores níveis de endividamento próximos ao vencimento, teriam maior preocupação com os custos de captação. Quanto ao endividamento de longo prazo não foi verificada relação entre as variáveis, não confirmando a expectativa de que empresas que necessitam de capital de terceiros para a manutenção de suas operações possuam motivação para gerenciar os resultados visando atender as exigências de cláusulas restritivas atreladas aos contratos de empréstimos. Em relação ao endividamento total, verificou-se a relação entre o endividamento e gerenciamento de resultados, indicando que empresas incorrem no gerenciamento de resultados para alterarem a percepção de risco e captarem recursos com menores juros.
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15

Seco, Sara Margarida Serra. "Qual o efeito da corporate governance na gestão de resultados das empresas europeias cotadas?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9423.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Este estudo analisa o efeito da corporate governance na gestão de resultados de 337 empresas europeias cotadas, no período de 2005 a 2013. Foi utilizado o valor absoluto dos accruals discricionários totais como medida de gestão de resultados, calculado através do modelo de Jones modificado (Dechow et al., 1995). Não foi encontrada relação entre esta medida e os seguintes mecanismos de governance: independência dos administradores, dualidade do CEO, percentagem de mulheres no conselho de administração, dimensão do conselho de administração e índice de governabilidade dos países. Análises adicionais permitiram concluir que as empresas fazem menos gestão de resultados em períodos de crise e que o sistema de governo (seja anglo-saxónico, ou continental) não tem impacto no nível de accruals discricionários.
This study analyses the effect of corporate governance on earnings management of 337 European listed companies, between 2005 and 2013. The absolute value of total discretionary accruals was used as a proxy for earnings management, computed through the modified Jones model (Dechow et al., 1995). It was not found any association between this measure and the following governance mechanisms: board independence, CEO duality, proportion of women on board, board size and countries? government index. From further analysis, results also show that listed companies do less earnings management in crisis periods and that corporate governance system (anglo-saxon or continental) does not impact on discretionary accruals level.
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Coelho, Gonçalo José de Amaral Cardoso Charneca. "Earnings management and acquirers preceding acquisitions in Europe." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12842.

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Mestrado em Finanças
O presente estudo analisa o comportamento por parte de empresas europeias cotadas e não cotadas quanto à prática de gestão de resultados. A amostra é constituída por 409 empresas adquirentes que anunciaram e completaram negócios de fusões e aquisições entre 2009 e 2016. Das 409 transações completadas, 29% dizem respeito a pagamentos em ações, enquanto 71% configuram pagamentos em dinheiro. Os accruals foram estimados através da versão modificada do modelo de Jones, de forma a poder ser obtida a componente de accruals discricionários como medida de gestão de resultados. A amostra testada englobou 400 empresas adquirentes, e 400 empresas match que não participaram em negócios de fusões e aquisições durante o período da amostra. Os resultados obtidos mostram uma fraca evidência quanto ao facto de os gestores manipularem os resultados no sentido ascendente, durante o período anterior à data do anúncio da transação. Estes resultados parecem estar em linha com os obtidos por Erickson & Wang (1999) e Koumanakos et al. (2005) em que não houve uma antecipada gestão de resultados por parte das empresas adquirentes que pagaram fusões e aquisições em dinheiro.
This study examines the behavior of European listed and non-listed firms in terms of earnings management practices. The sample is composed by 409 acquirers which have announced and completed M&A deals between 2009 and 2016. From the 409 completed transactions, 29% of them concern stock payments, while 71% of them concern cash payments. The accruals were estimated via the modified version of Jones model in order to obtain the component of discretionary accruals, the main proxy for earnings management. The tested sample considered 400 acquirers combined with the respective 400 matching firms that have not participated in M&A deals during the sample period. The results provide weak evidence that managers manipulate earnings upwards in the period prior to their M&A announcements. These findings seem to approach those of Erickson & Wang (1999) and Koumanakos et al. (2005) for which pre-merger earnings were not managed by cash acquirers.
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17

Andersson, Fredrik, and Fredrik Lilja. "Earnings Management in times of CEO turnover : A quantitative study with the attributes – Industry, Company Size, CEO Origin, and CEO Age on the Swedish market." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-202617.

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This thesis researches to which extent companies use earnings management in times of CEO turnover, which is a continuing, complex and rather complicated issue. Earnings management was tested on different attribute such as: firm industry, firm size, CEO’s age, and the CEO’s origin (internal or external). The data was gathered through a quantitative study based on public companies’ financial reports. The sample includes 252 firms listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm and have been subject of a CEO change at some occasion during 2005-2011. The statistical result from the mixed-model ANOVA tests showed in general significant result of upward earnings management the year of CEO change, but not the following year. While there are many explanations to the findings of how earnings management is used on the Swedish market, the analysis and conclusion elaborate the reason that ought to be the blueprint of reality.
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18

Sprenger, Kélim Bernardes. "Relação entre as características do CEO e o gerenciamento de resultados." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2016. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/5986.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
Tendo em vista que o resultado de uma entidade impacta na decisão dos investidores, no mercado e na administração da empresa, determinados gestores podem se utilizar da discricionariedade no processo de mensuração e evidenciação contábil para gerenciar os resultados. Visando compreender as circunstâncias que estão atreladas à essa prática no Brasil, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre as características do Chief Executive Officer (CEO) e o gerenciamento de resultados em empresas listadas na BM&FBovespa. Para a consecução deste estudo, foram coletadas as informações do CEO de cada empresa, como idade, gênero, experiência anterior, nível de escolaridade e área de formação, bem como sua forma de eleição e os cargos por ele ocupados, no período de 2010 a 2015, por meio do Formulário de Referência. Para detectar o gerenciamento de resultados, foram utilizados os modelos de Jones (1991) e de Jones Modificado (1995), cujos resíduos representam os accruals discricionários, vistos pela literatura como proxy do gerenciamento de resultados. Dessa forma, para cada empresa e em cada ano, foram estimados os accruals discricionários e estes foram considerados como a variável dependente de uma regressão múltipla elaborada para estabelecer uma relação entre as características do CEO e o gerenciamento de resultados. Os dados foram organizados e estimados em poll de cross section. Os principais resultados indicam que quanto maior a medida de remuneração por desempenho (MRD) do CEO, menor será o uso de accruals discricionários na empresa e, consequentemente, haverá menor nível de gerenciamento de resultados. Também se verificou que há relação entre a idade e o gênero do CEO com o gerenciamento de resultados, indicando que quanto maior a idade do CEO, menor é o gerenciamento de resultados e que os homens fazem mais uso dos accruals discricionários. Identificou-se ainda que as empresas cujo controle acionário é estrangeiro estão menos relacionadas com o gerenciamento de resultados.
Considering that the outcome of a company affects the investors’ decision in the market and in the company’s management, some managers may use the discretion in the measurement and accounting disclosure process to manage the results. To further understand the circumstances linked to this practice in Brazil, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and earnings management in companies listed on the BM&FBovespa. To achieve this study, each company CEO’s information was collected, such as age, gender, previous experience, level of education and area, as well as their form of election and positions held by them in the period 2010-2015, through the Formulário de Referência (reference form). In order to detect earnings management, Jones model (1991) and Jones Modified model (1995) were used, which residues represent discretionary accruals, considered in the literature as earnings management’ proxy. Thus, for each company and each year, discretionary accruals were estimated and considered as a dependent variable in a multiple regression designed to establish a relationship between the CEO characteristics and earnings management. Data were organized and estimated at pool of cross-section. The main results indicate that the higher the payment for performance measurement (MRD) of the CEO, the lower the use of discretionary accruals. Consequently, there will be a lower level of earnings management. It was also found that there is a relationship between the age and gender of the CEO with the management results, indicating that the higher the age of the CEO, the lower the earnings management, and that men make more use of discretionary accruals. It also identified that companies with foreign stock control are less related to earnings management.
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19

Santana, Alex Fabiano Bertollo. "Gerenciamento de resultados e remuneração dos executivos nas companhias latino-americanas." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2008. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2841.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se as formas de remuneração dos executivos das Companhias Latino-Americanas influenciam o gerenciamento de resultados contábeis. Realizou-se uma análise empírica de 48 empresas, de 4 diferentes países latino-americanos em um período de 5 anos (entre 2002 e 2006), perfazendo um total de 240 observações. Para verificar a ocorrência de gerenciamento de resultados nas companhias latino-americanas, foi adotado o modelo Kang e Sivaramakrishnan (1995). Os testes estatísticos utilizados foram: U Mann-Whitney e Teste Wald. Os resultados do estudo indicaram indícios de maior nível de gerenciamento de resultados nas empresas que fornecem remuneração não fixa aos seus executivos.
The objective of this study was to determine whether the forms of compensation for executives of companies Latin American influence earnings management. There was an empirical analysis of 48 companies, of 4 different Latin American countries in a period of 5 years (between 2002 and 2006), which totaled of 240 observations. To check the occurrence of earnings management in Latin American companies, the model adopted was Kang and Sivaramakrishnan (1995). The statistical tests used to the validity of regressions were: Mann-Whitney U test and Wald. The findings the study showed signs of greater level of earnings management in companies that ofter variable pay to their executives.
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20

Alves, Sara Varela. "Impacto das variáveis macroeconomicas na gestão de resultados." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8040.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Este estudo pretende analisar o impacto das variáveis macroeconómicas e de carácter institucional na gestão de resultados, bem como estudar a influência dos ciclos económicos. A amostra incide sobre empresas cotadas de 14 países da Europa entre o período de 2003 a 2012. Foi utilizado o modelo de Jones (1991) para detectar a prática de gestão de resultados. Os resultados sugerem que o PIB per capita e a taxa de crescimento real do PIB tendem a diminuir a prática de gestão de resultados e que os países de origem legal code law e os países da Europa Oriental apresentam maiores níveis de gestão de resultados. Os resultados sugerem também que apesar das variáveis macroeconómicas terem impacto na gestão de resultados, as características específicas da empresa assumem um maior poder explicativo. Há também evidência de que durante a crise financeira os gestores tendem a gerir os resultados para baixo.
This study aims to analyze the impact of macroeconomic and institutional variables in earnings management and study the influence of economic cycles, since the sample includes different periods of expansions and recessions. This sample is composed by listed companies of 14 European countries between the periods of 2003 to 2012. The Jones model of (1991) was used to detect earnings management practices. The results of the study are in line with the literature. The GDP per capita and the real GDP growth rate tend to decrease earnings management and the countries with legal origin in Code Law as well as Eastern European countries are associated with an increase in earnings management. There is evidence that despite the fact that macroeconomic variables have an impact on earnings management, specific company characteristics have a greater explanatory power. Furthermore, there is evidence that during financial crisis managers tend to manipulate results downwards.
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21

Santos, Ana Filipa Miranda dos. "A gestão de resultados na divulgação de contas consolidadas vs contas individuais." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19987.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Este estudo permite analisar a associação entre a prática de gestão de resultados (GR) e a forma de divulgação estratégica das demonstrações financeiras (DF's). Assim, foi retirada da base de dados Amadeus uma amostra final composta por 1691 empresas cotadas da zona euro no período de 2011 a 2018. Para o cálculo dos accruals discricionários foi utilizado o modelo Jones (1991), desenvolvido por Kothari et al. (2005) e Dechow et al. (1995). Os resultados sugerem que as empresas que divulgam as DF´s consolidadas e individuais apresentam menos GR do que as empresas que divulgam somente as DF´s consolidadas, e que quando realizam a GR tendem a fazê-lo no sentido descendente. Adicionalmente, o estudo demonstra que as empresas que divulgam DF´s consolidadas e individuais em períodos de crise tendem a praticar GR num sentido descendente. A forma de divulgação das DF´s e a relação com a GR não foi investigada até ao momento, sendo o presente estudo importante fonte de informação para os stakeholders das empresas, especialmente para os investidores.
This study allows to analyse the association between accrual Earnings Management (EM) and ways to disclose strategic financial statements (FS) on the Financial Data databases and platforms. Thus, it was collected from Amadeus database a final sample composed of 1691 Eurozone listed companies ranging between 2011 to 2018. For the discretionary accruals, I used the Jones model (1991), developed by Kothari et al. (2005) and Dechow et al. (1995). The results suggest that companies which disclose consolidated and individual financial statements present lower EM than companies which disclose solely consolidated FS, and when they do EM they tend to do them downward. Additionally, this study demonstrates that companies that disclose consolidated and individual FS on crisis periods tend to management earnings downwardly. The way of disclosure of FS and the relationship of it with the EM wasn't investigated until now, being this study important for the company's stakeholders, especially for investors.
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22

Ferro, André Cardoso. "A relação entre gestão de resultados e responsabilidade social empresarial." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20370.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Este estudo analisa a relação entre a Gestão de Resultados e a Responsabilidade Social Empresarial (RSE). Para tal, foi recolhida uma amostra final constituída por 568 empresas cotadas da União Europeia e EFTA, entre o ano de 2010 e o ano de 2018. Foi utilizado o modelo de Jones (1991) complementado por Kothari et al. (2005), para calcular os accruals discricionários. A RSE foi calculada através do score combinado de ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance), da base de dados ASSET4. Os resultados sugerem que a relação entre a gestão de resultados com base em accruals discricionários e a responsabilidade social empresarial é negativa. Os resultados são robustos para medidas alternativas de RSE, para diferentes níveis de gestão de resultados assumidos pelas empresas (aumentar ou diminuir resultados), bem como para níveis moderados de investimentos em RSE. No entanto, em anos de crise e em períodos de performance financeira negativa, a relação inverte-se, ou seja, durante períodos de dificuldade económica, a relação entre RSE e gestão de resultados é positiva. Assim, o estudo sugere que, durante bons períodos financeiros as práticas sustentáveis fazem parte do comportamento ético dos gestores. No entanto, em condições económicas desfavoráveis, a gestão serve-se, de forma oportunista, do estatuto de empresa sustentável para gerir resultados.
This study analyses the relationship between Earnings Management and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). To this end, a final sample of 568 listed companies from the European Union and EFTA was collected between 2010 and 2018. The Jones (1991) model complemented by Kothari et al. (2005) was used to calculate discretionary accruals. CSR was calculated using the combined ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) score from the ASSET4 database. The results suggest that the relationship between earnings management based on discretionary accruals and corporate social responsibility is negative. The results are robust for alternative CSR measures, for different levels of earnings management assumed by companies (increase or decrease results), as well as for moderate levels of CSR investments. However, during periods of crisis or during periods of negative financial performance, the relationship is reversed, i.e., during periods of economic difficulty, the relationship between CSR and earnings management is positive. Thus, the study suggests that, during good financial periods, sustainable practices are part of the ethical behaviour of managers. However, in unfavourable economic conditions, management makes opportunistic use of a sustainable company's status to manage earnings.
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23

Brugger, Alexander J. "Earnings Management in European Football: How Effective is Financial Fair Play?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1169.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the new Financial Fair Play regulations set forth by the United European Football Association (UEFA) in 2011 on levels of earnings management in European professional football. The Financial Fair Play regulations were imposed as a means of controlling the exorbitant amounts of debt and player’s wages that have threatened the financial stability of many professional football clubs throughout Europe. While UEFA has boasted early success of the new regulations, citing reduced aggregate losses of all football clubs, reduced overdue payables, and less outstanding debt, this study examines levels of discretionary accruals before and after the new regulations were instated to determine if teams are managing earnings to avoid UEFA sanctions. This study collected data from 137 different teams competing in UEFA competition from 2007 to 2013. Discretionary accruals were estimated using the Jones model (1991) as modified by Kothari et al. (2005). The findings of this study were largely inconclusive as a significant difference could not be found in levels of abnormal discretionary accruals before and after the introduction of Financial Fair Play. These findings may suggest that UEFA has succeeded in creating regulations that have curbed an era of extreme leveraging and club losses while simultaneously restricting additional opportunities for club owners to manage earnings that reduce both earnings quality and financial transparency. Overall, the findings from this study highlight the need for more widely available financial information from European football clubs and additional years of financial data under the new regulations.
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Shah, Latisha. "Institutional Ownership in Relation to the Mandatory Audit Firm Rotation Rule and its Effect on Audit Quality." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1878.

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Previous studies have concluded that mandatory audit firm rotation (MAFR) has not been successful in controlling the outcomes of the auditor-client relationship. Additionally, the literature concludes that high institutional ownership enhances audit quality through monitoring the management-auditor relationship. This paper hypothesizes that better corporate governance in terms of high institutional ownership percentage will enhance audit quality during a MAFR regime. Since countries that have implemented MAFR in the past have their data in their local languages, I use the special case of Arthur Andersen clients based in the US as my treatment group. I carry out a descriptive statistical analysis and run linear OLS regressions with discretionary accruals as a proxy for audit quality as my dependent variable. Results suggest that the percentage of institutional ownership does not have a significant impact on audit quality in a MAFR regime.
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Azevedo, Raquel de Oliveira. "Estudo das práticas de gestão de resultados nas empresas europeias cotadas e não cotadas." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7964.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Este estudo analisa a prática de gestão de resultados em empresas europeias cotadas e não cotadas. A amostra é composta por 8752 empresas de 9 países europeus, para o período de 2005 a 2012. Como medida de gestão de resultados é usado o nível de accruals discricionários calculado segundo o modelo de Jones modificado (Dechow, Sloan & Sweeney, 1995). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as empresas não cotadas apresentam uma prática de gestão de resultados mais pronunciada comparativamente às empresas cotadas. Os resultados sugerem ainda que, comparativamente com as empresas não cotadas, as empresas cotadas apresentam um menor nível de práticas de gestão de resultados quer nos países common law, quer nos países civil law, sendo esta diferença mais pronunciada nos países common law.
This study analyses the earnings management in European public (listed) and private (unlisted) firms. The sample consists of 8752 firms from 9 European countries for the period between 2005 and 2012. As earnings management proxy it was used the level of discretionary accruals, calculated using the modified Jones model (Dechow, Sloan & Sweeney, 1995). The results suggest that private firms are more likely to manage earnings than public firms. The results also suggest that, compared to private firms, public firms have a lower level of earnings management in either common law countries or civil law countries, being this diference more pronounced in common law countries.
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Anders, Hedström, and Tounkara Shekou. "A Comparative Study of Models to Reveal Earnings Management : At Stockholm Exchange Market from year 2000-2009." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för ekonomi och företagande, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-9197.

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Background and problem: This paper illuminates the problem with temptation of earnings management. However, there are particular disadvantages when companies use this technique because it creates an information asymmetry at the stock market. Problem of earnings management is although not a new phenomenon there issue is the quality of financial reporting. The development is concerning, since recently the performance of financial report has a negative trend, a trend that could harm the financial world. If a company does not provide meaningful information the fundamentals of capital market lose confidence. Purpose: This study has two purposes. The first purpose is to evaluate the ability of various discretionary accruals model at Stockholm Exchange Market. The second purpose is concerning a new model in purpose to understand and reveal earnings management. Boundaries: Data contains only business corporations at large cap and operate at the Stockholm Stock Exchange market. Furthermore is this research based on a time series data from year 2000 – 2009 and cross section data from year 2009. Method: The approach of the methodology are inspired of prior earnings management research, as Healy (1985), DeAngelo (1986) and Jones (1991) which have relied on discretionary accruals to detect earnings management. Conclusion: The result indicates that the Jones modified model is the most powerful models to explain earnings management, which also is consistent with prior studies. The result from the extended Jones modified model indicates no improvement, concerning on revealing earnings management. Further, the results confirm that the null hypothesis can be rejected at 1% significant level but the F-value fall drastically compare to Jones modified model. Suggestions for further research: One suggestion is that more research should be conducted in order to develop accounting policies aimed at limiting the application of earnings management. Alternatively, future research should base on data that measures the phenomenon of earnings management at a deeper level. Yet there are some obstacles to gather desire data and therefore it is not easily accessible.
Bakgrund och problem: Den här studien undersöker resultatstyrning, då det finns både fördelar och nackdelar med att tillämpa denna metod. Problemet med resultatstyrning är dock inte ett nytt fenomen, där tidigare studier visar att kvalitet på den finansiella rapporteringen kan ifrågasättas. Företagens årsredovisning skall speglar en rättvisande bild av verksamheten och således är utvecklingen oroväckande eftersom trovärdigheten för den finansiella rapporteringen har fått en negativ trend, en trend som kan skada den finansiella marknaden. Syfte: Den här studien utvärdera och jämföra hur befintliga disketionära modeller förhåller sig på Stockholmsbörsen. Dessutom utvecklas en förbättringsmodell. En model med förklaringsvariabler som ger ett nytt och/eller annorlunda perspektiv på fenomenet. Avgränsningar: Undersökningen omfattar endast företag som är registrerad på large cap och verkar på Stockholmsbörsen. Data som används i studien är dels en tidsserie data från år 2000-2009 och dels tvärsnittsdata från år 2009. Metod: Den här undersökningen tillämpar liknande metoder som tidigare studier, beträffande resultatstyrning såsom Healy (1985), DeAngelo (1986) och Jones (1991) där de definierar diskretionär avsättning som vinstmanipulering. Slutsats: Resultaten visar att Jones modified model förklara och upptäcker resultatstyrning på ett bättre sätt än de andra modellerna. Denna slutsats överrensstämmer med tidigare studier. Resultaten från den utökande Jones modified model visar inte några förbättringar. Dock förkastar den noll hypotesen på 1 % signifikansnivå men F-värdet sjunker kraftigt jämförelsevis mot Jones modified model. Förslag till vidare forskning: Ett förslag är att framtida forskning bör bedrivas i syfte för att utveckla redovisningsprinciper som begränsar resultatstyrning. Alternativt förslag är att samla in data som mäter resultatstyrning på en djupare nivå, dock är det problematiskt med dagens
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Kajimoto, Clarice Gutierrez Kitamura. "A suavização do lucro líquido e a persistência das contas de resultado das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96133/tde-09052017-163532/.

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A literatura trata a suavização do lucro líquido como uma das proxies para medir a qualidade da informação contábil (DECHOW; GE; SCHRAND, 2010). Porém, pesquisas sobre suavização do lucro líquido são divergentes em responder se essa suavização aumenta ou diminui a qualidade da informação. Existem trabalhos que testam se o aumento da suavização do lucro líquido aumenta a qualidade da informação por meio da persistência do lucro (TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). Sabe-se, todavia, que os investidores não projetam fluxos de caixa futuros das empresas utilizando somente o lucro líquido, mas as contas de resultado que compõem esse lucro, pois são consideradas relevantes no processo de decisão sobre determinado investimento (BARTON; HANSEN; POWNALL, 2010). Entretanto, desconhecese qual o impacto da suavização sobre as contas de resultado que compõem o lucro líquido. Assim, esta pesquisa procura analisar como o objetivo de suavizar o lucro líquido afeta a persistência das contas de resultado que compõem esse lucro. Nesse sentido, as empresas que fazem parte da amostra foram separadas em empresas que mais e menos suavizam o lucro líquido de acordo com três modelos de suavização encontrados na literatura (LEUZ; NANDA; WYSOCKI , 2003; TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). Posteriormente, foram testadas a persistência das contas de resultado, utilizando o modelo de persistência adaptado de Dechow; Ge e Schrand (2010). Os resultados apontam que as empresas que mais suavizam o lucro líquido possuem contas de resultado mais persistentes em relação às contas das empresas que menos suavizam esse lucro. Além disso, as empresas que mais suavizam o lucro líquido com maior quantidade de accruals discricionários possuem determinadas contas de resultado mais persistentes quando comparadas às empresas que mais suavizam esse lucro com menor quantidade de accruals discricionários. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que o gestor esteja suavizando o lucro artificialmente aumentando a persistência de determinadas contas de resultado, o que caracteriza estas persistências como artificiais. Assim, o investidor que projetar fluxos de caixa de empresas que mais suavizam o lucro líquido com maior quantidade de accruals discricionários poderá ter sua decisão prejudicada
The literature treats the income smoothing as one of the proxies to measure the earnings quality (DECHOW; GE; SCHRAND, 2010). However, research on the income smoothing diverges in whether this smoothing increases or decreases the earnings quality. There are studies that test whether the increase in income smoothing increases the quality of information through the earnings persistence (TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). It is known, however, that investors do not project future cash flows of companies using only net income, but the profit and loss accounts that make up this profit since they are considered relevant in the decision process on an investment (BARTON; HANSEN; POWNALL, 2010). However, the impact of income smoothing on the income statements that make up net income is not known. Thus, this research seeks to analyze how the objective of smoothing the net profit affects the persistence of the income accounts that compose this profit. In this sense, the companies that are part of the sample were separated into companies that more and less smooth the net profit according to three models of income smoothing found in the literature (LEUZ; NANDA; WYSOCKI , 2003; TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). Subsequently, the persistence of the profit and loss accounts was tested using the persistence model adapted from Dechow; Ge and Schrand (2010). The results show that the companies that smoothed the net profit have more persistent profit and loss accounts in relation to the accounts of the companies that least smooth their profit. In addition, companies that the most smoothed their net income with greater amount of discretionary accruals have more persistent profit and loss accounts when compared to the companies that most smooth their profit with less amount of discretionary accruals. Therefore, the results suggest that it is possible for the manager being artificially smoothing the profit, making certain profit and loss accounts more persistent, which characterizes persistence as artificial. Thus, the investor who projects future cash flow from companies that the most smooth the net income with greater discretionary accruals may have their decision impaired, since the projection of future cash flow may not represent the expected future financial performance of the company
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28

Frisk, Niklas, and Max Andersson. "Variable pay as a predictor of earnings management." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-297733.

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This paper examines the relationship between executive compensation – in the form ofvariable pay – and earnings management. Since most research is done on Americancompanies, and Swedish companies are adopting a more Anglo-American compensationstructure, we would like to study this in Sweden. We hypothesize that CEOs with highervariable pay are more likely to engage in earnings management. This study is done onSwedish companies listed on Large- and Mid-Cap. Using data from the companies’ annualreports we find no significant relationship between variable pay and discretionary accrualsusing our regression.
Denna studie undersöker relationen mellan kompensation till ledande befattningshavare –den del av lönen som är rörlig - och manipulering av intäkter. Då större delen av tidigareforskning har fokuserat på amerikanska företag, och svenska företag anammar en mer angloamerikanskstruktur av kompensation, vill vi undersöka detta i Sverige. Vi kommer fram tillen hypotes där vi antar att en VD med högre rörlig lön är mer trolig att manipulera intäkter.Studien är gjord på svenska företag listade på Large och Mid Cap. Genom att använda datafrån företagens årsredovisningar och Datastream hittar vi genom våra regressioner ingasamband mellan rörlig lön och diskretionära periodiseringar.
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Rasuli, Shakawan, and Emil Gryth. "Marketing in Recession: - How have Swedish firms in the consumer discretionary sector reacted to the current recession?" Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-20068.

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30

Moreira, Joana Leonardo Pereira. "O papel das mulheres na gestão de resultados : o caso português." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19175.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
A presença das mulheres nas posições cimeiras das empresas está longe de ser igualitária. Atualmente, a nível europeu e para as maiores empresas cotadas em Bolsa, apenas 28% dos membros dos conselhos de administração (CA) são do sexo feminino. Em Portugal, somente 25% dos CAs são compostos por mulheres (Deloitte, 2018). A presente dissertação visa analisar se existe uma relação entre a presença de mulheres no CA e a gestão de resultados nas sociedades anónimas portuguesas entre 2010 e 2017. De forma a medir a gestão de resultados calculou-se o valor absoluto dos accruals discricionários recorrendo ao modelo de Jones modificado (Jones, 1991; Dechow et al., 1995). Para além de ser analisado a percentagem de mulheres nos CAs recorre-se também aos diferentes tipos de CAs propostos por Kanter (1977a, 1977b). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a presença feminina nos CA não influencia a prática da gestão de resultados. Através de análises adicionais demonstrou-se que empresas de dimensões superiores, mais estáveis e com CA de maior dimensão gerem os resultados, com o intuito de os reduzir. Contudo, quando existe prejuízo e endividamento, as conclusões são em sentido oposto, e as empresas tendem a aumentar os resultados. Esta dissertação contribui para a literatura relacionada pois, por um lado, analisa o impacto da presença de mulheres nos CAs na gestão de resultados em empresas portuguesas não cotadas e, por outro lado, analisa a relação entre os diferentes tipos de CAs (Kanter, 1977a, 1977b) e a gestão de resultados, algo que raramente é estudado.
Women's presence in top corporate positions is far from being equal. Currently, in Europe and for the largest listed companies, only 28% of board members are female. In Portugal, only 25% of boards have female employees (Deloitte, 2018). This dissertation aims to analyze if there is a relationship between the presence of women on the boards and earnings management in Portuguese public limited companies between 2010 and 2017. In order to measure earnings management, we use the absolute value of discretionary accruals using the modified Jones model (Jones, 1991; Dechow et al., 1995). In addition to analyzing the percentage of women in boards, we also study the different types of boards proposed by Kanter (1977a, 1977b). The results suggest that the presence of women on the boards does not influence the practice of earnings management. Further analysis shows that larger, more stable companies and with a larger board of directors manage earnings, in order to reduce them. However, when companies are at a loss and in debt, the conclusions are in the opposite direction, and companies tend to increase the results. This study contributes to the literature because, on one hand, it analyses the impact of the presence of women on the boards and earnings management in Portuguese public limited companies and, on the other hand, it analyses the relationship between the different types of boards (Kanter, 1977a). , 1977b) and earnings management, which is rarely studied.
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31

Carlsson, Peder, and William Blomström. "The conservative newcomer : The effects on audit quality as a consequence of audit firm rotation in Swedish publicly listed companies 2008-2012." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-205313.

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The topic of the effects of audit quality as a consequence of audit firm rotation has been debated for decades in business science. It has also been discussed in the political arena. In April 2013 the Legal Affairs Committee of the European Union voted for a draft law requiring mandatory audit firm rotation for periods of 14 years. Countries such as Sweden might face the possible changes in audit quality that the mandatory audit firm rotation entails. In the light of these events, we studied how the audit quality changes when audit firms rotate. Because we used the Jones Model and the Modified Jones Model, discretionary accruals were our proxy for audit quality. The initial sample consisted of all publicly listed companies which rotated audit firms from 2008 to 2012 in Sweden. We found that there was a statistically significant change in audit quality, in the form of higher discretionary accruals following the rotation. Based on earlier research claiming that higher discretionary accruals signifies lower audit quality, our results suggest that audit firm rotation in Sweden leads to a diminished audit quality. This might be due to the loss of firm-specific knowledge. Our results also indicate that the new auditing firms are more conservative than the auditor firm prior to the rotation, which might be explained by the increased audit risk that is related to the audit of the first-year client.
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32

Ouattara, Alassane. "Contribution à l’étude de la qualité de l'audit." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0098.

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En gestion des entreprises, l’audit est un mécanisme clé de gouvernance en contribuant notamment à améliorer la qualité du reporting financier et réduisant, par là-même, l’asymétrie d’information entre les parties prenantes. Pour assurer un tel dessein, l’audit doit être de bonne qualité, c’est-à-dire, diligenté par des auditeurs à la fois compétents et indépendants. Au plan académique, depuis les travaux fondateurs de Watts et Zimmerman (1979), et DeAngelo (1981), la difficulté d’opérationnalisation de la qualité de l’audit reste présente, compte tenu du caractère inobservable de cette procédure. Fort de ce constat, cette recherche doctorale propose un cadre analytique de l’audit utile à l’étude empirique de ses conséquences économiques pour les parties prenantes de l’entreprise. En premier lieu, dans un contexte institutionnel dit d’audit implicite – l’UEMOA – et à partir d’un échantillon constitué de banques, au cours de la période 2006-2010, nous montrons qu’un audit de qualité s’avère complémentaire aux mécanismes de gouvernance traditionnels. Dans un second temps, dans un contexte institutionnel dit d’audit explicite – la France –, nous proposons une mesure originale de l’indépendance de l’auditeur afin d’étudier ses conséquences économiques pour les sociétés cotées. A partir d’un échantillon constitué de sociétés cotées au CAC All-Tradable, pour la période allant de 2006 à 2013, nous concluons que le renforcement de l’indépendance des auditeurs, aussi bien individuelle que collective, impacte significativement (1) la qualité des états financiers divulgués à travers une amélioration de la qualité des résultats, (2) le comportement des investisseurs à travers le coût du capital et (3) les prévisions des analystes financiers dans le contexte particulier des tests de dépréciation du goodwill
In business management, audit seems to be a key element of corporate governance which contributes to improve the quality of financial reporting. For this purpose, it plays an essential role in reducing the information asymmetry between stakeholders and in ensuring the credibility of accounting numbers disclosed. Firms must be audited by competent and independent auditors. In this academic area, since the seminal studies of Watts and Zimmerman (1979), and DeAngelo (1981), the operationalization of audit quality remains critical for researchers, because of its unobservable character. This thesis, hereby, proposes an analytical framework for audit and empirically examines the economic consequences of this procedure for stakeholders. On the one hand, focusing on an institutional context of implied audit (i.e. WAEMU), and based on a sample made of commercial banks over 2006-2010, we find that audit quality through mandatory joint audit is complementary to traditional corporate governance mechanisms. On the other hand, under an explicit audit context, we test an original proxy for audit quality and study its economic consequences for French listed companies over the period 2006-2013. Our results suggest that the higher single and joint auditor independence are, (1) the better earnings quality is, (2) the less implied cost of equity is, (3) the higher disclosure on goodwill impairment testing is, which leads financial analysts to greater earnings forecast revisions
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Cruz, Bruno Alexandre. "Gerenciamento de resultados e sua relação com a adoção da revisão da vida útil do ativo: um estudo empírico com as empresas listadas no IBOVESPA." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1480.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Alexandre Cruz.pdf: 581439 bytes, checksum: 8215e7f1a30c88eccca337c4da7f9bf3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-05
Earnings management and its relationship with the adoption of changing the estimated useful life of long lived assets: a empirical research with the companies listed on IBOVESPA Under assumption of agency theory, accouting choice theory and premises of earnings management the objects of this research is to understand the relationship between earnings management by changing the estimated useful life of long lived assets and the introduction of the review of useful life of assets in Brazil under the CPC 27 Ativo Imobilizado and the ICPC 10 ( Interpretação Técnica 10 ) by the public companies in their issued financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2010. The foundations for the hypotheses considered in this research were based on: (i) if the companies listed on IBOVESPA that adopted the depreciation rates suggested by the Secretaria da Receita Federal (SRF) had boosted the main accouting performances and (ii) if the companies that adopted the revised depreciation rates under the ICPC 10 had boosted the main accouting performances. The univariate regression model was used empirically to estimate this discretionary Accruals, which are the proxy of changed discretionary value of accounting earnings. The study showed that Brazilian companies that adopted different depreciation rates, instead of the ones recommended by the Secretaria da Receita Federal ( SRF ), obtained increased financial ratios than the companies that adopted the SRF depreciation rates. In addition, the qualitative samples analysis demonstrated the intrinsic relation between earnings management and lower levels of corporate governance
Gerenciamento de resultados, e sua relação com a adoção da revisão da vida útil do ativo: Um estudo empírico com as empresas listadas no IBOVESPA. Sob a Teoria da agencia, Teoria da escolha contábil e premissas de gerenciamento de resultados, o objetivo da pesquisa é entender a relação entre o gerenciamento de resultados por meio de alteração na estimativa de vida útil do ativo imobilizado e ativo intangível de vida útil definida frente à introdução da revisão da vida útil no Brasil por meio do CPC 27 Ativo imobilizado e ICPC 10 (Interpretação técnica nº 10 ) nas empresas de capital aberto no Brasil que publicaram suas demonstrações financeiras na data base de 31 de dezembro de 2009 e 2010. As hipóteses consideradas nesta pesquisa estão fundamentadas basicamente em: (i) as empresas não financeiras listadas no IBOVESPA estão utilizando as taxas de depreciação recomendadas pela SRF, normalmente menores que as taxas apuradas por meio da revisão da vida útil como forma de obter melhorias nos indicadores contábeis. (ii) as empresas não financeiras listadas no IBOVESPA estão utilizando as taxas de depreciação após a avaliação da revisão da vida útil do ativo como forma de obter melhorias nos indicadores contábeis. Nesta pesquisa utilizou-se estudo empírico quantitativo e qualitativo no qual se utilizou modelos de regressão univariada para estimar as acumulações discricionárias, que são a proxy do valor discrecionariamente alterado nos resultados contábeis. O resultado da pesquisa indicou que as empresas não financeiras listadas no IBOVESPA estão utilizando as taxa de depreciação diferente do que é recomendado pela SRF, normalmente menores que as taxas da SRF como forma de obter melhoria nos indicadores contábeis, deflagrando assim gerenciamento de resultados com base nas acumulações discricionárias. Quando analisada as empresas que adotaram a taxa de depreciação igual a sugerida pela SRF, verificou-se que os indicadores financeiros destas empresas não foram superiores em relação as empresas adotaram a revisão da vida útil com taxas diferentes da SRF. Portanto existem indícios de que estas empresas não estariam gerenciando resultados
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Santos, Carlos Manuel da Silva. "A gestão de resultados, a conjuntura e o impacto da dívida soberana : análise europeia." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14558.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Este estudo analisa a associação da dívida soberana dos Estados da Zona Euro e da GR ao nível de 766 empresas cotadas e, consequentemente, se as intervenções da troika terão uma associação com a GR praticada pelas empresas destes mesmos Estados, no período de 2007 a 2015. Foi encontrada uma associação entre países com dívidas soberanas mais elevadas e a GR praticada no sentido de os aumentar por empresas destes países. O estudo permite, ainda, aferir que os países intervencionados não possuem incentivos à prática de GR, ainda que quando as empresas o façam, neste contexto, ocorre no sentido descendente, para ?guardar? resultados para o futuro. Complementarmente, países com taxas de desemprego mais elevadas e PIBpc reduzido não criam pressão às empresas a gerir resultados, e as que gerem tendem a diminuir resultados. Verifica-se, ainda, que países com taxas de juro mais elevadas (mercados mais rígidos) têm menos empresas a gerir resultados com o intuito de os diminuir, sendo que países com maiores níveis de IDE têm empresas a praticar GR no sentido de os aumentar e que países com cargas fiscais mais elevadas tendem a ter empresas a realizar GR com o intuito de reduzir resultados. Análises adicionais permitem concluir que as empresas fazem menos GR durante o período da Crise da Dívida Soberana do que no período antecedente a esta. Outras análises permitem aferir que a relação entre a GR e o ciclo macroeconómico não é linear e monotónica.
This study analyses the association between sovereign debt and Earnings Management (EM) in Eurozone countries with a sample of 766 listed companies and, consequently, if troika interventions are associated with firms´ EM, from 2007 to 2015. The Jones model (1991), adjusted by Kothari et al. (2005), is used to calculate discretionary accruals, to measure EM. The study finds an association between countries with higher sovereign debt and firms´ EM. The study also allows us to verify that the intervention countries do not have incentives to Management Earnings. Although, when companies do so it is downwards, to "save" results for the future. In addition, countries with higher unemployment rates and a low GDP do not influence firms to Management Earnings. Besides, countries with higher interest rates (more rigid markets) have fewer firms managing results downward. Countries with higher levels of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) have firms Managing Earnings upward, while countries with higher tax burdens tend to have firms doing Managing Earnings downward. Further analysis allows us to conclude that firms make less EM during the period of the Sovereign Debt Crisis than in the period before that. It also allows us to verify that the relation between EM and the macroeconomic cycle is not linear and monotonic. As far as we know, the impact of sovereign debt on the quality of financial reporting has not been yet investigated. Therefore, this research is of interest to investors, regulators and even for the monetary policy pursued by the European Central Bank.
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35

McGowan, Michele M. "The influence of the Sarbanes-Oxley act on audit quality| Evidence from nonprofit hospitals subject to the single audit act." Thesis, Nova Southeastern University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3623968.

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This study uses an institutional theory perspective to examine whether significant changes to the audit work and engagement practices required under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) lead to improved audit quality in nonprofit hospitals. Unlike their for-profit counterparts, nonprofit organizations have been subject to audits of internal controls over financial reporting and program compliance for decades under Circular A-133 of the Single Audit Act of 1984, as amended. Circular A-133 audits represent the primary accountability tool over the billions of grant dollars awarded annually by the federal government. Despite the enormity of these awards and the substantial informational effect of the audit reports, prior empirical research suggests that the quality of these audits is problematic.

Using the archival data of nonprofit hospital Circular A-133 audits and related hand-collected financial data from IRS Form 990s, bivariate and multivariate analyses are conducted on a cross-sectional sample of 875 audits for 141 nonprofit hospitals with audits during both pre-SOX (2001-2004) and post-SOX (2008-2011) periods. Audit quality is inferred from discretionary accruals (Modified Jones model) and auditor-reported internal control deficiencies (reportable conditions and material weaknesses).

The results indicate support for improved audit quality from the pre- to the post-SOX period for all measures of audit quality. The results are different for the measures of audit quality used to examine the association between audit firm size and audit quality. Non-Big 4 audit firms experienced a significant improvement in audit quality when discretionary accruals are used as a proxy for audit quality. Conversely, Big 4 audit firms experienced a significant improvement in audit quality when internal control deficiencies are proxies for audit quality. In the post-SOX period audit firms provide approximately the same level of audit quality regardless of firm size when discretionary accruals or material weaknesses are the proxy for audit quality. When reportable conditions are the proxy, non-Big 4 firms have higher audit quality than Big 4 firms post-SOX. Client characteristics, specifically hospital size and the interaction of leverage and risk, are attributable to differences in post-SOX audit quality. Finally, the study fails to support the hypothesis that large audit firms self-select low risk clients.

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Perols, Johan L. "Detecting Financial Statement Fraud: Three Essays on Fraud Predictors, Multi-Classifier Combination and Fraud Detection Using Data Mining." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002486.

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37

Barrocas, João Manuel Almeida. "A crise da divida soberana de 2011 e a gestão de resultados : o caso europeu." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13693.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
A crise da dívida soberana de 2011 provocou inúmeros efeitos no plano económico na Europa, nomeadamente um efeito generalizado de empobrecimento dos agentes económicos, em virtude das políticas de austeridade. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto desta crise nas práticas de Gestão de Resultados na Europa. Recorreu-se ao modelo de Jones (1991) para mensurar as práticas de Gestão de Resultados, sendo essa medida os accruals discricionários. O estudo incide sobre 1305 empresas cotadas com sede em países da zona euro, entre os anos de 2009 e 2014. A análise empírica permite constatar que a crise de 2011 teve impacto na Gestão de Resultados, sendo esse impacto traduzido numa diminuição das suas práticas. Foi também elaborada uma regressão linear onde se pretendeu explorar de que maneira variáveis institucionais e macroeconómicas afetam as práticas de Gestão de Resultados. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as variáveis Produto Interno Bruto per capita e Fiscalidade afetam positivamente as práticas de Gestão de Resultados, enquanto Investimento Direto Estrangeiro, Central Govenment Debt, Rendibilidade Operacional do Ativo e Lending Interest Rate afetam negativamente as mesmas.
The 2011 sovereign debt crisis had numerous effects economicly in Europe, including a generalized effect of impoverishment of economic agents, due to austerity policies. This study aims to evaluate the impact of this crisis on earnings management in Europe. Using the Jones (1991) model to measure the earnings management practices, the study focuses on 1305 listed companies in the euro area between the years 2009 and 2014. The empirical analysis reveals that the 2011 crisis had an impact on earnings management, and this impact translated into a decrease in their practices. It was also developed a linear regression intended to explore how institutional and macroeconomic variables affect the earnings management. Practice results suggest that gross domestic product per capita and total tax rates positively affect earnings management, while foreign direct investment, Central Govenment Debt, Lending Interest Rate and Assets Operating Profitability negatively affect th´t.
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38

Burman, Elin, and Erik Westerlund. "Resultatmanipulering : En jämförelse mellan olika ägarstrukturer." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-126805.

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Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra hur förekomsten av resultatmanipulering ser ut i företag med olika ägarstrukturer noterade på de svenska börslistorna under åren 2005-2008. Vi har valt att definiera tre grupper av företag: familjeägda företag, företag ägda av investmentbolag och övriga företag. För att identifiera skillnader i resultatmanipulering väljer vi att jämföra medelvärden på godtyckliga periodiseringar hos de olika företagsgrupperna genom ett oberoende t-test, sedan utförs regressioner för att försöka förklara potentiella skillnader. Studiens resultat visar i likhet med tidigare forskning att förekomsten av resultatmanipulering är lägre i familjeföretag i jämförelse med övriga företag. Vårt resultat tyder även på att det inte existerar någon signifikant skillnad mellan företag ägda av investmentbolag och övriga företag vad gäller förekomsten av resultatmanipulering.

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39

Nasfi, Faten. "Gestion des résultats et parité d'échange dans les fusions acquisitions." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENG012.

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Ce travail de recherche vise à identifier, d'une part le comportement comptable des dirigeants de la société initiatrice d'une opération de fusion acquisition et d'autre part les déterminants de ce comportement comptable. Les contributions de cette thèse sont d'ordre théorique, méthodologique et managérial. Sur le plan théorique, cette thèse permet de compléter les travaux antérieurs s'inscrivant dans le cadre des prolongements de la théorie politico contractuelle dans un contexte spécifique à savoir les fusions-acquisitions. Outre la détection de la gestion des résultats, ce travail s'intéresse à l'étude de ses déterminants notamment les déterminants contextuels qui sont rarement testés. Sur le plan méthodologique, cette recherche présente un double intérêt. Premièrement, elle commence par une étude du cas clinique, Sagem-Snecma, pour tester l'existence de la gestion de résultat dans ce contexte particulier, puis la généraliser sur l'échantillon d'entreprises françaises sur la période 2001-2007. Deuxièmement, cette thèse, utilise un modèle de mesure de gestion des résultats, qui n'a pas été utilisé dans le contexte du fusion-absorption (modèle du Dechow et al (2003)) et le compare avec le modèle de Jones modifié. Sur le plan managérial, cette recherche permet aux utilisateurs de l'information comptable lors d'une opération de fusion-acquisition de mieux interpréter les états financiers des sociétés participantes à l'opération. Elle peut contribuer aussi à faire avancer les réflexions des normalisateurs quant aux dispositions réglementant ces opérations en révélant l'ampleur des choix comptables
This research aims to identify the accounting behaviour of managers of acquiring firms, on the one hand and the determinantes of that accounting behaviour on the other hand. The contributions of this research are theoretical, methodological and managerial. Theoretically, this research permits the completion of anterior tasks involved in the framework extensions of the political theory of contract in a specific context namely mergers and acquisitions. In addition to detection of earnings management, this research focuses on the study of the determinants of performance management including contextual determinants that are rarely tested. Methodologically, this research presents a double interest. First, it begins with a clinical case, Sagem -Snecma, to test the existence of earning management in this specific context and then generalize about the entire sample of French firms over the period 2001-2007. Second, it uses a recent measurement model of earning management, which has not been used in the context of the merger and acquisition, (model of Dechow et al (2003)) then it compares it with modified Jones model. At last, this research allows users of accounting information during a merger or acquisition to interpret better the financial statements of companies participating in the operation of mergers and acquisitions It may also help advance thinking about the normalizers provisions regulating these operations by revealing the extent of accounting choices
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Granholm, Jenny, Erica Holmberg, and Sara Molander. "EARNINGS MANAGEMENT : En studie om förekomsten av resultatmanipulering i svenska börsföretag före och efter införandet av IFRS/IAS." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-21468.

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Denna studie fokuserar på effekten av IFRS/IAS på earnings management. Huvudsyftet är att identifiera earnings management före och efter införandet av IFRS/IAS för att klargöra om de internationella redovisningsstandarderna har påverkat förekomsten av resultatmanipulering inom svenska börsbolag. Perioden som studeras är åren 2002-2008. För att identifiera earnings management används den modifierade Jones-modellen som går ut på att detektera förekomsten av godtyckliga periodiseringar som ett mått på resultatmanipulering. Vi kontrollerar även för om variablerna storlek och bransch kan förklara förekomsten av företeelsen före och efter införandet av IFRS/IAS. Urvalet är de 144 företag som var listade på Small-Cap, Mid-Cap och Large-Cap på stockholmsbörsen november 2011. Resultaten visar att IFRS/IAS inte har påverkat earnings management då förekomsten av godtyckliga periodiseringar förhåller sig relativt konstant under tidsperioden. Slutligen kunde vi finna resultat som visar att förekomsten av earnings management förekommer i större utsträckning bland företagen på Small-Cap och i IT- & Telekombranschen.
This study focuses on the effect of IFRS/IAS on earnings management. The main purpose is to identify earnings management before and after the adoption of IFRS/IAS to clarify if the international accounting standards have had any effect on the presence of earnings management in Swedish listed companies. The studied period is the years between 2002 and 2008. In order to identify earnings management we use the modified Jones-model which detects the presence of discretionary accruals as a measure of earnings management. Other variables such as firm-size and industry are also examined to see whether these firm specific features may explain the amount of discretionary accruals before and after implementation of IFRS/IAS. We consider a sample of 144 firms listed on Small-Cap, Mid-Cap and Large-Cap on the Swedish stock market in November 2011. The results show that IFRS/IAS has had no effect on earnings management, as discretionary accruals have remained relatively constant during the period before and after the adoption. Finally, the results indicate that firms listed on Small-Cap tend to manage earnings in a larger proportion than firms listed on Mid-Cap and Large-Cap. Also, there seems to occur significant more earnings management in firms of the Information Technology & Telecom Industry.
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Costa, Neto Francisco Carvalho. "O gerenciamento de resultados durante a fase de abertura de capital das empresas que foram listadas na BOVESPA em 2007." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1460.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Carvalho Costa Neto.pdf: 762917 bytes, checksum: 44113e152debcb26d594697c9c12e312 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-16
With the evolution of markets, mainly after globalization, investors started to demand more detailed information about the financial reality of organizations. To the extent that the accounting information is introduced in the process of decisions, it starts to have important economic implications to the several agents. This aspect is particularly crucial when one is dealing with an investor who considers investing resources in stock portfolio. The aim of this paper is to identify, through statistical techniques, the possibility of evidence on the existence of Discretionary Accruals concerning the financial statements presented to the Stock Exchange Comission of Brazil (CVM) to those 56 companies listed in São Paulo Stock Market (Bovespa) during the year of 2007. The reference to the Discretionary Accruals were worked on according the techniques developed by Kang and Sivaramakrishnan (1995), aiming at establishing whether such accruals can be found. The levels of Bovespa s Corporate Governance (NM, N1GC e N2GC), in which each company s stock was listed in the Initial Public Offering, were considered, with the goal of investigating if this indicator can have been a decisive factor to the results of Discretionary Accrual. The present study is limited to the public information obtained in CVM website through the program DivEx. The statistical work was developed through the software SPSS. The result of emphirical test shows that possibly Discretionary Accruals could be used by management as positive and negative, and, also, that the accounting treatment is given by different ways for the three levels of Corporate Governance
Com a evolução dos mercados, principalmente a partir da globalização, os investidores passaram a demandar informações mais detalhadas sobre a realidade financeira das organizações. Na medida em que a informação contábil insere-se no processo de decisões, ela passa a ter importantes implicações econômicas para os diversos agentes. Esse aspecto é particularmente crucial quando se está lidando com investidor que cogite investir recursos numa carteira de ações. Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar, através de técnicas estatísticas, evidências da possibilidade da existência de Acumulação Discricionária com relação às demonstrações contábeis apresentadas à Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) para aquelas 56 empresas que foram listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo durante o ano de 2007. A referência às Acumulações Discricionárias foi trabalhada de acordo com as técnicas desenvolvidas por Kang e Sivaramakrishnan (1995), com o objetivo de constatar se tais acumulações podem ser encontradas. Considerou-se os níveis de Governança Corporativa da Bovespa (NM, N1GC e N2GC) em que a ação de cada empresa foi listada quando da abertura de capital, com o objetivo de verificar se este indicador pode ter sido um fator decisivo para a os resultados da Acumulação Discricionária. O estudo é limitado às informações públicas obtidas no site da CVM, através do programa DivEx. Os trabalhos estatísticos foram desenvolvidos através do software SPSS. O resultado dos testes empíricos demonstra que possivelmente, a Acumulação Discricionária pode ter sido utilizada pelos gestores tanto de forma positiva como negativa, e adicionalmente, que o tratamento contábil é dado de forma diferenciada para os três níveis de Governança Corporativa
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42

Custovic, Haris, and Måns Linderoth. "Ägarstrukturens påverkan på earnings quality." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-139995.

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Introduction: Prior research, mainly based in USA and Asia, has shown a relationship between ownership structure and earnings quality. Low earnings quality might result in inefficient resource allocation, lower economic growth and unintended wealth transfers. Following these issues, and due to the fact that the Swedish institutional setting differs from other countries, there is a need to explain the relationship in a Swedish context. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explain how different ownership structures affect earnings quality. Method: This study is based on a deductive approach where the hypotheses have been deducted from agency theory, alignment effect, entrenchment effect and active monitoring hypothesis. The quantitative data consists of secondary data, namely annual reports. The study has been conducted with a cross-sectional design. Conclusion: The results show a positive relationship between foreign ownership and earnings quality. The result can be explained with agency theory’s type I-problem. Other ownership structures show no significant relationship.
Introduktion: Tidigare forskning, främst i USA och Asien, har hittat samband mellan företags ägarstruktur och earnings quality. Låg earnings quality kan resultera i ineffektiv resursallokering, lägre samhällsekonomisk tillväxt samt omotiverade förmögenhetsöverföringar. Till följd av dessa problem, samt att Sveriges institutionella miljö skiljer sig åt från andra länder, finns behovet att förklara sambandet i en svensk kontext. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att förklara hur olika ägarstrukturer påverkar earnings quality. Metod: Studien utgår från en deduktiv ansats där hypoteser deducerats utifrån agentteori, alignment effect, entrenchment effect, samt active monitoring hypothesis. Kvantitativ data består av sekundärdata i form av årsredovisningar. Studien har genomförts med en tvärsnittsdesign. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att företag med högre andel utländskt ägande tenderar att redovisa högre earnings quality. Resultatet kan förklaras av agentteorins typ I-problem. Övriga ägarstrukturer uppvisar inga signifikanta samband.
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Ramos, Pedro Almeida Neves Sampayo. "Ensaio sobre a gestão de resultados e a gestão de impressões." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20008.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Esta investigação procura explorar a associação entre a Gestão de Resultados e a Gestão de Impressões. O estudo foi conduzido no contexto das empresas cotadas da União Europeia, entre 2012 e 2018, sobre uma amostra de 2.953 empresas. A prática de Gestão de Resultados foi medida através dos accruals discricionários, estimados pelo modelo de Jones (1991) modificado por Dechow et al. (1995) e Kothari et al. (2005), e a prática de Gestão de Impressões através da complexidade dos relatórios anuais foi medida pelo respetivo tamanho do ficheiro eletrónico. Os resultados mostram uma associação positiva e significativa entre a intensidade dos accruals discricionários e o tamanho do ficheiro eletrónico do relatório anual, ou seja, argumenta-se que os preparadores da informação procuram ofuscar as escolhas contabilísticas discricionárias tornando os relatórios anuais mais complexos. Mostra-se, ainda, que a prática de ofuscação é significativa quando praticada pelas Pequenas e Médias Empresas, embora as Grandes Empresas também apresentem tendência para tornar os seus relatórios anuais mais complexos à medida que gerem os resultados com maior intensidade.
This research attempts to explore the relationship between Earnings Management and Impression Management. The study was conducted in the context of European Union listed companies, between 2012 and 2018, using a sample of 2.953 firms. Earnings Management is measured by discretionary accruals estimated using the Jones model (1991) modified by Dechow et al. (1995) and Kothari et al. (2005), and Impression Management is measured by annual report electronic file size as proxy for annual report readability. The results show a positive and significant relationship between the level of discretionary accruals and the annual report electronic file size meaning that information preparers attempt to obfuscate their own discretionary accounting choices making annual report readability more complex. Yet, this study shows that the obfuscation practice is significant when carried out by Small and Medium Enterprises, although Big Enterprises also tend to make their annual report readability more complex as the level of earnings management gets higher.
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44

Lindkvist, Dennis, and Tatiana Pryadko. "Resultatmanipulering i målföretag vid välvilliga övertaganden : En kvantitativ studie av 315 europeiska övertaganden." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24201.

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Syfte: Resultatmanipulering har visat sig förekomma hos såväl övertagande företag som hos målföretag vid situationer där ett företag tar över ett annat. Övertagandets karaktär (fientligt eller välvilligt övertagande) kan påverka hur målföretag tenderar att nyttja resultatmanipulering, eftersom incitamenten vid fientligt och välvilligt övertagande skiljer sig åt. Denna studie har syftet att undersöka förekomst och riktning (uppåt eller nedåt) av resultatmanipulation hos målföretag under året före ett välvilligt övertagande. Metod: Denna studie har ett positivistiskt perspektiv och en hypotetiskt-deduktiv ansats. Studien har utförts genom ett kvantitativt förfarande med en longitudinell design. Data har hämtats ur databaserna Thomson Reuters Eikon och Thomson Reuters Datastream, och data har analyserats med vedertagna statistiska metoder. Resultat och slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att målföretag tenderar att manipulera sina resultat i en nedåtgående riktning under året före ett välvilligt övertagande, vilket korresponderar med tidigare forskning. Även att manipulationen sker med målet att minska redovisade vinster är i linje med vad tidigare forskning har visat. Våra resultat visar även att potentiella skillnader hos redovisningsstandarder mellan USA och Europa inte tycks påverka förekomst eller riktning av resultatmanipulering hos målföretag vid välvilliga övertaganden. Förslag till vidare forskning: Vi har identifierat behov av vidare studier på följande områden: vi finner det motiverat att undersöka övertaganden där målföretaget är utomeuropeiskt men det övertagande företaget europeiskt. Vi finner det även motiverat att studera kassaflödesmanipulering istället för diskretionära periodiseringar eftersom en sådan studie kan ge en fullständigare bild av incitament och manipuleringens förekomst och riktning. Slutligen kan en jämförelse mellan länder med skilda redovisningsstandarder, och en studie som fokuserar på onoterade istället för noterade företag, tillföra ny information till litteraturen om resultatmanipulering. Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna studie bidrar på det teoretiska planet genom att fylla ett gap i forskningen om resultatmanipulering hos målföretag vid välvilliga övertaganden i Europa. Denna studie ger stöd för påståendet att incitament för användandet av resultatmanipulering samt dess riktning (uppåt eller nedåt) skiljer sig mellan fientliga och välvilliga övertaganden. På det praktiska planet kan våra resultat vara till hjälp för lagstiftare och yrkesverksamma inom redovisning eftersom en ökad insikt i hur resultatmanipulation används ger bättre förutsättningar att motverka att denna sker.
Aim:Earnings management has been shown to take place at the acquiring form and at the target firm in takeover situations. The character of the takeover (friendly or hostile)can influence how target companies tend to utilize earnings management since incentives to manipulate varies between the twodiffering attitudes. The aim of this study is thus to investigate whether earnings management is utilized by target companies during the year preceding the takeover. As a side effect the net direction (upward or downward) of the manipulation will be revealed. Method:This study is based in the positivistic philosophy with a hypothetical deductive mode of operation.The study isquantitative with a longitudinal design. The secondary data used islocated and complied using the Thomson Reuters Eikon and Thomson Reuters Datastream databases. These data arethen handled and analyzed through well-recognized statistical methods. Results & conclusions:The results of the study show that target companies tend to manage their earnings in a downward manner during the year preceding a friendly takeover. That earnings management occurs in this context corresponds with previous research. The finding that the earnings are managed downward also coincides with earlier research. Our results also show that the distinction between the Americanand Europeancontexts have no effect on the prevalence of earnings management by target companies in friendly takeovers. Suggestions for future research:We identified the need for future research in the following areas: a study with a sample in which only the target company is non-European, but the acquiring firm is European. We also find that a study with a focus on real activitiesmanagement, rather than discretionary accruals could provide additional contributions. A deeper look at the differences between countries with differing accounting standards and a greater focus on unlisted, rather than listed, companies could give additional contributions as well. Contribution of the thesis:On a theoretical level our results enrich the existing body of knowledge and fill a void in the current research. The results lend support to the assertion that the incentives for earnings management and the direction (upward or downward) it takes differs between friendly and hostile takeovers. On a practical level our results might prove useful to lawmakers and practicing accountants considering a greater understanding of earnings management give these actors a greater likelihood to prevent manipulation from taking place.
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Cao, Thi Thanh Huyen, and Tina Cheung. "Internal control reporting and accounting quality : Insight "comply-or-explain" internal control regime." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-34923.

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Nowadays, there exist two reporting regimes, rules-based and principle-based (comply-or-explain). In the rules-based environment, researchers have studied the relationship between internal control quality and accounting quality. Prior studies have suggested that reports on internal control are an effective way for investors to evaluate the quality of the firm‟s internal control. By having a sound system of internal control, it creates reliance upon the firm‟s financial reporting. Therefore, the condition of internal control has direct connection to the investors‟ decision making.  In  U.S., where the corporate governance has been known to be typically rules-based, most researches have shown a positive relationship between internal control reporting and accounting quality. In the comply-or-explain reporting regime, there has only been one research as far as we know, that investigates the relationship between internal control reporting and accounting quality. The research took place in Netherlands; their study provided positive association between internal control  reporting quality and accounting quality, particularly earnings quality. The result is consistent with other research in rules-based regime.    The Swedish code has  been enacted for  five years and it is in the same regime as Netherlands. However, under current Swedish code, we are not aware of any empirical research  that  has taken place to address the effectiveness of the code. Therefore, we conducted the study with 152 firms listed on Swedish NASDAQ OMXS to test internal control reporting quality and accounting quality. We used proxies for internal control reporting quality: effectiveness statement of  internal control, internal control reporting score and internal control proportion. Simultaneously, we use discretionary accruals as a proxy of accounting quality. Our result showed a negative significant relationship between internal control reporting score and discretionary accruals but this relationship is quite weak and sensitive. It is broken with the presence of one more variable in regression, such as size variable. The result could not give any evidence for relationships between either effectiveness statements or extent of internal control reporting with discretionary accruals. Although, the relationship between internal control reporting score and discretionary accruals is not tight, it still encourage the  notion  that firms with good internal control report will improve their accounting quality. Our research contributes knowledge to wide-range of concerned parties. Moreover, it also suggests valuable ideas for further studies in the same area.

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Krieg, David, and Fredrik Björklund. ""Accounting Hocus-Pocus" : En studie över de oberoende styrelseledamöternas påverkan på resultatmanipulering." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85722.

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Sammanfattning Examensarbete, Civilekonomprogrammet Titel: Accounting Hocus-Pocus - En studie över de oberoende styrelseledamöternas påverkan på resultatmanipulering. Bakgrund: De principbaserade regelverk som börsnoterade företag tvingas följa, skapar utrymme för ledningen att manipulera redovisningen. Utöver dessa möjligheter kan ledningen dessutom genom manipulation av kassaflödet, justera företagets resultat. När dessa resultatmanipulationer används med fel avsikt riskerar de att minska informationsvärdet av företagets redovisning. Vi ställer oss frågande till hur styrelsens oberoende kan förklara resultatmanipulering. Syfte: Studien avser att förklara i vilken utsträckning resultatmanipulering i svenska företag påverkas av styrelsens oberoende. Metod: Genom användning av tvärsnittsstudie med en deduktiv ansats har studien granskat huruvida resultatmanipulering påverkas av styrelseledamöternas oberoende, samt av olika attribut som anses förstärka ledamöternas övervakande effekt. Studiens hypoteser formulerades med hjälp av teorier som PAT, Agentteorin och Stewardshipteorin som sedan testades mot data insamlad från företag på Stockholmsbörsen för år 2017. Slutsatser: Studien finner avvikelser mellan resultaten för redovisningsmanipulation och kassaflödesmanipulation. Resultatet visar att oberoende styrelseledamöter i svenska styrelser har en negativ relation till kassaflödesmanipulering, medan relationen till redovisningsmanipulation är positiv.
Abstract Master Thesis in Business Administration Titel: Accounting Hocus-Pocus - A study of the independent directors effect on earnings management Background: The principle-based regulation that listed companies are obliged to follow gives the management opportunities to manipulate the accounting with discretionary accruals, and thereby changing the reported earnings of the company.  The management could also manipulate the earnings through real activities manipulation. When these acts of earnings management are used with the wrong intentions it could reduce the information value of the company’s financial reports. We are questioning how different board dependence and -independence could explain earnings management. Purpose: The study aims to explain to what extent earnings management in Swedish companies is affected by board independence. Method: By using a cross-sectional study with a deductive approach our study has researched how earnings management is affected by board independence, and how different attributes is to enhance the independent board members monitoring. Hypotheses were formed through theories such as PAT, Agency theory and Stewardship theory which later was tested with data gathered from companies of the Stockholm stock exchange of the year 2017. Conclusions: Our study finds a difference between the results of manipulation through the discretionary accruals and real activities manipulation. The result show that independent directors have a negative effect on cash flow manipulation while they have a positive effect on accounting manipulation.
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47

Roth, Tim, and Nicholas Morgan. "The Impact of Financial Analysts on Earnings Management : Empirical evidence from Swedish listed companies." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48629.

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48

Sjöberg, Erik, and Henrik Näslund. "Resultatmanipulering vid byte av verkställande direktör : En kvantitativ studie av Stockholmsbörsen där horisontproblemet och stålbad undersöks med modifierade Jonesmodellen." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-107195.

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Nuvarande redovisningsregler och principer under IFRS är till viss del öppna för subjektiva bedömningar om hur kostnader och intäkter ska redovisas. Denna subjektivitet går stundom under benämningen resultatmanipulering och innebär då att företagets resultat antingen justeras i positiv eller negativ riktning beroende på bakomliggande incitament. De subjektiva valen kan delas in i operationella åtgärder eller diskretionära periodiseringar, beroende på om de påverkar kassaflödet eller ej. Denna studie fokuserar på hur redovisningsreglerna kan användas för att uppnå resultatmanipulering och inriktas därför på de diskretionära periodiseringarna. Forskning har påvisat att möjligheten till resultatmanipulering är särskilt påtaglig i samband med att företag byter vd. Det baseras på teorierna om horisontproblemet och stålbad, att vd:n i varje given situation ämnar uppnå maximal personlig vinning. Då tidigare studier sällan undersökt den svenska marknaden avser vi uppnå kontribution om hur teorierna om resultatmanipulering är applicerbara under svenska regelverk och normer, från dess att IFRS infördes till dags dato. Via syftet att undersöka sambandet mellan ett byte av vd och resultatmanipulering har vi för avsikt att hjälpa investerare till att bättre förstå marknaden och till förbättrade investeringsbeslut. Via kvantitativ analys av årsredovisningar har vi med hjälp av den modifierade Jonesmodellen tagit fram ett mått på företags diskretionära periodiseringar. Måttet har likställts med resultatmanipulering och ställts i relation till företags vd-byten. Kopplat till horisontproblemet har nivån på resultatmanipulering jämförts mot vd-byte som sker efterföljande räkenskapsår. Teorin om stålbad har i sin tur testats genom att undersöka om resultatmanipulering nyttjas under en vd:s första verksamma år, alternativt i något av de efterföljande två räkenskapsåren. Resultaten påvisade att den svenska marknaden skiljer sig mot både bakomliggande teori och tidigare forskning. Förekomsten av horisontproblemet eller stålbad kunde inte bevisas, däremot fann studien att resultatet skrivs upp via resultatmanipulering i de två efterföljande åren efter att ett byte av vd skett. Anmärkningsvärt bevisades även att resultatminskande åtgärder utförs året innan ett rutinmässigt vd-byte inträffar. Sett till orsakssambanden bevisades därutöver att sannolikheten för att ett vd-byte kom att inträffa ökade vid användning av negativ resultatmanipulering samt när företagets lönsamhet var lägre än marknadsgenomsnittet. Studien belyser att kausalitetsproblem föreligger mellan resultatmanipulering, vd-byte och företagets lönsamhet. De exakta orsakssambanden kan studien inte förmå förklara utan vi påvisar att ytterligare forskning behöver genomföras för att klargöra det sanna orsaksförhållandet. Avslutningsvis renderar studien teoretiskt bidrag då den påvisar att teorierna om horisontproblemet och stålbad i samband med vd-byte inte stämmer in på den svenska marknaden.
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49

Martinez, Antonio Lopo. ""Gerenciamento" dos resultados contábeis: estudo empírico das companhias abertas brasileiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-14052002-110538/.

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Esta tese tem o objetivo principal de demonstrar empiricamente que as companhias abertas brasileiras "gerenciam" os seus resultados contábeis como resposta a estímulos do mercado de capitais. Inicialmente, é elucidado o significado de alguns conceitos, tais como "gerenciamento" dos resultados contábeis e acumulações discricionárias. Discute-se o perfil do mercado de capitais brasileiro e as circunstâncias ambientais nas quais são gerados os relatórios contábeis financeiros das companhias abertas brasileiras, enfatizando-se o papel dos órgãos reguladores e da legislação comercial e tributária. A seguir, depois da revisão da literatura brasileira e estrangeira na área de "gerenciamento" dos resultados contábeis, documentaram-se evidências para as companhias abertas brasileiras do "gerenciamento" dos resultados contábeis para: a) Evitar reportar perdas, b) Sustentar o desempenho recente e c) Reduzir a variabilidade dos resultados. O período de estudo foi os anos entre 1995 e 1999, tendo como base de dados principal a Economática. Empiricamente, foi implementado um modelo de regressão múltipla para estimar as Acumulações Discricionárias, que são proxy do valor discricionariamente alterado dos resultados contábeis. Com base na pesquisa, verificou-se que as empresas brasileiras com resultados muito ruins os manejam de maneira a piorá-los ainda mais, visando melhores resultados no futuro. Em termos de desempenho no mercado, constatou-se que empresas que manejam "artificialmente" os resultados conseguem no curto prazo seduzir os investidores; entretanto, no longo prazo, o mercado identifica o procedimento e essas ações são penalizadas com os piores desempenhos acumulados. Nos apêndices, é estudada a influência da Governança Corporativa e da Auditoria Independente na propensão à prática do "gerenciamento" dos resultados contábeis, bem como é estimado o coeficiente de resposta dos retornos das companhias abertas brasileiras aos resultados contábeis.
This thesis has the main purpose to present empirical evidence that Brazilian public companies practice earnings management as a response to capital market incentives. Initially, some important concepts are elucidated, such as earnings management and discretionary accruals. In addition, specific aspects of Brazilian capital market, as well as its financial reporting environment are briefly discussed. After a literature review in this area of Earnings management, it will be documented evidences that Brazilian public companies manage their earnings to: a) Avoid reporting losses; b) Sustain recent performance and c) Income smoothing. The study period of the empirical analysis is between 1995 and 1999, and the most important source of information is Economática. As part of the research, It was implemented a multiple regression model to estimate discretionary accruals, that are used as proxies for the amount of earnings management. Among several observations, it was verified that Brazilian companies practice big bath accounting, so in case of bad results, the companies manage their earnings to report even worse losses, in order to have better future earnings. In terms of performance in the stock market, it was documented that companies that artificially manage their results, towards income decreasing or income increasing, can fool the market in the short run, but in the long run the investors realize the procedure, and their stocks will underperform the market. In the appendixes of this thesis some factors that can reduce earnings management are discussed, such as Corporate Governance and Independent Auditing. Other short analysis is the estimation of the earnings response coefficient for Brazilian public companies.
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50

Blomkvist, Jakob, and Simon Utterström. "De finansiella rapporternas trovärdighet : Hur kan förekomsten av resultatjustering i svenska privata bolag förklaras av företagsledningens karaktärsdrag och faktorer hos revisorn?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-167239.

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Resultatjustering är ett hot mot trovärdigheten i den finansiella rapporteringen, och är ett ämne som erhållit mycket uppmärksamhet i tidigare forskning. Dock domineras den tidigare forskningen av studier på publika bolag, trots att det givits indikationer på att resultatjustering förekommer mer i en privat kontext. Under senare år har det dessutom framkommit att redovisningsval kan förklaras utifrån ledande befattningshavares individuella karaktärsdrag, förenligt med upper echelons theory. En förutsättning för resultatjustering är således att upprättaren av redovisningen är benägen till det. Förekommandet av resultatjustering i de finansiella rapporterna är utöver en benägenhet från upprättaren även beroende av revisorns förmåga att förhindra det. Eftersom forskning saknas i en svensk privat kontext, finns ett behov av en ökad förståelse om situationer utsatta för resultatjustering både från upprättarens och revisorns perspektiv. Studiens resultat indikerar att resultatjustering förekommer mindre i de svenska privata bolag som drivs av en gift VD. Därtill antyder resultatet att resultatjustering förekommer mindre i de svenska privata bolag som revideras av en kvinnlig revisor, samt i de svenska privata bolag som betalar ett högre revisionsarvode.
Earnings management is a reliability threat in financial reporting, and is a subject which has gained considerable attention in previous research. However, most previous research has focused on public companies, even though indications has been given that earnings management is more prominent in private companies. In recent studies, choices of accounting methods have also showed to be explained by characteristics of the top management, consistent with upper echelons theory. Hence, a precondition for earnings management to occur is a willingness by the accountor to implement it. Besides this willingness, earnings management is affected by the auditor’s ability to prevent it. Due to the empirical gap in a Swedish private context, there is a need for increased understanding of conditions where earnings management tends to occur, both from the perspective of the accountor and the auditor. The study ́s result indicates that earnings management is less present in Swedish private companies with a married CEO. The result further suggests that earnings management is less present in Swedish private companies audited by a female auditor, and in Swedish private companies paying a higher audit fee.
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