Journal articles: 'Discrete Signals'

1

Vosvrda, Miloslav S. "Discrete random signals and statistical signal processing." Automatica 29, no. 6 (November 1993): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(93)90033-p.

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Shah, Yogendra Prasad. "Applications of Fourier Series and Fourier Transformation." Cognition 2, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/cognition.v2i1.55605.

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This paper investigates into the application of fourier transformation and series, which converts time domain signal to frequency domain signals, at which signals can be analyzed. Unlike Laplace transform, Fourier Transforms does not have full S plane, it just have the frequency j2πf plane. Fourier Transforms helps to analyze spectrum of the signals, helps in find the response of the LTI systems. (Continuous Time Fourier Transforms is for Analog signals and Discrete time Fourier Transforms is for discrete signals). Discrete Fourier Transforms are helpful in Digital signal processing for making convolution and many other signal manipulations. Overall, the paper will conclude the impact of Fourier Transforms in life.

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Lin, C. C., and M. T. Manry. "A new signal averaging algorithm for discrete signals." IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 37, no. 3 (March 1989): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/29.21702.

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Gerasimov, S. I., V. D. Glushnev, and I. N. Zhelbakov. "Determination of Propagation Times of Finite Ultrasonic Signals in the UFM Measuring Path." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2096, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2096/1/012189.

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Abstract This article provides a brief analysis of the error in calculating the discrete crosscorrelation function of the transit-time ultrasonic flowmeter signals. Special attention is paid to the study of the influence of the obtained discrete correlation function inaccuracy on the ultrasonic flowmeter’s propagation times determining error. It is known that for real time-limited acoustic signals, the discrete correlation function values are calculated with a significant error. The consequence of this is the appearance of the measurement error of the time delay between signals. The reason for this phenomenon is incorrect truncation of finite length digital sequences of the received acoustic signals. The report presents and describes an improved cross-correlation method for determining the time difference. The new algorithm takes into account the existing discretizing parameters of the received UPS – sampling frequency, sequence size and the truncated signal’s shape. Theoretical analytical expressions for the signals discrete cross-correlation function estimating are obtained as an approximation of a continuous function (the method of trapezoids and Simpson is used as an integral replacement). The numerical simulation by MatLab explains the error formation essence in the signal times difference calculating.

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KUCZERSKI, Tomasz, and Zbigniew LEWANDOWSKI. "MODEL OF EXTRACTOR FOR DISCRETE SIGNALS." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 144, no. 4 (February 27, 2018): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.5825.

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A model of an extractor for discrete signals having the form of an algorithm implementing C++ in one-chip microcontroller is presented in the paper. A possibility of using the proposed algorithm for detection of strings of coded discrete impulse signals is analysed. Initial results of tests performed on the model of extractor by using the real signal of coded impulse strings are presented.

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Woolfson, M. S. "Book Review: Discrete Random Signals and Statistical Signal Processing." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 30, no. 1 (January 1993): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099303000125.

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Ponomarev, A. V., and O. V. Ponomareva. "Sliding Space-Frequency Processing of Finite Two-Dimensional Real Discrete Signals Based on the Fourier Transform with Variable Parameters." Intellekt. Sist. Proizv. 19, no. 4 (2021): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22213/2410-9304-2021-4-138-147.

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In the field of Fourier processing of finite signals, three main directions of scientific research have been identified: Fourier processing of one-dimensional finite signals - processing of scalar functions of a scalar argument, Fourier processing of two-dimensional finite signals - processing of scalar functions of a vector argument, multichannel Fourier processing - processing of vector functions of a scalar argument. As part of the creation of a generalized theory of Fourier processing of finite signals, the authors proposed: the theory of spectral analysis of discrete signals at finite intervals in the bases of parametric exponential functions and the theory of two-dimensional digital signal processing in Fourier bases with variable parameters. The developed theories, generalizing the theory of Fourier processing of one-dimensional and two-dimensional signals, are based: on the introduction of new concepts of the shift of finite discrete signals in one-dimensional and two-dimensional cases and the introduction of new basic Fourier processing systems of discrete signals, which have the properties of multiplicativity, functions in the system. The mathematical apparatus of two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform with variable parameters in matrix and algebraic form is considered. A new method for processing finite two-dimensional real discrete signals in the spatial-frequency domain based on the discrete Fourier transform with variable parameters, the method of sliding spatial-frequency processing, has been introduced. An efficient method and algorithm for fast diagonal sliding spatial-frequency processing of finite two-dimensional real discrete signals based on the discrete Fourier transform with variable parameters has been developed. The estimation of the efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithm of the diagonal sliding two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform with variable parameters from the point of view of computational costs is carried out. As a result of experimental studies on model two-dimensional discrete finite signals, the validity, efficiency and reliability of the proposed method of sliding spatial-frequency processing of finite two-dimensional real discrete signals based on the discrete Fourier transform with variable parameters have been proved. A comparison (from the point of view of computational costs) of the developed method of sliding spatial-frequency processing of finite two-dimensional real discrete signals based on the discrete Fourier transform with variable parameters with the standard method of sliding processing of this type of signals is carried out.

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Yao, Cheng-Kai, Ying-Huan Chen, Yibeltal Chanie Manie, Mekuanint Agegnehu Bitew, and Peng-Chun Peng. "Microwave signal generation with discrete mode laser diode." Laser Physics Letters 19, no. 5 (April 1, 2022): 056201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/ac60a4.

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Abstract Microwave signals with low phase noise can be broadly used in communication systems, satellite communications, and radar systems. Discrete mode laser diode (DM-LD) has the capacity to generate signals that meet the above requirements. Moreover, it has the following advantages such as stable operation over a wide temperature range, very high side mode suppression ratio, low sensitivity to optical feedback, and narrow linewidth. In this paper, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated DM-LD for generating the second harmonic signal in the self-starting microwave generation system. The results show that DM-LD effectively reduces the single sideband (SSB) phase noise of the fundamental signals and its second harmonic signals better than the same designed experimental system using a distributed feedback LD, which reduces the SSB noise of the fundamental signal/its second harmonic signal by over 16/22 dB, 18/22 dB, 13/19 dB at a frequency offset of 10 kHz, 100 kHz, and 1 MHz, respectively.

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Rassomakhin, S. G., A. A. Zamula, I. D. Gorbenko, and Ho Tri Luc. "Comparative analysis of noise immunity of reception of nonlinear complex discrete signals with standard signals AFM-16 BPSK." Radiotekhnika, no. 203 (December 23, 2020): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2020.4.203.13.

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The article shows that the solution to the problem of increasing the noise immunity (noise immunity and secrecy of functioning) of the ICS can be achieved using systems of nonlinear signals with improved ensemble, structural and correlation properties. Two classes of nonlinear complex discrete signals are considered: characteristic discrete signals (CDS) and cryptographic signals (CS). Methods for the synthesis of these signals are presented. The paper gives a statistical simulation model for studying the noise immunity of various classes of signals in the Gaussian channel. Using this model, estimates of the dependence of the error probability on the signal-to-noise ratio were obtained for various classes of signals, namely: CDS, KS and standard BPSK AFM-16 signals. It is shown that for the signal-to-noise ratio – 10 the error probability for the CDR is 4.6875e-06, for the CS is 3.515625e-06, and for the AFM-16 is 0.002025. Thus, the use of nonlinear complex discrete signals, in particular, CDS and KS, can significantly increase the noise immunity of signal reception in modern ICS. At the same time, taking into account the improved ensemble and structural properties of these nonlinear signals, it is possible to improve significantly the indicators of crypto- and imitation security of the systems functioning.

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Ramachandran, R., A. A. Deshpande, and B. W. Stappers. "Search for Single Scattering Events." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 177 (2000): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100060632.

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Radio signals, during their passage through the intervening medium, are scattered due to irregularities in the density of free electrons in the interstellar medium. Signals from distant sources undergo, most often,strong & multiple scatteringwhile the signals from nearby sources may be onlyweakly scatteredeven at meter wavelengths. It is likely that the scattering of signals from some nearby sources is possibly non-multiple in nature and hence may show a distinct signature ofsingle or discrete scattering events. In such a situation we receive, along with the direct unscattered signal, only a few discrete delayed versions of the signal. In such a case, it appears possible to probe the properties (such as the size and the density contrast) of the discrete density-irregularities responsible for the scattering, if the associated delays can be measured.

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11

Sazonov, V. V., A. P. Zhuk, and Е. P. Zhuk. "Set of discrete orthogonal signals." Infokommunikacionnye tehnologii 16, no. 1 (2018): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18469/ikt.2018.16.1.03.

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12

Asamoah, F. "Discrete Wavelet Analysis of Signals." International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education 36, no. 3 (July 1999): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijeee.36.3.7.

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13

Miček, Juraj, and Jozef Juríček. "Discrete Shaper of Control Signals." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 18 (October 2015): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.18.65.

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Method of control signal shaping has been being used in the steering systems with flexible elements since the 1990s. Many useful applications were developed during the next 20 years, primarily in the field of the positioning control systems. Most of the applications were from the area of control systems in machinery industry (cranes, fast-speed lifts, positioning systems, etc.), many of published papers are based on the design of a proper sequence of pulses in the time domain. On the contrary, our approach describes the design of the discrete shaper in the image area and is focused on the digital implementation issues.

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SCHÜTZ, PETER, and MATHIAS BODE. "DISCRETE COUPLING AND PROPAGATING SIGNALS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 06, no. 10 (October 1996): 1891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127496001223.

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Biological systems quite often consist of a large number of discrete cells, which are diffusively coupled in an inhomogeneous way and use to be inhomogeneous on their own, too. To study pattern formation in such a system, it is necessary to model the dynamics of quantities like voltages or chemical concentrations. If the coupling is sufficiently strong, a description by continuous reaction–diffusion models is possible. Thereby inhomogeneous coupling leads to a space-dependent diffusion constant. As examples for dynamical behavior are likely to appear in such systems, we study front propagation on a chain of inhomogeneously spaced cells as well as in a two-dimensional cluster of cells, which has the shape of a bottle-necked channel. Using multiple scale methods to reduce the dynamics to a few degrees of freedom, we find phenomena like pinning, transition to oscillations of the front position, oscillatory pinning, reflection and transmission.

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Bovik, A. C., J. P. Havlicek, M. D. Desai, and D. S. Harding. "Limits on discrete modulated signals." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 45, no. 4 (April 1997): 867–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/78.564175.

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16

Lindeberg, T. "Scale-space for discrete signals." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 12, no. 3 (March 1990): 234–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/34.49051.

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17

NOAKES, J. L. "Discrete Signals and Continuous Dynamics." IMA Journal of Mathematical Control and Information 3, no. 4 (1986): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imamci/3.4.293.

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Farid, H., and E. P. Simoncelli. "Differentiation of Discrete Multidimensional Signals." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 13, no. 4 (April 2004): 496–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tip.2004.823819.

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19

Yang, Xian Zhao, and Geng Guo Cheng. "Extraction of Machine Fault Signal Based on Discrete Wavelet Transform." Advanced Materials Research 338 (September 2011): 388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.338.388.

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The impact signal is contained in the fault signals of some pivotal components such as bearings and gears. Extracting weensy impact information is an important method to diagnose equipment. With the combination of discrete wavelet transform and spectrum analysis, extracting the nonstationary signals from vibrating signal in machine is a practically effective means of diagnosing the fault signals and their types so as to anticipate machine faults. It is very effective to extract impact information in application by utlizing the discrete wavelet transform.

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da Silva, Leandro Aureliano, Gilberto Arantes Carrijo, Eduardo Silva Vasconcelos, Roberto Duarte Campos, Cleiton Silvano Goulart, and Rodrigo Pinto Lemos. "Comparative Study between the Discrete-Frequency Kalman Filtering and the Discrete-Time Kalman Filtering with Application in Noise Reduction in Speech Signals." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2018 (June 3, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1895190.

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This article aims to carry out a comparative study between discrete-time and discrete-frequency Kalman filters. In order to assess the performance of both methods for speech reconstruction, we measured the output segmental signal-to-noise ratio and the Itakura-Saito distance provided by each algorithm over 25 different voice signals. The results show that although the two algorithms performed very similarly regarding noise reduction, the discrete-time Kalman filter produced smaller spectral distortion on the estimated signals when compared with the discrete-frequency Kalman filter.

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Eremenko, V. S., V. P. Babak, and A. O. Zaporozhets. "METHOD OF REFERENCE SIGNALS CREATING IN NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING BASED ON LOW-SPEED IMPACT." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2021, no. 4 (June 17, 2021): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2021.04.070.

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The article describes the approach to the formation of a simulation model of information signals, which are typical for objects with different types of defects. The dispersive analysis of the signal spectrum components in the bases of the discrete Hartley transform and the discrete cosine transform is carried out. The analysis of the form of the reconstructed information signal is carried out depending on the number of coefficients of the spectral alignment in Hartley bases and cosine functions. The basis of orthogonal functions of a discrete argument is obtained, which can be used for the spectral transformation of information signals of a flaw detector. A method of simulation of information signals has been developed and experimentally investigated, which allows taking into account the deterministic and random components of the characteristics of real information signals. References 24, figures 13, tables 3.

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Petrovich Pashintsev, Vladimir, Igor Anatolyevich Kalmykov, Aleksandr Pavlovich Zhuk, Dmitrii Viktorovich Orel, and Elena Pavlovna Zhuk. "Formation Algorithms and Properties of Binary Quasi-Orthogonal Code Sequence of Modern Satellite Systems." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.27763.

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Increased number of threats to user interface of navigation signals, mainly in the form of suppression of navigation signals by jamming as well as navigation signal spoofing by false signals, assumes development of counter measures including improvement of structure security of navigation signals on the basis of stochastic use of code sequences which are ranging codes. This article proves the required number of unique discrete code sequences which can improve structure security of navigation signal in global navigation satellite system upon their stochastic use. Properties of discrete quasi-orthogonal code sequences are estimated which are used and proposed for use in global navigation satellite systems with channel code division, they are compared with optimum values of code balancing, number of element series and lower bounds of maximum lateral peaks of aperiodic auto-correlation function and maximum peaks of aperiodic mutual-correlation function. The experimental results show that the minimum values of the considered correlation functions of discrete quasi-orthogonal code sequences of known global navigation satellite systems exceed the lower bound by 3–6 times. The performances of code balancing and element series of discrete quasi-orthogonal code sequences of the known global navigation satellite systems satisfy in average the allowable intervals. The number of source lines of discrete quasi-orthogonal code sequences of the known global navigation satellite systems is significantly lower than their umber required for improvement of structure security of navigation signal based on their stochastic use. On the basis of the revealed drawbacks of the known discrete quasi-orthogonal code sequences, the necessity to develop new methods is substantiated allowing to obtain their required number together with statistic properties comparable with the best values of discrete quasi-orthogonal code sequences applied as navigation signals in global navigation satellite systems.

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Gorbenko, I. D., and A. A. Zamula. "Theoretical approaches to the synthesis of discrete signals with necessary properties." Radiotekhnika, no. 206 (September 24, 2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2021.3.206.02.

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Methods for information exchange, formation and processing of data used in information and communication systems (ICS), as well as classes of broadband signals used as a physical data carrier, do not provide the necessary (for individual ICS applications) indicators of cyber and information security, noise immunity of reception signals and secrecy of IKS functioning. Most of the existing systems use signals, the construction of which is based on linear laws, which allows an attacker, based on the establishment of the parameters of the signals used in the system, to carry out deliberate interference in the operation of the ICS with minimal energy consumption. The article presents conceptual approaches to the construction of secure ICS, which determine the need to cover the entire spectrum of information transformations in the complex, and based on the synthesis of signal systems with improved ensemble, correlation, structural properties. A method is proposed for synthesizing discrete derivatives of signals based on nonlinear discrete complex cryptographic signals (CS) and orthogonal signals formed on the basis of the rows of the Hadamard matrix (initial signals),. Based on computer modeling and the performed calculations, it is shown that the derivative signals formed on the basis of cryptographic sequences and rows of the Hadamard matrix have improved properties compared to orthogonal and linear classes of signals. Approaches to the construction are stated and a general characteristic of the hardware-software complex for synthesis, analysis, study of properties, generation, processing of a number of studied signal classes is given. It is shown that the use of such signals will improve such indicators of the system functioning as information security, noise immunity of signal reception and secrecy of functioning.

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Gorbenko, I. D., and A. A. Zamula. "Analytical estimation of the values of the maximum side lobes of correlation functions of complex nonlinear discrete signals." Radiotekhnika, no. 191 (December 22, 2017): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2017.4.191.07.

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The problems of synthesizing nonlinear discrete signal systems for their use in information and communication systems (ICS) as physical data carriers for solving the problems of information security and noise immunity of ICS in conditions of various kinds of influences on the part of the attacker are considered. A method for synthesizing derived signal systems based on nonlinear characteristic discrete signals is proposed. The results of the investigation of the properties of this class of signals are presented. It is shown that the use of such systems of nonlinear signals will improve the information security and noise immunity.

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Babak, Vitalii, Artur Zaporozhets, Yurii Kuts Yurii, and Leonid Shcherbak. "Some features of Hilbert transform and their use in energy informatics." Problems of General Energy 2022, no. 1-2 (May 22, 2022): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pge2022.01-02.090.

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Information-measuring technologies (IMT) are an important instrument for solving problems of energy informatics. They allow to form primary information based on the interaction of energy facilities with IMT sensors that form information signals. In many practical applications, the constructive model of information signals is the model of narrowband signals. The article summarizes the features of the discrete Hilbert transform and its application to obtain the primary characteristics of information signals – bypass and phase as functions of time. The main advantages of using the discrete Hilbert transform in signal processing for energy informatics are considered, including the consistency of obtaining frequency and time characteristics, high information content, the ability to analyze the dynamics of changes in signal characteristics, the possibility of obtaining samples of characteristics of information signals of significant volumes, etc. It is proposed to use a phase characteristic to select the time interval that limits the signal sample and sets it to a multiple of the signal period, and the sampling rate of information signals to reduce the errors in estimating their spectrum. The possibility of obtaining on their basis secondary deterministic (voltage level, voltage deviations from the nominal level, attenuation coefficient, signal period, signal phase shift, oscillation frequency, etc.) and statistical (sample characteristic, sample variance, sample median, sample circular variance, sample circular median, sample circular kurtosis, etc.) of signal information characteristics, which allows more complete to use their information resource. These characteristics can be used both for assessing power quality characteristics and for monitoring and diagnosing of energy facilities. Keywords: energy informatics, information signals, signal processing, discrete Hilbert transform, amplitude signal characteristics, phase signal characteristics

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Cao, Yong, Xinchi Tang, and Sijie Shao. "VI Curve Test Based On Discrete Excitation Signals." MATEC Web of Conferences 232 (2018): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823204013.

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In-Circuit Test System is an instrument that uses the VI curve test to diagnose circuit faults. Generally, continuous signals such as sine wave, triangle wave and square wave are used as the VI curve test excitation source. There are some problems in the synchronization of the analysis. In this paper, we study a VI curve test based on discrete excitation signal, analyze the problems arising from continuous signal testing, and propose a continuous signal discretization circuit scheme. The feasibility and practicability of this method are proved by Matlab simulation and experiment.

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Zhekov, Zhivko, Anton Antonov, Petar Boyanov, Dimitar Chervenkov, and Tihomir Trifonov. "METHOD FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNALS." Journal scientific and applied research 5, no. 1 (May 5, 2014): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/jsar.v5i1.116.

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The paper to the research of particular objects from optic spectrum by means of optical-electronic devices is related. A mathematical model for identification of signals with two degrees of freedom is proposed. Object of research is a variant of discrete signal processing in the temporary area.

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Plaksienko, V. S. "Linear-logical decision-making algorithm for signal processing." Vestnik of Don State Technical University 18, no. 4 (January 9, 2019): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/1992-5980-2018-18-4-385-391.

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Introduction. Heuristic synthesis is used to improve the efficiency of reception and processing of discrete signals under aprior information pressure. The analysis of the decisionmaking algorithm for the linear-logical processing of discrete signals in case of the incomplete aprior data on their parameters is presented. The work objective is to develop and analyze the efficiency of the linear-logical algorithms.Materials and Methods. New mathematical algorithms for the signal reception and processing, effective under conditions of a priori uncertainty, are proposed. They are based on the consideration of the structure of emissions and process exceedance in the signal processing channels.Research Results. Linear-logical algorithms for processing discrete signals are developed. They are based on the consideration of one, two and more detailed characteristics of emissions or exceedance of random processes.Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained can be useful in the synthesis of algorithms and devices for the signal reception and processing. Algorithms and devices are implemented both in an analog form and in the form of algorithms for computers. The simulation programs for the signal processing under conditions of the considerable uncertainty of aprior information on the signals and the channels of their distribution are developed.

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TIMASHEV, SERGE F., and YURIY S. POLYAKOV. "ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE SIGNALS WITH STOCHASTIC COMPONENTS USING FLICKER NOISE SPECTROSCOPY." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 18, no. 09 (September 2008): 2793–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127408022020.

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The problem of information extraction from discrete stochastic time series, produced with some finite sampling frequency, using flicker-noise spectroscopy, a general framework for information extraction based on the analysis of the correlation links between signal irregularities and formulated for continuous signals, is discussed. It is shown that the mathematical notions of Dirac δ- and Heaviside θ-functions used in the analysis of continuous signals may be interpreted as high-frequency and low-frequency stochastic components, respectively, in the case of discrete series. The analysis of electroencephalogram measurements for a teenager with schizophrenic symptoms at two different sampling frequencies demonstrates that the "power spectrum" and difference moment contain different information in the case of discrete signals, which was formally proven for continuous signals. The sampling interval itself is suggested as an additional parameter that should be included in general parameterization procedures for real signals.

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Mishchenko, Sergey, Vitaliy Shatskiy, Alexey Litvinov, and Denis Eliseev. "The method of array antenna constructive synthesis on the basis of neural network approach." ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193005001.

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The method to decision constructive synthesis of array antennas was conducted. The method usefull when antenna elements can be in discreste states (for example: active element, passive element, excluded item, active element with discrete nominal of output power e.t.c). The method is based on neural network approach. The structure of a neural network consist of a classifying neural network and several approximating neural networks is substantiated. Input signals correspond to phase centers of array antenna elements. Number of output signals in classifying part is equal to discrete status of antenna element. Each approximating part of network has one output signal wich correspond to continious meaning. Separate parts of network preliminary learning with error back propagation method. The genetic algorithm of neural network learning with limited number of training coefficients is proposed. Examples of solving problems of constructive synthesis, with different indicators of the quality of neural network training are given.

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Germán-Salló, Zoltán. "Empirical Mode Decomposition in Discrete Time Signals Denoising." Acta Marisiensis. Seria Technologica 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amset-2019-0002.

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Abstract This study explores the data-driven properties of the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) for signal denoising. EMD is an acknowledged procedure which has been widely used for non-stationary and nonlinear signal processing. The main idea of the EMD method is to decompose the analyzed signal into components without using expansion functions. This is a signal dependent representation and provides intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) as components. These are analyzed, through their Hurst exponent and if they are found being noisy components they will be partially or integrally eliminated. This study presents an EMD decomposition-based filtering procedure applied to test signals, the results are evaluated through signal to noise ratio (SNR) and mean square error (MSE). The obtained results are compared with discrete wavelet transform based filtering results.

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Serebryannikov, A. V., D. V. Zinovev, G. A. Kravchenko, A. G. Kalinin, D. V. Ilin, and L. A. Ilina. "Principles for reducing the phase shift between instantaneous analogue and discrete signals and the corresponding values in the sampled values (SV) stream of a digital substation." E3S Web of Conferences 124 (2019): 01035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912401035.

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There are numerous publicly available articles on digital substations, including those dedicated to current and voltage measurements, time synchronization, test systems development, principles of substation design, and other aspects of this topic. But the phase shift between instantaneous signals and the corresponding values in the SV (sampled values) stream has been little discussed. We can list the following principles to reduce the phase shift between instantaneous analogue and discrete signals and the corresponding values in the SV stream. 1) Exclusion from the device, of non-essential elements that introduce additional propagation delays of analogue and discrete signals, provided that such exclusion does not adversely affect the device performance or characteristics. 2) Reduction of the delay time for the other device elements to the minimum values. 3) Adjustment of the delay time of some device elements or addition of special delay elements to equalize the time of signal propagation over analogue and discrete channels. 4) Consideration of the total delay time of signal propagation over analogue and discrete channels and adjustment of the time stamp in the SV frame. The article provides examples of application of these principles in signal generation and measuring devices and phase shift meters.

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Zamula, A. A., I. D. Gorbenko, and Ho Tri Luc. "Statistical properties of derived signal systems." Radiotekhnika, no. 203 (December 23, 2020): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2020.4.203.14.

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The search for effective methods of synthesis of discrete signals (sequences) that correspond to the potentially possible limiting characteristics of correlation functions and possess the necessary correlation, structural, ensemble properties remains an urgent problem. The authors have proposed a method for the synthesis of derivatives of signal systems, for which orthogonal signals are used as the initial ones, and nonlinear discrete complex cryptographic signals (CS) are used as generating signals. The synthesis of the latter ones is based on the use of random (pseudo-random) processes, including algorithms for cryptographic information transformation. Derivative signals synthesized in this way have improved (in comparison with linear signal classes) ensemble and correlation properties, while the statistical properties of such signal systems remain unexplored. The paper presents the results of testing derived signal systems using the tests defined in FIPS PUB 140 and NIST 800-22. Analysis of the results obtained allows us to assert that the statistical properties of this class of derived signals satisfy the requirements for pseudo-random sequences: unpredictability, irreversibility, randomness, independence of symbols, etc. In essence, such signals do not differ from random sequences. The use of the proposed class of derived signals will improve the performance of signal reception noise immunity, information security and secrecy of the ICS functioning.

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Yakimov, V. N. "Digital Spectral Analysis by means of the Method of Averag Modified Periodograms Using Binary-Sign Stochastic Quantization of Signals." Devices and Methods of Measurements 12, no. 3 (October 15, 2021): 220–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-3-220-221.

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The method of averaging modified periodograms is one of the main methods for estimating the power spectral density (PSD). The aim of this work was the development of mathematical and algorithmic support, which can increase the computational efficiency of signals digital spectral analysis by this method.The solution to this problem is based on the use of binary-sign stochastic quantization for converting the analyzed signal into a digital code. A special feature of this quantization is the use of a randomizing uniformly distributed auxiliary signal as a stochastic continuous quantization threshold (threshold function). Taking into account the theory of discrete-event modeling the result of binary-sign quantization is interpreted as a chronological sequence of instantaneous events in which its values change. In accordance with this we have a set of time samples that uniquely determine the result of binary-sign quantization in discrete-time form. Discrete-event modeling made it possible to discretize the process of calculating PSD estimates. As a result, the calculation of PSD estimates was reduced to discrete processing of the cosine and sine Fourier transforms for window functions. These Fourier transforms are calculated analytically based on the applied window functions. The obtained mathematical equations for calculating the PSD estimates practically do not require multiplication operations. The main operations of these equations are addition and subtraction. As a consequence, the time spent on digital spectral analysis of signals is reduced.Numerical experiments have shown that the developed mathematical and algorithmic support allows us to calculate the PSD estimates by the method of averaging modified periodograms with a high frequency resolution and accuracy even for a sufficiently low signal-to-noise ratio. This result is especially important for spectral analysis of broadband signals.The developed software module is a problem-oriented component that can be used as part of metrologically significant software for the operational analysis of complex signals.

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Gorbenko, Ivan, and Oleksandr Zamula. "Devising methods to synthesize discrete complex signals with required properties for application in modern information and communication systems." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 9(111) (June 30, 2021): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.234674.

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Information and communication systems (ICSs) must comply with increasingly stringent requirements to ensure the reliability and speed of information transmission, noise immunity, information security. This paper reports the methods to synthesize discrete complex cryptographic signals, underlying the construction of which are random (pseudo-random) processes; the methods for synthesizing characteristic discrete complex signals whose construction is based on using the nature of the multiplicative group of a finite field; the results of studying the properties of the specified signal systems. It is shown that the methods built provide a higher synthesis performance than known methods and make it possible to algorithmize the synthesis processes for the construction of software and hardware devices to form such signals. The win in the time when synthesizing nonlinear signals in finite fields using the devised method is, compared to the known method, for the period of 9,972 elements is 1,039.6 times. The proposed method for synthesizing the entire system of such signals, based on decimation operation, outperforms the known method of difference sets in performance. Thus, for a signal period of 2,380 elements, the win in time exceeds 28 times. It has also been shown that the application of such systems of complex signals could improve the efficiency indicators of modern ICSs. Thus, the imitation resistance of the system, when using complex discrete cryptographic signals with a signal period of 1,023 elements, is four orders of magnitude higher than when applying the linear signal classes (for example, M-sequences). For a signal period of 1,023 elements, the win (in terms of structural secrecy) when using the signal systems reported in this work exceeds 300 times at a period of 8,192, compared to the signals of the linear form (M-sequences)

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K Mishra, S., L. N Tripathy, and S. C Swain. "A Discrete Wavelet Transform based STATCOM Compensated Transmission Line." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.5 (September 22, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.20010.

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This paper describes the Discrete Wavelet transform (DWT) applied for classification and detection of fault with respect to the position of the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). STATCOM is positioned at mid-point of the transmission line. The reactive power injection or absorption (i.e shifting phase voltage with respect to bus voltage) depends upon the apparent impedance during the fault. The current signals of each phase are retrieved from both sending and receiving end of three phase transmission line synchronously. It starts processing through DWT to acquire spectral energy (SE) content of each phase current signals from both end of the transmission line. Differential spectral energy (DSE) of each phase current signals (i.e SE of current signal recovered from sending end minus SE of current signal recovered at receiving end) of transmission lines is used to record the fault configuration.

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Shoshin, E. L. "Discrete Polarization Modulators of Radar Signals." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 64, no. 6 (November 2021): 812–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020441221050225.

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Ishii, R., and K. Furukawa. "The uncertainty principle in discrete signals." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems 33, no. 10 (October 1986): 1032–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcs.1986.1085842.

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Schanze, T. "Sinc interpolation of discrete periodic signals." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 43, no. 6 (June 1995): 1502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/78.388863.

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Jakobsson, A., S. V. Andersen, and S. R. Alty. "Time-updating discrete-time ‘analytic’ signals." Electronics Letters 40, no. 3 (2004): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20040148.

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Germán-Salló, Zoltán. "Measuring the Complexity of Discrete Signals." Procedia Manufacturing 46 (2020): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.03.080.

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STEEB, WILLI-HANS, YORICK HARDY, and RUEDI STOOP. "DISCRETE WAVELETS AND FILTERING CHAOTIC SIGNALS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 13, no. 06 (July 2002): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183102003553.

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Meerkoetter, Klaus. "Uncertainty relation for multidimensional discrete signals." Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing 28, no. 2 (July 8, 2015): 389–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11045-015-0346-3.

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Tahasildar, Nagma, and S. N. Kavitha. "Discrete Emotion Recognition using EEG Signals." JIMS8I � International Journal of Information Communication and Computing Technology 7, no. 1 (2019): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2347-7202.2019.00003.3.

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Nigmatullin, R. R., S. I. Osokin, and V. A. Toboev. "NAFASS: Discrete spectroscopy of random signals." Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 44, no. 4-5 (May 2011): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2011.02.003.

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Efimkov, V. F. "Functional-discrete transformation of analog signals." Journal of Russian Laser Research 20, no. 6 (November 1999): 542–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02508615.

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Ponomareva, Olga, and Aleksey Ponomarev. "Theoretical foundations of digital vector Fourier analysis of two-dimensional signals padded with zero samples." Information and Control Systems, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2021-1-55-65.

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Introduction: The practice of using Fourier-processing of finite two-dimensional signals (including images), having confirmed its effectiveness, revealed a number of negative effects inherent in it. A well-known method of dealing with negative effects of Fourier-processing is padding signals with zeros. However, the use of this operation leads to the need to provide information control systems with additional memory and perform unproductive calculations. Purpose: To develop new discrete Fourier transforms for efficient and effective processing of two-dimensional signals padded with zero samples. Method: We have proposed a new method for splitting a rectangular discrete Fourier transform matrix into square matrices. The method is based on the application of the modulus comparability relation to order the rows (columns) of the Fourier matrix. Results: New discrete Fourier transforms with variable parameters were developed, being a generalization of the classical discrete Fourier transform. The article investigates the properties of Fourier transform bases with variable parameters. In respect to these transforms, the validity has been proved for the theorems of linearity, shift, correlation and Parseval's equality. In the digital spectral Fourier analysis, the concepts of a parametric shift of a two-dimensional signal, and a parametric periodicity of a two-dimensional signal have been introduced. We have estimated the reduction of the required memory size and the number of calculations when applying the proposed transforms, and compared them with the discrete Fourier transform. Practical relevance: The developed discrete Fourier transforms with variable parameters can significantly reduce the cost of Fourier processing of two-dimensional signals (including images) padded with zeros.

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Debbal, Sid. "Heart cardiac’s sounds signals segmentation by using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT)." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 4, no. 3 (July 23, 2021): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/052.

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The presence of abnormal sounds in one cardiac cycle, provide valuable information on various diseases.Early detection of various diseases is necessary; it is done by a simple technique known as: phonocardiography. The phonocardiography, based on registration of vibrations or oscillations of different frequencies, audible or not, that correspond to normal and abnormal heart sounds. It provides the clinician with a complementary tool to record the heart sounds heard during auscultation. The advancement of intracardiac phonocardiography, combined with signal processing techniques, has strongly renewed researchers’ interest in studying heart sounds and murmurs. This paper presents an algorithm based on the denoising by wavelet transform (DWT) and the Shannon energy of the PCG signal, for the detection of heart sounds (the first and second sounds, S1 and S2) and heart murmurs. This algorithm makes it possible to isolate individual sounds (S1 or S2) and murmurs to give an assessment of their average duration.

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Boikov, Ilia V., and Nikolay P. Krivulin. "Non-stationary dynamic system characteristics recovery from three test signals." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 3 (2020): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-3-9-15.

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Algorithms of exact restoration in an analytical form of dynamic characteristics of non-stationary dynamic systems are constructed. Non-stationary continuous dynamical systems modeled by Volterra integral equations of the first kind and non-stationary discrete dynamical systems modeled by discrete analogues of Volterra integral equations of the first kind are considered.The article consists of an introduction and three sections: 1) The exact restoration of the dynamic characteristics of continuous systems, 2) The restoration of the transition characteristics of discrete systems, 3) Conclusions. The introduction provides a statement of the problem and provides an overview of dynamical systems for which algorithms for exact reconstruction in ananalytical form of the impulse response (in the case of continuous systems) and the transition characteristic (in the case of discrete systems) are constructed. In the first section, the algorithm is constructed for the exact reconstruction of the impulse response of an non-stationary continuous dynamic system from three interconnected input signals. The first signal may be arbitrary, the second and third signals are associated with the first signal by integral operator. The exact formula for the Laplace transform of the impulse response, represented by an algebraic expression from the Laplace transform of the system output signals, is given. A model example illustrating the effectiveness of the algorithm is given. The practical application of the presented algorithm isdiscussed. In the second section, an algorithm is constructed for the exact reconstruction of the transition response of a non-stationary discrete dynamical system from three input signals that are interconnected. The first signal may be arbitrary, the second and third signals are associated with the first summing operator. The exact formula of the Z-transform of the transition characteristic is presented, which is represented by an algebraic expression from the Z-transform of the system output signals. A model example is given. The “Conclusions” section provides a summary of the results presented in the article and describes the dynamic systems to which the proposed algorithms can be extended.

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Ramadhyagita, Irsya Luthfiah, Annisa Annisa, Faishal Kamindra, and Farhan Muhammad Rizky. "Kajian Discrete Fourier Transform untuk Menganalisis Sinyal Arbitrer." Mitra Pilar: Jurnal Pendidikan, Inovasi, dan Terapan Teknologi 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.58797/pilar.0101.02.

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Abstract This study aims to examine the Discrete Fourier Transform using arbitrary signals. Signal processing is a mathematical operation performed on a signal to obtain the required information. In this case, a transformation occurs. The Fourier transform is a popular method often used to change the time form to the frequency form intended to facilitate analysis. The Fourier transform is divided into two parts: the Continuous Fourier and the Discrete Fourier. The program developed by the researcher, DFT, analyzes arbitrary signals created in two programs. The first program is a function of the DFT and the second is the main program used to generate DFT graphs. In this project, researchers will analyze arbitrary signals decomposed into sine waves. This program uses two main libraries, namely matplotlib, and NumPy. In this case, we have used the DFT method and plotted the results of the calculations performed. Now the researcher will analyze the process that the researcher did while using the DFT method and plot the results. Using DFT, arbitrary signals can be arranged into a series of sinusoids, each with a different frequency. The DFT method can arrange signals into a series of sinusoids with different frequencies. In the DFT amplitude spectrum, the signal frequency is shown as a vertical bar, with the height being the signal amplitude in the time domain. DFT can convert a sequence of equally spaced signals into information about the frequencies of all sine waves needed to sum the time domain signals. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji Discrete Fourier Transform dengan menggunakan sinyal arbitrer. Pengolahan sinyal adalah suatu operasi matematik yang dilakukan terhadap suatu sinyal sehingga diperoleh suatu informasi yang dibutuhkan. Dalam hal ini terjadi suatu transformasi. Transformasi Fourier merupakan salah satu metode popular yang sering digunakan untuk mengubah bentuk waktu bentuk frekuensi yang ditujukan untuk mempermudah analisis. Transformasi Fourier dibagi menjadi 2 bagian yaitu Fourier Kontinu dan Fourier Diskret. Program yang dikembangkan oleh peneliti yaitu, DFT untuk menganalisis sinyal arbitrer yang dibuat dalam dua program. Program pertama adalah fungsi dari DFT dan program kedua adalah program utama yang digunakan untuk memunculkan grafik DFT. Dalam project ini peneliti akan menganalisis sinyal arbitrer yang sudah diuraikan menjadi gelombang sinus. Program ini menggunakan dua library utama, yaitu matplotlib dan numpy. Pada case kali ini, telah menggunakan metode DFT dan membuat hasil plot dari perhitungan yang dilakukan. Sekarang peneliti akan menganalisis proses yang peneliti lakukan selama menggunakan metode DFT dan membuat hasil plot. Sebelum membahas hasil perhitungan, mari kembali membahas metode DFT itu sendiri. Dengan menggunakan DFT, dapat disusun sinyal arbitrer menjadi serangkaian sinusoid dan masing-masing akan memiliki frekuensi yang berbeda.Metode DFT dapat menyusun sinyal menjadi serangkaian sinusoid yang memiliki frekuensi yang berbeda-beda. Dalam spektrum amplitude DFT, frekuensi sinyal ditampilkan sebagai batang vertikal dengan ketinggiannya adalah amplitude sinyal dalam domain waktu. DFT dapat mengubah urutan sinyal dengan jarak yang sama menjadi informasi tentang frekuensi semua gelombang sinus yang diperlukan untuk menjumlahkan sinyal domain waktu.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Discrete Signals'

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