Relevant bibliographies by topics / Discrete cosine transforms (DCTs)

Academic literature on the topic 'Discrete cosine transforms (DCTs)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Discrete cosine transforms (DCTs)"

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Rad, Farhad, and Ali Broumandnia. "An Efficient Implementation of the Entire Transforms in the H.264/AVC Encoder using VHDL." International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 2, no. 3 (November 1, 2013): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v2.i3.pp116-121.

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The H.264/AVC standard achieves remarkable higher compression performance than the previous MPEG and H.26X standards. One of the computationally intensive units in the MPEG and H.26X video coding families is the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). In this paper, we propose an efficient implementation of the DCT, inverse DCTs and the Hadamard transforms in the H.264/AVC encoder using VHDL. The synthesis results indicate that our implementation of the entire transforms achieves lower power, delay and area consumption compared to the existing architectures in the H.264/AVC encoder.
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Kim, Donyeon. "Fast algorithm for discrete cosine transform (DCT)-domain image downsampling using Winograd DCTs." Optical Engineering 42, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1599842.

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Tsai, S. E., and S. M. Yang. "A Fast DCT Algorithm for Watermarking in Digital Signal Processor." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7401845.

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Discrete cosine transform (DCT) has been an international standard in Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) format to reduce the blocking effect in digital image compression. This paper proposes a fast discrete cosine transform (FDCT) algorithm that utilizes the energy compactness and matrix sparseness properties in frequency domain to achieve higher computation performance. For a JPEG image of8×8block size in spatial domain, the algorithm decomposes the two-dimensional (2D) DCT into one pair of one-dimensional (1D) DCTs with transform computation in only 24 multiplications. The 2D spatial data is a linear combination of the base image obtained by the outer product of the column and row vectors of cosine functions so that inverse DCT is as efficient. Implementation of the FDCT algorithm shows that embedding a watermark image of 32 × 32 block pixel size in a 256 × 256 digital image can be completed in only 0.24 seconds and the extraction of watermark by inverse transform is within 0.21 seconds. The proposed FDCT algorithm is shown more efficient than many previous works in computation.
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Kliuchenia, V. V. "Design of a discrete сosine transformation processor for image compression systems on a losless-to-lossy circuit." Doklady BGUIR 19, no. 3 (June 2, 2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35596/1729-7648-2021-19-3-5-13.

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Today, mobile multimedia systems that use the H.261 / 3/4/5, MPEG-1/2/4 and JPEG standards for encoding / decoding video, audio and images are widely spread [1–4]. The core of these standards is the discrete cosine transform (DCT) of I, II, III ... VIII types [DCT]. Wide support in a huge number of multimedia applications of the JPEG format by circuitry and software solutions and the need for image coding according to the L2L scheme determines the relevance of the problem of creating a decorrelated transformation based on DCT and methods for rapid prototyping of processors for computing an integer DCT on programmable systems on a FPGA chip. At the same time, such characteristics as structural regularity, modularity, high computational parallelism, low latency and power consumption are taken into account. Direct and inverse transformation should be carried out according to the “whole-to-whole” processing scheme with preservation of the perfective reconstruction of the original image (the coefficients are represented by integer or binary rational numbers; the number of multiplication operations is minimal, if possible, they are excluded from the algorithm). The wellknown integer DCTs (BinDCT, IntDCT) do not give a complete reversible bit to bit conversion. To encode an image according to the L2L scheme, the decorrelated transform must be reversible and implemented in integer arithmetic, i. e. the conversion would follow an “integer-to-integer” processing scheme with a minimum number of rounding operations affecting the compactness of energy in equivalent conversion subbands. This article shows how, on the basis of integer forward and inverse DCTs, to create a new universal architecture of decorrelated transform on FPGAs for transformational image coding systems that operate on the principle of “lossless-to-lossy” (L2L), and to obtain the best experimental results for objective and subjective performance compared to comparable compression systems.
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Jang, Ju-wook, Chang-hyeon Lim, Ronald Scrofano, and Viktor K. Prasanna. "Energy-Efficient Discrete Cosine Transform on FPGAs." KIPS Transactions:PartA 12A, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3745/kipsta.2005.12a.4.313.

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Hayati, Raisah, and Rahmadi Kurnia. "Simulasi Unjuk Kerja Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) dan Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) untuk Pengolahan Sinyal Radar di Daerah yang Ber-Noise Tinggi." Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20449/jnte.v3i1.53.

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R., Ononiwu, and Okengwu U. "Efficient Steganography on Video File using Discrete Cosine Transform Method (DCTM)." International Journal of Computer Applications 176, no. 11 (April 15, 2020): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2020920051.

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Bouguezel, Saad, M. Omair Ahmad, and M. N. S. Swamy. "Binary Discrete Cosine and Hartley Transforms." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 60, no. 4 (April 2013): 989–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2012.2224751.

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Domínguez-Jiménez, María Elena, David Luengo, and Gabriela Sansigre-Vidal. "Estimation of Symmetric Channels for Discrete Cosine Transform Type-I Multicarrier Systems: A Compressed Sensing Approach." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/151370.

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The problem of channel estimation for multicarrier communications is addressed. We focus on systems employing the Discrete Cosine Transform Type-I (DCT1) even at both the transmitter and the receiver, presenting an algorithm which achieves an accurate estimation of symmetric channel filters using only a small number of training symbols. The solution is obtained by using either matrix inversion or compressed sensing algorithms. We provide the theoretical results which guarantee the validity of the proposed technique for the DCT1. Numerical simulations illustrate the good behaviour of the proposed algorithm.
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Domínguez-Jiménez, María Elena. "Full spark of even discrete cosine transforms." Signal Processing 176 (November 2020): 107632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2020.107632.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Discrete cosine transforms (DCTs)"

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Akhtar, Mahmood Electrical Engineering &amp Telecommunications Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Genomic sequence processing: gene finding in eukaryotes." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40912.

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Of the many existing eukaryotic gene finding software programs, none are able to guarantee accurate identification of genomic protein coding regions and other biological signals central to pathway from DNA to the protein. Eukaryotic gene finding is difficult mainly due to noncontiguous and non-continuous nature of genes. Existing approaches are heavily dependent on the compositional statistics of the sequences they learn from and are not equally suitable for all types of sequences. This thesis firstly develops efficient digital signal processing-based methods for the identification of genomic protein coding regions, and then combines the optimum signal processing-based non-data-driven technique with an existing data-driven statistical method in a novel system demonstrating improved identification of acceptor splice sites. Most existing well-known DNA symbolic-to-numeric representations map the DNA information into three or four numerical sequences, potentially increasing the computational requirement of the sequence analyzer. Proposed mapping schemes, to be used for signal processing-based gene and exon prediction, incorporate DNA structural properties in the representation, in addition to reducing complexity in subsequent processing. A detailed comparison of all DNA representations, in terms of computational complexity and relative accuracy for the gene and exon prediction problem, reveals the newly proposed ?paired numeric? to be the best DNA representation. Existing signal processing-based techniques rely mostly on the period-3 behaviour of exons to obtain one dimensional gene and exon prediction features, and are not well equipped to capture the complementary properties of exonic / intronic regions and deal with the background noise in detection of exons at their nucleotide levels. These issues have been addressed in this thesis, by proposing six one-dimensional and three multi-dimensional signal processing-based gene and exon prediction features. All one-dimensional and multi-dimensional features have been evaluated using standard datasets such as Burset/Guigo1996, HMR195, and the GENSCAN test set. This is the first time that different gene and exon prediction features have been compared using substantial databases and using nucleotide-level metrics. Furthermore, the first investigation of the suitability of different window sizes for period-3 exon detection is performed. Finally, the optimum signal processing-based gene and exon prediction scheme from our evaluations is combined with a data-driven statistical technique for the recognition of acceptor splice sites. The proposed DSP-statistical hybrid is shown to achieve 43% reduction in false positives over WWAM, as used in GENSCAN.
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Ahmed, Kamal Ali. "Digital watermarking of still images." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/digital-watermarking-of-still-images(0dc4b146-3d97-458f-9506-8c67bc3a155b).html.

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This thesis presents novel research work on copyright protection of grey scale and colour digital images. New blind frequency domain watermarking algorithms using one dimensional and two dimensional Walsh coding were developed. Handwritten signatures and mobile phone numbers were used in this project as watermarks. In this research eight algorithms were developed based on the DCT using 1D and 2D Walsh coding. These algorithms used the low frequency coefficients of the 8 × 8 DCT blocks for embedding. A shuffle process was used in the watermarking algorithms to increase the robustness against the cropping attacks. All algorithms are blind since they do not require the original image. All algorithms caused minimum distortion to the host images and the watermarking is invisible. The watermark is embedded in the green channel of the RGB colour images. The Walsh coded watermark is inserted several times by using the shuffling process to improve its robustness. The effect of changing the Walsh lengths and the scaling strength of the watermark on the robustness and image quality were studied. All algorithms are examined by using several grey scale and colour images of sizes 512 × 512. The fidelity of the images was assessed by using the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), the structural similarity index measure (SSIM), normalized correlation (NC) and StirMark benchmark tools. The new algorithms were tested on several grey scale and colour images of different sizes. Evaluation techniques using several tools with different scaling factors have been considered in the thesis to assess the algorithms. Comparisons carried out against other methods of embedding without coding have shown the superiority of the algorithms. The results have shown that use of 1D and 2D Walsh coding with DCT Blocks offers significant improvement in the robustness against JPEG compression and some other image processing operations compared to the method of embedding without coding. The originality of the schemes enables them to achieve significant robustness compared to conventional non-coded watermarking methods. The new algorithms offer an optimal trade-off between perceptual distortion caused by embedding and robustness against certain attacks. The new techniques could offer significant advantages to the digital watermark field and provide additional benefits to the copyright protection industry.
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Muller, Rikus. "Applying the MDCT to image compression." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1197.

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Thesis (DSc (Mathematical Sciences. Applied Mathematics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
The replacement of the standard discrete cosine transform (DCT) of JPEG with the windowed modifed DCT (MDCT) is investigated to determine whether improvements in numerical quality can be achieved. To this end, we employ an existing algorithm for optimal quantisation, for which we also propose improvements. This involves the modelling and prediction of quantisation tables to initialise the algorithm, a strategy that is also thoroughly tested. Furthermore, the effects of various window functions on the coding results are investigated, and we find that improved quality can indeed be achieved by modifying JPEG in this fashion.
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Hantehzadeh, Neda. "3-D Face Recognition using the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1964658571&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Haque, S. M. Rafizul. "Singular Value Decomposition and Discrete Cosine Transform based Image Watermarking." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för för interaktion och systemdesign, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-5269.

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Rapid evolution of digital technology has improved the ease of access to digital information enabling reliable, faster and efficient storage, transfer and processing of digital data. It also leads to the consequence of making the illegal production and redistribution of digital media easy and undetectable. Hence, the risk of copyright violation of multimedia data has increased due to the enormous growth of computer networks that provides fast and error free transmission of any unauthorized duplicate and possibly manipulated copy of multimedia information. One possible solution may be to embed a secondary signal or pattern into the image that is not perceivable and is mixed so well with the original digital data that it is inseparable and remains unaffected against any kind of multimedia signal processing. This embedded secondary information is digital watermark which is, in general, a visible or invisible identification code that may contain some information about the intended recipient, the lawful owner or author of the original data, its copyright etc. in the form of textual data or image. In order to be effective for copyright protection, digital watermark must be robust which are difficult to remove from the object in which they are embedded despite a variety of possible attacks. Several types of watermarking algorithms have been developed so far each of which has its own advantages and limitations. Among these, recently Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) based watermarking algorithms have attracted researchers due to its simplicity and some attractive mathematical properties of SVD. Here a number of pure and hybrid SVD based watermarking schemes have been investigated and finally a RST invariant modified SVD and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) based algorithm has been developed. A preprocessing step before the watermark extraction has been proposed which makes the algorithm resilient to geometric attack i.e. RST attack. Performance of this watermarking scheme has been analyzed by evaluating the robustness of the algorithm against geometric attack including rotation, scaling, translation (RST) and some other attacks. Experimental results have been compared with existing algorithm which seems to be promising.
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Pagliari, Carla Liberal. "Perspective-view image matching in the DCT domain." Thesis, University of Essex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298594.

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Bhardwaj, Divya Anshu. "Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform by Bit Parallel Implementation and Power Comparision." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2447.

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The goal of this project was to implement and compare Invere Discrete Cosine Transform using three methods i.e. by bit parallel, digit serial and bit serial. This application describes a one dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform by bit prallel method and has been implemented by 0.35 ìm technology. When implementing a design, there are several considerations like word length etc. were taken into account. The code was implemented using WHDL and some of the calculations were done in MATLAB. The VHDL code was the synthesized using Design Analyzer of Synopsis; power was calculated and the results were compared.

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Faridi, Imran Zafar. "Image Compression Using Bidirectional DCT to Remove Blocking Artifacts." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2005. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/cs_theses/9.

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Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is widely used transform in many areas of the current information age. It is used in signal compression such as voice recognition, shape recognition and also in FBI finger prints. DCT is the standard compression system used in JPEG format. The DCT quality deteriorates at low-bit compression rate. The deterioration is due to the blocking artifact inherent in block DCT. One of the successful attempts to reduce these blocking artifacts was conversion of Block-DCT into Line-DCT. In this thesis we will explore the Line-DCT and introduce a new form of line-DCT called Bidirectional-DCT, which retains the properties of Line- DCT while improving computational efficiency. The results obtained in this thesis show significant reduction in processing time both in one dimensional and two dimensional DCT in comparison with the traditional Block-DCT. The quality analysis also shows that the least mean square error is considerably lower than the traditional Block-DCT which is a consequence of removing the blocking artifacts. Finally, unlike the traditional block DCT, the Bidirectional-DCT enables compression with very low bit rates and very low blocking artifacts.
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Martucci, Stephen A. "Symmetric convolution and the discrete sine and cosine transforms : principles and applications." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15038.

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Al-Gindy, Ahmed M. N. "Design and analysis of Discrete Cosine Transform-based watermarking algorithms for digital images. Development and evaluation of blind Discrete Cosine Transform-based watermarking algorithms for copyright protection of digital images using handwritten signatures and mobile phone numbers." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5450.

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This thesis deals with the development and evaluation of blind discrete cosine transform-based watermarking algorithms for copyright protection of digital still images using handwritten signatures and mobile phone numbers. The new algorithms take into account the perceptual capacity of each low frequency coefficients inside the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) blocks before embedding the watermark information. They are suitable for grey-scale and colour images. Handwritten signatures are used instead of pseudo random numbers. The watermark is inserted in the green channel of the RGB colour images and the luminance channel of the YCrCb images. Mobile phone numbers are used as watermarks for images captured by mobile phone cameras. The information is embedded multiple-times and a shuffling scheme is applied to ensure that no spatial correlation exists between the original host image and the multiple watermark copies. Multiple embedding will increase the robustness of the watermark against attacks since each watermark will be individually reconstructed and verified before applying an averaging process. The averaging process has managed to reduce the amount of errors of the extracted information. The developed watermarking methods are shown to be robust against JPEG compression, removal attack, additive noise, cropping, scaling, small degrees of rotation, affine, contrast enhancements, low-pass, median filtering and Stirmark attacks. The algorithms have been examined using a library of approximately 40 colour images of size 512 512 with 24 bits per pixel and their grey-scale versions. Several evaluation techniques were used in the experiment with different watermarking strengths and different signature sizes. These include the peak signal to noise ratio, normalized correlation and structural similarity index measurements. The performance of the proposed algorithms has been compared to other algorithms and better invisibility qualities with stronger robustness have been achieved.
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Books on the topic "Discrete cosine transforms (DCTs)"

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C, Yip P., and Rao K. Ramamohan, eds. Discrete Cosine and Sine Transforms: General Properties, Fast Algorithms and Integer Approximations. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2006.

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Britanak, Vladimir. Discrete cosine and sine transforms: General properties, fast algorithms and integer approximations. Amsterdam: Academic, 2007.

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Discrete Cosine and Sine Transforms. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-373624-6.x5000-0.

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Britanak, Vladimir, Patrick C. Yip, and K. R. Rao. Discrete Cosine and Sine Transforms: General Properties, Fast Algorithms and Integer Approximations. Academic Press, 2006.

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Britanak, Vladimir, Patrick C. Yip, and K. R. Rao. Discrete Cosine and Sine Transforms: General Properties, Fast Algorithms and Integer Approximations. Academic Press, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Discrete cosine transforms (DCTs)"

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Jerri, Abdul J. "The Discrete Sine (DST) and Cosine (DCT) Transforms for Boundary Value Problems." In Linear Difference Equations with Discrete Transform Methods, 329–53. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5657-9_5.

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Burger, Wilhelm, and Mark James Burge. "The Discrete Cosine Transform DCT." In Principles of Digital Image Processing, 1–8. London: Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-195-4_9.

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Burger, Wilhelm, and Mark J. Burge. "The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)." In Texts in Computer Science, 503–11. London: Springer London, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6684-9_20.

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Thanki, Rohit M., Vedvyas J. Dwivedi, and Komal R. Borisagar. "Multibiometric Watermarking Technique Using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)." In Multibiometric Watermarking with Compressive Sensing Theory, 91–113. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73183-4_5.

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Thanki, Rohit M., Vedvyas J. Dwivedi, and Komal R. Borisagar. "Multibiometric Watermarking Technique Using Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform (FDCuT) and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)." In Multibiometric Watermarking with Compressive Sensing Theory, 137–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73183-4_7.

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Fu, Jingjing, and Bing Zeng. "Diagonal Discrete Cosine Transforms for Image Coding." In Advances in Multimedia Information Processing - PCM 2006, 150–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11922162_18.

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Lim, Hyesook. "Multidimensional Systolic Arrays for Computing Discrete Fourier Transforms and Discrete Cosine Transforms." In The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, 161–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1457-8_6.

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Mahale, Vivek, Mouad M. H. Ali, Pravin L. Yannawar, and Ashok Gaikwad. "Analysis of Image Inconsistency Based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)." In Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems, 563–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1742-2_56.

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Bi, Guoan, and Yonghong Zeng. "Fast Algorithms for 1D Discrete Cosine Transform." In Transforms and Fast Algorithms for Signal Analysis and Representations, 207–45. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8176-8220-0_6.

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Bi, Guoan, and Yonghong Zeng. "Fast Algorithms for MD Discrete Cosine Transform." In Transforms and Fast Algorithms for Signal Analysis and Representations, 247–320. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8176-8220-0_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Discrete cosine transforms (DCTs)"

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Hussein, Adel, Adnan Suleiman, Nabil Kerkiz, and David Akopian. "Scalable interconnect networks for Discrete Cosine Transforms (DCT) for mobile and multimedia application." In 2010 53rd IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwscas.2010.5548713.

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Lebowsky, Fritz. "Optimizing color fidelity in wide gamut display devices when processing images compressed by block-based discrete cosine transforms (DCT)." In IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.909856.

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Huang, Yunming G., and Howard M. Dreizen. "Prioritized DCT (discrete cosine transform) image coding." In Midwest - DL tentative, edited by Rudolph P. Guzik, Hans E. Eppinger, Richard E. Gillespie, Mary K. Dubiel, and James E. Pearson. SPIE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.25864.

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Zhechev, Bozhan. "The discrete cosine transform DCT-4 and DCT-8." In the 4th international conference conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/973620.973663.

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Gong, Xuecheng, and Wanggen Li. "A Color Image Blind Digital Watermarking Algorithm Based on QR Code." In 8th International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (CoSIT 2021). AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.110405.

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With the rapid development of network technology and multimedia, the current color image digital watermarking algorithm has the problems of small capacity and poor robustness. In order to improve the capacity and anti-attack ability of digital watermarking. A color image blind digital watermarking algorithm based on QR code is proposed. The algorithm combines Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). First, the color image was converted from RGB space to YCbCr space, and the Y component was extracted and the second-level discrete wavelet transform is performed; secondly, the LL2 subband was divided into blocks and carried out discrete cosine transform; finally, used the embedding method to embed the Arnold transform watermark information into the block. The experimental results show that the PSNR of the color image embedded with the QR code is 56.7159 without being attacked. After being attacked, its PSNR is more than 30dB and NC is more than 0.95. It is proved that the algorithm has good robustness and can achieve blind watermark extraction.
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Alluru, Mandeep, In Soo Ahn, and Yufeng Lu. "Discrete cosine transform(DCT)-based reconfigurable system design." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology (EIT 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eit.2011.5978631.

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Bhamidipati, Veerabhadra S., and Artyom M. Grigoryan. "Parameterized reversible integer discrete cosine transforms." In Electronic Imaging 2004, edited by Edward R. Dougherty, Jaakko T. Astola, and Karen O. Egiazarian. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.525733.

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Ratnakar, Viresh, Ephraim Feig, Eric Viscito, and Sudhakar Kalluri. "Runlength encoding of quantized discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients." In IS&T/SPIE's Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science & Technology, edited by Arturo A. Rodriguez, Robert J. Safranek, and Edward J. Delp. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.206376.

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Ichita, Tomohiro, Seisuke Kyochi, Taizo Suzuki, and Yuichi Tanaka. "Directional discrete cosine transforms arising from discrete cosine and sine transforms for directional block-wise image representation." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2017.7953015.

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Fu, Jingling, and Bing Zeng. "Directional Discrete Cosine Transforms: A Theoretical Analysis." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - ICASSP '07. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2007.366105.

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