Relevant bibliographies by topics / DISCREATE CASINE TRANSFORM

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'DISCREATE CASINE TRANSFORM'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "DISCREATE CASINE TRANSFORM"

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Cai, Jian Cheng, Yong Hai Zhang, and Shuang Li Long. "Computational Estimation of Fan Casing Noise at Blade Passing Frequency Component Noise." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.95.

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This paper studies both vibroacoustics and aeroacoustics of a centrifugal fan casing; the aim of this study is to explore a methodology to make quantitative predictions of fan casing noise. The spectra of the fan noise and casing vibration were firstly presented; discrete components related to the rotational frequency protrude in the spectra, especially the blade passing frequency (BPF). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique was used to obtain the three-dimensional unsteady turbulent internal flow. Attention was paid to the pressure fluctuations on the volute wall; the shapes of pressur
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Chen, Jianyou, Junrui Ning, Wenchao Chen, Xiaokai Wang, Wei Wang, and Gulan Zhang. "Distributed acoustic sensing coupling noise removal based on sparse optimization." Interpretation 7, no. 2 (2019): T373—T382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2018-0080.1.

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The industry treats the distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) system, which uses an optical fiber cable in vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data acquisition, as a new and fast-growing technology. The high-quality data set acquired from the DAS acquisition system can produce high-precision VSP images and obtain more detailed checkshots. However, in field data, the acquired VSP data set suffers from strong coherent DAS coupling noise. Many factors may cause coherent DAS coupling noise, such as the cable slapping and ringing due to the physical placement, the regular swing of the wireline in the wel
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Hendry, Jans, Isnan Nur Rifai, and Yoga Mileniandi. "Sampled and discretized of short-time Fourier transform and non-negative matrix factorization: the single-channel source separation case." Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Komputer 9, no. 1 (2020): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jtsiskom.2020.13858.

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The Short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is a popular time-frequency representation in many source separation problems. In this work, the sampled and discretized version of Discrete Gabor Transform (DGT) is proposed to replace STFT within the single-channel source separation problem of the Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) framework. The result shows that NMF-DGT is better than NMF-STFT according to Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR), Signal-to-Artifact Ratio (SAR), and Signal-to-Distortion Ratio (SDR). In the supervised scheme, NMF-DGT has a SIR of 18.60 dB compared to 16.24 dB in NMF-ST
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J, Prawin. "Bearing Fault Diagnosis usingEnhanced Envelope Analysis." e-Journal of Nondestructive Testing 27, no. 11 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.58286/27472.

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Early fault detection and diagnosis of bearing is of paramount importance in wind turbines as it contributes to around 70% of gearbox and 21%-70% of generator failure. This paper presents an enhanced envelope analysis technique for bearing fault identification using vibration measurements. The raw vibration signal measured from the outer casing of the WT gearbox with faulty bearing has not only fault frequency component but also resonant frequency, discrete frequency (gear and shaft) and high frequency background noise. The present work diagnose bearing faults through a three-step process: i)
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Wang, Ting, and Reda Ragab. "Investigation of Applicability of Transporting Water Mist for Cooling Turbine Blades." Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications 12, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4042860.

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Abstract This paper presents a numerical study to investigate the feasibility of transporting water mist to the rotating blades of a high-pressure turbine. The idea of using mist film cooling to enhance conventional air cooling has been proven to be a feasible technique under laboratory conditions. However, there are challenges in implementing this scheme for real gas turbine systems. The first challenge is how to transport the mist to the rotating blades and the second challenge is delivering the mist to the injection holes and getting the particles to survive within the harsh gas turbine env
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "DISCREATE CASINE TRANSFORM"

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YADAV, PRASHIT. "DETECTION OF COPY MORE FORGERY IN DIGITAL IMAGES USING AN OPTIMIZED BLOCK BASED APPROACH." Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14922.

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Technology is growing exponentially and so does the sophistication of various imaging tools that makes it easier for a person to forge digital images. There are several types of forgeries which are done on images out of which Copy-Move is one of the most widely used. In this type of forgery a portion of an image is copied and pasted over to another portion to conceal some information. Several approaches have been developed so far to detect such kind of forgery. In the block based approach the image is divided into overlapping blocks and each block is matched against every other block for
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Books on the topic "DISCREATE CASINE TRANSFORM"

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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Short-term Changes in the Mean: 2. Truncation and Threshold Selection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0014.

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The selection intensity, the mean change in a trait within a generation expressed in phenotypic standard deviations, provides an important metric for comparing the strength of selection over designs. Further, under truncation selection (only individuals above some threshold leave offspring), the selection intensity is a function of the fraction saved, and hence the breeder's equation is often expressed in terms of the selection intensity. An important special case of truncation selection is a threshold trait, wherein an individual only expresses a particular phenotype when its underlying liabi
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Searle, Alison. Exiles at Home. Edited by Andrew Hiscock and Helen Wilcox. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672806.013.25.

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The radical and repeated changes in state religion, accompanied by persecution of any who openly dissented from the status quo, meant that there were numerous groups who found themselves in exile at home in England during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This chapter focuses on the experience of Protestant Nonconformists in the later seventeenth century. It examines the ways in which Nonconformist communities interpreted their experiences, interrogating and recording these in a variety of literary genres. The concept of exile at home is analysed through five discrete and interconnected
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Book chapters on the topic "DISCREATE CASINE TRANSFORM"

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Jawaid, A., and J. Seewig. "Discrete Filter and Non-Gaussian Noise for Fast Roughness Simulations with Gaussian Processes." In Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Physical Modeling for Virtual Manufacturing Systems and Processes. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35779-4_1.

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AbstractRough surface simulations result in tight feedback loops in research procedures, such that they speed up studies for example about roughness’ impact on tribology or fluid dynamics. To model and simulate a broad spectrum of rough surfaces, Gaussian processes (GP) have been suggested recently. However, these models are limited on surfaces with small sizes since computational time-costs and memory-costs of simulations with standard procedures scale cubically and quadratically, respectively. In this paper, we apply the discrete filter approach which is a special case of GPs. We use the discrete filter with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm to efficiently sample from a high-dimensional Gaussian distribution and we compare its computational costs with the contour integral quadrature algorithm. Our experiments show that GPs benefit from FFT and allow stationary rough surfaces with sizes as large as 30, 000 × 30, 000 to be efficiently sampled. Since this approach is complementary to the GP and noise model approach, we also show simulations of rough surfaces with underlying non-Gaussian noise models that can reduce computational complexity.
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Ionescu, Alexandru D., Akos Magyar, and Stephen Wainger. "Averages along Polynomial Sequences in Discrete Nilpotent Lie Groups: Singular Radon Transforms." In Advances in Analysis, edited by Charles Fefferman, Alexandru D. Ionescu, D. H. Phong, and Stephen Wainger. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691159416.003.0007.

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This chapter concentrates on the averages of functions along polynomial sequences in discrete nilpotent groups, illustrating the problems that arise from studying these averages. Though special polynomial sequences can still use the Fourier transform in the central variables to analyze the operators, it appears that one needs to proceed in an entirely different way in the case of general polynomial maps, when the Fourier transform method is not available. This chapter is the first attempt to treat discrete Radon transforms along general polynomial sequences in the non-commutative nilpotent settings. It does so by analyzing the problem of L² boundedness of singular Radon transforms.
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Bulnes, Francisco. "A Modern Review of Wavelet Transform in Its Spectral Analysis." In Recent Advances of Wavelet Transform and Their Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105559.

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The spectral analysis, in much aspects as are the wavelet transform in its numerous versions and its relation with other transforms and special functions requires a special review, since the exploration in the frequency domain to the wavelet transform is more detailed and majorly more specific in different applications. For example, the wavelet transform of special function can be very useful to create and design special signal filters or, for example, to the interphase between reception-emission devices with sensorial parts of the human body. Also the quantum wavelet transform is very useful in the spectral study of traces of particles. Likewise, in this chapter, these aspects are considered as an inherent property of the wavelet transform in the spectral exploration of some phenomena. Finally, general results to the discrete case are given, which is analyzed to the wavelet transform and its spectra.
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Alegeh, Nurudeen, Munavar Thottoli, Naeem Mian, Andrew Longstaff, and Simon Fletcher. "Feature Extraction of Time-Series Data Using DWT and FFT for Ballscrew Condition Monitoring." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde210069.

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This paper investigates the use of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to improve the quality of extracted features for machine learning. The case study in this paper is detecting the health state of the ballscrew of a gantry type machine tool. For the implementation of the algorithm for feature extraction, wavelet is first applied to the data, followed by FFT and then useful features are extracted from the resultant signal. The extracted features were then used in various machine learning algorithms like decision tree, K-nearest neighbour (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM) for binary classification of the ballscrew state. The result shows significant improvement in the classification accuracy after the wavelet transform and FFT has been performed on the data.
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West-Eberhard, Mary Jane. "Cross-sexual Transfer." In Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122343.003.0021.

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Distinctive male and female traits are perhaps the most familiar of all divergent specializations within species. In cross-sexual transfer, discrete traits that are expressed exclusively in one sex in an ancestral species appear in the opposite sex of descendants. An example is the expression of brood care by males in a lineage where ancestral females are the exclusive caretakers of the young, as in some voles (Thomas and Birney, 1979). Despite the prominence of sexual dimorphism and sex reversals in nature, and an early explicit treatment by Darwin, discussed in the next section, cross-sexual transfer is not often recognized as a major factor in the evolution of novelty (but see, on animals, Mayr, 1963, pp. 435-439; Mayr, 1970, p. 254; on plants, Iltis, 1983). When more widely investigated, cross-sexual transfer may prove to rival heterochrony and duplication as an important source of novelties in sexually dimorphic lineages. For this reason, I devote more attention here to cross-sexual transfer than to these other, well-established general patterns of change. The male and female of a sexually dimorphic species may be so different that it is easy to forget that each individual carries most or all of the genes necessary to produce the phenotype of the opposite sex. Sex determination, like caste determination and other switches between alternative phenotypes, depends on only a few genetic loci or, in many species, environmental factors (Bull, 1983). There is considerable flexibility in sex determination and facultative reversal in some taxa. Among fish, for example, there is even a species wherein sex is determined by juvenile size at a critical age (Francis and Barlow, 1993). The sex determination mechanism, whatever its nature, leads to a series of sex-limited responses, often coordinated by hormones and not necessarily all occurring at once. A distinguishing aspect of sexually dimorphic traits in adults is that there is often a close homology between the secondary sexual traits that are differently modified in the two sexes.
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El-said, Shaimaa A., Khalid F. A. Hussein, and Mohamed M. Fouad. "Image Compression Technique for Low Bit Rate Transmission." In Intelligent Computer Vision and Image Processing. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-3906-5.ch015.

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A novel Adaptive Lossy Image Compression (ALIC) technique is proposed to achieve high compression ratio by reducing the number of source symbols through the application of an efficient technique. The proposed algorithm is based on processing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) of the image to extract the highest energy coefficients in addition to applying one of the novel quantization schemes proposed in the present work. This method is straightforward and simple. It does not need complicated calculation; therefore the hardware implementation is easy to attach. Experimental comparisons are carried out to compare the performance of the proposed technique with those of other standard techniques such as the JPEG. The experimental results show that the proposed compression technique achieves high compression ratio with higher peak signal to noise ratio than that of JPEG at low bit rate without the visual degradation that appears in case of JPEG.
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Mejia, Rodolfo Villamizar, Jhonatan Camacho Navarro, and Wilmer Alexis Sandoval Caceres. "Case-Based Reasoning for Stiffness Changes Detection in Structures." In Emerging Design Solutions in Structural Health Monitoring Systems. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8490-4.ch007.

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This chapter presents an expert monitoring algorithm approach to detect, locate and quantify stiffness variations in structures. The algorithm is based on pattern recognition and artificial intelligence techniques that emulate knowledge based on human reasoning. The expert system (ES) uses time-frequency information about dynamics of structure, which is processed by using discrete wavelet transform (DWT), self-organizing maps (SOM), case-based reasoning (CBR) and principal component analysis (PCA). In addition, two applications are considered in order to evaluate the effectiveness of vibration analysis methodology and CBR in damage detection. The first application (Camacho 2010) uses the environmental excitation to detect and quantify damage in a Mechanical UBC ASCE Benchmark. The second one (Sandoval 2010) uses a predesigned signal to detect geometric damages on a gas pipeline. In both cases, a finite element model (FEM) is used to simulate different damages scenarios, which correspond to stiffness variations in different location.
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Prasada Rao Borra, Surya, Kongara Ramanjaneyulu, and K. Raja Rajeswari. "A Robust and Oblivious Watermarking Method Using Maximum Wavelet Coefficient Modulation and Genetic Algorithm." In Modeling and Simulation in Engineering - Selected Problems. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93832.

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An image watermarking method using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) is presented for applications like content authentication and copyright protection. This method is robust to various image attacks. For watermark detection/extraction, the cover image is not essential. Gray scale images of size 512 × 512 as cover image and binary images of size 64 × 64 as watermark are used in the simulation of the proposed method. Watermark embedding is done in the DWT domain. 3rd and 2nd level detail sub-band coefficients are selected for further processing. Selected coefficients are arranged in different blocks. The size of the block and the number blocks depends on the size of the watermark. One watermark bit is embedded in each block. Then, inverse DWT operation is performed to get the required watermarked image. This watermarked image is used for transmission and distribution purposes. In case of any dispute over the ownership, the hidden watermark is decoded to solve the problem. Threshold-based method is used for watermark extraction. Control parameters are identified and optimized based on GA for targeted performance in terms of PSNR and NCC. Performance comparison is done with the existing works and substantial improvement is witnessed.
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Aswini, K. R. N., and S. Vijayaraghavan. "Denoising of Ultrasonic B – Scan Retinal Images for ealier Detection of Retinopathy of Prematurity (RoP)." In New Frontiers in Communication and Intelligent Systems. Soft Computing Research Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52458/978-81-95502-00-4-67.

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Human eye is a complex mechanism that enables us the sense of vision. Retina, being one of the most important layers of eye, in any case gets affected, leads to severe visual impairment and sometimes loss of vision too. Retinopathy of Prematurity (RoP), being a by birth condition in untimely children? wherein an anomaly is available in the retinal layers and the related veins. Ultrasonic B – Scan is the prominent diagnostic tool used to identify RoP. Effective, Early and Simplified diagnostic and imaging tools aid the Ophthalmologists for an accurate diagnosis and work towards the prevention of vision loss. In this paper, RoP images of Oculus Dextrusand Ocular Sinister – Left eye in severe stage are considered for filtering and noise removal. Wavelet denoising of B-scan images is performed through Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and with different thresholding such as Global thresholding. Then, the location of prematurity in retina is found out, in comparison with the healthy retina. An optimum thresholding level is fixed, which is followed by the calculation of statistical mean, variance and standard deviation. This model helps to find out the abnormality of retina, the location and severity in mathematical terms. The denoising of the distorted images is found to be potential enough in achieving the effective diagnosis in the case of RoP in children.
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Yury, Yanilkin, Shmelev Vladimir, and Kolobyanin Vadim. "A Monotonic Method of Split Particles." In Recent Advances on Numerical Simulations [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97044.

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The problem of correct calculation of the motion of a multicomponent (multimaterial) medium is the most serious problem for Lagrangian–Eulerian and Eulerian techniques, especially in multicomponent cells in the vicinity of interfaces. There are two main approaches to solving the advection equation for a multicomponent medium. The first approach is based on the identification of interfaces and determining their position at each time step by the concentration field. In this case, the interface can be explicitly distinguished or reconstructed by the concentration field. The latter algorithm is the basis of widely used methods such as VOF. The second approach involves the use of the particle or marker method. In this case, the material fluxes of substances are determined by the particles with which certain masses of substances bind. Both approaches have their own advantages and drawbacks. The advantages of the particle method consist in the Lagrangian representation of particles and the possibility of” drawbacks. The main disadvantage of the particle method is the strong non-monotonicity of the solution caused by the discrete transfer of mass and mass-related quantities from cell to cell. This paper describes a particle method that is free of this drawback. Monotonization of the particle method is performed by spliting the particles so that the volume of matter flowing out of the cell corresponds to the volume calculated according to standard schemes of Lagrangian–Eulerian and Eulerian methods. In order not to generate an infinite chain of spliting, further split particles are re-united when certain conditions are met. The method is developed for modeling 2D and 3D gas-dynamic flows with accompanying processes, in which it is necessary to preserve the history of the process at Lagrangian points.
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Conference papers on the topic "DISCREATE CASINE TRANSFORM"

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Espiritu Santo, A., and C. Carbajal. "Respiration rate extraction from ECG signal via discrete wavelet transform." In 2010 2nd Circuits and Systems for Medical and Environmental Applications Workshop (CASME). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/casme.2010.5706679.

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Sun, Zixiang, Nicholas J. Hills, and Richard Scott. "A CFD Assessment of Engine Core Zone Casing Heat Transfer." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90381.

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Abstract A systematic CFD investigation was conducted to assess the core zone (CZ) casing heat transfer of a large civil aircraft engine. Three key engine operating conditions, maximum takeoff (MTO), cruise (CRZ) and ground idle (GI) were analyzed. Steady flows were assumed. Turbulence was simulated using the realizable k-epsilon model in conjunction with the scalable wall function. Buoyancy effect was taken into account. Radiation was calculated using the discrete ordinate (DO) model. It was shown that the forced convection heat transfer dominates in most of the casing surface in the core zon
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Cuadrado, David G., Francisco Lozano, Valeria Andreoli, and Guillermo Paniagua. "Engine-Scalable Rotor Casing Convective Heat Flux Evaluation Using Inverse Heat Transfer Methods." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76906.

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In this paper, we propose a two-step methodology to evaluate the convective heat flux along the rotor casing using an engine-scalable approach based on Discrete Green’s Functions. The first step consists in the use of an inverse heat transfer technique to retrieve the heat flux distribution on the shroud inner wall by measuring the temperature of the outside wall; the second step is the calculation of the convective heat flux at engine conditions, using the experimental heat flux and the Green Functions engine-scalable technique. Inverse methodologies allow the determination of boundary condit
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Jaafar, Abdul A., Fariborz Motallebi, Michael Wilson, and J. Michael Owen. "Flow and Heat Transfer in a Rotating Cavity With a Stationary Stepped Casing." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0281.

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In this paper, new experimental results are presented for the flow in a co-rotating disc system with a rotating inner cylinder and a stationary stepped outer casing. The configuration is based on a turbine disc-cooling system used in a gas turbine engine. One of the rotating discs can be heated, and cooling air is introduced through discrete holes angled inward at the periphery of this disc. The cooling air leaves the system through axial clearances between the discs and the outer casing. Some features of computed flows, and both measured and computed heat transfer, were reported previously fo
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Lynch, J., C. G. Durfee, and H. M. Milchberg. "Leaky Mode Propagation in a High Intensity Plasma Waveguide." In High Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hrfts.1994.wc5.

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The finite thickness of the electron density barrier in the shock driven plasma waveguide1 (see Fig. 1 of paper Mode Properties of a High Intensity Plasma Waveguide, this conference) implies that formally, there are no bound modes (ie. no discrete spectrum of channel propagation wavenumbers) since all fields leak to some extent. For sufficiently large ΔNe and rm (where ΔNe = Ne(rm)-Ne(0) is the electron density difference between the peak and on-axis electron density and rm is the radius to the electron density peak), low order leaky waveforms are effectively indistinguishable from eigenmodes
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Lu, Xiaodong, and Pei-Feng Hsu. "Parallel Computing of Two Numerical Quadratures for an Integral Formulation of Transient Radiation Transport." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47235.

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Parallel computing of the transient radiative transfer process in the three-dimensional homogeneous and nonhomogeneous participating media is studied with an integral equation model. The model can be used for analyzing the ultra-short light pulse propagation within the highly scattering media. Two numerical quadratures are used: the discrete rectangular volume (DRV) method and YIX method. The parallel versions of both methods are developed for one-dimensional and three-dimensional geometries, respectively. Both quadratures achieve good speedup in parallel performance. Because the integral equa
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Panta Pazos, Rube´n. "Treatment of Noise in Experimental Transport Measurements Plots With Discrete Wavelet Transforms." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75731.

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In this work it is applied the wavelet transform method [2] in order to reduce diverse type of noises of experimental measurement plots in transport theory. First, suppose that a problem is governed by the transport equation for neutral particles, and an unknown perturbation occurs. In this case, the perturbation can be associated to the source, or even to the flux inside the domain X. How is the behavior of the perturbed flux in relation to the flux without the perturbation? For that, we employ the wavelet transform method in order to compress the angular flux considered as a 1D, or n-th dime
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Trivedi, Ashish, Soumyadipta Basu, and Kunal Mitra. "Transient Discrete Ordinate Method and Experiments of Pulsed Radiative Transfer Through Scattering Absorbing Media." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56558.

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The objective of this paper is to validate the solution of transient radiation transfer equation with experimental measurements using short pulse laser source having a Gaussian distribution. The transient radiative transfer equation for the case of short pulse laser propagation through scattering absorbing media such as tissue is an integrodifferential equation and is therefore complicated to solve. The time-dependent discrete ordinates method in conjunction with high order upwind piecewise parabolic interpolation scheme is used to solve the transient radiative transfer equation for the case o
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Kobayashi, M., S. Saito, and S. Yamauchi. "Nonlinear Steady-State Rotordynamic Analysis Using Transfer Coefficient Method." In ASME 1991 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1991-0228.

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Abstract This paper proposes a new method for steady-state, large-order nonlinear rotordynamic calculations: it uses a method called the transfer coefficient method (TCM), which is more convenient than the transfer matrix method. Since TCM calls for only the displacement as the independent variable, whereas both the displacement and the force are needed as the state variables in the conventional transfer matrix method, TCM promises a substantial saving of computation time without incurring loss in the accuracy of calculation. First, the outline of TCM is explained, then the nonlinear calculati
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Kuga, Yasuo, Akira Ishimaru, Hung-Wen Chang, and Leung Tsang. "Comparisons between the small-angle approximation and the numerical solution for radiative transfer theory." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.fl3.

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The small-angle approximation for the radiative transfer theory is based on the assumption that the scattered wave is confined within a small angle in the forward direction. This assumption is generally valid for the turbulence case in which the turbulence size is much greater than the wavelength and the index of refraction is close to 1. However, the validity of this assumption for a discrete random medium with an index of refraction much greater than the surrounding medium is not well known. In spite of this, the small-angle approximation has sometimes been used for discrete random media bec
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