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Journal articles on the topic 'Discharges of pollutants'
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1
Di, Zhenzhen, Miao Chang, Peikun Guo, Yang Li, and Yin Chang. "Using Real-Time Data and Unsupervised Machine Learning Techniques to Study Large-Scale Spatio–Temporal Characteristics of Wastewater Discharges and their Influence on Surface Water Quality in the Yangtze River Basin." Water 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061268.
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Most worldwide industrial wastewater, including in China, is still directly discharged to aquatic environments without adequate treatment. Because of a lack of data and few methods, the relationships between pollutants discharged in wastewater and those in surface water have not been fully revealed and unsupervised machine learning techniques, such as clustering algorithms, have been neglected in related research fields. In this study, real-time monitoring data for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), pH, and dissolved oxygen in the wastewater discharged from 2213 factories and in the surface water at 18 monitoring sections (sites) in 7 administrative regions in the Yangtze River Basin from 2016 to 2017 were collected and analyzed by the partitioning around medoids (PAM) and expectation–maximization (EM) clustering algorithms, Welch t-test, Wilcoxon test, and Spearman correlation. The results showed that compared with the spatial cluster comprising unpolluted sites, the spatial cluster comprised heavily polluted sites where more wastewater was discharged had relatively high COD (>100 mg L−1) and NH3-N (>6 mg L−1) concentrations and relatively low pH (<6) from 15 industrial classes that respected the different discharge limits outlined in the pollutant discharge standards. The results also showed that the economic activities generating wastewater and the geographical distribution of the heavily polluted wastewater changed from 2016 to 2017, such that the concentration ranges of pollutants in discharges widened and the contributions from some emerging enterprises became more important. The correlations between the quality of the wastewater and the surface water strengthened as the whole-year data sets were reduced to the heavily polluted periods by the EM clustering and water quality evaluation. This study demonstrates how unsupervised machine learning algorithms play an objective and effective role in data mining real-time monitoring information and highlighting spatio–temporal relationships between pollutants in wastewater discharges and surface water to support scientific water resource management.
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Norrström, Hans A. "Reducing the Discharges to Water – Technical Objectives." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0003.
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The main technical objective in reducing the discharges to water is to implement technology to maintain a desired level of priority pollutants. Several investigations indicate that the priority pollutants may be found in the chlorinated material discharged from the bleach plant. Based on this assumption the state of art of production and abatement technology will be reviewed. Oxygen bleaching is in most cases the most efficient first step to reduce the discharge of chlorinated material. With appropriate process design and control the discharge of chlorinated material will be 3-4 kg/tonne (as TOC1). If lower discharge levels are aimed at, the chlorination stage can be modified by applying lower chlorine charge alone or in combination with chlorine dioxide addition. The present Swedish environmental requirements of about 2 kg TOC1/tonne necessitate such measures. Careful process optimization is necessary to avoid changes in product quality. Modified cooking can be one way to create the extra flexibility necessary to maintain top quality. To reduce the discharge levels further, new process technology has to be introduced. The Prenox process, membrane filtration of effluents, partial or complete recycle of bleach effluents, will be discussed and also external treatment methods.
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Roesner, Larry A., and Paul Traina. "Overview of Federal Law and USEPA Regulations for Urban Runoff." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0693.
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Within the last three years, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has taken two significant steps with respect to regulating the quality of storm water discharges from urban areas. The first of these is the development of Final Rules and Regulations for Storm Water Discharges from urban areas with separated waste water and storm drainage systems. Published in late 1990, the rule requires all municipalities with populations over 100,000 to apply for a permit to discharge storm water under the USEPA's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). The permit application must include, among other things, a plan to reduce the pollutants in urban runoff to the “Maximum Extent Practicable”. The second step is the publication in January, 1993, of a draft policy regulating discharges from combined sewer systems. These two initiatives for water quality control of wet weather discharges from urban drainage systems are significant steps forward in a national program to reduce pollution contributions to receiving waters in urban areas. This paper provides an overview of the requirements of these two wet weather water quality management programs.
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Barbosa, Ana Estela, and João Nuno Fernandes. "Review of tools for road runoff quality prediction and application to European roads." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 9 (September 28, 2021): 2228–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.427.
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Abstract Pollutants discharged by roads may impact water bodies and soils. The best method to characterise road runoff is by monitoring, which is not always possible due to human or material constraints. Therefore, prediction tools can be a valuable method to manage road runoff discharges and protect the environment. The present work reviewed and evaluated international tools for road runoff quality prediction, in order to assess if an existing tool could be suitable for wide usage by stakeholders in Europe. Four tools from the USA and Europe were selected and tested at 22 road sites located in regions with annual precipitation values ranging from 500 to 1,000 mm, from seven European countries. The results for the site median concentration (SMC) of total suspended solids (TSS), Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd showed coefficients of determination (R2) from 0.0004 to 0.2890 for the different pollutants and tools. It was concluded that none of the tools could predict the road runoff pollutant concentrations, except for the country where it had been calibrated. The findings support practitioners and researchers all over the world, pointing out directions, and gaps to be filled, regarding the management of road runoff discharges and use of prediction tools.
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Lu, Chenyu, Xianglong Tang, Wei Liu, and Ping Huang. "Effects of Industrial Structure Adjustment on Pollutants Discharged to the Aquatic Environment in Northwest China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10 (May 18, 2022): 6146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106146.
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Northwest China is located along China’s Belt and Road Initiative routes and represents the frontier and core region for China’s construction and development of the Silk Road Economic Belt. In recent years, the conflict between economic development and environmental pollution has become increasingly intense in this region, with the latter mainly caused by disorderly industrialization brought about by rapid urbanization processes. Inappropriate industrial structure is the primary reason for environmental degradation in Northwest China, which has limited precipitation and available water. Due to its fragile aquatic environment and unsustainable use of water resources, the pollution and degradation of the aquatic environment has become a bottleneck that severely restricts the sustainable development of China’s northwest region. In the present study, five provinces or autonomous regions in Northwest China were selected as the study objects. Based on the vector autoregressive (VAR) model, quantitative research methods, such as impulse response function and variance decomposition analysis, were applied to quantify the dynamics between industrial structure adjustment and changes in industrial pollutant discharges to the aquatic environment, so that the impact of industrial structure adjustment on pollutants discharged to the aquatic environment could be quantified and characterized. Therefore, the present study has both theoretical and practical significance. The conclusions are as follows: (1) In general, industrial structure in most provinces in Northwest China imposes a positive effect over the discharge of pollutants to the aquatic environment. Adjusting industrial structure and reducing the proportion of secondary industry present can to some extent promote reductions in the discharge of pollutants to the aquatic environment. However, such beneficial effects may vary among different provinces. (2) Specifically, for Gansu, province industrial structure adjustment could help reduce the discharge of pollutants to the aquatic environment effectively during the early stages, but this positive effect gradually weakens and disappears during the later stages. In Qinghai province, industrial structure adjustment could not help reduce the discharge of pollutants to the aquatic environment effectively during the early stages, but a positive effect gradually increases and continues to function later. The performance in Shaanxi and Xinjiang provinces was quite similar, with industrial structure adjustment helping to effectively reduce the discharge of pollutants to the aquatic environment over a long period of time. This positive effect can play a more sustained and stable role. For Ningxia province, industrial structure adjustment can not only help significantly reduce the discharge of pollutants to the aquatic environment but also displays a significant positive effect. (3) Given the specific conditions and characteristics of the region under study, relevant policies for industrial structure adjustment should be formulated and implemented.
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Li, Bin, Ji Fu Yang, Yun Zhou, and Jun Min Chen. "Analysis of Discharge Characteristics of Typical Rural Domestic Wastewater along the Tuojiang River." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.545.
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Environmental pollution caused by rural domestic wastewater has become increasingly serious. However, data on the current characteristics of rural domestic wastewater are scarce. In this study, we selected typical villages along the Tuojiang River as study objects. We analyzed the pollution status and discharge characteristics of rural domestic wastewater along the Tuojiang River through field research in winter and summer. Data analysis and collection, as well as water monitoring, were performed to determine the water quality and quantity characteristics of the rural domestic wastewater. The per capita daily discharges of rural domestic wastewater along the Tuojiang River are 11.26–50.37 L in winter and 18.39–303.57 L in summer. Both the maximum and average concentrations of pollutants in the rural domestic wastewater are higher than those in urban domestic wastewater, but the per capita daily discharge of pollutants is clearly lower in rural areas than in urban areas. The analysis of the typical discharges of rural domestic wastewater along the Tuojiang River provides a valuable reference for rural wastewater discharge treatment planning and process selection.
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David, L. M., and R. S. Matos. "Wet weather water quality modelling of a Portuguese urban catchment: difficulties and benefits." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 3 (February 1, 2002): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0071.
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This paper discusses the use of water quality deterministic modelling together with an integrated approach to assess the impact of urban stormwater discharges into ephemeral watercourses, based on the study of a Portuguese catchment. The description of the main aspects, difficulties and benefits found during data collection and model calibration and verification is presented, and the associated uncertainties and errors discussed. Experimental results showed a strong short- and long-term impact of sewer discharges on rivers, and confirmed deposition, resuspension and transport of pollutants as important processes for the water quality. However, the resuspension of riverbed sediment pollutants during storms was probably more significant than the direct impact of the urban discharges. The HydroWorks™ model was used since it allows for the calculation of pollutant build-up on catchment surfaces and in gully pots, their wash-off, and the deposition and erosion of sediments in sewers. However, it uses several constants, which could not be independently calibrated, increasing the uncertainty already associated with the data. River flows have quite different magnitude from the sewer system overflows, which, together with the difficulties in evaluating river flow rates, makes the integrated modelling approach rather complex and costly.
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Bansal, Neelam, and Shamsher S. Kanwar. "Peroxidase(s) in Environment Protection." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/714639.
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Industrial discharges of untreated effluents into water bodies and emissions into air have deteriorated the quality of water and air, respectively. The huge amount of pollutants derived from industrial activities represents a threat for the environment and ecologic equilibrium. Phenols and halogenated phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDC), pesticides, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), industrial dyes, and other xenobiotics are among the most important pollutants. Peroxidases are enzymes that are able to transform a variety of compounds following a free radical mechanism, thereby yielding oxidized or polymerized products. The peroxidase transformation of these pollutants is accompanied by a reduction in their toxicity, due to loss of biological activity, reduction in the bioavailability, or the removal from aqueous phase, especially when the pollutant is found in water. The review describes the sources of peroxidases, the reactions catalyzed by them, and their applications in the management of pollutants in the environment.
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Chachuła, Krystian, Tomasz Michał Słojewski, and Robert Nowak. "Multisensor Data Fusion for Localization of Pollution Sources in Wastewater Networks." Sensors 22, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010387.
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Illegal discharges of pollutants into sewage networks are a growing problem in large European cities. Such events often require restarting wastewater treatment plants, which cost up to a hundred thousand Euros. A system for localization and quantification of pollutants in utility networks could discourage such behavior and indicate a culprit if it happens. We propose an enhanced algorithm for multisensor data fusion for the detection, localization, and quantification of pollutants in wastewater networks. The algorithm processes data from multiple heterogeneous sensors in real-time, producing current estimates of network state and alarms if one or many sensors detect pollutants. Our algorithm models the network as a directed acyclic graph, uses adaptive peak detection, estimates the amount of specific compounds, and tracks the pollutant using a Kalman filter. We performed numerical experiments for several real and artificial sewage networks, and measured the quality of discharge event reconstruction. We report the correctness and performance of our system. We also propose a method to assess the importance of specific sensor locations. The experiments show that the algorithm’s success rate is equal to sensor coverage of the network. Moreover, the median distance between nodes pointed out by the fusion algorithm and nodes where the discharge was introduced equals zero when more than half of the network nodes contain sensors. The system can process around 5000 measurements per second, using 1 MiB of memory per 4600 measurements plus a constant of 97 MiB, and it can process 20 tracks per second, using 1.3 MiB of memory per 100 tracks.
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Schlütter, F., and O. Mark. "Dynamic modelling of pollutants from CSOs." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 4 (February 1, 2003): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0242.
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In a number of industrialised countries there is an effort made to reduce pollutant discharges from combined sewer overflows. After establishing proper treatment plants the CSO discharges are contributing with a higher percentage of the total pollutant load on the receiving waters. The acknowledgement of this issue has made the authorities in some countries issue requirements for maximum allowed pollutant loads and water quality from individual CSOs. However, in order to make standards for CSO emissions knowledge about the current state is needed and subsequently others needs to be able to document that they are in compliance with the standard. The question is how to calculate the annual pollutant load from a given CSO? The purpose of this article is to present results from calculation of annual loads in different ways.
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Ye, Lin, Nirmala N. Khandan, and Findlay G. Edwards. "Biological treatment of airstreams contaminated with organic vapors." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 7 (October 1, 1994): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0311.
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Increases in regulatory control of discharges of organic vapors require improvement of traditional methods of removal and treatment of organic vapors from airstreams. The traditional methods of removal, various forms of adsorption, only change the phase of the pollutants. Subsequent treatment of the pollutants has proven to be energy intensive and therefore expensive. Biological treatment of organics has proven to be inexpensive but requires that the organics be in dissolved form, in the liquid phase, and at a concentration above a minimum concentration. Adsorption of organics in the gas phase onto activated carbon, which is suspended in water, will remove the pollutants from the gas phase and can increase the aqueous concentration, in the region around each activated carbon particle, above the required minimum for biological degradation. The organic pollutants can then be biodegraded leaving harmless by-products. Design of a reactor to provide for the phase change and the biodegradation of the pollutant requires development of a theoretical model and validation of the model.
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Olivotti, R., J. Faganeli, and A. Malej. "Impact of ‘Organic' Pollutants on Coastal Waters, Gulf of Trieste." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0078.
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The main sources of potential ‘organic' pollutants (essentially pathogens, nutrients, floatables, suspended solids and detergents) discharged to the Gulf of Trieste by sewers and rivers are briefly reviewed; about 470,000 people live in the coastal area, and nearly 400,000 of them discharge sewage effluents to the Gulf. This brief review is followed by an evaluation of the impact of such discharges on the quality of marine waters, with reference to the impairment of uses such as bathing and shellfish cultivation. The sanitary and aesthetic aspects of faecal pollution which typically affect coastal waters are examined together with the water quality standards pertaining to bathing waters and shellfish cultivation areas; the extent of pollution of the coastal waters is determined. Experience gained at some wastewater treatment and disposal works is cited. On the whole, the Gulf of Trieste appears to be in a satisfactory condition: more than 85% of the shoreline (totalling 42 km in Yugoslavia and 93 km in Italy) is unpolluted, according to the pertaining standards. Ameliorations are, however, urgently needed in many respects. Recommendations regarding adequate forms of sewage treatment and disposal are made.
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Ostoich, Marco, Marco Carcereri, and Jvan Barbaro. "River sediments’ monitoring: impact of tannery discharges." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 25, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 379–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-11-2012-0069.
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Purpose – The tannery industry impacts strongly on water bodies due to the presence of chemical substances, such as chlorides, sulphates, chromium and other pollutants. This study has been carried out with a view to enhance the environmental compatibility of the Arzignano tannery district (northern Italy) which is the largest in Italy, by improving the quality of the Fratta-Gorzone River. Sediment quality, according to the driving forces-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) scheme, has been developed as a significant impact indicator to be applied at basin level. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the above issues. Design/methodology/approach – Data were produced during institutional monitoring and control activities carried out by ARPAV (Veneto Region Environmental Prevention and Protection Agency) according to official methods. To define the environmental impacts on the river basin, a statistical assessment was performed on water and sediment quality data to establish the degree of correlation for the main pollutants along the river stem. Findings – In the basin considered, sediment quality presents high levels of contamination from heavy metals – in particular chromium (Cr) (III) – as well as organic pollutants. Investigation of the pressure sources revealed that the discharge from the Arzignano tannery district is the main source of Cr (III), according to background studies performed in the same area. Practical implications – The quality of river sediments must be improved in order to avoid the re-suspension/solubility of pollutants; dredged materials with high polluting substances must be managed with specific precautions in order to safeguard the environment. Originality/value – The river studied is currently the only significant water body in which sediment monitoring has been performed in the Veneto Region (Italy) since 2002. This study presents issues linked to the characterization of river sediment and the correlation between sediment quality and water pollution and prior and current pressure sources.
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Mourad, M., J. L. Bertrand-Krajewski, and G. Chebbo. "Sensitivity to experimental data of pollutant site mean concentration in stormwater runoff." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0043.
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Urban wet weather discharges are known to be a great source of pollutants for receiving waters, which protection requires the estimation of long-term discharged pollutant loads. Pollutant loads can be estimated by multiplying a site mean concentration (SMC) by the total runoff volume during a given period of time. The estimation of the SMC value as a weighted mean value with event runoff volumes as weights is affected by uncertainties due to the variability of event mean concentrations and to the number of events used. This study carried out on 13 catchments gives orders of magnitude of these uncertainties and shows the limitations of usual practices using few measured events. The results obtained show that it is not possible to propose a standard minimal number of events to be measured on any catchment in order to evaluate the SMC value with a given uncertainty.
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Holeton, Claire, Patricia A. Chambers, and Laura Grace. "Wastewater release and its impacts on Canadian waters." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 10 (October 2011): 1836–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-096.
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Discharge of sewage to the environment in the form of treated or untreated wastewater can have serious impacts on human health and quality of life and on ecosystem condition. Since a previous review in 1997, upgrades to wastewater treatment facilities, along with improved source control, have produced successes in reducing loadings of certain pollutants (e.g., mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls) to Canadian waters. However, nationally, loads of phosphorus discharged from wastewater treatment facilities have not changed in recent years (2003–2008), and releases of nitrogen have increased slightly. In some locations, wastewater discharges are contributors to bacterial contamination, toxicity from heavy metals and ammonia, and eutrophication, all of which continue to threaten public and environmental health. An increasing number of studies are also demonstrating developmental, reproductive, and behavioural changes in fish and other aquatic organisms from exposure to pharmaceuticals, personal-care products, or other pollutants in domestic wastewater, even after treatment. Minimizing wastewater discharge and mitigating its effects on the environment and human health will be a challenge. It is critical that gains achieved by improved wastewater treatment and other control measures not be reversed by relaxation of efforts or by failure to keep pace with population growth.
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Vukolova, A., A. Dolgikh, and A. Rusinkevich. "REGULATION STANDARDS FOR PERMISSIBLE DISCHARGES OF A FEW RADIONUCLIDES MIXTURE INTO ATMOSPHERIC AIR UNDER NPP NORMAL OPERATION." PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. SERIES: NUCLEAR AND REACTOR CONSTANTS 2020, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.55176/2414-1038-2020-1-94-101.
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The article is focused on the description of the existing order for regulations of standards for permissible and maximum permissible discharges of radioactive pollutants into atmospheric air and (on) discussion of an alternative method for regulations of standards for permissible and maximum permissible discharges, basing on establishment of these standards for a mixture of radioactive materials and not for every radionuclide individually. This method is based on using the radionuclide vector concept and allows to significantly facilitate arrangements of radiation monitoring, to abandon spectrometric methods and to use more simple, cheap and speedy radiometric methods for discharge control. This result corresponds to internationally recognized ALARA principle. The procedure of the establishment of permissible discharge of noble gases mixture for atmospheric discharge of Rostov NPP site is shown in the article as an example. The results of the analysis of noble gases atmospheric discharges of 47 European NPPs with WWER and PWR power units, creation of nuclide vector and application of this vector for calculation of permissible discharge of noble gases mixture for the Rostov NPP are demonstrated.
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Lindstrom, K. P., and Adriana Renescu. "Pollution prevention: a winning strategy for the protection of the environment." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0238.
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This case study presents the development and implementation of the County Sanitation Districts of Orange County (Districts) Pollution Prevention Program (P3) aimed at reducing the environmental release of pollutants. The P3 has been integrated in the Districts' environmental management program and incorporates the goals of the Districts' 30-year Master Plan called 2020 Vision. The Districts take a multi-media approach to environmental protection giving equal importance to emissions to air, water or the land. The Districts' P3 efforts, applied in combination with an aggressive Source Control Program, has resulted in significant reductions in heavy metals and other pollutant discharges to the environment. The P3 is a major element of the Districts' Source Control Program. During the past seven years, pollution prevention (the management of waste generation or reduction of waste before it is generated) has proven to be the most effective strategy to protect the environment. The Program has resulted in reductions in influent loadings of heavy metals and other pollutants of concern, and an improving record of compliance by major industrial dischargers. The reduction in metals and other pollutants has resulted in quantifiable improvements in environmental conditions in the marine environment (in the vicinity of the discharge) several miles offshore near the ocean outfall, in reduced air emissions from the treatment plants, and in the concentrations of heavy metals in the residual biosolids produced for recycling. Long-term monitoring data shows improvements in effluent toxicity (as measured by fish survival), reductions in the concentrations of metals in sediments around the ocean outfall and long-term gradual improvements in biological conditions as measured by the number of species of benthic invertebrates. Data on the trends for each of these and other conditions, are presented along with the specific methods employed to achieve the reductions from industrial dischargers. The successes of P3 were acknowledged by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which awarded the Districts the Administrator's national 1992 Pollution Prevention Achievement Award.
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Епифанова, М. А., А. В. Епифанов, and Э. Л. Аким. "Calculation of the negative impact on water bodies from the pulp and paper mill based on mathematical modelling of pollutant flow." Известия СПбЛТА, no. 238 (March 11, 2022): 254–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2022.238.254-266.
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Современная система нормирования нагрузки на водные объекты состоит из трех основных элементов: расчета технологических нормативов по маркерным для отрасли веществам; расчета нормативов допустимых сбросов для веществ 1 и 2 классов опасности; сравнения рассчитанных нормативов допустимых сбросов с установленными на основе решения государственной экологической экспертизы нормативами допустимых воздействий для водохозяйственых участков. Приведенные в методике расчета нормативов допустимых сбросов формулы имеют ограниченный диапазон применения. Предложен алгоритм расчета конвективно-диффузионного переноса загрязняющих веществ НПАО «Сильвамо Корпорейшн Рус» в р. Вуокса в районе Лесогорского водохранилища. Для исследования выбран основной водовыпуск предприятия, через который сбрасываются очищенные сточные воды, содержащие остаточные загрязняющие вещества от основного производства и сточных вод г. Светогорска. В створе сброса сточных вод р. Вуокса крайне неоднородна. Поэтому расчет переноса загрязняющих веществ по действующей методике расчета нормативов допустимых сбросов игнорирует образующиеся вдольбереговые застойные зоны и ветровые течения в этих зонах. Для расчетов предложена комбинированная модель переноса загрязняющих веществ, учитывающая двумерные и трехмерные модели ветровых течений и модели конвективно-диффузионного переноса и превращения веществ. При расчете поля концентраций по официальной методике расчета нормативов допустимых сбросов протяжённость пятна загрязнения составила 15 м, а по предложенному алгоритму расчета, учитывающему рельеф береговой зоны и направления ветровых течений, – 140 м. На примере сброса сточных вод НПАО «Сильвамо Корпорейшн Рус» в р. Вуокса показано, что результаты расчета НДС по действующей методике и на основе разработанной комбинированной модели конвективнодиффузионного переноса загрязняющих веществ дают неоднородные результаты. Согласно разработанной модели допустимая концентрация БПКп в сточных водах в 1,7 раза выше величины рассчитанной по действующей методике расчета НДС. Применение индивидуального подхода к расчету НДС позволит обеспечить экологические стандарты качества воды в водных объектах и определить допустимые уровни нагрузки от ЦБК. The modern system for standardizing the load on water bodies consists of three main elements: 1 calculation of technological standards for marker substances for the industry; 2 calculation of permissible discharge standards for substances of 1 and 2 hazard classes; 3 comparisons of the calculated standards of permissible discharges with the standards of permissible impacts for water management areas established on the basis of the decision of the state ecological expertise. The formulas given in the methodology for calculating the permissible discharge standards have a limited range of application. The paper proposes an algorithm for calculating the convectivediffusion transfer of pollutants from the wastewater discharges of Silvamo Corporation Rus into the Vuoksa river in the Lesogorskoye reservoir area. For the study, the main outlet of the enterprise was chosen, through which purified wastewater containing residual pollutants from the main production and wastewater of the city of Svetogorsk is discharged. The Vuoksa River is extremely heterogeneous in the area of wastewater discharge through the outlet. Therefore, the calculation of the transfer of pollutants according to the current method for calculating the permissible discharge standards ignores the formed alongshore stagnant zones and wind currents prevailing in these zones. For the calculations, a combined model of the transport of pollutants was proposed, taking into account two-dimensional and three-dimensional models of wind currents and models of convective-diffusion transport and transformation of substances. When calculating the concentration field according to the official method for calculating the permissible discharge standards, the length of the pollution spot was 15 meters, and according to the proposed calculation algorithm, taking into account the relief of the coastal zone and the direction of wind currents, 140 meters. For the release of Silvamo Corporation Rus with fine water into the Vuoksa River, the results of calculating the standards for permissible discharges according to the current methodology and based on the developed combined model of convective-diffusion transport of pollutants are presented, which gives heterogeneous results. According to the developed allowable model, the concentration of BOD in wastewater is 1.7 times higher than the required value according to the current methodology for calculating standards, discharges are allowed. The application of an individual approach to the calculation of standards for permissible discharges makes it possible to determine environmental standards for water quality in water bodies and determine the maximum levels of load from a pulp and paper mill.
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Uberman, V. I., and D. I. Fokin. "EXCESS DISCHARGES OF POLLUTANTS: THE PROBLEMS IN THE METHODS OF DETERMINING THE DAMAGE." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 15 (November 30, 2016): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2015.34.
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The article deals with environmental law peculiarities with excess discharges of pollutants (EDP) within the system of the state regulation of water use. It presents the basic theoretical provisions for a comprehensive methods of a forensic engineer, environmental and economic examination of damages incurred by the state as the result of excess discharges ofpollutants into water bodies. This methods solves the following tasks: confirms the facts of EDP registered by the bodies of Ukrainian State Environmental Inspection (USEI) and determines the properties of these EDPs; confirms the initial data collected by USEI to calculate damages; confirms and/or determines the amount of damages. The first task has a priority and is solved by inspecting: the conditions with regard to which the calculation of damages has been carried out; the fact whether the technical object of discharge meets hydraulic requirements; the study of the event and temporal structure of the period when the violation took place, identification of elementary events on the control of return water, control such episodes; determining the characteristics of control events; depiction of the EDP structure with a matrix model.
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Welker, A. "Occurrence and fate of organic pollutants in combined sewer systems and possible impacts on receiving waters." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 10 (November 1, 2007): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.755.
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Selected organic pollutants are classified based on an intensive literature survey. Two wastewater parameters (COD and ammonium) and six selected organic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), estradiol (E2), ethinylestradiol (EE2), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and nitrilo triaceticacid (NTA)) are specified. As a result, for the first time representative concentrations in dry weather flow, surface runoff and effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in combined sewer systems (CSS) are stated. The second part of the paper presents a first estimation of main emission out of a combined sewer system and possible receiving water impacts in terms of (1) annual discharged loads calculated by pollution load simulations in a hypothetical catchment and (2) concentrations calculated in combined sewer overflows (CSO) discharges and resulting receiving water concentrations.
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Balaam, Jan L., Yin Chan-Man, Paul H. Roberts, and Kevin V. Thomas. "IDENTIFICATION OF NONREGULATED POLLUTANTS IN NORTH SEA–PRODUCED WATER DISCHARGES." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28, no. 6 (2009): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/08-488.1.
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Gosset, Antoine, Claude Durrieu, Frédéric Orias, Rémy Bayard, and Yves Perrodin. "Identification and assessment of ecotoxicological hazards attributable to pollutants in urban wet weather discharges." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 19, no. 9 (2017): 1150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7em00159b.
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Jirka, G. H., R. L. Doneker, and T. O. Barnwell. "Cormix: An Expert System for Mixing Zone Analysis." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 6 (September 1, 1991): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0165.
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United States water quality policy includes the concept of a mixing zone, a limited area where initial dilution of a discharge occurs. Current practice in mixing zone analysis is plagued by a number of problems --mixing zone definitions vary widely; there is a diversity of discharge and site conditions; existing models focus on near-field mixing while legal definitions extend to greater distances; and there are a large number of permitting applications needing review. The Cornell Mixing Zone Expert System (CORMIX) is a series of software elements for analysis and design of submerged buoyant or nonbuoyant discharges containing conventional or toxic pollutants into stratified or unstratified waters, with emphasis on the geometry and dilution characteristics of the initial mixing zone. Subsystem CORMIX1 deals with single port discharges, CORMIX2 addresses multiport diffusers, and subsystem CORMIX3 analyzes surface discharges. The software is implemented on microcomputers using the MS-DOS operating system. It contains two key elements -- 1) a rigorous flow classification scheme that analyzes the near-field behavior of a discharge and 2), a collection of predictive elements for each discharge scenario. This paper describes the development philosophy underlining CORMIX, the capabilities of the three subsystems, and describes the procedure for obtaining the software.
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Nadzirah, Z., H. Nor Haslina, and H. Rafidah. "Removal of Important Parameter from Car Wash Wastewater - A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 1153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1153.
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Abstract. Huge quantity of water consumed per car and the various chemical agents used in car wash activities discharged the untreated effluents into stormwater system and eventually ending up in our lakes, rivers and oceans [1]. The accumulated sediments from vehicle wash contain contaminants that reach concentrations where the sludge is considered as a controlled or hazardous waste including of metals, elevated levels of oil and grease, and the unacceptable levels of acidity or alkalinity [2]. This paper provides a comprehensive review of car wash wastewater data analyzes regarding the wastewater discharges, as well as contaminant levels of car wash activities. Besides, the further extensive research on treatments used for the car wash industry for pollutant removal routes including the removal effeciency of pollutants has also been highlighted. The expansion of the review on the influence of the treatment indicates that, the effeciency on removal pollutants depends on the treatment used. Overall, the review illustrates the necessity of a profound knowledge on the car wash wastewater with an extensive lists of common treatment of car wash wastewater in providing the alternative way for on-site treatment for car wash outlet in treating the effluent before discharging into water bodies. Hence, decreases the pollution governing environmental, operational parameters, and the treatment performances of low cost system in treating the car wash wastewater.
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Gromaire, M. C., M. Kafi-Benyahia, J. Gasperi, M. Saad, R. Moilleron, and G. Chebbo. "Settling velocity of particulate pollutants from combined sewer wet weather discharges." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.835.
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Settling velocities of TSS and of particulate pollutants (COP, PDCO, PTKN, PCu, PPb, PZn, PPAH) measured on a wide range of wet weather flow (WWF) samples collected at different levels of the Parisian combined sewer system are reported. The recorded V30 (0.01 to 0.1 mm.s-1) and V50 (0.09 to 0.6 mm.s−1) values exceed by a factor 10 those of dry weather sewage and also exceed the values measured for pavement runoff. These values lie however often below the 0.28 mm.s−1 reference value considered in France for the design of WWF settling facilities. A decrease in settleability is observed between a small upstream catchment and larger scaled downstream catchments. The settling behaviour of particulate pollutants varies depending on the considered parameter and can differ significantly from the TSS behaviour, due to a non homogeneous distribution of micropolluants over the different classes of particles. PZn and PTKN appear far less settleable than TSS, whereas PPAH show higher settleability.
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Zair, Fida, Mhamed Mouqallid, and El houssine Chatri. "The effect of straight chimney temperature on pollutant dispersion." E3S Web of Conferences 234 (2021): 00009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123400009.
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Air pollution is considered one of the most important contemporary problems that threaten a person's life and environment. Among the major sources of air pollution are pollutants emitted from smokestacks. The objective of this work is to numerically study the dispersion of a pollutant ejected from a chimney into an air stream. The mass, momentum and energy conservation equations are solved using the finite volume method (MFV) and numerical simulations are performed using Ansys Fluent CFD software. Two case studies were discussed: The first case study is to study the influence of the direction of the wind speed and in the last case study, the temperature evolution on the dispersion of the ejected plume particles. The study demonstrated the extent of the dispersion in relation to these two parameters. The results obtained confirm the need to improve filtering systems in order to reduce the risks attributed to discharges and to propose solutions to manage the effect of these discharges on the environmental population.
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Alija, Avdulla J., Nikolaus Bresgen, Ekramije Bojaxhi, Margit Krenn, Ismet D. Bajraktari, and Peter M. Eckl. "River pollution in the Kosovo: Cyto- and genotoxic effects of water samples in the primary rat hepatocyte assay." Toxicology and Industrial Health 34, no. 8 (June 5, 2018): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233718773027.
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The actual stage of the development of Kosovo is characterized by the concerning levels of environmental pollution and the serious health problems attributed to the emission of pollutants into air, soil and water. In this context, river pollution is one of the main threats due to the discharge of untreated urban and industrial waste waters that affect the quality of surface and ground water. In addition, urban and agricultural discharges are affecting the river water quality. In this article, we are presenting data on the cyto- and genotoxic potential of water samples from three rivers (Sitnica, Drenica and Lepenci) in the Kosovo as determined in the cultures of primary rat hepatocytes. Sitnica and Drenica (as the most important Sitnica tributary) drain into the Black Sea, whereas the Lepenci river drains into the Aegean Sea. These rivers are polluted mainly by industry in the Kosovo together with municipal discharges. The results of this study show that the samples have primarily a cytotoxic potential by causing necrotic cell death that was not accompanied by any increase of the rate of micronucleated cells as an indicator for a genotoxic potential. The different effects in 2 consecutive years can be attributed to variations in physico-chemical parameters such as water levels, intake of pollutants, and so on, indicating the need for continuous monitoring and risk assessment.
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Busler, J., H. Wehn, and L. Woodhouse. "TRACKING VESSELS TO ILLEGAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGES USING MULTISOURCE VESSEL INFORMATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 30, 2015): 927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-927-2015.
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Illegal discharge of bilge waters is a significant source of oil and other environmental pollutants in Canadian and international waters. Imaging satellites are commonly used to monitor large areas to detect oily discharges from vessels, off-shore platforms and other sources. While remotely sensed imagery provides a snap-shot picture useful for detecting a spill or the presence of vessels in the vicinity, it is difficult to directly associate a vessel to an observed spill unless the vessel is observed while the discharge is occurring. The situation then becomes more challenging with increased vessel traffic as multiple vessels may be associated with a spill event. By combining multiple sources of vessel location data, such as Automated Information Systems (AIS), Long Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT) and SAR-based ship detection, with spill detections and drift models we have created a system that associates detected spill events with vessels in the area using a probabilistic model that intersects vessel tracks and spill drift trajectories in both time and space. Working with the Canadian Space Agency and the Canadian Ice Service’s Integrated Satellite Tracking of Pollution (ISTOP) program, we use spills observed in Canadian waters to demonstrate the investigative value of augmenting spill detections with temporally sequenced vessel and spill tracking information.
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Vu, Giang Ha, My Nguyen, Anh Nguyen, and Huong Tran. "MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS (MFA) AND ENERGY BALANCE ANALYSIS (EBA) AS TECHNICAL TOOLS FOR WASTEWATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN TEXTILE AND DYEING INDUSTRY – A CASE STUDY." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 58, no. 3A (May 25, 2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/58/3a/14356.
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The textile and dyeing industry consumes a large amount of water and discharges to the environment many pollutants including dyestuffs, auxiliaries, others. In this study, a selected textile and dyeing company was representing modern factory in Vietnam. Using STAN software, the authors have quantified and analyzed the material flows of the production lines and of the main pollutants in wastewater. Comparing with “business as usual” scenario, a new scenario with treatment and reuse of wastewater has been introduced. The discharge volume of wastewater from company was about 3,608.96 m3/day (or 1,317,270.4 m3/year). Loadings of the main pollutants in wastewater as COD, TSS, T-P and T-N were 1419.95, 1571.36, 17.77 and 50.16 ton/year, respectively. One meter of produced fabric consumes 0.025 m3 of water. Energy consumption of the wastewater treatment station was analyzed by SANKEY software. The energy consumption rate was 1.695 kWh per m3 of wastewater. Reuse of wastewater could save 1,129.05 kWh per day of electricity and 1,804.48 m3 per day of fresh water to be taken from the river source. Ozonation was the most consuming energy process at the wastewater treatment station, accounting for 58.88% of total wastewater treatment energy consumption.
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Bentzen, T. R. "3D modelling of transport, deposition and resuspension of highway deposited sediments in wet detention ponds." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.363.
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The paper presents results from an experimental and numerical study of flows and transport of primarily particle bound pollutants in highway wet detention ponds. The study presented here is part of a general investigation on road runoff and pollution in respect to wet detention ponds. The objective is to evaluate the quality of long term simulation based on historical rains series of the pollutant discharges from roads and highways. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and mud transport model is used for the investigation. The transport model has been calibrated and validated on e.g. experiments in a 30 m long concrete channel with width of 0.8 m and a water depth of approximately 0.8 m and in circular flume experiments in order to reproduce near-bed specific processes such as resuspension and consolidation. With a fairly good agreement with measurements, modelling of hydrodynamics, transport of dissolved pollutants and particles in wet detention ponds is possible with application of a three dimensional RANS model and the advection/dispersion equation taken physical phenomena like wind, waves, deposition, erosion and consolidation of the bottom sediment into account.
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Gombert, Philippe, Ondra Sracek, Nikolaos Koukouzas, Grzegorz Gzyl, Susana Tuñon Valladares, Robert Frączek, Christoph Klinger, et al. "An Overview of Priority Pollutants in Selected Coal Mine Discharges in Europe." Mine Water and the Environment 38, no. 1 (June 13, 2018): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10230-018-0547-8.
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Saul, A. J., and R. C. Thornton. "Hydraulic Performance and Control of Pollutants Discharged from a Combined Sewer Storage Overflow." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1989): 747–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0278.
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The development of the Wallingford Procedure WASSP (1981) and the MOSQITO (Moys 1987) models will provide the sewerage engineer with design tools to assess the quantitative and qualitative performance of sewer systems. As part of the development of such a quality model, the University of Manchester, financed by the Water Research centre and North West Water, have undertaken a fieldwork program of research to monitor the hydraulic performance and the temporal variation of pollutants in the inflow and the overflow at five combined sewage overflows in the North West of England. These projects are integrated into the program of research co-ordinated by the River Basin Management group at WRc Engineering. This paper describes the instrumentation used at a typical field site and illustrates the monitored temporal variation of pollutants for a number of storm events. These results show the complexity of the monitored pollutographs and highlight the large number of variables which influence combined sewer quality. Using data monitored in 1986, it is hypothesised that the long term impact of combined sewer discharges on receiving waters may be estimated from the flow retention performance and some estimate of annual average pollutant concentration. To predict the short term impact on river quality it is necessary to consider the complex processes associated with combined sewer flow and to include the separation performance of the overflow structure.
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Crabtree, R. W., R. Ashley, and R. Gent. "Mousetrap: modelling of real sewer sediment characteristics and attached pollutants." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 7 (April 1, 1995): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0197.
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A dynamic, pollutograph based sewer flow quality simulation model is an essential tool to aid in the control of intermittent pollution from combined sewer overflows (CSOs). Such a model can be used in conjunction with river impact models to provide an objective methodology for the control of intermittent sewage discharges. A new component to the MOUSE package has been developed, called MOUSETRAP, which is composed of a series of deterministic modules to represent the quality of surface run-off, sediment and pollutant transport within the pipe network, and the biological and chemical reactions within the sewer system. MOUSETRAP can be used to predict sewer flow quality and, hence, CSO spill concentrations and loads over time. The results of recent research into the behaviour of sediments and associated pollutants in sewers have shown that these aspects are crucial to the development of a reliable, deterministic sewer flow quality model. MOUSETRAP, by representing the physical and chemical characteristics and behaviour of real sewer sediment types has the ability to simulate storm event pollutographs incorporating first foul flush phenomena. MOUSETRAP achieves this by representing pollutants associated with dissolved phase liquid transport and pollutants associated with sediments including bed deposits, bed load and settleable suspended solids. The results of data collection are used to characterise sewer sediments and a theoretical basis for the modelling of sediments and sediment attached pollutants in MOUSETRAP is considered. Finally, the model default values for characteristics of the surface, deposited foul flow and in-pipe sediment types in MOUSETRAP are presented.
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Lei, Hong Jun, Chang Jia Li, Xun Feng Xia, and Bei Dou Xi. "Decomposing the Influencing Factors of China’s Industrial Wastewater Discharges Using LMDI I Method." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 2089–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2089.
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China’s industry accounts for 46.8% of the national gross domestic product (GDP) and plays an important strategic role to its economic growth, but it is also the main water pollution sources. In order to identify the relationship between the underlying driving forces and various environmental indicators, two critical industrial wastewater pollutant discharges over 2001-2009, including Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N), were decomposed into three factors, i.e., production effect (caused by change in the scale of economic activity), structural effect (caused by change in economic structure) and intensity effect (caused by change in technological level of the sector), using a logarithmic mean Divisia index I (LMDI I) decomposition method. Results showed that: (1) the average annual effect changes of industrial wastewater changes of COD discharges in China is -2.99% with the production effect, structural effect, and intensity effect as 14.64%, -1.39%, and -16.24%, respectively. Similarly, the average effect changes of industrial wastewater changes of NH4-N discharges is -4.03% with production effect, structural effect, and intensity effect as 16.18%, -2.88%, and -17.33%, respectively. (2) production effect was the major factor responsible for the rise of COD and NH4-N discharges, accounting for 45% and 44% of the total contribution. (3) structural effect contributed to the decrease of COD and NH4-N discharges with a small effect of 4% and 8% in total contribution. (4) intensity effect had an dominant decremental effect in COD and NH4-N discharges, accounting for 50% and 48% of the total contribution; intensity effect could be further decomposed in cleaner production effect and pollution abatement effect, and cleaner production effect of COD and NH4-N accounts for 60% and 55% in pollution reduction. (5) the main contributors to incremental COD and NH4-N discharges among industrial sub-sectors were manufacture of paper and paper products, processing of food from agricultural products, manufacture of textile and so on. These sectors should be the top priorities for policy makers to reduce pollutants discharges, and the potential measures are industrial restructuring and related regulation.
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Chow, M. F., and Z. Yusop. "Characterization and source identification of stormwater runoff in tropical urban catchments." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 2 (October 24, 2013): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.574.
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The characteristics of urban stormwater pollution in the tropics are still poorly understood. This issue is crucial to the tropical environment because its rainfall and runoff generation processes are so different from temperate regions. In this regard, a stormwater monitoring program was carried out at three urban catchments (e.g. residential, commercial and industrial) in the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 51 storm events were collected at these three catchments. Samples were analyzed for total suspended solids, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil and grease, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), soluble reactive phosphorus and total phosphorus. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to interpret the stormwater quality data for pattern recognition and identification of possible sources. The most likely sources of stormwater pollutants at the residential catchment were from surface soil and leachate of fertilizer from domestic lawns and gardens, whereas the most likely sources for the commercial catchment were from discharges of food waste and washing detergent. In the industrial catchment, the major sources of pollutants were discharges from workshops and factories. The PCA factors further revealed that COD and NH3-N were the major pollutants influencing the runoff quality in all three catchments.
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Shahvi, Shervin, Enrico Orsi, Roberto Canziani, Enrico Larcan, and Gianfranco Becciu. "Study on industrial macropollutants discharges in Milan sewer system." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 27, no. 2 (March 14, 2016): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-01-2015-0014.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the transformation of some macropollutants including hydrocarbons, surfactants and metals in Milan west sewer basin. The study is part of a wider research (named SWARMNET and proposed by Politecnico di Milano and Metropolitana Milanese S.p.A and has been classified as fundable by the Ministry of Education, University and Research of Italy), aiming at installing a monitoring system for measurement of accidental discharge of pollutants from industrial activities and real-time protection of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) by avoiding dangerous discharges entering the sewers. Good effluent and waste sludge quality allow safe agricultural reuse of both streams. Other objectives include food safety, lower treatment costs and reduction of pollution of soil, surface and groundwater. Design/methodology/approach – The west basin of Milan sewer network, discharging to San Rocco WWTP was considered. Among 700 industries, 16 have been selected for their specific characteristics and/or high industrial pollution load. A quality model was coupled with a hydraulic model to evaluate the effect of pollutants transport in the network. Findings – Heavy metals, surfactants and hydrocarbons have different behavior from biodegradable domestic sewage and can be modeled as conservative matter conveyed by advection only. Results show that the concentration values of these macropollutants at the inlet of the WWTP are below the Italian standard values with the exception of Cadmium and Mercury. These heavy metals should be considered in the planned sampling campaign. Originality/value – This study will estimate environmental benefits and both methodology and monitoring techniques can be extended to other cities in Italy and Europe.
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Chapra, S. C., and P. G. Whitehead. "Modelling impacts of pollution in river systems: a new dispersion model and a case study of mine discharges in the Abrud, Aries and Mures River System in Transylvania, Romania." Hydrology Research 40, no. 2-3 (April 1, 2009): 306–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2009.075.
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A new model of dispersion has been developed to simulate the impact of pollutant discharges on river systems. The model accounts for the main dispersion processes operating in rivers as well as the dilution from incoming tributaries and first-order kinetic decay processes. The model is dynamic and simulates the hourly behaviour of river flow and pollutants along river systems. The model has been applied to the Aries and Mures River System in Romania and has been used to assess the impacts of potential dam releases from the Roşia Montană Mine in Transylvania, Romania. The question of mine water release is investigated under a range of scenarios. The impacts on pollution levels downstream at key sites and at the border with Hungary are investigated.
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Shala, Albona, Fatbardh Sallaku, Agron Shala, and Shkëlzim Ukaj. "The effects of industrial and agricultural activity on the water quality of the Sitnica River (Kosovo)." Geoadria 20, no. 1 (March 9, 2014): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.28.
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An important issue in Kosovo is water pollution. The use of polluted water has a direct impact on human health and cause long-term consequences. The longest and most polluted river in Kosovo is the Sitnica, a 90 km long river with its source located near the village of Sazli. The river flows into the Ibar River in Northern Kosovo. Agriculture is prevailing activity in the basin of Sitnica which is why agricultural as well as industrial waste are the biggest water pollutants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate water quality of the river and analyse the pollution level along the Sitnica River caused by agricultural activities and industrial discharges. In order to assess the impact of pollutants on this river, a measurements were carried out in four (five) monitoring stations: the first station represents the reference station which has not undergone or has not been affected by polluting pressures, two stations in water areas affected by the irrigation of farming land and two monitoring stations in water areas affected by industrial wastewater discharge. Some of the parameters of water quality analysed are temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, DO, COD, BOD, P total, nitrates, sulfates, and heavy metals iron, manganese, zinc, nickel. Compared to the reference station the results obtained from the Gracka and Pestova monitoring stations prove that the dominant form of pollution is that from agricultural lands irrigation, while the Plemetin and Mitrovica stations show that the Sitnica River is affected by wastewater discharge which contains significant concentrations of heavy metals, as well as metal ions selected in this paper. It can be concluded that the irrigation of agricultural lands and discharges from mining significantly affect water quality of the Sitnica River.
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Unuofin, John O., Anthony I. Okoh, and Uchechukwu U. Nwodo. "Aptitude of Oxidative Enzymes for Treatment of Wastewater Pollutants: A Laccase Perspective." Molecules 24, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112064.
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Natural water sources are very often contaminated by municipal wastewater discharges which contain either of xenobiotic pollutants and their sometimes more toxic degradation products, or both, which frustrates the universal millenium development goal of provision of the relatively scarce pristine freshwater to water-scarce and -stressed communities, in order to augment their socioeconomic well-being. Seeing that both regulatory measures, as regards the discharge limits of wastewater, and the query for efficient treatment methods remain unanswered, partially, the prospects of enzymatic treatment of wastewater is advisable. Therefore, a reconsideration was assigned to the possible capacity of oxidative enzymes and the respective challenges encountered during their applications in wastewater treatment, and ultimately, the prospects of laccase, a polyphenol oxidase that oxidizes aromatic and inorganic substrates with electron-donating groups in treatment aromatic contaminants of wastewater, in real wastewater situations, since it is assumed to be a vehicle for a greener community. Furthermore, the importance of laccase-driven catalysis toward maintaining mass-energy balance, hence minimizing environmental waste, was comprehensibly elucidated, as well the strategic positioning of laccase in a model wastewater treatment facility for effective treatment of wastewater contaminants.
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Wilkie, Philip J., George Hatzimihalis, Paul Koutoufides, and Michael A. Connor. "The contribution of domestic sources to levels of key organic and inorganic pollutants in sewage: the case of Melbourne, Australia." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0417.
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For the purposes of regulating discharges by industry to Melbourne's sewer network, information was needed on the concentrations of key pollutants in sewage from purely domestic sources. Sampling sites around Melbourne were identified where sewage free of trade waste contributions could be obtained. The sites chosen spanned a range of geographical areas and residential area types. Samples from these sites were analysed for a wide range of components. Similar analyses were conducted on samples from domestic water supplies. The consolidated results of these analyses are presented. The results show that the water supply contributes substantially to levels of many pollutants in domestic sewage. Comparisons with data for sewage plant influents show higher than expected inputs, from domestic sources, of many pollutants often regarded as having a mainly industrial origin.
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Frehmann, T., I. Nafo, A. Niemann, and W. F. Geiger. "Storm water management in an urban catchment: effects of source control and real-time management of sewer systems on receiving water quality." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0658.
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For the examination of the effects of different storm water management strategies in an urban catchment area on receiving water quality, an integrated simulation of the sewer system, wastewater treatment plant and receiving water is carried out. In the sewer system real-time control measures are implemented. As examples of source control measures the reduction of wastewater and the reduction of the amount of impervious surfaces producing storm water discharges are examined. The surface runoff calculation and the simulation of the sewer system and the WWTP are based on a MATLAB®/SIMULINK® simulation environment. The impact of the measures on the receiving water is simulated using AQUASIM. It can be shown that the examined storm water management measures, especially the source control measures, can reduce the combined sewer overflow volume and the pollutant discharge load considerably. All examined measures also have positive effects on the receiving water quality. Moreover, the reduction of impervious surfaces avoids combined sewer overflow activities, and in consequence prevents pollutants from discharging into the receiving water after small rainfall events. However, the receiving water quality improvement may not be seen as important enough to avoid acute receiving water effects in general.
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Zhang, Zhou, Wei Liu, Yuanyuan Qu, Xie Quan, Ping Zeng, Mengchang He, Yanmei Zhou, and Ruixia Liu. "Transcriptomic Profiles in Zebrafish Liver Permit the Discrimination of Surface Water with Pollution Gradient and Different Discharges." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (August 3, 2018): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081648.
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The present study aims to evaluate the potential of transcriptomic profiles in evaluating the impacts of complex mixtures of pollutants at environmentally relevant concentrations on aquatic vertebrates. The changes in gene expression were determined using microarray in the liver of male zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to surface water collected from selected locations on the Hun River, China. The numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each treatment ranged from 728 to 3292, which were positively correlated with chemical oxygen demand (COD). Predominant transcriptomic responses included peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling and steroid biosynthesis. Key pathways in immune system were also affected. Notably, two human diseases related pathways, insulin resistance and Salmonella infection were enriched. Clustering analysis and principle component analysis with DEGs differentiated the upstream and downstream site of Shenyang City, and the mainstream and the tributary sites near the junction. Comparison the gene expression profiles of zebrafish exposed to river surface water with those to individual chemicals found higher similarity of the river water with estradiol than several other organic pollutants and metals. Results suggested that the transcriptomic profiles of zebrafish is promising in differentiating surface water with pollution gradient and different discharges and in providing valuable information to support discharge management.
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Dang, T. H., A. Denat, O. Lesaint, and G. Teissedre. "Pulsed electrical discharges in water for removal of organic pollutants: a comparative study." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 47, no. 2 (June 5, 2009): 22818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2009110.
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Ziganshin, M. G., A. M. Ziganshin, and A. V. Dmitriev. "Equipment and working conditions for comprehensive treatment of discharges containing halogen-bearing pollutants." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 45, no. 3-4 (March 2009): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-009-9153-8.
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Dehghani Darmian, Mohsen, Seyed Arman Hashemi Monfared, Gholamreza Azizyan, Shane A. Snyder, and John P. Giesy. "Assessment of tools for protection of quality of water: Uncontrollable discharges of pollutants." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 161 (October 2018): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.087.
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Montalvo-Cedillo, César, Rubén Jerves-Cobo, and Luis Domínguez-Granda. "Determination of Pollution Loads in Spillways of the Combined Sewage Network of the City of Cuenca, Ecuador." Water 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 2540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092540.
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Combined sewer overflow (CSO) is one of the main causes of contamination in receiving bodies during the rainy period. The objective of this research was to evaluate the behavior of three combined sewage discharges into the Tomebamba River in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. For this, the registration of 18 CSO events was carried out. The following water quality parameters were analyzed from the field survey (March 2017 to May 2018): conductivity, turbidity, BOD5, COD, fecal and total coliforms, nitrates, nitrites, ammoniacal nitrogen, dissolved orthophosphate and total phosphorus. The results show that CSOs contribute to the deterioration of the water quality of the Tomebamba River during the rainy season. The analysis of the dynamics of the pollutants determined that the maximum conductivity values occur at the beginning of the discharge, and the maximum turbidity is located near the peak discharge flow. The relationship between rain and the characteristics of the CSO was also analyzed through a canonical correlation analysis and partial least squares regression, obtaining a prediction model of pollutants based on the precipitation parameters. These results can be used for the implementation of integrated ecological models that enable a complete analysis of the city’s sanitation systems, their impact on the receiving bodies and their restoration.
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NAUMENKO, N. O., and E. V. FEDOTOVA. "DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAMS FOR SOLVING TASKS IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ON WATER CATCHMENT AREAS." Prirodoobustrojstvo, no. 5 (2020): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2020-5-27-32.
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The purpose of this work is to develop software for calculating maximum permissible discharges and methods for assessing the overgrowth of water bodies with higher aquatic plants using the publicly available Google Earth program. In this paper, research has been carried out to improve the environmental monitoring system in catchment areas. A new approach is proposed for calculating the maximum allowable discharge for the current volume of water in the reservoir at a specific time. To implement the approach, software has been developed in which calculations are made to determine the value based on the actual volume of water in the Rybinsk reservoir based on the date of the expected discharge of pollutants from enterprises and the current content of pollutants in the water. A method has been developed for assessing the overgrowth of water bodies by higher aquatic plants using the publicly available Google Earth program, which will make it possible to make a forecast of siltation of reservoirs based on the degree of overgrowth. On the basis of the program Google Earth the dynamics of overgrowing of the lake Bezdonnoe is determined on the basis of space images for the 2013, 2015 and 2019 year relative to the 2009 year.
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Charters, Frances J., Thomas A. Cochrane, and Aisling D. O’Sullivan. "Predicting Event-Based Sediment and Heavy Metal Loads in Untreated Urban Runoff from Impermeable Surfaces." Water 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2020): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12040969.
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Understanding the amount of pollutants contributed by impermeable urban surfaces during rain events is necessary for developing effective stormwater management. A process-based pollutant load model, named Modelled Estimates of Discharges for Urban Stormwater Assessments (MEDUSA), was further developed (MEDUSA2.0; Christchurch, New Zealand) to include simulations of dissolved metal loadings and improve total suspended solids (TSS) loading estimations. The model uses antecedent dry days, rainfall pH, average event intensity and duration to predict sediment and heavy metal loads generated by individual surfaces. The MEDUSA2.0 improvements provided a moderate to strong degree of fit to observed sediment, copper, and zinc loads for each modelled road and roof surface type. The individual surface-scale modelling performed by MEDUSA2.0 allows for identification of specific source areas of high pollution for targeted surface management within urban catchments.
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Батанина, Е. А., and О. Л. Домнина. "Assessment of the possible amount of harm in case of emergency discharges of bulk cargo from ships." MORSKIE INTELLEKTUAL`NYE TEHNOLOGII), no. 3(53) (August 27, 2021): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37220/mit.2021.53.3.036.
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При прогнозировании последствий аварий с участием транспортных судов существует необходимость в получении оперативных оценок размера вреда и длительности воздействия загрязняющих веществ в водных объектах для определения уровня реагирования и разработки защитных мероприятий. Наибольшую экологическую опасность представляют сбросы следующих грузов: удобрений, нефтепродуктов, соли, соды, серы, угля. В статье решается задача по определению возможного размера вреда при аварийных сбросах не нефтеналивных грузов с судов в Волжском бассейне внутренних водных путей. Для этого создана база данных по транспортным происшествиям с участием сухогрузных судов за период наблюдения с 2007 по 2018 гг., выполнено определение гидрологических условий распространения загрязняющих веществ и оценка их концентраций в воде для расчета длительности воздействия. Методика оценки возможного размера вреда водным объектам при сбросе сыпучих грузов при транспортных происшествиях основывается на учете агрессивности ингредиентов различных видов грузов и условных вероятностей их сброса, времени и места сброса, длительности воздействия. В результате выполненных исследований разработано математическое описание для оценки возможного размера вреда водным объектам от сбросов сыпучих грузов при транспортных происшествиях; создана классификация участков концентрации транспортных происшествий по уровню возможного размера вреда водным объектам при сбросе сыпучих грузов; получено уравнение связи размеров вреда при сбросе сыпучих грузов и грузоподъемности судна (массы сброса). When predicting the consequences of accidents involving transport vessels, there is a need to obtain operational estimates of the amount of harm and the duration of exposure to pollutants in water bodies to determine the level of response and develop protective measures. The greatest environmental hazard is posed by the discharges of the following cargoes: fertilizers, oil products, salt, soda, sulfur, coal. The article solves the problem of determining the possible amount of harm in case of emergency discharges of non-oil cargo from ships in the Volga basin of inland waterways. For this, a database on transport accidents involving dry cargo vessels was created for the observation period from 2007 to 2018, the hydrological conditions of the spread of pollutants were determined and their concentrations in water were estimated to calculate the duration of exposure. The methodology for assessing the possible amount of harm to water bodies during the discharge of bulk cargo in transport accidents is based on taking into account the aggressiveness of the ingredients of various types of cargo and the conditional probabilities of their discharge, the time and place of discharge, and the duration of exposure. As a result of the research carried out, a mathematical description was developed to assess the possible extent of damage to water bodies from discharges of bulk cargo during transport accidents; a classification of areas of concentration of traffic accidents was created according to the level of possible damage to water bodies during the discharge of bulk cargo; an equation was obtained for the relationship between the size of damage during the discharge of bulk cargo and the carrying capacity of the vessel (discharge mass).
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Whitehead, Paul Geoffrey, Zineb Mimouni, Daniel Butterfield, Gianbattista Bussi, Mohammed Abed Hossain, Rebecca Peters, Shammi Shawal, et al. "A New Multibranch Model for Metals in River Systems: Impacts and Control of Tannery Wastes in Bangladesh." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 3556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063556.
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A new multibranch Integrated Catchment (INCA) model INCA-Metals has been developed to simulate the impact of tannery discharges on river systems. The model accounts for the key chemical reaction kinetic processes operating as well as sedimentation, resuspension, dilution, mixing and redistribution of pollutants in rivers downstream of tannery discharge points and for mine discharges or acid rock drainage sites. The model is dynamic and simulates the daily behaviour of hydrology and eight metals, including cadmium, mercury, copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, manganese and chromium, as well as cyanide and ammonia. The model is semi-distributed and can simulate catchments, tributaries and instream river behaviour. The model can also account for diffuse pollution from rural runoff as well as point sources from effluent and trade discharges. The model has been applied to the new Savar tannery complex on the Dhaleshwari River system in Bangladesh to assess the impacts on pollution levels in the river system and to evaluate a set of treatment scenarios for pollution control, particularly in the dry season. It is shown that the new effluent treatment plant at Savar needs to significantly improve its operation and treatment capability in order to alleviate metal pollution in the downstream Dhaleshwari River System and also protect the Meghna River System that falls in the Bay of Bengal.