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Journal articles on the topic 'Discharges in liquids'

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Published: 8 June 2024

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1

Wesołowski, Marcin, Sylwester Tabor, Paweł Kiełbasa, and Sławomir Kurpaska. "Electromagnetic and Thermal Phenomena Modeling of Electrical Discharges in Liquids." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): 3900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113900.

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Electrical discharges in liquids have received lots of attention with respect to their potential applications in various techniques and technical processes. Exemplary, they are useful for water treatment, chemical and thermal processes acceleration, or nanoparticles production. In this paper the special utility of discharges for cold pasteurization of fruit juices is presented. Development of devices for its implementation is a significant engineering problem and should be performed using modeling and simulation techniques to determine the real parameters of discharges. Unfortunately, there is a lack of clear and uniform description of breakdown phenomena in liquids. To overcome this limitation, new methods and algorithms for streamers propagation and breakdown phase analysis are presented in the paper. All solutions were tested in “active area” in the form of liquid material model, placed between two flat electrodes. Electromagnetic and thermal-coupled field analysis were performed to determine all the factors that affect the discharge propagation. Additionally, some circuit models were used to include the power source cooperation with discharge region. In general, presented solutions can be defined as universal and one can use them for numerical simulation of other types of discharges.

2

Schmidt, Michael, Veronika Hahn, Beke Altrock, Torsten Gerling, Ioana Cristina Gerber, Klaus-Dieter Weltmann, and Thomas von Woedtke. "Plasma-Activation of Larger Liquid Volumes by an Inductively-Limited Discharge for Antimicrobial Purposes." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102150.

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A new configuration of a discharge chamber and power source for the treatment of up to 1 L of liquid is presented. A leakage transformer, energizing two metal electrodes positioned above the liquid, limits the discharge current inductively by utilizing the weak magnetic coupling between the primary and secondary coils. No additional means to avoid arcing (electric short-circuiting), e.g., dielectric barriers or resistors, are needed. By using this technique, exceeding the breakdown voltage leads to the formation of transient spark discharges, producing non-thermal plasma (NTP). These discharges effected significant changes in the properties of the treated liquids (distilled water, physiological saline solution, and tap water). Considerable concentrations of nitrite and nitrate were detected after the plasma treatment. Furthermore, all tested liquids gained strong antibacterial efficacy which was shown by inactivating suspended Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Plasma-treated tap water had the strongest effect, which is shown for the first time. Additionally, the pH-value of tap water did not decrease during the plasma treatment, and its conductivity increased less than for the other tested liquids.

3

Lebedev, Yuri A. "Microwave Discharges in Liquid Hydrocarbons: Physical and Chemical Characterization." Polymers 13, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 1678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111678.

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Microwave discharges in dielectric liquids are a relatively new area of plasma physics and plasma application. This review cumulates results on microwave discharges in wide classes of liquid hydrocarbons (alkanes, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons). Methods of microwave plasma generation, composition of gas products and characteristics of solid carbonaceous products are described. Physical and chemical characteristics of discharge are analyzed on the basis of plasma diagnostics and 0D, 1D and 2D simulation.

4

Kovačević, Vesna V., Goran B. Sretenović, Bratislav M. Obradović, and Milorad M. Kuraica. "Low-temperature plasmas in contact with liquids—a review of recent progress and challenges." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 47 (September 29, 2022): 473002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac8a56.

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Abstract The study of plasma–liquid interactions has evolved as a new interdisciplinary research field driven by the development of plasma applications for water purification, biomedicine and agriculture. Electrical discharges in contact with liquids are a rich source of reactive species in gas and in liquid phase which can be used to break polluting compounds in water or to induce healing processes in medical applications. An understanding of the fundamental processes in plasma, and of the interaction of plasma with liquid, enables the optimization of plasma chemistry in large-scale plasma devices with liquid electrodes. This article reviews recent progress and insight in the research of low-temperature plasmas in contact with liquids at atmospheric pressure. The work mainly focuses on the physical processes and phenomena in these plasmas with an attempt to provide a review of the latest and the most important research outcomes in the literature. The article provides an overview of the breakdown mechanisms in discharges in contact with liquid, emphasizing the recently studied specifities of plasma jets impinging on the liquid surface, and discharge generation with a high overvoltage. It also covers innovative approaches in the generation of plasma in contact with liquids. Novel phenomena detected by the imaging techniques and measurement of discharge parameters in the reviewed discharges are also presented. The results, the techniques that are applied, and those that may be applied in further studies, are listed and discussed. A brief overview of the applications focuses on the original approaches and new application fields. Future challenges and gaps in knowledge regarding further advancement in applications are summarized.

5

Lu, Xu, Sen Wang, Renwu Zhou, Zhi Fang, and P. J. Cullen. "Discharge modes and liquid interactions for plasma-bubble discharges." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 7 (August 21, 2022): 073303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0094560.

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Plasma bubbles are regarded as a promising means of interacting plasma discharges and liquids due to their high efficiency in the generation of reactive species. The discharge mode and characteristics are significant factors that should be considered. In this study, the plasmas are initially generated in the gas phase and then driven by the gas flow to diffuse into the solution through the two holes at the lower part of the quartz tube to form plasma bubbles. The discharge modes, characteristics, and plasma–liquid interactions in two different configurations, i.e., bare electrode and dielectric-coated electrode, are investigated. It is found that the discharge mode induced for the two structures is different, with a hybrid-mode operating in the bare electrode design and a filamentary mode operating in the dielectric design. When the applied voltage is increased, a filamentary-to-spark transition occurs in the bare structure, while the discharge remains relatively stable in the dielectric design. Direct and intense contact between the discharge and the solution in the bare structure greatly promotes the physio-chemical reactions and results in obvious changes in H2O2 concentration, solution pH, conductivity, and temperature. This study provides insights into hybrid gas–liquid discharges and reactor design for plasma bubble generation.

6

Milardovich, N., M. Ferreyra, J. C. Chamorro, and L. Prevosto. "DISCHARGES IN CONTACT WITH LIQUIDS: ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OFA PULSED CORONA DISCHARGE." Anales AFA 33, Fluidos (August 16, 2022): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31527/analesafa.2021.33.fluidos.6.

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The large number of works published in recent years on non-thermal discharges in (and in contact with) liquids, shows the growing interest in this particular field of electric discharges due to the large number of technological applications. In particular, one of the fastest growing emerging applications is the treatment of water, both for its purification and for its activation, with a view to carrying out the indirect treatment of food and seeds with non-thermal discharges; without the addition of chemicals. In this work, the experimental characterization of a corona discharge in contact with water operating in a pulsed regime is presented. A flat-wire type geometry was used with the flat electrode immersed in water. The discharge was powered through a pulsed capacitive type source, capable of providing a periodic train ofhigh voltage pulses (∼15 kV) with short duration (∼100 ns), with a repetition frequency of 40 pulses/s. The results of discharge voltage and current measurements are reported and discussed for different operating conditions, and the instantaneous power and energy dissipated in the generated plasma are inferred. Photographs in the visible with long exposure times of the pulsed discharge are also shown

7

Korobeynikov, S. M., A. G. Ovsyannikov, A. V. Ridel, D. I. Karpov, M. N. Lyutikova, Yu A. Kuznetsova, and V. B. Yassinskiy. "Study of partial discharges in liquids." Journal of Electrostatics 103 (January 2020): 103412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2019.103412.

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8

Thagard, Selma Mededovic, Kazunori Takashima, and Akira Mizuno. "Electrical Discharges in Polar Organic Liquids." Plasma Processes and Polymers 6, no. 11 (November 12, 2009): 741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200900017.

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9

Babula, E., A. Sierota, S. Zoledziowski, and J. H. Calderwood. "Surface Partial Discharges in Moist Dielectric Liquids." IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation EI-20, no. 2 (April 1985): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tei.1985.348834.

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10

Lebedev, Yu A. "Microwave Discharges in Liquids: Fields of Applications." High Temperature 56, no. 5 (September 2018): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0018151x18050280.

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11

Herchl, F., K. Marton, L. Tomčo, P. Kopčanský, M. Timko, M. Koneracká, and I. Kolcunová. "Breakdown and partial discharges in magnetic liquids." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 20, no. 20 (May 1, 2008): 204110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/20/20/204110.

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12

Akiyama, H. "Streamer discharges in liquids and their applications." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 7, no. 5 (2000): 646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/94.879360.

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13

Gamaleev, Vladislav, Naoyuki Iwata, Masaru Hori, Mineo Hiramatsu, and Masafumi Ito. "Direct Treatment of Liquids Using Low-Current Arc in Ambient Air for Biomedical Applications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (August 26, 2019): 3505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173505.

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In this work, we developed a portable device with low production and operation costs for generating an ambient air low-current arc (AALCA) that is transferred to the surface of a treated liquid. It was possible to generate a stable discharge, irrespective of the conductivity of the treated liquid, as a sequence of corona, repeating spark, and low-current arc discharges. The estimated concentration of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in plasma-treated water (PTW) produced using AALCA treatment was two orders of magnitude higher than that of PTW produced using conventional He nonequilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma jets or dielectric barrier discharges. The strong bactericidal effect of the treatment using AALCA and the water treated using AALCA was confirmed by survival tests of Escherichia coli. Further, the possibility of treating a continuous flow of liquid using AALCA was demonstrated.

14

Kozioł, Michał. "Energy Distribution of Optical Radiation Emitted by Electrical Discharges in Insulating Liquids." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092172.

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This article presents the results of the analysis of energy distribution of optical radiation emitted by electrical discharges in insulating liquids, such as synthetic ester, natural ester, and mineral oil. The measurements of optical radiation were carried out on a system of needle–needle type electrodes and on a system for surface discharges, which were immersed in brand new insulating liquids. Optical radiation was recorded using optical spectrophotometry method. On the basis of the obtained results, potential possibilities of using the analysis of the energy distribution of optical radiation as an additional descriptor for the recognition of individual sources of electric discharges were indicated. The results can also be used in the design of various types of detectors, as well as high-voltage diagnostic systems and arc protection systems.

15

Sun, Anbang, Chao Huo, and Jie Zhuang. "Formation mechanism of streamer discharges in liquids: a review." High Voltage 1, no. 2 (July 2016): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/hve.2016.0016.

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16

Gaysin, A. F., F. M. Gaysin, L. N. Bagautdinova, A. A. Khafizov, R. I. Valiev, and E. V. Gazeeva. "Plasma-electrolyte discharges in a gas-liquid medium for the production of hydrogen." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-2-27-35.

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THE PURPOSE. Comprehensive study of the effect of direct current electric discharge plasma in a gas-liquid medium of inorganic mixtures in order to obtain gaseous hydrogen. Obtain volt-ampere, volt-second and ampere-second characteristics of the discharge at various concentrations of electrolyte. Study the process of electrolysis, breakdown, discharge ignition and discharge flow in a dielectric tube at a constant current. METHODS. To solve this problem, experimental studies were carried out on a model installation, which consists of a power supply system, a discharge chamber, equipment for monitoring and controlling the operation of the installation and measuring the characteristics of an electric discharge. To analyze the stability of the discharge, the time dependences of the voltage ripple and the discharge current were obtained. RESULTS. Experimental studies were carried out between the electrolytic cathode and the electrolytic anode at constant current and at atmospheric pressure with the following parameters: discharge voltage U = 0.1-1.5 kV, discharge current I = 0.02-2.3 A, interelectrode distance l = 100 mm , 1%, 3% and 5% solutions of sodium chloride in tap water were used as electrolytes. CONCLUSION. It is shown that electrical breakdown and ignition of a discharge that is stable in time depends on the conductivity of the gas-liquid medium of the electrolyte. The nature of the current-voltage characteristics depends on the random processes occurring in the gas-liquid medium, which is associated with numerous breakdowns occurring in the gas-liquid medium of the electrolyte, combustion and attenuation of microdischarges, the appearance of bubbles, and the movement of the electrolyte inside the dielectric tube. It is shown that the generation of hydrogen and hydrogen-containing components can occur both at the stage of electrolysis and during discharge combustion. A feature of this method is that electrical discharges in the tube increase the release of hydrogen. In this installation, inorganic and organic liquids of a certain composition and concentration can be used. The results of experimental studies made it possible to develop and create a small-sized installation for producing gaseous hydrogen. Tests have shown that a small-sized plant can be taken as the basis for a industrial plant for the production of hydrogen gas.

17

Hamdan, Ahmad, and Luc Stafford. "A Versatile Route for Synthesis of Metal Nanoalloys by Discharges at the Interface of Two Immiscible Liquids." Nanomaterials 12, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 3603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12203603.

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Discharge in liquid is a promising technique to produce nanomaterials by electrode erosion. Although its feasibility was demonstrated in many conditions, the production of nanoalloys by in-liquid discharges remains a challenge. Here, we show that spark discharge in liquid cyclohexane that is in contact with conductive solution, made of a combination of Ni-nitrate and/or Fe-nitrate and/or Co-nitrate, is suitable to produce nanoalloys (<10 nm) of Ni-Fe, Ni-Co, Co-Fe, and Ni-Co-Fe. The nanoparticles are synthesized by the reduction of metal ions during discharge, and they are individually embedded in C-matrix; this latter originates from the decomposition of cyclohexane. The results open novel ways to produce a wide spectrum of nanoalloys; they are needed for many applications, such as in catalysis, plasmonic, and energy conversion.

18

Korzec, Dariusz, Florian Hoppenthaler, and Stefan Nettesheim. "Piezoelectric Direct Discharge: Devices and Applications." Plasma 4, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma4010001.

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The piezoelectric direct discharge (PDD) is a comparatively new type of atmospheric pressure gaseous discharge for production of cold plasma. The generation of such discharge is possible using the piezoelectric cold plasma generator (PCPG) which comprises the resonant piezoelectric transformer (RPT) with voltage transformation ratio of more than 1000, allowing for reaching the output voltage >10 kV at low input voltage, typically below 25 V. As ionization gas for the PDD, either air or various gas mixtures are used. Despite some similarities with corona discharge and dielectric barrier discharge, the ignition of micro-discharges directly at the ceramic surface makes PDD unique in its physics and application potential. The PDD is used directly, in open discharge structures, mainly for treatment of electrically nonconducting surfaces. It is also applied as a plasma bridge to bias different excitation electrodes, applicable for a broad range of substrate materials. In this review, the most important architectures of the PDD based discharges are presented. The operation principle, the main operational characteristics and the example applications, exploiting the specific properties of the discharge configurations, are discussed. Due to the moderate power achievable by PCPG, of typically less than 10 W, the focus of this review is on applications involving thermally sensitive materials, including food, organic tissues, and liquids.

19

Nominé, A. V., N. Tarasenka, A. Nevar, M. Nedel’Ko, H. Kabbara, A. Nominé, S. Bruyère, et al. "Alloying nanoparticles by discharges in liquids: a quest for metastability." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 64, no. 1 (December 6, 2021): 014003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ac35f0.

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Abstract The use of ultrafast processes to synthesize alloy nanoparticles far from thermodynamic equilibrium is subject to phase transformations that keep particles at a given temperature for periods of time that are usually long with respect to the process pulse durations. Reaching non-equilibrium conditions is then not straightforwardly associated with this process, as fast as it can be, but rather with heat transfer mechanisms during phase transformations. This latter aspect is dependent on nanoparticle size. Furthermore, other important phenomena such as chemical ordering are essential to explain the final structure adopted by an alloy nanoparticle. In this work, specific attention is paid to suspensions submitted to either electrical discharges or to ultrashort laser excitations. After discussing the thermodynamic considerations that give the frame beyond which non-equilibrium alloys form, a description of the heating processes at stake is provided. This leads to the maximum temperature reached for particles with nanometric sizes and specific conditions to fulfil practically during the quenching step. The way that solidification must be processed for this purpose is discussed next. The example of the Cu–Ag system is finally considered to illustrate the advantage of better controlling processes that are currently used to create homogeneously alloyed nanoparticles made of immiscible elements, but also to show the actual limitations of these approaches.

20

Nominé, A. V., Th Gries, C. Noel, A. Nominé, V. Milichko, and T. Belmonte. "Synthesis of nanomaterials by electrode erosion using discharges in liquids." Journal of Applied Physics 130, no. 15 (October 21, 2021): 151101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0040587.

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21

Himura, H., A. Irie, and S. Masamune. "Plasma Irradiation to Ionic Liquids using 2.45 GHz Microwave Discharges." Transactions of the Materials Research Society of Japan 36, no. 1 (2011): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14723/tmrsj.36.59.

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22

Auge, J. L., O. Lesaint, and A. T. Vu Thi. "Partial discharges in ceramic substrates embedded in liquids and gels." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 20, no. 1 (February 2013): 262–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2013.6451366.

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23

Thulin, Anders, Anders Molander, and Ulrich von Pidoll. "Electrostatic Discharges of Droplets of Various Liquids during Splash Filling." Chemical Engineering & Technology 39, no. 10 (July 4, 2016): 1972–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201500687.

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24

Tsoukou, Evanthia, Maxime Delit, Louise Treint, Paula Bourke, and Daniela Boehm. "Distinct Chemistries Define the Diverse Biological Effects of Plasma Activated Water Generated with Spark and Glow Plasma Discharges." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031178.

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The spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria poses a significant threat to human health. Plasma activated liquids (PAL) could be a promising alternative for microbial decontamination, where different PAL can possess diverse antimicrobial efficacies and cytotoxic profiles, depending on the range and concentration of their reactive chemical species. In this research, the biological activity of plasma activated water (PAW) on different biological targets including both microbiological and mammalian cells was investigated in vitro. The aim was to further an understanding of the specific role of distinct plasma reactive species, which is required to tailor plasma activated liquids for use in applications where high antimicrobial activity is required without adversely affecting the biology of eukaryotic cells. PAW was generated by glow and spark discharges, which provide selective generation of hydrogen peroxide, nitrite and nitrate in the liquid. The PAW made by either spark or glow discharges showed similar antimicrobial efficacy and stability of activity, despite the very different reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species profiles (RNS). However, different trends were observed for cytotoxic activities and effects on enzyme function, which were translated through the selective chemical species generation. These findings indicate very distinct mechanisms of action which may be exploited when tailoring plasma activated liquids to various applications. A remarkable stability to heat and pressure was noted for PAW generated with this set up, which broadens the application potential. These features also suggest that post plasma modifications and post generation stability can be harnessed as a further means of modulating the chemistry, activity and mode of delivery of plasma functionalised liquids. Overall, these results further understanding on how PAL generation may be tuned to provide candidate disinfectant agents for biomedical application or for bio-decontamination in diverse areas.

25

Ferreyra, M., B. Fina, N. Milardovich, J. C. Chamorro, B. Santamaría, and L. Prevosto. "WATER TREATMENT WITH A PULSED CORONA DISCHARGE." Anales AFA 33, Special Fluids (August 16, 2022): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31527/analesafa.2022.fluidos.11.

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One of the fastest growing technological applications in recent years in the area of non-thermal plasmas is the treatment of water with discharges in (and in contact with) liquids. Reactive chemical species are generated in the plasma in the gas phase and enter the liquid by diffusion or are generated at the gas-liquid interface, thus changing its physicochemical properties, without the addition of external chemical compounds. Depending on the form of application of the plasma, well-differentiated effects can be achieved: on the one hand, the purification of water through the degradation of organic pollutants, and on the other, its activation, through long-lived reactive species, for later use in seeds and food treatments. In this work, the first results obtained in the water treated with a pulsed corona discharge under different exposure times are reported. In particular, measurement results of indigo carmine degradation; electric conductivity; pH; aqueous concentrations of reactive species, such as nitrate, nitrite, hydrogen peroxide and ozone, are reported. The results are discussed and compared with published data.

26

TONG, Lizhu. "S0550402 Numerical Analysis of Electrohydrodynamics due to Electrical Discharges in Liquids." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2014 (2014): _S0550402——_S0550402—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2014._s0550402-.

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27

Gidalevich, E., R. L. Boxman, and S. Goldsmith. "Hydrodynamic effects in liquids subjected to pulsed low current arc discharges." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 37, no. 10 (April 29, 2004): 1509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/37/10/014.

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28

Hamdan, Ahmad, Cédric Noël, Jaafar Ghanbaja, and Thierry Belmonte. "Comparison of Aluminium Nanostructures Created by Discharges in Various Dielectric Liquids." Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 34, no. 5 (June 27, 2014): 1101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11090-014-9564-y.

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29

Kawamura, Tomohisa, Moriyuki Kanno, Sven Stauss, Koichi Kuribara, David Z. Pai, Tsuyohito Ito, and Kazuo Terashima. "Generation and characterization of field-emitting surface dielectric barrier discharges in liquids." Journal of Applied Physics 123, no. 4 (January 22, 2018): 043301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5011445.

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30

Schaper, L., W. G. Graham, and K. R. Stalder. "Vapour layer formation by electrical discharges through electrically conducting liquids—modelling and experiment." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 20, no. 3 (April 11, 2011): 034003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/20/3/034003.

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31

Bezborodko, P., O. Lesaint, and R. Tobazeon. "Study of partial discharges and gassing phenomena within gaseous cavities in insulating liquids." IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation 27, no. 2 (April 1992): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/14.135600.

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32

Belmonte, T., A. Hamdan, F. Kosior, C. Noël, and G. Henrion. "Interaction of discharges with electrode surfaces in dielectric liquids: application to nanoparticle synthesis." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 47, no. 22 (May 14, 2014): 224016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/47/22/224016.

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33

Dekhtyar, V. A., and A. E. Dubinov. "Visualization of Liquids Flows in Microfluidics and Plasma Channels in Nanosecond Spark Microdischarges by Means of Digital Microscopy." Scientific Visualization 15, no. 1 (April 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26583/sv.15.1.01.

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An application of digital optical microscopes for visualization of single-pulse or pulsed-periodic processes in microfluidics and physics of spark microdischarges is studied. Multiple examples of coagulation processes of liquid microvolumes, nanosecond spark discharges near liquid drops and plant living tissues in a cell-size level are provided.

34

Sanz, J., C. J. Renedo, A. Ortiz, P. J. Quintanilla, F. Ortiz, and D. F. García. "A Brief Review of the Impregnation Process with Dielectric Fluids of Cellulosic Materials Used in Electric Power Transformers." Energies 16, no. 9 (April 25, 2023): 3673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093673.

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In the manufacturing of power transformers, the impregnation of the solid electric insulation systems (cellulosic materials) with a dielectric liquid is a key issue for increasing the breakdown voltage of the insulation, and this prevents the apparition of partial discharges that deteriorate the insulation system. After introducing the problem, this article presents the theory of impregnation and later carries out a bibliographical review. Traditionally, mineral oils have been used as the dielectric liquid in electrical transformers, but for environmental (low biodegradability) and safety (low ignition temperature) reasons, since the mid-1980s, their substitution with other ester-type fluids has been studied. However, these liquids have some drawbacks, including their higher viscosity (especially at low temperatures). This property, among other aspects, makes the impregnation of cellulosic materials, which is part of the transformer manufacturing process, difficult, and therefore this tends to lengthen the manufacturing times of these machines.

35

Svarnas, Panagiotis, Michael Poupouzas, Konstantia Papalexopoulou, Electra Kalaitzopoulou, Marianna Skipitari, Polyxeni Papadea, Athina Varemmenou, et al. "Water Modification by Cold Plasma Jet with Respect to Physical and Chemical Properties." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 11950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122311950.

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This work is devoted to unbuffered and buffered water treatment by means of atmospheric pressure cold plasma of electrical discharges. The interest in the activation of these two liquids by plasma-induced, gaseous-phase chemistry ranges over a wide area of potential applications and interdisciplinary scientific fields. These include biology, medicine, sanitation, environmental restoration, agriculture, etc. Atmospheric pressure cold plasma is here produced in the form of a plasma jet and set into physical contact with the liquid specimens. The operational window of the treatment, in terms of plasma reactivity, is determined by means of UV-NIR optical emission spectroscopy, and the treated liquids are probed in a variety of respects. Evaporation rate, temperature, acidity and basicity, resistivity, and oxidation-reduction potential are measured as a function of the treatment time, either in-situ or ex-situ. The formation of principal reactive oxygen species, i.e., •OH, H2O2 and O2•−, with a plasma jet mean power lower than 400 mW, is eventually demonstrated and their concentration is measured with original methods borrowed from the biology field. The experimental results are linked to reports published over the last ten years, which are compiled in a brief but meaningful review.

36

Loiselle, Luc, U. Mohan Rao, and Issouf Fofana. "Gassing Tendency of Fresh and Aged Mineral Oil and Ester Fluids under Electrical and Thermal Fault Conditions." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 5, 2020): 3472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133472.

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Operational factors are known to affect the health of an in-service power transformer and to reduce the capabilities and readiness for energy transmission and distribution. Hence, it is important to understand the degradation rate and corresponding behavioral aspects of different insulating fluids under various fault conditions. In this article, the behavior of mineral oil and two environmentally friendly fluids (a synthetic and a natural ester) are reported under arcing, partial discharges, and thermal fault conditions. Arcing, partial discharges and thermal faults are simulated by 100 repeated breakdowns, top oil electrical discharge of 9 kV for five hours, and local hotspots respectively by using different laboratory-based setups. Some physicochemical properties along with the gassing tendency of fresh and aged insulating liquids are investigated after the different fault conditions. UV spectroscopy and turbidity measurements are used to report the degradation behavior and dissolved gas analysis is used to understand the gassing tendency. The changes in the degradation rate of oil under the influence of various faults and the corresponding dissolved gasses generated are analyzed. The fault gas generations are diagnosed by Duval’s triangle and pentagon methods for mineral and non-mineral oils. It is inferred that; the gassing tendency of the dielectric fluids evolve with respect to the degradation rate and is dependent on the intensity and type of fault.

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Corbella Roca, Carles, Sabine Portal, Madhusudhan Kundrapu, and Michael Keidar. "(Invited) Advances in Synthesis of Nanomaterials By Atmospheric Arc Discharge with Pulsed Power." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0219888mtgabs.

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Plasmas are common tools used for synthesis and modification of nanoparticles. All techniques aim at providing high quality, nanostructured materials with well-defined crystalline state and functional properties. The most consolidated cold plasma nanosynthesis methods are pulsed-DC physical/chemical vapour deposition (PVD/CVD), high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), and pulsed cathodic arc. However, atmospheric arc discharge processes excel in production of stand-alone nanomaterials thanks to their high throughput and excellent quality and wide variety of obtained materials. Carbon nanostructures, like graphene and carbon nanotubes, core-shell nanoparticles, and transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers constitute some remarkable examples. Pulsed atmospheric arc nanosynthesis shows unique capabilities due to its flexibility and wide range of plasma parameters achievable by adjusting repetition frequency, pulse length, and peak values of pulse waveform. Here, we review the highlights of pulsed arc discharges applied on synthesis of low-dimensional materials, and the main contributions of this technique and other concurrent plasma methods are compared. The advantages of operating atmospheric pressure arc discharges in pulsed mode have enabled addressing instability issues via a more efficient arc control. Such milestones are discussed according to the intended research goal or application, namely: high-temperature tailoring of material nanostructure, control of deposition with a spatial resolution, nanosynthesis using liquids in plasma, and enhanced stabilization and power management of anodic arcs.

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Efremov, N. M., B. Yu Adamiak, V. I. Blochin, S. Ja Dadashev, K. I. Dmitriev, V. N. Semjonov, V. F. Levashov, and V. F. Jusbashev. "Experimental investigation of the action of pulsed electrical discharges in liquids on biological objects." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 28, no. 1 (2000): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.842908.

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Jimenez, Francisco J., Marjan Radfar, Braedan Kirk, Richard D. Sydora, and Trent S. Hunter. "Shock waves in pulsed electrical discharges in liquids: numerical simulation and comparison to experiment." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 54, no. 7 (December 1, 2020): 075202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/abc3ea.

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Taubkin, Igor’ S. "Overview of Static Electricity in Some Industrial Operations with Petroleum Products." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 13, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2018-13-2-54-64.

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Fires and explosions of petroleum products vapors triggered by static electricity discharges are not uncommon during various technological operations. Investigation of their role in accidents is one of the more labor intensive and complicated forensic tasks. The purpose of this work is to provide forensic experts with general information on electrostatic charging mechanisms in liquids and solids, as well as on production operations with petroleum products where static electricity may occur, leading to the ignition of their vapors.

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Lavrentyev, S. Yu, N. G. Solovyov, A. N. Shemyakin, and M. Yu Yakimov. "Hydrodynamic phenomena in optical discharges in liquids under self-focusing of periodic-pulse laser radiation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1698 (December 2020): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1698/1/012017.

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Kawai, Jun, Seema Jagota, Takeo Kaneko, Yumiko Obayashi, Yoshitaka Yoshimura, Bishun N. Khare, David W. Deamer, Christopher P. McKay, and Kensei Kobayashi. "Self-assembly of tholins in environments simulating Titan liquidospheres: implications for formation of primitive coacervates on Titan." International Journal of Astrobiology 12, no. 4 (May 15, 2013): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550413000116.

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AbstractTitan, the largest satellite of Saturn, has a thick atmosphere containing nitrogen and methane. A variety of organic compounds have been detected in the atmosphere, most likely produced when atmospheric gases are exposed to ultraviolet light, electrons captured by the magnetosphere of Saturn and cosmic rays. The Cassini/Huygens probe showed that the average temperature on the surface of Titan is 93.7 K, with lakes of liquid ethane and methane. Sub-surface mixtures of liquid ammonia and water may also be present. We have synthesized complex organic compounds (tholins) by exposing a mixture of nitrogen and methane to plasma discharges, and investigated their interactions with several different liquids that simulate Titan's liquidosphere. We found that coacervates formed when tholins were extracted in non-polar solvents followed by exposure to aqueous ammonia solutions. The results suggest that coacervates can self-assemble in Titan's liquidosphere which have the potential to undergo further chemical evolution. Similar processes are likely to occur in the early evolution of habitable planets when tholin-like compounds undergo phase separation into microscopic structures dispersed in a suitable aqueous environment.

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Hamdan, Ahmad, and Min Suk Cha. "Carbon-based nanomaterial synthesis using nanosecond electrical discharges in immiscible layered liquids: n-heptane and water." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 51, no. 24 (May 24, 2018): 244003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aac46f.

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Wotzka, Daria. "Influence of Frequency and Distance on Acoustic Emission Velocity Propagating in Various Dielectrics." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (May 9, 2020): 3305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093305.

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The results obtained for the measurements of acoustic emission (AE) signal parameters emitted in three dielectric liquids are presented in this paper. In particular, the velocity of AE wave was calculated based on the time of arrival of the AE signal. A frequency modulated signal was generated by a piezoelectric transducer and measured at various distances by a hydrophone. The changes in velocity values at particular distances and for different frequencies were investigated. The analyses include the determination of the dependency of the velocity values from the distance between the communicating devices. A nonlinear regression model was calculated, and the differences between AE velocities propagating in the considered dielectrics were determined. Similarly, the influence of modulation frequency on the AE velocity was determined using nonlinear regression. Based on the calculation data, it can clearly be stated that the velocity of AE wave depends significantly on the frequency and distance at which it is registered. These two factors may have an important influence on the localization of partial discharges (PD) occurring in these types of dielectric liquids.

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Sierota, A., and J. H. Calderwood. "Degradation and breakdown of solid dielectric materials resulting from surface discharges in air and in insulating liquids." IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation 23, no. 6 (December 1988): 993–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/14.16525.

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Rodríguez-Ocampo, Paola Elizabeth, Michael Ring, Jassiel Vladimir Hernández-Fontes, Juan Carlos Alcérreca-Huerta, Edgar Mendoza, and Rodolfo Silva. "CFD Simulations of Multiphase Flows: Interaction of Miscible Liquids with Different Temperatures." Water 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 2581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092581.

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The incorporation of new equations to extend the applicability of open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software according to the user’s needs must be complemented with code verification and validation with a representative case. This paper presents the development and validation of an OpenFOAM®-based solver suitable for simulating multiphase fluid flow considering three fluid phases with different densities and temperatures, i.e., two miscible liquids and air. A benchmark “dam-break” experiment was performed to validate the solver. Ten thermistors measured temperature variations in different locations of the experimental model and the temperature time series were compared against those of numerical probes in analogous locations. The accuracy of the temperature field assessment considered three different turbulence models: (a) zero-equation, (b) k-omega (Reynolds averaged simulation; RAS), and (c) large eddy simulation (LES). The simulations exhibit a maximum time-average relative and absolute errors of 9.3% and 3.1 K, respectively; thus, the validation tests proved to achieve an adequate performance of the numerical model. The solver developed can be applied in the modeling of thermal discharges into water bodies.

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Zdanowski, Maciej. "Streaming Electrification Phenomenon of Electrical Insulating Oils for Power Transformers." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 3225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123225.

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The subject matter of this study was the problem of the ECT (electrostatic charging tendency) of mineral insulation oils during their flow. The electrostatic charges generated may lead to partial discharges, and as a consequence, to the breakdown of a power transformer insulation system. In this study, the results of the ECT of mineral oils used in transformers were compared. The method of streaming electrification of insulation liquids using a flow-through system was used. The influence of flow speed, temperature, and the pipe material on the values of the electrification current and volume charge density qw were analyzed. The results obtained in this study should be taken into account regarding the operation of power transformers.

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Charny, D., D. Yaroshchuk, O. Puhach, G. F. Smirnova, O. Musich, M. Stokolos, V. Nikolenko, I. Tishchenko, and N. Chernova. "DISINFECTION OF DRINKING WATER BY ELECTRIC DISCHARGE PLASMA." Geochemistry of Technogenesis 6, no. 34 (December 25, 2021): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/geotech2021.34.099.

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For today, taking into account the low efficiency of the disinfection technologies using chlorine-containing compounds and the growing number of chlorine-resistant microorganisms, the question of introducing alternative methods of disinfection in the field of water supply and drainage is relevant. One such alternative method is the treatment of liquids with plasma of electric discharge. This article describes our experiments on the treatment of different types of water from surface sources in Kyiv and water intentionally infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli). The experiments were performed on a laboratory installation with a circulating pump and an ejector-type reactor with integrated electrodes. In the reactor a water-air mixture is formed, in which an electric discharge takes place. The disinfection reactor and at the same time the device for the formation of a heterogeneous water-air environment is an ejector with electrodes inserted into it, which receive pulses of electric current. Discharges initiate a range of different physicochemical phenomena, such as a strong electric field, intense ultraviolet radiation, shock waves of excess pressure and, in particular, the formation of various highly active chemicals such as radicals (OH •, H •, O •) and molecules ( H2O2, H2, O2, O3). All these physicochemical processes occur during the discharge itself, for example, the formation and action of short-lived radicals, as well as the action of relatively long-lived oxidants. The effect of the concentration of microorganisms on the rate and completeness of water disinfection was studied in technical (tap) water with the introduction into the reaction tank of the washoff from two test tubes. This provided an initial concentration of E. coli of 3.4 ∙ 106 CFU / cm3. Water treatment for 30 seconds reduced the concentration of microorganisms by two orders of magnitude (up to 5.4 ∙ 104). After 1 minute of treatment, this figure decreased to 1.7 ∙ 102, and after 3 minutes to 5.2 CFU / cm3, i.e., the treated water corresponded to norms for almost pure water. Experiments have proven the effectiveness of plasma disinfection, even for liquids with a concentration of microorganisms significantly exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations. The content of microorganisms before and after treatment was determined by the method of limiting dilution of samples with subsequent sowing on a nutrient medium in Petri dishes

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Askar’yan, G. A., and A. V. Yurkin. "Channels in rotating liquids for conducting discharges, transporting currents and particle and radiation fluxes, and lowering breakdown thresholds." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters 65, no. 3 (February 1997): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.567365.

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Matselyuk, Ye M., D. V. Charny, and V. D. Levitska. "INVESTIGATION OF WATER DISINFECTION PROCESSES USING PULSE ELECTRIC DISCHARGE." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 2 (December 21, 2022): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg202202-340.

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As a result of Russian military aggression in the south-eastern region of Ukraine, water supply pipes and structures of centralized water supply systems were destroyed, and therefore water supply was practically stopped. The solution to the problem can be the use of mobile water treatment stations which use local sources of water: canals, lakes, ponds, or underground water. A feature of water treatment technologies in the field is the need to reliably ensure the process of water disinfection. Existing water disinfection technologies have low efficiency, taking into account the growing number of chlorine-resistant microorganisms, therefore, the implementation of alternative methods of disinfection during water treatment is urgent. One of these methods is liquid disinfection by electric current discharge. The results of the research on disinfection of different types of surface water in Kyiv and water contaminated with E. coli (Escherichia coli (E. coli)) are described. The research was carried out on a laboratory setup with a circulation pump and an ejector-type reactor with integrated electrodes where a water-air mixture is formed through which an electric discharge passes. The discharges initiate the formation of various highly reactive chemicals such as radicals (OH•, H•, O•) and molecules (H2O2, H2, O2, O3). All physical and chemical processes that occur during discharge ensure the formation and action of short-term radicals and relatively long-term oxidants. The study of the influence of the concentration of microorganisms on the speed and completeness of water disinfection was carried out on technical (tap) water with the addition of washings from two tubes with test culture to the reaction tank, which provided the initial concentration of E. coli equal to 3.4∙106 CFU/cm3. Water treatment for 30 seconds reduced the number of microorganisms to 5.4∙104 CFU/cm3. After 1 minute of treatment this indicator decreased to 1.7∙102 and after 3 minutes the value of 5.2 CFU/cm3 was recorded in the samples, that is, the treated water had indicators of practically pure water. Experiments have proven the effectiveness of plasma disinfection for liquids with high concentration of microorganisms.