Relevant bibliographies by topics / Discharges in liquids

Academic literature on the topic 'Discharges in liquids'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 8 June 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Discharges in liquids":

1

Wesołowski, Marcin, Sylwester Tabor, Paweł Kiełbasa, and Sławomir Kurpaska. "Electromagnetic and Thermal Phenomena Modeling of Electrical Discharges in Liquids." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): 3900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113900.

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Electrical discharges in liquids have received lots of attention with respect to their potential applications in various techniques and technical processes. Exemplary, they are useful for water treatment, chemical and thermal processes acceleration, or nanoparticles production. In this paper the special utility of discharges for cold pasteurization of fruit juices is presented. Development of devices for its implementation is a significant engineering problem and should be performed using modeling and simulation techniques to determine the real parameters of discharges. Unfortunately, there is a lack of clear and uniform description of breakdown phenomena in liquids. To overcome this limitation, new methods and algorithms for streamers propagation and breakdown phase analysis are presented in the paper. All solutions were tested in “active area” in the form of liquid material model, placed between two flat electrodes. Electromagnetic and thermal-coupled field analysis were performed to determine all the factors that affect the discharge propagation. Additionally, some circuit models were used to include the power source cooperation with discharge region. In general, presented solutions can be defined as universal and one can use them for numerical simulation of other types of discharges.
2

Schmidt, Michael, Veronika Hahn, Beke Altrock, Torsten Gerling, Ioana Cristina Gerber, Klaus-Dieter Weltmann, and Thomas von Woedtke. "Plasma-Activation of Larger Liquid Volumes by an Inductively-Limited Discharge for Antimicrobial Purposes." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102150.

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A new configuration of a discharge chamber and power source for the treatment of up to 1 L of liquid is presented. A leakage transformer, energizing two metal electrodes positioned above the liquid, limits the discharge current inductively by utilizing the weak magnetic coupling between the primary and secondary coils. No additional means to avoid arcing (electric short-circuiting), e.g., dielectric barriers or resistors, are needed. By using this technique, exceeding the breakdown voltage leads to the formation of transient spark discharges, producing non-thermal plasma (NTP). These discharges effected significant changes in the properties of the treated liquids (distilled water, physiological saline solution, and tap water). Considerable concentrations of nitrite and nitrate were detected after the plasma treatment. Furthermore, all tested liquids gained strong antibacterial efficacy which was shown by inactivating suspended Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Plasma-treated tap water had the strongest effect, which is shown for the first time. Additionally, the pH-value of tap water did not decrease during the plasma treatment, and its conductivity increased less than for the other tested liquids.
3

Lebedev, Yuri A. "Microwave Discharges in Liquid Hydrocarbons: Physical and Chemical Characterization." Polymers 13, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 1678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111678.

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Microwave discharges in dielectric liquids are a relatively new area of plasma physics and plasma application. This review cumulates results on microwave discharges in wide classes of liquid hydrocarbons (alkanes, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons). Methods of microwave plasma generation, composition of gas products and characteristics of solid carbonaceous products are described. Physical and chemical characteristics of discharge are analyzed on the basis of plasma diagnostics and 0D, 1D and 2D simulation.
4

Kovačević, Vesna V., Goran B. Sretenović, Bratislav M. Obradović, and Milorad M. Kuraica. "Low-temperature plasmas in contact with liquids—a review of recent progress and challenges." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 47 (September 29, 2022): 473002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac8a56.

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Abstract The study of plasma–liquid interactions has evolved as a new interdisciplinary research field driven by the development of plasma applications for water purification, biomedicine and agriculture. Electrical discharges in contact with liquids are a rich source of reactive species in gas and in liquid phase which can be used to break polluting compounds in water or to induce healing processes in medical applications. An understanding of the fundamental processes in plasma, and of the interaction of plasma with liquid, enables the optimization of plasma chemistry in large-scale plasma devices with liquid electrodes. This article reviews recent progress and insight in the research of low-temperature plasmas in contact with liquids at atmospheric pressure. The work mainly focuses on the physical processes and phenomena in these plasmas with an attempt to provide a review of the latest and the most important research outcomes in the literature. The article provides an overview of the breakdown mechanisms in discharges in contact with liquid, emphasizing the recently studied specifities of plasma jets impinging on the liquid surface, and discharge generation with a high overvoltage. It also covers innovative approaches in the generation of plasma in contact with liquids. Novel phenomena detected by the imaging techniques and measurement of discharge parameters in the reviewed discharges are also presented. The results, the techniques that are applied, and those that may be applied in further studies, are listed and discussed. A brief overview of the applications focuses on the original approaches and new application fields. Future challenges and gaps in knowledge regarding further advancement in applications are summarized.
5

Lu, Xu, Sen Wang, Renwu Zhou, Zhi Fang, and P. J. Cullen. "Discharge modes and liquid interactions for plasma-bubble discharges." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 7 (August 21, 2022): 073303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0094560.

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Plasma bubbles are regarded as a promising means of interacting plasma discharges and liquids due to their high efficiency in the generation of reactive species. The discharge mode and characteristics are significant factors that should be considered. In this study, the plasmas are initially generated in the gas phase and then driven by the gas flow to diffuse into the solution through the two holes at the lower part of the quartz tube to form plasma bubbles. The discharge modes, characteristics, and plasma–liquid interactions in two different configurations, i.e., bare electrode and dielectric-coated electrode, are investigated. It is found that the discharge mode induced for the two structures is different, with a hybrid-mode operating in the bare electrode design and a filamentary mode operating in the dielectric design. When the applied voltage is increased, a filamentary-to-spark transition occurs in the bare structure, while the discharge remains relatively stable in the dielectric design. Direct and intense contact between the discharge and the solution in the bare structure greatly promotes the physio-chemical reactions and results in obvious changes in H2O2 concentration, solution pH, conductivity, and temperature. This study provides insights into hybrid gas–liquid discharges and reactor design for plasma bubble generation.
6

Milardovich, N., M. Ferreyra, J. C. Chamorro, and L. Prevosto. "DISCHARGES IN CONTACT WITH LIQUIDS: ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OFA PULSED CORONA DISCHARGE." Anales AFA 33, Fluidos (August 16, 2022): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31527/analesafa.2021.33.fluidos.6.

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The large number of works published in recent years on non-thermal discharges in (and in contact with) liquids, shows the growing interest in this particular field of electric discharges due to the large number of technological applications. In particular, one of the fastest growing emerging applications is the treatment of water, both for its purification and for its activation, with a view to carrying out the indirect treatment of food and seeds with non-thermal discharges; without the addition of chemicals. In this work, the experimental characterization of a corona discharge in contact with water operating in a pulsed regime is presented. A flat-wire type geometry was used with the flat electrode immersed in water. The discharge was powered through a pulsed capacitive type source, capable of providing a periodic train ofhigh voltage pulses (∼15 kV) with short duration (∼100 ns), with a repetition frequency of 40 pulses/s. The results of discharge voltage and current measurements are reported and discussed for different operating conditions, and the instantaneous power and energy dissipated in the generated plasma are inferred. Photographs in the visible with long exposure times of the pulsed discharge are also shown
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Korobeynikov, S. M., A. G. Ovsyannikov, A. V. Ridel, D. I. Karpov, M. N. Lyutikova, Yu A. Kuznetsova, and V. B. Yassinskiy. "Study of partial discharges in liquids." Journal of Electrostatics 103 (January 2020): 103412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2019.103412.

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Thagard, Selma Mededovic, Kazunori Takashima, and Akira Mizuno. "Electrical Discharges in Polar Organic Liquids." Plasma Processes and Polymers 6, no. 11 (November 12, 2009): 741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200900017.

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Babula, E., A. Sierota, S. Zoledziowski, and J. H. Calderwood. "Surface Partial Discharges in Moist Dielectric Liquids." IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation EI-20, no. 2 (April 1985): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tei.1985.348834.

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Lebedev, Yu A. "Microwave Discharges in Liquids: Fields of Applications." High Temperature 56, no. 5 (September 2018): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0018151x18050280.

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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Discharges in liquids' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Discharges in liquids":

1

Grav, Torstein. "Mechanisms Governing the occurrence of Partial Discharges in Insulation Liquids." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for fysikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22385.

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Breakdown of electrical equipment is unwanted and the use of reliable methods of insulation are therefore necessary. Liquid insulation is one preferred material for electrical devices used in subsea installations due to outstanding qualities related to insulation, heat transfer, safety and incompressibility properties. To ensure that the selected insulating liquid is suitable for the specific equipment it will be necessary to test its insulating quality. This is verified by stressing the liquid with voltages higher than the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV). While there are existing tests for these properties, such as use of partial discharge measurements, this thesis examines an experimental approach to testing the properties of different liquids in a point-plane gap through the use of high AC voltage.Charges, like ions, in an electrical field creates a current flow. In a liquid, dissociative ionization under applied voltage is the mechanism that generates the most charges. Field emission originating from the negative polarity contributes in some liquids. Moving charges in the liquids results in measurable currents of the order 10 - 80 nA under applied AC voltage of 20 kV$_{peak}$ in a 20 mm point-plane gap in different liquids. Space charges are also found to affect the partial discharge (PD) behaviour in liquids. Different liquids have different chemical and physical properties and therefore different PD behaviour. It has been observed that PDs are stochastic, and in some sense correlated to earlier stress due to residual ions from previous half periods and permanently change of the chemical structure of some liquid molecules after a PD. The PD rate increases exponentially with increasing voltage, while the maximum charge per half period tends to increase linearly. This observed behaviour is in agreement with what is found in earlier reports.The presence of free electrons is important. A significant increase in the rate of PD at low magnitudes in both polarities occurred when the test cell was exposed to X-rays. PDs start under the influence of a strong field or an electron avalanche. It is essential to be able to test different liquids in laboratory conditions, for economical reasons, in order to identify the most suitable insulating media. Power electronics utilizing quality insulation is more reliable with a lower probability of downtime. The test setup and methods used in this thesis may easily be adapted for test of electrical components and equipment instead of the simple point-plane gap method.Different liquids have different PD phase patterns. This thesis intends to describe the reasons to explain this difference. It is found to be the result of different properties in the liquids for charge creation and differences in their electrical field threshold for PD initiation. PDs of a certain size are rarely occurring events and are strongly dependent on the prehistory of the stressed liquid gap. We do not know whether PDs in itself is harmful to insulating properties or not. It is therefore uncertain whether the IEC 61294 test method, based on PDs, provides any useful information or not. More research is therefore needed in order to fully understand the PD phenomenon.
2

Sadeghzadeh-Araghi, Mohsen. "The initiation and development of negative discharges in dielectric liquids : a computer aided investigation." Thesis, University of Salford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.258230.

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Nominé, Anna V. "Synthesis of Bi₂O₂CO₃ nanosheets by electrical discharges in liquids for photocatalytic and nanoelectronic applications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0357.

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Ce travail fournit des informations sur la synthèse de feuillets nanométriques ultrafins composés de Bi₂O₂CO₃, ci-après dénommé BOC. La synthèse est réalisée par une technique rapide et simple connue sous le signe EDDL correspondant au procédé de décharges électriques dans les liquides diélectriques. Pour assurer la reproductibilité de la synthèse, une méthode de prétraitement impliquant la gravure d'électrodes de bismuth avec du Nital a été employée. Le processus choisi consiste à initier des décharges électriques entre ces électrodes alors qu'elles sont immergées soit dans l'azote liquide, soit dans l'eau. Fait remarquable, les deux liquides conduisent à des nanostructures identiques, une similitude validée par spectroscopie d'émission optique, technique qui a permis de confirmer la nature métallique de la décharge dans les deux milieux. Après cette étape, les nanofeuillets subissent une oxydation et une carbonatation rapides lorsqu'ils sont exposés à l'air. Le mécanisme de croissance proposé est étroitement lié au mécanisme connu sous le nom de « ledge mechanism », en raison de la présence de « kinks » et de « jogs » clairement visibles le long des bords des nanofeuillets. Ces nanostructures bidimensionnelles émergent d'abord à la surface de la cathode et croissent ensuite verticalement. Cette croissance anisotrope est rendue possible par l'assistance ionique dans les régions qui ressemblent à des motifs en forme de peigne formés pendant l'étape de gravure chimique, condition préalable nécessaire à une forte reproductibilité du processus de croissance. La caractérisation cristallographique détaillée des nanofeuillets de BOC a été réalisée à l'aide d'une série de techniques, notamment la microscopie électronique en transmission (TEM), la microscopie électronique en transmission à balayage (STEM), la microscopie électronique en transmission à haute résolution (HRTEM), la spectroscopie de rayons X à dispersion d'énergie (EDX), la diffraction d'électrons en aire sélectionnée (SAED), la diffraction d'électrons en faisceau convergent (CBED), la microscopie électronique en transmission filtrée en énergie (EFTEM) et la spectroscopie de perte d'énergie des électrons (EELS). L'étude révèle que la structure cristallographique du BOC est conforme au groupe spatial I4/mmm, avec des paramètres de réseau a=3,91 Å et c=13,77 Å, une détermination qui a été confirmée par diffraction des rayons X (DRX). L'étude clarifie également l'origine potentielle des taches satellites qui sont régulièrement observées dans les motifs SAED le long de l'axe de zone [001]. Dans cette étude, ces taches ont été principalement attribuées à deux phénomènes : la diffraction multiple et les transformations locales ordre-désordre qui se produisent dans la structure cristalline du BOC. Cette transformation implique une transition d'une structure quadratique centrée vers un réseau primitif de Bravais. Afin d'évaluer leur utilité pratique, nous avons mesuré la performance photocatalytique des nanofeuillets de BOC synthétisés à l'aide de la méthode EDDL et nous avons constaté qu'elle était comparable à elle de BOCs obtenus par d'autres méthodes. En outre, nous avons évalué la performance électronique des BOC dans le but de découvrir leur potentiel dans les applications liées à des nanodispositifs
This work provides information on the synthesis of ultrathin nanosheets composed of Bi₂O₂CO₃, hereafter referred to as BOC. The synthesis is achieved through the rapid and straightforward technique known as Electrical Discharges in Dielectric Liquids (EDDL). To ensure the reproducibility of the synthesis, a pre-treatment method involving the etching of bismuth electrodes with Nital was employed. The chosen process entails initiating electrical discharges between these electrodes while submerged in either liquid nitrogen or water. Remarkably, both liquids produced identical nanostructures, a similarity validated by optical emission spectroscopy, which confirmed the metallic nature of the discharge in both environments. Following this stage, the nanosheets undergo rapid oxidation and carbonation upon exposure to air. The proposed growth mechanism is closely linked to the ledge mechanism, considering the presence of clearly visible kinks and jogs along the edges of the nanosheets. These two-dimensional nanostructures first emerge on the cathode's surface and then grow vertically. This anisotropic growth is made possible by ion assistance in regions that exhibit comb-like patterns formed during the chemical etching step, which is a necessary precondition for high reproducibility of the discharge process. Detailed crystallographic characterization of BOC nanosheets was achieved through a range of techniques, including Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), High-Resolution TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (CBED), Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy (EFTEM), and Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (EELS). The investigation reveals that the crystallographic structure of BOC conforms to the space group I4/mmm, with lattice parameters a=3.91 Å and c=13.77 Å, a determination that was confirmed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The study also clarifies the potential origin of satellite spots that are consistently observed in SAED patterns along the [001] zone axis. In this research, these spots were primarily attributed to two phenomena: multiple diffraction and local disorder-to-order transformations occurring within the BOC crystal structure. This transformation entails a transition from a body-centered tetragonal structure to a primitive Bravais lattice. To gauge their practical usefulness, we assessed the photocatalytic performance of BOC nanosheets synthesized using the EDDL method and found it to be consistent with BOC obtained through alternative methods. Furthermore, we explored the electronic performance of BOC with the goal of uncovering their potential in nanodevice applications
4

Okubo, H., H. Kojima, F. Endo, K. Sahara, R. Yamaguchi, and N. Hayakawa. "Partial Discharge Activity in Electrical Insulation for High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) Cables." IEEE, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/12061.

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5

Hernandez, Avila José Luis. "Etude des decharges couronne dans l'argon et l'azote, du gaz au liquide." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10173.

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Ce memoire resume les travaux sur les phenomenes de conduction electrique et des mecanismes de transport que nous avons effectue pour l'argon et l'azote en fonction de la densite du fluide. Par des mesures electriques et optiques nous avons caracterise la decharge couronne en fonction de divers parametres tels que: la tension d'apparition de la decharge, les impulsions de courant, l'analyse spectroscopique de la lumiere emise. L'etude ete effectue pour des pointes de petit rayon de courbure, allant de 1 a 10 micrometres, les phenomenes dependent beaucoup de la polarite de la pointe, ainsi que de la nature du gaz. Les caracteristiques courant-tension pour l'azote presentent trois regions differents pour un seuil de tension caracteristique qui dependant de la densite du milieu. Deux regions d'entre elles sont liees a la presence d'impuretes, leur influence se manifeste par une reduction de la mobilite des porteurs de charge ainsi comme la presence des impulsions similaires a celles observees dans les gaz electronegatifs (impulsions de trichel). La troisieme region corresponde a une transition ou le courant atteint des valeurs de l'ordre du milliampere, sans la presence d'impulsions. Pour l'argon gazeux les impuretes presentent un effet notable sur les conditions d'apparition de la decharge, elle presente une transition nette, pour une tension seuil, vers des courants de l'ordre de la microampere. Une analogie de la loi de paschen pour une configuration d'electrodes planes et paralleles, nous a permis d'etablir une relation entre la tension seuil et le produit de la densite du fluide et le rayon de courbure nous a permis de caracteriser les decharges couronne dans le gaz et le liquide sur une region definie par le produit nr#p. La validation de cette relation est fondee sur mecanismes d'avalanches et des coefficients d'ionisation pour le gaz et le liquide
6

Pajurková, Jana. "Diafragmový výboj v roztocích organických barviv." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216665.

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This Diploma thesis was focused on the degradation of dyes Saturn Red L4B (Direct Red 79) and Saturn Blue LB (Direct Blue 106) by DC diaphragm discharge (DC-DD). Supplied power was between 160 and 180 W. Conductivity and pH were changing at each electrode area during the DC diaphragm discharge, therefore the effect of pH and conductivity changes on the dye solution itself were examined. All samples were measured by UV-VIS spectrometer in the wavelength range of 300–800 nm. No significant dependence of dye absorption spectra on conductivity was observed, while pH significantly affected the absorption curves of dyes. Ageing of dye spectra showed significant changes of Saturn Red L4B. Next task was the comparison of dyes destruction efficiency by DC-DD, audiofrequency diaphragm discharge (AF-DD) and electrolysis. Dye decomposition by AF-DD was not observed at set conditions (voltage of 80–120 V, current of 2.2 A and frequency of 2 kHz). In the case of DC diaphragm discharge the electrolysis played an important role. Decomposition efficiency of the dyes by electrolysis was up to 15 %. The pumping effect in the DC diaphragm discharge was also investigated. Although the individual electrode areas were linked only by a small pinhole in a nonconductive barrier (the pinhole diameter of 0.3 mm), solutions of the anode and cathode compartment interacted with each other up to 10 %. Finally, the degradation products of Saturn Red L4B treated by DC-DD in two electrodes parts are also described. Decomposition products were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with the mass spectrometer.
7

Zhou, Rusen. "Low-temperature discharge plasmas in liquids assisted biomass conversion." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021.

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This project contributed to the establishment of the plasma-based, sustainable, and energy-efficient biorefinery platform. By introducing in-liquid discharge plasmas and understanding plasma-liquid interactions, this thesis explored the engineering and scientific basis of using such plasmas for bioresource conversion, and developed a “plasma-assisted reforming” process for fast biomass liquefaction and selective ethanol conversion into higher-value products at near-ambient conditions.
8

Qureshi, Mohammad Iqbal. "Relationship between current pulses and discharges in liquid dielectrics." Thesis, University of Salford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315303.

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Prior, Alison D. "Towards achieving Zero Liquid Discharge in process industry." Thesis, Prior, Alison D. (2008) Towards achieving Zero Liquid Discharge in process industry. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2008. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/38933/.

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Fresh water is invaluable in supporting life on Earth. It is scarce, cheap, and exploited. A number of initiatives have been taken to reduce the consumption of fresh water, particularly in agricultural and residential situations. In industry, much focus has been placed on pollution control and wastewater minimisation, however attention to source protection and water minimisation is nominal. The ultimate goal of any water management program is achieving Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD). This research argues that with a current focus on pollution control and wastewater minimisation, ZLD is not attainable. Protection of water sources has recently been identified as the most critical issue preventing sustainability of industrial water management. It is also given the least attention. This thesis argues that incorporating water auditing and water conservation programs into industrial water management programs is a crucial step towards achieving water source protection and ultimately in achieving zero liquid discharge. A water audit of key water using operations at the BP Refinery in Kwinana has been undertaken to test this hypothesis. The BP Oil Refinery in Kwinana is an example of an industry which has received much attention for its excellent practice in water management. BP has almost halved its total water consumption from 7ML/day in 1996 to 4ML/day in 2007. It has developed employee awareness-raising programs, on-site recycling and reuse of wastewater and is now in the final stages of using recycled domestic wastewater as a key water source, expected to minimise fresh water consumption even further. Despite this, detailed analysis of the major water uses at the refinery show a number of poor management practices and severe wastages of water. In assessing the whole of refinery water use in Chapter 2, we see that poor record keeping and meter reading is commonplace. Major leaks are left unattended and information about major water-loss incidents is often unavailable. In Chapters 3-5 we look more closely at specific water using operations within the refinery. The refinery steam system is one of the largest fresh water users on site and has been commended for its steam trap survey program and the development of condensate return infrastructure, increasing the percentage of condensate returned from 32% in 1998 to a condensate return target of 50% in 2007. Despite this, major losses still occur in the steam system and turnaround time for fixing major leaks can take years. Simple measures can improve the condensate return rate from 50%-75% quite easily, but there are few incentives for the refinery to invest in such a program which offers diminishing returns. The use of water in process units is enormous, particularly the use of scheme water in the Residue Cracking Unit. A number of available tools and techniques, particularly water pinch and water optimisation tools, are widely recognised to reduce water use on such units but have not been investigated at BP. Many water losses on process units occur because of poor operator management and a focus on increasing efficiency of feed throughput which offers the refinery the greatest financial return. Another inefficient water user in the process category is the Waste Management Area Land Farm. The land farm is irrigated to keep the moisture content of waste high. The exceptionally large volumes of water used in this area can be easily reduced, however costs are considered too high. Finally we assess other uses of water at the refinery. Other uses include commercial and domestic uses, safety showers and the staff carwash. Because of the extraordinary volumes of water used in the refining process, these other uses are considered comparatively insignificant. Practically no water efficiency measures have been taken at this level, and enormous wastages of high quality water are witnessed through our case study of the staff carwash. The carwash is an enormous water waste which uses scheme water once before it is discharged to the sewer. Each of these case studies shows major inefficiencies in current water management at a number of levels at the BP Refinery in Kwinana. It is important not to forget that this refinery has been recognised for its excellence as a leader in water management not only in the Kwinana Industrial Area but also in the global oil refining industry. This reflects the inherent flaws in water management throughout industry. Chapter 6 assesses management implications associated with reducing water use on site and applies these principles and concepts to industry in general. The most significant barriers to closing industrial water loops were found to be neglect of protection of water sources and larger focus on pollution prevention and wastewater minimisation; misconceptions about the true value of water; and poor regulatory drivers to reduce water use. A paradigm shift in industrial water management to incorporate a more holistic approach is required if water scarcity is to be seriously addressed by industry.
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Davidová, Jaroslava. "Diafragmový výboj v roztocích organických barviv z hlediska elektrolytického rozkladu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216664.

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This Diploma thesis is focused on physical and chemical effects which contribute to the decomposition of organic dyes by diaphragm discharge generated in water solutions. Due to the application of DC high voltage source in continuous regime, there is an effect of electrolysis contributing to the dye decomposition by diaphragm discharge. The aim of this work was to find out when the electrolysis is running (or when is the moment of discharge breakdown) and which factors influence the breakdown. The other goal was decomposition of selected textile and food organic dyes by electrolysis itself. In the theoretical part, theory about creation of electrical discharges in aqueous solutions is noted and various types of underwater discharges are described. Background researches about underwater electrical discharges used in the world are mentioned as well as the use of diaphragm discharges and various ways how to remove organic dyes from wastewater. Finally, theories of electrolysis, UV-VIS spectroscopy and basis of other analytical methods useful for detection of organic molecules are described. Experimental part is oriented to experiment procedure which was carried out in a reactor with separated electrode areas. Separation was made by dielectric diaphragm with a pinhole in the centre. Its initial diameter was 0.4 mm. Used chemicals and course of experiments are described in this part, too. First, the breakdown moment in the reactor was investigated (i. e. determination, when only electrolysis was operating) by formation of hydrogen peroxide and measurement of dynamic (time resolved) electrical characteristics. Next, decomposition of selected dyes by electrolysis was carried out. As the decomposition was related to decolorization of the solution, UV-VIS spectroscopy in the range of 350–700 nm was used for determination of dye concentration. Next part focused on results presents various factors which had an effect on breakdown of diaphragm discharge. These factors are kind of used electrolyte, initial conductivity of solution, kind of dye, temperature of solution and type of reactor (or solution volume). From the result, the most important factor is initial solution conductivity. After the determination of the breakdown moment, the electrolysis of organic dyes was performed. The applied current was 10 mA, initial conductivity was 500 µS/cm and used electrolyte was NaCl. Moreover comparison of dye decomposition in dependence on the different applied power was realized. From this comparison one can assume, there is no significant contribution of electrolysis (the efficiency is approximately 15 %) to the diaphragm discharge in aqueous solution.
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Books on the topic "Discharges in liquids":

1

I͡A, Ushakov V., ed. Impulse breakdown of liquids. Berlin: Springer, 2007.

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Sadeghzadeh-Araghi, Mohsen. The initiation and development of negative discharges in dielectric liquids: A computer aided investigation. Salford: University of Salford, 1990.

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Afanasʹevich, Gulyĭ Grigoriĭ, and Akademii͡a︡ nauk Ukraïnsʹkoï RSR. Proektno-konstruktorsʹke bi͡u︡ro elektrohidravliky., eds. Prot͡s︡essy preobrazovanii͡a︡ ėnergii pri ėlektrovzryve: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1988.

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Bond, Rick. Zero liquid discharge desalination. Denver, Colo: Water Research Foundation, 2011.

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5

J, McCrea, and Environment Agency, eds. Control of mercury & cadmium in liquid discharges. Bristol: Environment Agency, 1997.

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Bond, Rick. Zero liquid discharge for inland desalination. Denver, Colo: Awwa Research Foundation, 2007.

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Qureshi, Mohammad Iqbal. Relationship between current pulses and discharges in liquid dielectrics. Salford: University of Salford, 1992.

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Yang, Yong. Plasma discharge in liquid: Water treatment and applications. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2012.

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Fawcett, P. Development of BPEO procedures for springfields radioactive liquid discharges: A case study. Manchester: UMIST, 1993.

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10

IEEE Power Engineering Society. Transformers Committee., American National Standards Institute, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers., eds. IEEE trial-use guide for partial discharge measurement in liquid-filled power transformers and shunt reactors. New York, NY: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Discharges in liquids":

1

Fridman, Alexander, and Lawrence A. Kennedy. "Physics and Engineering of Discharges in Liquids." In Plasma Physics and Engineering, 665–83. 3rd ed. Third edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315120812-15.

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Miron, Camelia, Ion Sava, Liviu Sacarescu, Takahiro Ishizaki, Juergen F. Kolb, and Cristian P. Lungu. "Structural Modifications of Polymers by Pulsed Electrical Discharges in Liquids." In Carbon-Related Materials, 103–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44230-9_6.

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Eckhardt, W. O. "Liquid-Metal Plasma Valves." In Gas Discharge Closing Switches, 491–505. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2130-7_19.

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Patel, Tinkal, and Devyani Bagrecha. "Zero Liquid Discharge." In Zero Waste, edited by Ashok K. Rathoure, 13–23. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2020.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429059247-2.

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Huang, Li, Ting Liu, Yun Fan, Meng Chang, and Yiman Dong. "Research on the Radioactive Waste Discharge Permit Regulation." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 589–95. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_51.

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AbstractFor the release of radioactive waste, the regulatory body must establish or approve operational limits and conditions relating to public exposure, including approved discharge limits. The parties concerned must ensure that the release of radioactive waste and radioactive substances into the environment is managed in accordance with the instrument of ratification. Discharge authorization procedures, including the establishment of emission authorizations and emission allowances, the establishment and use of dose constraints, emission characteristics, and the circumstances of exposure used in the establishment of emission allowances, etc., According to the legal requirements of our country, at present, all units in the nuclear industry that produce and discharge radioactive waste gases and liquids into the Environment shall rely on the examination and approval of prior environmental impact reports or environmental impact assessment documents, the permit mode of total discharge control for the examination and approval of the designed nuclide discharge of radioactive waste gas and liquid. At present, China’s radioactive contamination emissions are not included in the management of emission permits, nuclear and radiation-related key industries and units are not included in the “Fixed Source Emission Permits Classified Management Directory” management. Whether it is feasible to carry out the pollution discharge permit system in the nuclear and radiation industry of our country, in the theoretical system, there are already relevant laws and regulations of our country to guarantee or can guarantee, however, there are still some problems in the actual operation, such as insufficient research on radiation environmental quality objectives,further work is needed to promote the full implementation of the discharge permit system in the nuclear industry.
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Macedonio, Francesca, and Enrico Drioli. "Zero Liquid Discharge in Desalination." In Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology, 221–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5623-9_8.

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Malik, Aiman, Mohd Salim Mahtab, and Izharul Haq Farooqi. "Zero Liquid Discharge in Industries." In Management of Wastewater and Sludge, 75–84. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003202431-4.

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Ushakov, V. Ya, V. F. Vajov, and N. T. Zinoviev. "Liquids Used as an Insulation and a Working Medium." In Electro-discharge Technology for Drilling Wells and Concrete Destruction, 39–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04591-3_3.

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Sethi, Sandeep, and Berrin Tansel. "Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) and Near ZLD." In Concentrate Management in Desalination, 117–29. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412107.ap04.

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Locke, Bruce R., Petr Lukes, and Jean-Louis Brisset. "Elementary Chemical and Physical Phenomena in Electrical Discharge Plasma in Gas-Liquid Environments and in Liquids." In Plasma Chemistry and Catalysis in Gases and Liquids, 185–241. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527649525.ch6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Discharges in liquids":

1

Martin, J., A. De Ferron, T. Reess, R. Ruscassie, and F. Rey-Bethbeder. "Corona discharges experiments in water and transition to subsonic discharges." In 2011 IEEE 17th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdl.2011.6015410.

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Do, M. T., J. L. Auge, T. A. T. Vu, and S. Catellani. "Partial discharges in dielectric liquids." In 2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iseim.2008.4664537.

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Alexandrov, Andrey, Vladimir Chernikov, Dmitry Vaulin, Sergey Volkov, Andrey Kostiuk, Vladimir Bychkov, and Dmitry Bychkov. "Discharges Over Flammable and Dielectric Liquids." In 49th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-1331.

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Kolb, Juergen F., Camelia Miron, Raphael Rataj, Jana Kredl, Tilo Schulz, and Petr Lukes. "Pulsed Discharges in Liquids: Generation and Applications*." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2017.8496343.

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Sato, Masahiro, Akiko Kumada, Kunihiko Hidaka, Keisuke Yamashiro, Yuji Hayase, and Tetsumi Takano. "Degradation process of silicone-gel by internal surface discharges." In 2014 IEEE 18th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdl.2014.6893095.

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Sun, Y., I. V. Timoshkin, M. J. Given, M. P. Wilson, T. Wang, S. J. MacGregor, and N. Bonifaci. "Hydrodynamic parameters of air-bubble stimulated underwater spark discharges." In 2017 IEEE 19th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdl.2017.8124689.

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Li, Z., V. M. Atrazhev, N. Bonifaci, O. Lesaint, V. A. Shakhatov, J. Eloranta, and K. von Haeften. "Advanced spectral diagnostics to study electrical discharges in dense fluids." In 2017 IEEE 19th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdl.2017.8124648.

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Li, Xian-dong, Yi Liu, Gu-yue Zhou, Si-wei Liu, Zhi-yuan Li, Zi-jian Li, Qin Zhang, Hua Li, and Fu-chang Lin. "Study on underwater subsonic electrical discharges: Streamer morphology and development." In 2017 IEEE 19th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdl.2017.8124703.

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Jongvilaikasem, Korraya, Sakda Maneerot, Kittipod Jariyanurat, and Norasage Pattanadech. "Comparison of Dissolved Gases in Natural Ester under Partial Discharges." In 2019 IEEE 20th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdl.2019.8796571.

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Idir, O., A. Beldjilali, A. Reffas, B. Lehouidj, H. Moulai, and A. Beroual. "Electrical discharges influence on the dielectric properties of natural insulating oil." In 2017 IEEE 19th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdl.2017.8124715.

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Reports on the topic "Discharges in liquids":

1

Kushner, Mark. Plasmas in Multiphase Media: Bubble Enhanced Discharges in Liquids and Plasma/Liquid Phase Boundaries. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1136529.

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Aleksandrov, Andrey F. Fundamental Investigations of Surface Discharges Over Dielectric Liquids for Ignition and Combustion of Fuels. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada521422.

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Del Signore, John C. Radioactive Liquid Waste Treatment Facility Discharges in 2014. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1193614.

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Del Signore, John. Radioactive Liquid Waste Treatment Facility Discharges in 2013. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1164454.

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Del Signore, John C. Radioactive Liquid Waste Treatment Facility Discharges in 2017. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1425784.

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Del Signore, John C. Radioactive Liquid Waste Treatment Facility Discharges in 2011. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1040813.

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7

Williams, J. C. ,. Westinghouse Hanford. Liquid radioactive waste discharges from B plant to cribs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/661997.

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8

Moss, D., N. Williams, D. Hall, K. Hargis, M. Saladen, M. Sanders, S. Voit, P. Worland, and S. Yarbro. Elimination of liquid discharge to the environment from the TA-50 Radioactive Liquid Waste Treatment Facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/661523.

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9

Siebenaler. PR-015-084510-R01 Evaluation of External Leak Detection Systems for Liquid Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010674.

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Abstract:
A project was conducted to determine the viability of various external leak detection systems for use on liquid pipelines.� This project defined external leak detection as a means of detecting unintended pipeline discharge without the use of pressure or flow modeling. Specifically, this project was focused on the ability to detect leaks that are too small for most computational pipeline monitoring (CPM) systems to detect.� A list of possible technologies was assembled and a tradeoff study was conducted to rank the technologies.
10

Ames, L. L., and R. J. Serne. Compilation of data to estimate groundwater migration potential for constituents in active liquid discharges at the Hanford Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5948721.

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