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1

Great Britain. Department of Health. Health and Social Care Joint Unit and Change Agents Team. Discharge from hospital: Pathway, process and practice. London: Department of Health, 2003.

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2

Dudley, A. M. Making the discharge process work for patients: Named nurses experiences in discharge. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 1996.

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3

Continuing care: The process and practice of discharge planning. Rockville, Md: Aspen Publishers, 1987.

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4

Leclerc, Chantale Marie. Process evaluation of an integrated model of discharge planning. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1998.

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5

Office, General Accounting. Military personnel: Oversight process needed to help maintain momentum of DOD's strategic human capital planning : report to the Secretary of Defense. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003.

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6

Borges, Nelson. A teoria da imprevisão no direito civil e no processo civil: Com referências ao Código civil de 1916 e ao novo Código civil. São Paulo, SP: Malheiros Editores, 2002.

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7

Dangelmayer, G. Theodore. ESD program management: A realistic approach to continuous, measurable improvement in static control. 2nd ed. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

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8

Dangelmayer, G. Theodore. ESD program management: A realistic approach to continuous, measurable improvement in static control. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990.

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9

Razov, Pavel, and Sergey Evenko. The risks of social adaptation of servicemen transferred to the reserve, to the conditions of civilian life in Russia and strategies to overcome them. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1078930.

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It analyzes the risks of social adaptation to civil life in Russia — one of the main difficulties of servicemen transferred to the reserve — as well as strategies to overcome them. The urgency of studying this problem by sociologists due to the importance of sociological understanding of specific social adaptation of discharged military personnel and caused by the process problems, because their solution depends not only social and professional well-being of the social group, but also the status of the military in Russian society, the prestige of military service, much lower in the post-Soviet period. Designed for graduate students, researchers interested in the sociology of risk.
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10

Saleemi, Zan. Supporting continuity of care in the discharge process. 1998.

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11

Patient Satisfaction And the Discharge Process: Evidence-based Best Practices (Press Ganey). Hcpro Inc, 2006.

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12

K, Das Tapas, ed. Toward zero discharge: Innovative methodology and technologies for process pollution prevention. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley, 2005.

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13

Xu, Zhong. Plasma Surface Metallurgy: With Double Glow Discharge Technology-Xu-Tec Process. Springer, 2018.

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14

Das, Tapas K. Toward Zero Discharge: Innovative Methodology and Technologies for Process Pollution Prevention. Wiley-Interscience, 2005.

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15

Xu, Zhong, and Frank F. Xiong. Plasma Surface Metallurgy: With Double Glow Discharge Technology―Xu-Tec Process. Springer, 2017.

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16

Toward zero discharge: Innovative methodology and technologies for process pollution prevention. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley, 2004.

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17

Bion, Julian, and Anna Dennis. ICU admission and discharge criteria. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0020.

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The decision to admit patients to intensive care or discharge them, is a daily task for intensivists, a life-changing event for patients and families, and a major strategic issue for health care systems worldwide. Decisions must often be made rapidly, in conditions of uncertainty, involving substituted judgements about relative risks and benefits, framed by sociocultural factors that are not well characterized. The outcomes are strongly influenced by available resources, staffing, and skills throughout the patient pathway. The decision to admit should be based on the severity of illness, chronic health and physiological reserve, and therapeutic susceptibility, informed by the patient’s wishes. Discharge decisions are equally complex and involve balancing the needs of individual patients against those of society. Scoring systems and guidelines can aid decision making. The process involves collaboration between intensivist, referring team, patient, and family. The provision of futile care is usually driven by family expectations and lack of agreement among the treating team. Discussions involve value judgements. Effective admission and discharge processes will minimize avoidable morbidity, mortality, and readmissions, and maximize family and patient satisfaction, and cost-efficacy. However, reaching the most effective level of practice involves balances and compromises. Experienced clinical judgement remains a key element in defining suitability of individual patients for ICU admission and discharge.
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18

Rostker, Bernard, Lawrence Hanser, William Hix, Carl Jensen, Andrew Morral, Greg Ridgeway, and Terry Schell. Assessing the New York City Police Department Firearm Training and Firearm-Discharge Review Process. RAND Corporation, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/rb9359.

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19

Bernard, Rostker, ed. Evaluation of the New York City Police Department firearm training and firearm-discharge review process. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2008.

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20

Rostker, Bernard, Lawrence Hanser, William Hix, Carl Jensen, Andrew Morral, Greg Ridgeway, and Terry Schell. Evaluation of the New York City Police Department Firearm Training and Firearm-Discharge Review Process. RAND Corporation, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/mg717.

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21

Duma, Joanne. Termination from a psychiatric day treatment program: A process of a transformational versus restorational nature. 1992.

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22

Survey of Technologies to Treat the Shipboard Incidental Liquid Wastes Identified During the Process to Set Uniform National Discharge Standards. Storming Media, 2000.

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23

Pechuro, N. Organic Reactions in Electrical Discharges. Springer, 2013.

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24

Artinian, Nancy Trygar. THE STRESS PROCESS WITHIN THE ROY ADAPTATION FRAMEWORK: SOURCES, MEDIATORS AND MANIFESTATIONS OF STRESS IN SPOUSES OF CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS PATIENTS DURING HOSPITALIZATION AND SIX WEEKS POST DISCHARGE. 1988.

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25

Völler, Heinz, Rona Reibis, Bernhard Schwaab, and Jean-Paul Schmid. Hospital-based rehabilitation units. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0022.

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Inpatient rehabilitation is a transition phase and a component of integrated healthcare for high-risk patients with different cardiovascular diseases. Therefore its main focus is on functional and structural evaluation and risk stratification for the rehabilitation process and post-discharge period. Exercise electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiography, and a 6-minute walk test should be considered in all patients, at admission and at discharge. Particular attention should be given to specific conditions such as, myocarditis, patients with cardiac devices, and/or after heart valve interventions as well as concomitant disorders (for example diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease). Variables of frailty should be considered, particularly in the elderly. Because cognitive decline complicates early recovery after heart interventions, a cognition test may be needed.
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26

Markus, Hugh, Anthony Pereira, and Geoffrey Cloud. Recovery and rehabilitation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737889.003.0014.

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Life is never the same after stroke and the processes that can help go into picking up the pieces and returning to a pre-stroke life and lifestyle are outlined in this recovery and rehabilitation chapter. The principles of neuronal plasticity and stroke recovery are discussed as well as the rehabilitation process. Multidisciplinary team care is the cornerstone of treatment and the individual roles of team members are outlined. The common complications that can follow stroke are individually reviewed including immobility, spasticity, communication (aphasia and dysarthria) and swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), low mood (depression) and psychological sequelae, incontinence, pain syndromes, neglect, inattention, and visual loss (hemianopia). Post-stroke epilepsy is also reviewed in this chapter. The transitioning into life in a community setting including discharge planning and vocational rehabilitation is also included.
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27

Clavijo, Claudia F., and Efrain Riveros-Perez. Fundamentals of Anesthetic Care. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190885885.003.0005.

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This chapter focuses on the anesthesia process which can be divided into phases, from the preoperative assessment to induction, maintenance, emergence and finally to discharge. Throughout the whole process, patient safety is of paramount importance. This chapter focuses on safety measures such as surgical time-out, use of checklists, and prevention of intraoperative awareness. Fluid management, and intraoperative complications such as hypoxemia, electrolyte imbalances, and hypotension and hypertension are also discussed. The chapter discusses specific circumstances regarding anesthesia interventions including the difficult airway algorithm, extubation criteria and delayed emergence, the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting which has a huge impact on patient satisfaction, transfusion therapy, regional analgesia and anesthesia rational opioid use, as well as multiorgan support during anesthesia.
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28

Okeke, Edward Chukwuemeke. Nature of International Organizations and Purpose of Their Immunity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190611231.003.0006.

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This chapter addresses the nature of international organizations and the purpose of their immunity. International organizations are created by their constituent member States to discharge vital functions and responsibilities on their behalf, and in some cases on behalf of the world community as a whole. They are established to offer cooperative and concerted approaches to common challenges and some problems that have the best chance of being solved through multilateral actions. Although States remain the primary actors in international relations, international organizations have joined the arena to provide the platform that enables different States to work together. International cooperation by States has become a necessity. To achieve their objectives, international organizations are granted certain privileges and immunities by their member States: in particular, jurisdictional immunity, which protects them from legal process. It is well settled that international organizations require those immunities that are necessary for them to fulfill their functions.
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29

Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Who is assertive outreach for? Referrals and discharges. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the characteristics of patients who need community outreach. It identifies those who most often receive it and those for whom it seems to add little extra. It considers dual diagnosis patients, offender patients, ethnic minority patients, and patients with co-occurring learning disabilities. It also considers the balance between positive and negative symptoms in psychosis and also its suitability for first-onset psychosis. It discusses the value of explicit criteria for both acceptance and discharge and the nature of step-down where that is an option. The processes of acceptance and discharge, with their necessary collaboration, are outlined.
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30

Yesim, Atamer. Ch.6 Performance, s.1: Performance in general, Art.6.1.8. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0113.

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This commentary analyses Article 6.1.8 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning payment by funds transfer. According to Art 6.1.8, payment may be made by a transfer to any of the financial institutions in which the obligee has an account. In case of payment by a transfer, the obligor's obligation is discharged when the transfer to the obligee's financial institution becomes effective. From the moment the funds transfer to the obligee's financial institution becomes effective, the obligation becomes extinct and the obligor's liability for loss or delay ends. This commentary discusses place of performance for fund transfers,, time when the obligation is discharged, timely performance, countermand, and delay or loss in the process of transferring funds.
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31

Colin, Bamford. 3 Payment. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198722113.003.0003.

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The chapter examines the process of payment, both as a description of the way in which a monetary obligation is discharged, and as a process by which money is transmitted from one person to another. In the former case, the chapter describes the operation of set-off, netting, consolidation of accounts, and the operation of running accounts. In the latter case, it deals with the mechanisms for payment in the UK, internationally and at the level of the EU through the TARGET2 system, focusing in each case on the process of clearing through the central bank of the currency concerned.
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32

Koutroumanidis, Michalis, Dimitrios Sakellariou, and Vasiliki Tsirka. Electroencephalography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0011.

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This chapter concentrates on essential technical aspects of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and its role in the clinical and aetiological diagnosis of people with epilepsy. The technical subsection explores important stages of the largely ‘mystifying’ process from the generation of the abnormal signals in the brain to their final visualization on the screen, including digitalization of the signal and sampling rate, montages, and derivations, focusing on their clinical relevance. The second part reviews the behavioural attributes of the interictal and ictal discharges in the different epilepsy types and syndromes, discusses the optimal use of activation methods, including sleep deprivation and sleep, hyperventilation, photic, and other specific stimulation, and describes specific diagnostic tools like polygraphy and cognitive assessment during apparently subclinical discharges. It also discusses aspects of the clinical EEG interpretation and reporting and delineates indications and limitations of the EEG.
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33

Perrings, Charles, and Ann Kinzig. Conservation. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190613600.001.0001.

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This book explores the process by which people decide to conserve or convert natural resources. Building on a seminal study by Harold Hotelling that connects conservation to expected changes in the value of resources, the authors develop the general principles involved in conservation science. The focus of the book is the resources of the natural environment. This includes both directly exploited resources such as agricultural soils, minerals, forests, and fish stocks, and biodiversity—the wild species and natural ecosystems put at risk when people choose to convert natural habitat, or to discharge waste products to water, land, or air. The theory of conservation shows how much or how little to extract from the environment, and how much to leave intact. It also shows how conservation decisions are influenced by the existence of market failures—the external impacts of market decisions on ecosystems, and the public good nature of many ecosystem services. It shows how conservation connects to expected changes in the relative importance or value of natural resources, and what is needed to uncover that value. It shows how context matters. Decisions about the conservation of natural resources are influenced by property rights—whether land is private property or in the public domain; by environmental policies, laws, and regulations within countries; and by environmental agreements between countries. Finally, this book shows how conservation differs within and beyond protected areas, how it connects to the system of environmental governance, and how governance structures have evolved over time.
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34

Dangelmayer, G. Theodore. ESD Program Management. Springer, 1990.

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35

Schaible, Hans-Georg, and Rainer H. Straub. Pain neurophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0059.

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Physiological pain is evoked by intense (noxious) stimuli acting on healthy tissue functioning as a warning signal to avoid damage of the tissue. In contrast, pathophysiological pain is present in the course of disease, and it is often elicited by low-intensity stimulation or occurs even as resting pain. Causes of pathophysiological pain are either inflammation or injury causing pathophysiological nociceptive pain or damage to nerve cells evoking neuropathic pain. The major peripheral neuronal mechanism of pathophysiological nociceptive pain is the sensitization of peripheral nociceptors for mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli; the major peripheral mechanism of neuropathic pain is the generation of ectopic discharges in injured nerve fibres. These phenomena are created by changes of ion channels in the neurons, e.g. by the influence of inflammatory mediators or growth factors. Both peripheral sensitization and ectopic discharges can evoke the development of hyperexcitability of central nociceptive pathways, called central sensitization, which amplifies the nociceptive processing. Central sensitization is caused by changes of the synaptic processing, in which glial cell activation also plays an important role. Endogenous inhibitory neuronal systems may reduce pain but some types of pain are characterized by the loss of inhibitory neural function. In addition to their role in pain generation, nociceptive afferents and the spinal cord can further enhance the inflammatory process by the release of neuropeptides into the innervated tissue and by activation of sympathetic efferent fibres. However, in inflamed tissue the innervation is remodelled by repellent factors, in particular with a loss of sympathetic nerve fibres.
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36

Corrà, Ugo, and Bernhard Rauch. Acute care, immediate secondary prevention, and referral. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0021.

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Preventive cardiology (PC), as performed in various cardiac rehabilitation (CR) settings, is effective in reducing recurrent cardiovascular events after both acute coronary syndromes or myocardial revascularization. However, the need for newly structured PC programmes and processes to provide a continuum of care and surveillance from the acute to post-acute phases is evident. Phase I CR serves as a bridge between acute therapeutic interventions and phase II CR. After clinical stabilization, phase I CR ideally provides a multifaceted and multidisciplinary intervention, including post-acute clinical evaluation and risk assessment, general counselling, supportive counselling, early mobilization, discharge planning, and referral to phase II CR. All these are important and contribute to achieving the preventive target. All the interventions within phase I CR should be supervised and provided in a comprehensive manner involving several healthcare professionals. For explanatory purposes this chapter analyses and describes these components separately.
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37

Puntis, John. The premature newborn. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0006.

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Infants born at 24 weeks’ gestation now have a 40% chance of survival, rising to 80% at 26 weeks. Many have difficulty tolerating enteral feeds because of gastrointestinal immaturity; during this time parenteral nutrition is commonly given. Undernutrition in the early weeks of life may have lasting effects on developmental outcomes and increase the risk of certain chronic diseases in adult life (e.g. hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes). Breast milk appears to confer some protection against necrotizing enterocolitis and be good for brain development. There has been a resurgence of investment in milk banks so that donor milk from nursing mothers in the community can be processed and given to preterm infants whose mothers cannot provide sufficient milk of their own. When breast milk is unavailable, preterm formula should be used, and following discharge from hospital (when many infants are showing a growth deficit), a nutrient-enriched formula can be given.
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38

et, Mokal. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799931.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Modular Approach to the insolvency of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The Modular Approach shares with standard insolvency regimes the core objectives of preserving and maximizing value in the insolvency estate, ensuring distribution over an appropriate period of time of the highest feasible proportion of that value to those individuals and entities entitled to it, providing due accountability for any wrongdoing connected with the insolvency, and enabling discharge of over-indebted natural persons. The Modular Approach differs from standard processes, however, in the way it pursues these objectives. Its basic assumption is that the parties to an insolvency case are best placed to select the tools appropriate to that case. The role of the legal regime should be to make these tools available to the parties in a maximally flexible way, while creating the correct incentives for their deployment.
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39

Dennis, Faber, and Vermunt Niels. 12 National Report for the Netherlands. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0012.

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This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in the Netherlands. It deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings. In essence, holders of insolvency claims (‘insolvency creditors’) are entitled to the liquidation proceeds of the debtor’s insolvency estate after the full discharge of the administration claims. Insolvency creditors (except secured creditors) can only pursue payment by submitting their claims for admission in the proceedings. Administration claims have to be satisfied in priority to insolvency claims and need not be submitted in the claims verification procedure. Holders of such claims (‘administration creditors’) can take recourse against assets comprised in the insolvency estate. Holders of non-enforceable claims can only seek recourse after the insolvency proceedings are terminated (provided that the debtor continues to exist).
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40

O'Donnell, Ian. Release. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798477.003.0010.

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This chapter analyses the onward destinations of prisoners sentenced to death who avoided execution. The trend in time served by men convicted after jury trial varied, with those convicted in the 1930s serving longest. For non-jury cases the trajectory was emphatically upwards: 21 months for the single case in the 1930s compared with an average of 287 months for those processed in the 1980s. Men whose sentences were commuted served more than twice as long as women—but the range was narrower. It was common for women to be transferred to the care of a religious congregation, such as the Sisters of Charity, or to Our Lady’s Home for Discharged Female Prisoners, or to a Magdalen asylum. The result was that the duration of coercive confinement extended beyond what was ever envisaged or what any man had to endure. The impact of the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 and the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 on prisoner releases is reviewed.
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41

Jakobsson, Jan. Anaesthesia for day-stay surgery. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0068.

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Day-stay surgery is becoming increasingly common the world over. There are several benefits of avoiding in-hospital care. Early ambulation reduces the risk for thromboembolic events, facilitates wound healing, and avoiding admission reduces the risk for hospital-related infection. Additionally, the risk of neurocognitive side-effects can be avoided by returning the elderly patient to their home environment. Day-stay anaesthesia calls for adequate and structured preoperative assessment and patient evaluation, and the potential risk associated with surgery and anaesthesia should be assessed on an individual basis. Need for preoperative testing should be based on functional status of the patient and preoperative medical history but even the surgical procedure should be taken into account. Preoperative fasting should be in accordance with modern guidelines, refraining from food for 6 hours and fluids for 2 hours prior to induction in low-risk patients. Preventive analgesia and prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) should be administered preoperatively. Local anaesthesia should be administered prior to incision, constituting part of multimodal analgesia. The multimodal analgesia strategy should also include paracetamol and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in order to reduce the noxious stimulus from the surgical field. Third-generation inhaled anaesthetics or a propofol-based maintenance are both feasible alternatives. Titrating depth of anaesthesia by using an EEG-based depth of anaesthesia monitor may facilitate the recovery process. The laryngeal mask airway has become commonly used and has several advantages. Ultrasound-guided peripheral blocks may facilitate the early postoperative course by reducing pain and avoiding the use of opiates. Perineural catheters may be an option for prolongation of the block following painful orthopaedic procedures but a strict protocol and follow-up must be secured. Not only pain but even nausea and vomiting should be prevented, and therefore risk stratification, for example by the Apfel score, and PONV prophylaxis in accordance with the risk score is strongly recommended. Early ambulation should be encouraged postoperatively. Safe discharge should include an escort who also remains at home during the first postoperative night. Analgesics should be provided and be readily available for self-care when the patient comes home. Pain medication should include an opioid; however, the benefit versus risk must be assessed on an individual basis. Patients should also be instructed about a rescue return-to-hospital plan. Quality of care should include follow-up and analysis of clinical practice, and institution of methods to improve quality should be enforced for the benefit of the ambulatory surgical patient.
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