Journal articles on the topic 'Disaster relief – Nepal'
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Fredricks, Karla, Hao Dinh, Manita Kusi, Chandra Yogal, Biraj M. Karmacharya, Thomas F. Burke, and Brett D. Nelson. "Community Health Workers and Disasters: Lessons Learned from the 2015 Earthquake in Nepal." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 6 (August 8, 2017): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1700680x.
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AbstractIntroductionThe Nepal earthquake of 2015 was a major disaster that exacted an enormous toll on human lives and caused extensive damage to the infrastructure of the region. Similar to other developing countries, Nepal has a network of community health workers (CHWs; known as female community health volunteers [FCHVs]) that was in place prior to the earthquake and continues to function to improve maternal and child health. These FCHVs and other community members were responsible, by default, for providing the first wave of assistance after the earthquake.Hypothesis/ProblemCommunity health workers such as FCHVs could be used to provide formal relief services in the event of an emergency, but there is a paucity of evidence-based literature on how to best utilize them in disaster risk reduction, preparedness, and response. Data are needed to further characterize the roles that this cadre has played in past disasters and what strategies can be implemented to better incorporate them into future emergency management.MethodsIn March 2016, key-informant interviews, FCHV interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in Nepali health facilities using semi-structured guides. The audio-recorded data were obtained with the assistance of a translator (Nepali-English), transcribed verbatim in English, and coded by two independent researchers (manually and with NVivo 11 Pro software [QSR International; Melbourne, Australia]).ResultsAcross seven different regions, 14 interviews with FCHVs, two FGDs with community women, and three key-informant interviews were conducted. Four major themes emerged around the topic of FCHVs and the 2015 earthquake: (1) community care and rapport between FCHVs and local residents; (2) emergency response of FCHVs in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake; (3) training requested to improve the FCHVs’ ability to manage disasters; and (4) interaction with relief organizations and how to create collaborations that provide aid relief more effectively.ConclusionsThe FCHVs in Nepal provided multiple services to their communities in the aftermath of the earthquake, largely without any specific training or instruction. Proper preparation, in addition to improved collaboration with aid agencies, could increase the capacity of FCHVs to respond in the event of a future disaster. The information gained from this study of the FCHV experience in the Nepal earthquake could be used to inform risk reduction and emergency management policies for CHWs in various settings worldwide.FredricksK, DinhH, KusiM, YogalC, KarmacharyaBM, BurkeTF, NelsonBD. Community health workers and disasters: lessons learned from the 2015 earthquake in Nepal. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(6):604–609.
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Gyawali, Bishal, June Keeling, and Per Kallestrup. "Human Trafficking in Nepal: Post-Earthquake Risk and Response." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 11, no. 2 (September 15, 2016): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.121.
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AbstractAs Nepal mourns the 1-year commemoration of the April 2015 earthquake and its aftershocks that killed more than 8500 people and left thousands injured and displaced, other more hidden repercussions of the resultant chaotic environment need attention: the increased risk of human trafficking. Considering that natural disasters provide a milieu for this illicit trade, there is a need for a robust response from stakeholders such as donors, civil society organizations, and government organizations against human trafficking following disasters such as the Nepal earthquake. Responsibility to prevent and fight trafficking should be explicitly included in the mandate of relief and rehabilitation mechanisms set up at the national level to coordinate the disaster relief response, serving to support populations in both rural and urban areas. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:153–154)
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Kaphle, Krishna P., L. N. Rimal, A. K. Duwadi, B. Piya, and D. Nepali. "Disasters and environmental degradation in Nepal: focus on urban areas." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 38 (September 25, 2008): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v38i0.31482.
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Nepal is prone to various disasters like earthquake, landslide, debris flow, flood, and glacier lake outburst flood (GLOF). In the last 23 years natural disasters have caused tremendous losses of lives and property. The disasters have brought about the average loss of about 6% of the annual development expenditure of the government. Their frequency is also increasing due to a high rate of population growth and multiple human activities. Disasters disturb the normal life and social system, degrade the environment, and aggravate the poverty and eco-system in the affected areas. Both natural and anthropogenic disasters are deteriorating the natural environment mostly in the urban areas of Nepal. Since there is no effective forecasting and early warning system for such disasters there will be no time for the vulnerable people to save from possible disaster by taking themselves in safe places. Previously the Nepal government put its efforts mainly on post-disaster activities like rescue, relief, and rehabilitation. Only after the 1985 Dig Tso GLOF, 1988 earthquake in eastern Nepal, and 1993 flood and landslide disaster in central Nepal, people realised the importance of pre-disaster preparedness. For the preparedness and mitigation of hazards, geological, geomorphological, hydrogeological information and hazard maps are extremely important. Consequently, the Department of Mines and Geology is publishing the engineering and environmental geological maps of urban areas, which are quite helpful for infrastructural planning, disaster management, and environmental protection.
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Khatri KC, Jyoti, Gerard Fitzgerald, and Meen B. Poudyal Chhetri. "Health Risks and Challenges in Earthquake Responders in Nepal: A Qualitative Research." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, no. 03 (June 2019): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19004370.
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AbstractIntroduction:While the impact of disasters is strongly felt by those directly affected, they also have significant impact on the mental and physical health of rescue/relief workers and volunteers during the response phase of disaster management.Method:Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 experts in the field of disaster management from Nepal, inquiring specifically about the impact of the 2015 mega-earthquake on the mental and physical health of rescue/relief workers and volunteers. A thematic approach was used to analyze the results. These were used to assess the applicability of a previously developed conceptual framework which illustrates the hazards and risk factors affecting disaster response workers and the related hazard mitigation approaches.Results:The findings suggested a relationship between the type of injuries to responders and the type of disaster, type of responder, and vulnerability of location. The conceptual framework derived from literature was verified for its applicability with a slight revision on analysis of experts’ opinion based on particular context and disaster setting. Technical skills of responders, social stigma, governance, and the socio-economic status of the affected nation were identified as critical influencing factors to heath injuries and could be minimized utilizing some specific or collective measures targeted at the aforementioned variables. Some geographic and weather-specific risks may be challenging to overcome.Conclusion:To prevent or minimize the hazards for disaster relief workers, it is vital to understand the variables that contribute to injuries. Risk minimization strategies should address these critical factors.
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Basu, Moumita, Saptarshi Ghosh, Arnab Jana, Somprakash Bandyopadhyay, and Ravikant Singh. "Medical Requirements During a Natural Disaster: A Case Study on WhatsApp Chats Among Medical Personnel During the 2015 Nepal Earthquake." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 11, no. 6 (June 13, 2017): 652–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2017.8.
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ABSTRACTObjectiveThe objective of this study was to explore a log of WhatsApp messages exchanged among members of the health care group Doctors For You (DFY) while they were providing medical relief in the aftermath of the Nepal earthquake in April 2015. Our motivation was to identify medical resource requirements during a disaster in order to help government agencies and other responding organizations to be better prepared in any upcoming disaster.MethodsA large set of WhatsApp (WhatsApp Inc, Mountain View, CA) messages exchanged among DFY members during the Nepal earthquake was collected and analyzed to identify the medical resource requirements during different phases of relief operations.ResultsThe study revealed detailed phase-wise requirements for various types of medical resources, including medicines, medical equipment, and medical personnel. The data also reflected some of the problems faced by the medical relief workers in the earthquake-affected region.ConclusionsThe insights from this study may help not only the Nepalese government, but also authorities in other earthquake-prone regions of the world to better prepare for similar disasters in the future. Moreover, real-time analysis of such online data during a disaster would aid decision-makers in dynamically formulating resource-mapping strategies. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:652–655).
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Ozen, Merve, and Ananth Krishnamurthy. "Evaluating relief center designs for disaster relief distribution." Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management 8, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 22–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhlscm-03-2017-0012.
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Purpose Relief item distribution to victims is a key activity during disaster response. Currently many humanitarian organizations follow simple guidelines based on experience to assess need and distribute relief supplies. However, the interviews with practitioners suggest a problem in efficiency in relief distribution efforts. The purpose of this paper is to develop a model and solution methodology that can estimate relief center (RC) performance, measured by waiting time for victims and throughput, for any RC design and analyze the impact of key design decisions on these performance measures. Design/methodology/approach Interviews with practitioners and current practice guidelines are used to understand relief distribution and a queuing network model is used to represent the relief distribution. Finally, the model is applied to data from the 2015 Nepal earthquake. Findings The findings identify that dissipating congestion created by crowds, varying item assignment decisions to points of distribution, limiting the physical RC capacity to control congestion and using triage queue to balance distribution times, are effective strategies that can improve RC performance. Research limitations/implications This research bases the RC designs on Federal Emergency Management Agency guidelines and assumes a certain area and volunteer availability. Originality/value This paper contributes to humanitarian logistics by discussing useful insights that can impact how relief agencies set up and operate RCs. It also contributes to the queuing literature by deriving analytic solutions for the steady state probabilities of finite capacity, state dependent queues with blocking.
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Shahi, Ramesh Vikram. "Mountain Disasters and Rescue Mechanism in Nepal." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 4, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v4i1.34144.
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Geographically, Nepal is divided into three regions, namely; the Terai, the hills, and the mountains. Nepal is prone to many types of disasters due to the various causes and one of the main causes is its geographic setting. Some disasters and hazards are prevalent to all over the country, some are area specific. Mountain and high altitude hazards are unique in nature and have distinct features and they pose several challenges for the rescue and relief operations. Disasters in mountain regions of Nepal have multi-dimensional effects on human life, property and the environment. The paper analyzes the mountain disasters, their nature and their impacts. It also focuses on the institutional as well as legal arrangements regarding disaster rescue. For this purpose, a qualitative descriptive and analytical method is applied to achieve the desired objectives of the study. This paper depends upon the secondary source of data available in several works of literature; journal articles, books, news articles, government reports, and websites. The paper finds that the frequencies of mountain disasters are low in comparison to other parts of Nepal, but they are diverse and complex. There are institutional and legal mechanisms for disaster risk reduction, but they are not adequate to respond mountain disasters effectively. All security agencies along with private sectors involving in mountain search and rescue operations do not have sufficient mountain-specific rescue units, training, and logistics.
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Shahi, Ramesh Vikram. "Mountain Disasters and Rescue Mechanism in Nepal." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 4, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v4i1.34144.
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Geographically, Nepal is divided into three regions, namely; the Terai, the hills, and the mountains. Nepal is prone to many types of disasters due to the various causes and one of the main causes is its geographic setting. Some disasters and hazards are prevalent to all over the country, some are area specific. Mountain and high altitude hazards are unique in nature and have distinct features and they pose several challenges for the rescue and relief operations. Disasters in mountain regions of Nepal have multi-dimensional effects on human life, property and the environment. The paper analyzes the mountain disasters, their nature and their impacts. It also focuses on the institutional as well as legal arrangements regarding disaster rescue. For this purpose, a qualitative descriptive and analytical method is applied to achieve the desired objectives of the study. This paper depends upon the secondary source of data available in several works of literature; journal articles, books, news articles, government reports, and websites. The paper finds that the frequencies of mountain disasters are low in comparison to other parts of Nepal, but they are diverse and complex. There are institutional and legal mechanisms for disaster risk reduction, but they are not adequate to respond mountain disasters effectively. All security agencies along with private sectors involving in mountain search and rescue operations do not have sufficient mountain-specific rescue units, training, and logistics.
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Tuladhar, Ramesh Man. "Towards effective and sustainable disaster risk management in Nepal: challenges and gaps." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 59 (July 24, 2019): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v59i0.24984.
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Geo-hazards, dynamic Himalayan tectonics, high seismicity, predominant soft rock (argillaceous) formations, steep slopes, rugged (high elevation difference) terrain, when mistreated would trigger-disasters. These natural factors exacerbated by unplanned developments together with impacts of global climate change have further scaled-up disasters in Nepal. Common natural disasters in Nepal impacting the livelihoods of the people below poverty are: earthquakes, floods and landslides. The return period of former is longer (+/- 70 years)but catastrophic, e.g. Gorkha-earthquake, while latter ones are recurrent and chaotic.
Substantial efforts have been made on disaster risk reductions (DRR) both by the state and non-state organizations. Contributions from sectoral ministries led by the Ministry of Home Affairs are primarily focused to legal provisions, strategies and policies while the departments are mandated to implement sectoral activities through projects and programs. Post Gorkha-earthquake rescue and relief operations demonstrated an exemplary solidarity among national, bilateral and international organizations. Reconstruction works are rather slow and still being continued. Despite substantial DRR efforts, outcomes are not satisfactory to the desired extent, whether it is earthquake or are floods and landslides across the country as per media and public voices reported.
This paper aims to analyse some key questions towards effective and sustainable disaster risk management in Nepal against existing challenges and gaps in the backdrop of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015-2030. A theory of change that would help improve effectiveness and sustainability of disaster risk management (DRM) in Nepal is envisioned and discussed
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Kanbara, Sakiko, Nlandu Roger Ngatu (Corresponding author), Tara Pokhrel T, Apsara Pandey, Chandrakara Sharma, Hyeon J. Lee, Shoko Miyagawa, Hiroyuki Miyazaki, Sayumi Nojima, and Nursing Association of Nepal (NAN). "The 2015 Nepal Earthquake Disaster: Is the Threat of Occurrence of Communicable Disease Epidemic Over?" International Journal of Indonesian National Nurses Association (IJINNA) 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32944/ijinna.v1i1.32.
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This opinion paper highlights the state of public health assessment in evacuation centers following the 2015 Nepal earthquake. It also suggests an approach to reinforce risk assessment and surveillance of communicable diseases (CD) in remote Nepalese districts. A short surveillance research was conducted on outbreaks of infectious diseases in Nepal in the post-2015 earthquake in evacuation centers in Kathmandu and Dhading districts. In collaboration with the Nursing Association of Nepal
(NAN), the researchers have established a monitoring and surveillance system, named ‘EpiNurse’ program, in remote Nepalese districts. Periodic shelter to shelter visits, CD risk assessment and relief needs inventory in local communities are implemented, whereas health events with a potential to cause a CD outbreak are being reported to governmental agencies and health clusters involved in post-disaster relief in Nepal. Several cases of diarrheal diseases were identi fied in Nepalese districts
after the 2015 earthquake, suggesting the existence of potential risk for the occurrence of new CD epidemics. Onsite risk assessment and monitoring of the effectiveness of actions and interventions implemented, as well as improvement of risk communication between relief agencies should be expanded to less resourced districts to reduce the risk of CD outbreak occurrence.
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Nepal, Pashupati, Narendra Raj Khanal, and Bishnu Prasad Pangali Sharma. "Policies and Institutions for Disaster Risk Management in Nepal: A Review." Geographical Journal of Nepal 11 (April 3, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gjn.v11i0.19546.
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This paper is a review of policies for disaster risk management in Nepal and discusses the strengths, gaps and constraints of the same. Institutional and Legislative Systems (ILS) approach has been adopted focusing on three aspects: i) legal and regulatory frameworks, ii) policies and programs, and iii) organizational/institutional set-up. This paper concludes that newly endorsed Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act (2017) can be a milestone in disaster management of Nepal not only because it has replaced about 40 years old Natural Calamity (Relief) Act, 1982 but also for the first time, it saw disaster risk management as an process focusing on different stages of disaster management cycles, preparedness, response and rehabilitation and mitigation. The provision of well-structured functional institutional set-up from the centre to local level can have positive outcome in disaster management. However, it overlooks significant aspect, such as the declaration of disaster-prone zones limiting the right of provincial disaster management committee only for recommendation to the Government of Nepal. Most of policies, strategies and legislations focused on some specific disasters such as flood, landslide, earthquake and GLOF/avalanches at national level paying less emphasis to the local level. Even now, most of the policy interventions towards different cycles of disaster risk management have laid emphasis on preparedness and response rather than to rehabilitation and mitigation. The conflicting provisions in Acts such as Water Resource Act (1992) and Building Act (1998) with Local Government Operation Act (2017) have made overlapping of their roles and responsibilities. So, the policy formulation and institutional set-up needs to be complemented by the ability and competence to operationalize the intent of the relevant acts and policies at all levels of government.The Geographical Journal of NepalVol. 11: 1-24, 2018
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Caunhye, Aakil M., Nazli Yonca Aydin, and H. Sebnem Duzgun. "Robust post-disaster route restoration." OR Spectrum 42, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 1055–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00291-020-00601-0.
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Abstract Route restoration is considered to be a task of foremost priority in disaster relief. In this paper, we propose a robust optimization approach for post-disaster route restoration under uncertain restoration times. We present a novel decision rule based on restoration time ordering that yields optimal restoration sequencing and propose conditions for complexity reduction in the model and prove probability bounds on the satisfaction of these conditions. We implement our models in a realistic study of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal.
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Yang, Kaixin, Wei Li, Xinran Yang, and Lei Zhang. "Improving Landslide Recognition on UAV Data through Transfer Learning." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (October 8, 2022): 10121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app121910121.
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As a frequent geological disaster, landslides cause serious casualties and economic losses every year. When landslides occur, rapid access to disaster information is the premise of implementing disaster relief and reduction. Traditional satellite remote sensing may not be able to timely obtain the image data from the disaster areas due to orbital cycle and weather impacts. Visual interpretation of remote sensing data and machine learning methods need to be improved the detection efficiency. This paper studies landslide recognition based on the UAV remote sensing image. The affected area of the Zhangmu Port region in Tibet by the Nepal earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 was selected to carry out the landslide investigation. Aiming at the problem of insufficient training sample data of landslides, we adopt the transfer learning method. The evaluation indexes show that the proposed method can automatically identify landslide disasters. Comparing with the SSD model, our new approach has better detection performance, providing thus accurate data support for scientific decision-making of disaster rescue.
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Chowdhury, Tazrina, Paul Arbon, Malinda Steenkamp, Mayumi Kako, and Kristine Gebbie. "Exploring Health Challenges of South Asian Women at the Evacuation Centers after Disasters." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19000803.
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Introduction:Globally, women are considered to be more vulnerable during disasters. South Asia including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Nepal experience many disasters, and are also ranked lowest on the gender equality index. Women of these countries tend to face many health challenges while staying at evacuation centers after disasters.Aim:This study highlights the health challenges South Asian women face while staying in evacuation centers after disasters.Methods:A narrative review was conducted using the keywords, “women after disaster,” “evacuation centers,” and “emergency health care.” Literature identified from the references were also added until reaching saturation. 47 articles were obtained through Elsevier, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ProQuest.Results:Women in shelters in South Asian countries experienced many health challenges including genito-urinary tract infections (studies from India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh), increased maternal mortality (Nepal and Pakistan), and sexual assault with resulting unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV (Nepal). Factors that contributed were the unavailability of separate toilets, inadequate sanitation, lack of sanitary supplies, and inadequate childbirth and maternity care resources. Rape victims at the shelters of Myanmar received delayed medical treatments, causing long-term health complications. Post-disaster stress and trauma were evident among women at the shelters initiated by insecurity, fear of abuse, and unfair relief distribution.Discussion:Women face certain challenges when staying in evacuation shelters in South Asian countries, which impacts their wellbeing after disasters. It is important to recognize women’s special requirements and to preserve women’s rights while developing disaster preparedness strategies. Socio-cultural perspectives of the disaster-prone areas should be considered at the policy planning level to ensure an effective and practical health-safety system. Additionally, further research focusing on women’s wellbeing at the evacuation centers is required to inform and overcome health challenges faced by women living in the shelters.
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Uprety, Rajesh. "Gorkha Earthquake 2015 and Post Disaster Reconstruction in Nepal: Challenges and Prospects." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 1, no. 1 (December 14, 2018): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v1i1.26707.
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The Gorkha earthquake of moment magnitude 7.6 hit the central region of Nepal on April 25, 2015; with the epicenter about 77 km northwest of Kathmandu Valley. This paper aims to explore the challenges and opportunities of reconstruction in earthquake punched areas of Nepal. The Gorkha earthquake on April 25, 2015, has significantly affected the livelihood of people and overall economy in Nepal, causing severe damage and destruction in central Nepal including nation’s capital. A larger part of the earthquake affected area is difficult to access with rough terrain and scattered settlements, which posed unique challenges and efforts on a massive scale reconstruction and rehabilitation. Challenge of reconstruction of thousands houses is tough for Nepal in the background of its uproar political scenario and weak governance. With significant actors involved in the reconstruction process, no appreciable relief has reached to the ground, which is reflected over the frustration of affected people. Although the earthquake negatively influenced the country’s economy, it opened the opportunity to create sustainable economic developments through proper disaster mainstreaming like construction of earthquake resilience infrastructures, new education and training, media-based mass awareness, and coordinated actions in different parts of the society. Disaster is also an opportunity for development. Hence, if we start thinking for the opportunities after the disaster in a constructive way, still there is a flourishing future of development. This paper is prepared by analyzing few literatures and the personal experiences of the author being as a part of rescue and relief operation in Gorkha during the critical flash of earthquake.
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Bhattarai, Raj Kumar. "Behind Disaster Management: Resiliency in Cultural Configuration." Journal of Business and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 3, 2018): 88–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbss.v1i1.22831.
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The paper discovers the worth of a resilient culture in the course of disaster management following 2015’s Nepal Earthquake. An empirical investigation into the activities of rescues, rescuers, government authorities, humanitarian agencies, and civil societies indicates that the effectiveness of rescue, relief, recovery, and reconstruction activities are influenced by their cultural resiliency. The discovery process involved field visits, personal observation and experience, interviews, literature review and discourse analysis as well as interpretation. The study concentrated on the issues concerning the areas of rescue operations, logistics, information sharing, supply chains, shelter management, relief packages distribution, actors’ coordination, and socio-cultural immunity and elasticity to the crisis conditions. This paper draws a conclusion that resilience in cultural configuration enhances effectiveness in the process of disaster management.
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Bhattarai, Raj Kumar. "Behind Disaster Management: Resiliency in Cultural Configuration." Journal of Business and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (December 3, 2018): 88–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbss.v2i1.22831.
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The paper discovers the worth of a resilient culture in the course of disaster management following 2015’s Nepal Earthquake. An empirical investigation into the activities of rescues, rescuers, government authorities, humanitarian agencies, and civil societies indicates that the effectiveness of rescue, relief, recovery, and reconstruction activities are influenced by their cultural resiliency. The discovery process involved field visits, personal observation and experience, interviews, literature review and discourse analysis as well as interpretation. The study concentrated on the issues concerning the areas of rescue operations, logistics, information sharing, supply chains, shelter management, relief packages distribution, actors’ coordination, and socio-cultural immunity and elasticity to the crisis conditions. This paper draws a conclusion that resilience in cultural configuration enhances effectiveness in the process of disaster management.
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Sarda, Poonam, and Ranu Lal Chouhan. "Extracting Non-Situational Information from Twitter During Disaster Events." Journal of Cases on Information Technology 19, no. 1 (January 2017): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcit.2017010102.
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Micro blogging sites have become important forums for discussion during disaster events in which Twitter has become one of the important source of real time information. Millions of tweets are posted during disasters, which include not only information about the present situation or relief efforts, but also the emotions or opinion of the masses. Much research has been conducted on extracting situational information from tweets during disaster. However, according to current knowledge, there has not been any prior attempt to study the non-situational tweets posted during disasters, such as those which express the emotions/opinions of the people, political and governmental views, raising charities and event analysis. In this study, the authors characterized the non-situational tweets posted during recent disaster events, the Nepal Earthquake and the Gurudaspur Terrorist attack. They developed a classifier to categorize various types of non-situational tweets into a set of fine-grained classes utilizing state-of-the-art machine learning technique. This system also helps in filtering out communal tweets which can make worst the situation by disrupting communal harmony during certain disaster events.
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Bhandari, Dinanath, Binod Prasad Parajuli, and Puja Shakya. "ENHANCING FORECAST-BASED DISASTER RESPONSE IN NEPAL." New Angle: Nepal journal of social science and public policy 7, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53037/na.v7i1.58.
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Implementation of humanitarian actions in advance of a disaster event is a new approach to enhance overall effectiveness of disaster responses. Early actions following forecasts and early warnings can significantly reduce disaster losses and the cost of disaster recovery. Evidence from pilot projects reveal potential to integrate forecast-based humanitarian actions into disaster preparedness planning. Building on advanced technologies, it has been possible to predict disaster risk of many meteorological and hydrological hazards like heavy rainfall, storm surges, flood, drought and cyclones. Nepal has developed communitycentered, end to end flood early warning systems, which have utilised different global and regional weather forecasting models. The models have the capability to provide weather and flood scenarios three days in advance. In this study, we carefully examine current practices and approaches to explore opportunities to use weather forecasts, flood alerts and warning to inform forecast-based humanitarian actions. Furthermore, we analysed existing policy provisions and legal mandates in Nepal to assess the availability of enabling environment needed for adopting forecast-based humanitarian actions. We also present our learning from piloting this approach to disaster preparedness planning in 19 selected districts of Nepal. Our findings suggest that adequate legal provisions and appropriate institutional mechanisms are essential to ensure effective implementation of forecastbased early actions. It is important and urgent to depart from traditional post-event relief approach to a risk-informed preventive decision-making. Technological limitations and operational gaps between agencies are major barriers to proactive actions. The challenges can be overcome through sufficient legal provisions, technical guidelines and protocols to clarify roles, responsibilities and accountabilities of the authorities.
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Malla, Shrijan Bahadur, Ranjan Kumar Dahal, and Shuichi Hasegawa. "Local level Disaster Response in Nepal: Investigating the Government Agencies." Bulletin of the Department of Geology 22 (December 15, 2020): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v22i0.33410.
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Effect of local level disaster response is always questionable in Nepal. It is because the capacity of local responding bodies' i.e. local administration, elected representatives and security forces is deficit. Overlooking own role and responsibility by public service offices such as health, water supply, road network, rural development, communication, education has overburdened the responsibility of CDO during disaster response and eroded the effectiveness of cluster approach. Similarly, over-reliance on security forces from relief and rescue to rehabilitation and reconstruction have also garnered lethargy amongst civil administration and public service offices wearing away their capacity. For that reason, it is utmost important that the prevailing tendency should be altered and derailed local level response mechanism should be brought into the right track.
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Malla, Shrijan Bahadur, Ranjan Kumar Dahal, and Shuichi Hasegawa. "Local level Disaster Response in Nepal: Investigating the Government Agencies." Bulletin of the Department of Geology 22 (December 15, 2020): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v22i0.33410.
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Effect of local level disaster response is always questionable in Nepal. It is because the capacity of local responding bodies' i.e. local administration, elected representatives and security forces is deficit. Overlooking own role and responsibility by public service offices such as health, water supply, road network, rural development, communication, education has overburdened the responsibility of CDO during disaster response and eroded the effectiveness of cluster approach. Similarly, over-reliance on security forces from relief and rescue to rehabilitation and reconstruction have also garnered lethargy amongst civil administration and public service offices wearing away their capacity. For that reason, it is utmost important that the prevailing tendency should be altered and derailed local level response mechanism should be brought into the right track.
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K.C., Luna, and Dorothea Hilhorst. "Gendered experience of disaster: Women's account of evacuation, relief and recovery in Nepal." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 72 (April 2022): 102840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102840.
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Penta, Samantha, Sarah DeYoung, Daryl Yoder-Bontrager, and Manoj Suji. "Trauma, Victims, Time, Changing Organizations and the Nepal 2015 Earthquake." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 34, no. 3 (November 2016): 345–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072701603400301.
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This paper summarizes findings from reconnaissance fieldwork conducted five weeks after the Nepal earthquake in 2015. Data were collected using an exploratory, qualitative, semi-inductive approach. Themes converged through classic disaster research theoretical ideas but were also evident through the unique convergence of globalization and development in Nepal. Findings from informal conversations, photographs, and observations of relief and recovery efforts revealed several key themes: the occurrence of organizational transitions in activities and tasks, psychosocial well-being of Nepalese individuals and communities, issues in qualifying the definition of an earthquake victim, and the importance of chronological and social time in recovery processes. Other findings gleaned from fieldwork included uncovering complexities of cultural and social systems such as caste structure in Nepal, issues related to humanitarian logistics, and the vulnerability of special populations such as new mothers and migrant Nepalese. The massive presence of international non-profit organizations created an interesting setting for relief and recovery, mostly described in the section on organization evolutions and transformation. Finally, we also encountered various perceptions about what it means to shift from “relief” to “recovery”- a notion which intersected with all of the four main themes from our findings.
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Naor, PhD, Michael, Samuel N. Heyman, MD, Tarif Bader, MD, MHA, and Ofer Merin, MD, MHA. "Deployment of field hospitals to disaster regions: Insights from ten medical relief operations spanning three decades." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 12, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2017.0277.
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Objective: The Israeli Defense Force (IDF) Medical Corps developed a model of airborne field hospital. This model was structured to deal with disaster settings, requiring self-sufficiency, innovation and flexible operative mode in the setup of large margins of uncertainty regarding the disaster environment. The current study is aimed to critically analyze the experience, gathered in ten such missions worldwide.Methods: Interviews with physicians who actively participated in the missions from 1988 until 2015 as chief medical officers combined with literature review of principal medical and auxiliary publications in order to assess and integrate information about the assembly of these missions.Results: A body of knowledge was accumulated over the years by the IDF Medical Corps from deploying numerous relief missions to both natural (earthquake, typhoon, and tsunami), and man-made disasters, occurring in nine countries (Armenia, Rwanda, Kosovo, Turkey, India, Haiti, Japan, Philippines, and Nepal). This study shows an evolutionary pattern with improvements implemented from one mission to the other, with special adaptations (creativity and improvisation) to accommodate logistics barriers.Conclusion: The principals and operative function for deploying medical relief system, proposed over 20 years ago, were challenged and validated in the subsequent missions of IDF outlined in the current study. These principals, with the advantage of the military infrastructure and the expertise of drafted civilian medical professionals enable the rapid assembly and allocation of highly competent medical facilities in disaster settings. This structure model is to large extent self-sufficient with a substantial operative flexibility that permits early deployment upon request while the disaster assessment and definition of needs are preliminary.
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Karki, Man Bahadur. "Robust Army Aviation in Nepal for Services to the Country, People and Organization." Unity Journal 2 (August 3, 2021): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v2i0.38818.
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Aviation is an essential mode of transport service because of the mountainous terrain in Nepal. Different parts of the country cannot be connected through a wide range of road network. Further, Nepal’s diverse geographical features, ranging from high hills to low wetlands appropriate airport transport. Nepal Army Aviation unit has immensely contributed to the organizational operational flights, emergency aerial rescue, relief, humanitarian services and nation’s development with the limited resources and infrastructure during its fifty–five years of journey in the air. After the adoption of liberal sky policy by the Government of Nepal in 1992, the private airlines commenced commercial air operations. Prior to this Nepal Airlines and Nepal Army Aviation unit were only the two entities operating inside the domestic airspace of Nepal. Despite the number of private air operators, there are still not enough and abundantly available air assets to fulfill all the requirements of air services especially in emergency aerial rescue, quick disaster response humanitarian assistance and relief flights in a short notice. Furthermore, there is a scope for the civil–military partnership in the civil aviation fi eld for the Nepal Army Aviation. This article, in efforts to make the Army Aviation agile, nimble and adoptable force multiplier for enhanced national security, examines its contributions in the service of country, people and organization as a state–owned institution with supports from secondary data.
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Joshi, Ranjila, Pernille Tanggaard Andersen, Subash Thapa, and Arja R. Aro. "Sex trafficking, prostitution, and increased HIV risk among women during and after the 2015 Nepal earthquake." SAGE Open Medicine 8 (January 2020): 205031212093828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312120938287.
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Women might be at increased risk of HIV infection after a disaster situation due to several interlinked environmental and social factors, such as increased sex trafficking and prostitution, in resource-limited settings. However, this information has not been clearly understood. Based on the review of available gray and peer-reviewed evidence, the present debate paper summarizes potential factors for increasing women’s HIV risk during/after two earthquakes that hit Nepal in 2015. Poverty and socio-economic crisis, displacement and reduced social capital, increased rate of sex trafficking and prostitution, and poor access to health care seem to be the factors to increase women’s HIV risk in the earthquake-affected areas of Nepal. There is a lack of essential empirical evidence on environmental and social factors (e.g. increased sex trafficking and prostitution) that are linked with women’s HIV risk in the post-disaster phase. Therefore, the factors and interactions discussed should be further studied potentially in disaster-affected areas so that locally and culturally salient and sustainable relief and reconstruction strategies, which include strategies for preventing HIV risk in post-disaster situations, can be developed.
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Sharma, Isha. "Citizens’ Reflection on Democracy and Disaster in Nepal in the Wake of the 2015 Earthquake." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 14 (December 29, 2020): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v14i0.29759.
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On April 25, 2015, Nepal was hit by a massive earthquake. Thousands of lives were lost. Extensive damage to infrastructure and property was reported. Using 30 interviews, I firstly examine how the people survived in the early days of the disaster. Secondly, I discuss how the citizens of Nepal, perceived democracy as a political system that is still novel for them, in the aftermath of the crisis. The interviewees reflected on the government’s response to the earthquake. Evidently, the study highlights the disjuncture between the kinds of relief a democratic state is expected to provide for the citizens and the state’s actual response to the needs of the earthquake survivors. Nepal has adopted democracy since 1990, however, it has failed to deliver on its promises, and people are thus ambivalent about the system. However, in the final analysis, it becomes apparent that people are unwilling to revert back to the old autocratic system. The conclusions of the study compel one to consider certain social processes. What affects citizens’ expectations of their government in the aftermath of a major disaster is contingent upon how states have acted in normal times. The state’s response to disasters might be influenced by what citizens expect from the state in the first place, thus, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy. Finally, a democratic society is preferred by most, and the only way for the government to be more robust is to compel the leaders to adhere to the laws and regulations and operate according: those who break the laws must be made accountable.
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Sharma, Isha. "Citizens’ Reflection on Democracy and Disaster in Nepal in the Wake of the 2015 Earthquake." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 14 (December 29, 2020): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v14i0.29759.
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On April 25, 2015, Nepal was hit by a massive earthquake. Thousands of lives were lost. Extensive damage to infrastructure and property was reported. Using 30 interviews, I firstly examine how the people survived in the early days of the disaster. Secondly, I discuss how the citizens of Nepal, perceived democracy as a political system that is still novel for them, in the aftermath of the crisis. The interviewees reflected on the government’s response to the earthquake. Evidently, the study highlights the disjuncture between the kinds of relief a democratic state is expected to provide for the citizens and the state’s actual response to the needs of the earthquake survivors. Nepal has adopted democracy since 1990, however, it has failed to deliver on its promises, and people are thus ambivalent about the system. However, in the final analysis, it becomes apparent that people are unwilling to revert back to the old autocratic system. The conclusions of the study compel one to consider certain social processes. What affects citizens’ expectations of their government in the aftermath of a major disaster is contingent upon how states have acted in normal times. The state’s response to disasters might be influenced by what citizens expect from the state in the first place, thus, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy. Finally, a democratic society is preferred by most, and the only way for the government to be more robust is to compel the leaders to adhere to the laws and regulations and operate according: those who break the laws must be made accountable.
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Baumann, Sara E., Monica M. Merante, Marie-Ange Sylvain-Holmgren, and Jessica G. Burke. "Exploring Community Art and Its Role in Promoting Health, Social Cohesion, and Community Resilience in the Aftermath of the 2015 Nepal Earthquake." Health Promotion Practice 22, no. 1_suppl (May 2021): 111S—121S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839921996083.
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A magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Nepal in 2015, followed by hundreds of aftershocks that led to physical destruction, loss, and negative mental health outcomes. Yet, in the days, months, and years following the disaster, numerous forms of community art rose from the rubble, such as urban murals, spoken word poetry, public dance performances, and sacred art. This study explored the relationship between community art and health, social cohesion, and community resilience in postearthquake Nepal. We utilized photography and audio recorders to capture 19 unique artworks/projects created in the aftermath of the earthquake and conducted in-depth interviews with 19 artists and/or experts about the relationship between art and health in postdisaster contexts. The 19 postearthquake artworks/projects ranged from contemporary paintings to Buddhist ritual dance and reflected the unique combination of the traditional and contemporary necessary for salvaging and restoring Nepali heritage. Findings revealed three key themes regarding linkages between art and mental health in the context of postearthquake Nepal. First, community art offers relief and is a mechanism for coping, through the creation or observation of art. Second, community art can be used as a means of communication, both as a tool for promoting connections and conversations in the community and by communicating messages of hope. Third, community art can promote community cohesion and ultimately serve as a tool to create physical and emotional safe spaces. Overall, there is promise for initiatives that engage artists and communities in arts-based initiatives following traumatic events, such as natural disasters, which can positively affect health. Funding support and development of partnerships with grassroots artists and creators should be promoted in health and development programming, especially for risk reduction and recovery after disasters.
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Chand, Bibek. "Disaster Relief as a Political Tool: Analysing Indian and Chinese Responses after the Nepal Earthquakes." Strategic Analysis 41, no. 6 (October 24, 2017): 535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2017.1377893.
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Zoowa, Sabin Bahadur. "Internal Displaced Persons (IDPs): A Case Study of Western Nepal." Shiksha Shastra Saurabh 21 (December 31, 2018): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sss.v21i0.35090.
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In Nepal, the number of IDPs appeared to have increased mainly due to the decade long CPN (Maoist) insurgency that hit the country since 2052 BS (1995 AD). Apparently, the IDPs are compelled or forced to undergo the critical circumstances due to the very condition of their displacement. Likewise, mostly, the incidents of excesses such as murder, torture, rape, sexual assault, kidnapping, forceful recruitment in the army are perpetrated against the IDPs. So, different causes make the people to be displaced. Towards this, natural disaster, human-made circumstances and disasters, armed conflict and situation of violence and fears having created there from, persons and families are forcefully displaced from their homes or places of their habitual residence. Hence, the fact is that internally displaced persons are compelled to spend traumatic lives because of internal displacement and at the same time various new problems are, owing to pressure of displaced persons, arising even in the places where they are spending displaced lives. Therefore, the state is required to play a lead role to prevent internal displacement, provide security to displaced persons, protect human rights, make provisions for immediate relief and necessary humanitarian support and service as well as facility and also make appropriate provisions for their return to their place of habitual residence or settling them voluntarily in other places in the country.
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Yang, Jiong, Zhen Yang, Qi Lv, Hai-feng Liu, Hui Ding, Meng-yang Yu, Xi-huan Zeng, Xin Wang, and Hao-jun Fan. "Medical Rescue of China International Search & Rescue Team (CISAR) in Nepal Earthquake." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 12, no. 4 (May 18, 2016): 536–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.16.
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AbstractOn April 25, 2015, a massive 8.1-magnitude earthquake struck Nepal at 2:11 pm (Beijing time). The 68-member-strong China International Search & Rescue Team (CISAR) left for Nepal at 6 am, April 26, to help with relief work. The CISAR was the first foreign team to rescue a survivor who was trapped beneath the rubble in the Gongabu area after the earthquake. On May 8, the team fulfilled the search-and-rescue mission and returned to Beijing. During the 2 weeks of rescue work, the team treated more than 3700 victims and cleared approximately 430 buildings. In this rescue mission, 10 experienced medical officers (including nine doctors and a nurse) from the General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force (PAP) comprised the medical team of CISAR. In this report, we focus on the medical rescues by CISAR and discuss the characteristics of the medical rescue in Nepal. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:536–538)
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Subedi, Shiva, Guna Nidhi Sharma, Sagar Dahal, Megha Raj Banjara, and Basu Dev Pandey. "The Health Sector Response to the 2015 Earthquake in Nepal." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 12, no. 4 (May 2, 2018): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2017.112.
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ABSTRACTIn April 2015, Nepal experienced an earthquake of a magnitude of 7.6 on the Richter scale that resulted in deaths, morbidities, and infrastructure damage. In the post-earthquake period, 4 different workshops and a national “Lessons Learnt” conference were organized to assess the adequacy of the preparedness and response of the health sector. This article summarizes the main conclusions of these discussions relating to leadership, timely search and rescue, referral operations, medical relief to response activities, awareness campaigns, and support from the national and international levels, and epidemiological surveillance. The earthquake response was channeled through rapid response teams that spanned from the community level to the central level via a cluster coordination approach. Overall, the health sector’s response was concluded to be largely satisfactory because it focused not only on emergency medical care, but also on the resumption of basic health services and preventive health care (eg, hygiene, risk communication) equally. Post-disaster disease outbreak did not occur because effective surveillance and outbreak monitoring was one of the priority actions. However, services related to birthing centers, neonatal services, and vaccinations were impeded in some rural areas. Some weaknesses in planning, coordination, and management were also noted. The lessons learned can provide the impetus to strengthen future preparedness and response mechanisms. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:543–547)
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van der Geest, Kees, and Markus Schindler. "Brief communication: Loss and damage from a catastrophic landslide in Nepal." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 11 (November 8, 2016): 2347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2347-2016.
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Abstract. This brief communication reports key findings of a recent piece of research that studied the impacts of the 2014 Jure landslide in Sindhupalchok (Nepal) and the effectiveness of household preventive and coping measures. The people-centered methods reveal not just what was lost in the disaster, but also how and why. A key finding of the household survey is that households in higher income groups incurred higher losses in monetary terms, simply because they had more to lose. By contrast, lower-income households lost more in relative terms: the value of their losses amounted to 14 times their annual earnings. Many lower-income households will never fully recover from this blow to their livelihoods and wellbeing. The findings have important implications for discussions on loss and damage valuation, compensation and relief.
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Lee, Kangeui, So Hee Lee, Taejin Park, and Ji-yeon Lee. "Stressors of Korean Disaster Relief Team Members during the Nepal Earthquake Dispatch: a Consensual Qualitative Research Analysis." Journal of Korean Medical Science 32, no. 3 (2017): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.3.507.
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Chauhan, Ashutosh, and Bhushan Kumar Chopra. "Deployment of Medical Relief Teams of the Indian Army in the Aftermath of the Nepal Earthquake: Lessons Learned." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 11, no. 3 (December 29, 2016): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.146.
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AbstractIn April 2015 a 7.8-magnitude earthquake hit Nepal. As part of relief operations named Operation Maitri, the Indian Armed Forces deployed 3 field hospitals in the disaster zone. Rapid deployment of mobile surgical teams to far-flung, inaccessible areas was done by helicopters. In an operational deployment spanning 1 month, a total of 7532 patients were treated and 105 surgeries were carried out on 83 patients. One-fifth of the patients were less than 18 years of age. One-third of the patients had traumatic injuries directly attributable to the earthquake, whereas the remaining patients were treated for diseases of poor sanitation and hygiene as well as chronic illness that had been neglected owing to the collapse of the local health infrastructure. Cases of traumatic injuries directly related to the earthquake were seen maximally on the 5th day after the index event but tapered off rapidly by the 10th day. Nontraumatic illness required more attention thereafter and a need was felt for separate child health and reproductive health services later in the mission. Although immediate management of injuries and surgical intervention in selected cases was possible, ensuring long-term care and rehabilitation of cases proved problematic. This was especially so for spinal injury cases. Data capturing by a paper-based system was found to be inadequate. The lessons learned from this mission have led to a reimagining of the composition of future relief operations. Apart from mobile surgical teams, on which conventional field hospitals are generally centered, a separate section for preventive medicine and child and maternal services is needed. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:394–398)
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Wolbers, Jeroen, Julie Ferguson, Peter Groenewegen, Femke Mulder, and Kees Boersma. "Two Faces of Disaster Response: Transcending the Dichotomy of Control and Collaboration during the Nepal Earthquake Relief Operation." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 34, no. 3 (November 2016): 419–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072701603400304.
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In the aftermath of the devastating earthquakes in Nepal, a large scale humanitarian response was launched. We studied the response operation four weeks after the last quake, using participant observations and interviews. Our findings indicate that the response operation was characterized by two faces: control and collaboration. These are rooted in governance models of chaos, command and control, versus continuity, coordination and collaboration. Using the case of Kathmandu Living Labs, we show how during the first phase of the response formal humanitarian organizations gradually pushed aside important grassroots initiatives. In the second phase, we analyse how the government sought to take control of the response by formally ending the relief phase, having regained itself after the shock of the first impact. Drawing on these results, we theorize consequences for network governance, and identify a new governance mode that transcends the dichotomy between control and collaboration: net-centric governance.
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Paudel, Jiwan. "The Role of Military Diplomacy in Nepal’s Foreign Policy." Unity Journal 3, no. 01 (March 6, 2022): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v3i01.43324.
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Military diplomacy is the exploitation of a range of military resources, both bilaterally and multilaterally, to create favorable and cooperative ties with foreign nations in a pacific manner. Mutual security pacts, defense assistance, intelligence sharing, anti-piracy missions, joint military drills, communications assistance, disaster-relief missions, and high-level engagements between senior military hierarchies comprise military diplomacy. Military diplomacy aims to fill in the gaps, when needed, to help its parent nation respond to the challenges and complexity of disruptive, fast changing, strife-torn geopolitical circumstances while working in tandem with other state instruments. Nepal Army’s intense experiences in jungle and mountain warfare’s, tactical operations, and its redoubtable military training exercises have been employed to develop vibrant bilateral relations. The compelling military diplomacy of Nepal Army with foreign nations led to unstinting support and assistance in garnering essentials during the devastating earthquake and COVID-19 situation. Peacekeeping force should be prioritized to enhance foreign policy and seek to direct Foreign Direct Investment to Nepal. Appointment of military attaché to the nations having bilateral relations with Nepal, hosting of cultural and sports meet, high altitude training etc. would strengthen bilateral military relation along with improved foreign policies. The first part of this paper explores the role of Nepalese military diplomacy in Nepal’s foreign policy with Britain, India, China and United Nation in various time periods followed by second part focusing on SWOT analysis, possible counsels for better diplomacy and future prospects. This paper is framed with doctrinal methodology wherein primary data were collected from statues, seminar brochures, research and review papers, interview of current and ex-Nepal Army officer and Ministry of defense reports whereas secondary data sources used for the study are legal prodigals, treaties, encyclopedia, newspaper, reports, and bona fide information
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Timalsina, Krishna Prasad, and Bhim Prasad Subedi. "Open Space Implications in Urban Development: Reflections in Recent Urban Planning Practices in Nepal." Journal of Geographical Research 5, no. 2 (April 27, 2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v5i2.4544.
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Open space has various implications in urban development planning and has been integrated in recent urban planning approaches and practices in Nepal. The open spaces are not only important for (re)shaping the urban form but are also important for enhancing urban social life and disaster risk management, particularly for dense cities. As most of the cities in Nepal have been growing haphazardly, the cities lack sufficient open space. However, the value of open space in dense cities like Kathmandu has been recognized more after the Gorkha Earthquake 2015 as the open spaces were extensively used for risk relief, treatment, recovery, and rehabilitation during and after the earthquake. With this background, this paper presents the major planning initiatives in Nepal and discusses how recent urban plans have provisioned and initiated open spaces development by reviewing concurrent urban planning practices, particularly reviewing Periodic Plans, Integrated Urban Development Plan, Smart City Plan, and Land Development Plan. The development of open areas has not been given much attention in the earlier urban planning practice but recent urban development planning has emphasized with a special focus which is very important for sustainable and safer city development and is expected to address the current bulging urban issues of spatiality and sociability. Therefore, it is very important for integrating open space implications in city planning and such open space should be conceptualized according to the city’s geography, landscape as well as socio-cultural contexts.
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Maharjan, Shree Kumar, Keshav Lall Maharjan, and Dharma Raj Dangol. "Local level socio-economic impacts and responses to the earthquakes-2015: A case of Kirtipur Municipality." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v6i1.22563.
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The series of earthquakes and aftershocks affect Nepal in 2015. However, very few studies were carried out to assess and analyze the local-level impacts and responses. The present study focuses on impacts and responses to earthquakes in the Kirtipur Municipality based on secondary data and primary information generated from the open-ended questions to the purposively selected samples. Higher number of human casualties was observed among the elderly and children, but no such difference in terms of gender. The wards in core areas, particularly in Panga and Chovar, were affected the most because of century old houses without any disaster resistant technologies. The social bonding and cohesion were strongly observed during rescue and relief phases. The separated families united during the first two phases whereas the united families separated to nuclear families in recovery and reconstruction phases. The major reasons were main political transition, lack of financial resources and social factors.
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Ho, ML, JZ Lim, MZ Tan, WL Kok, JR Zhang, MY Tan, and AC Tan. "Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief mission by a tripartite medical team led by the Singapore Armed Forces after the 2015 Nepal earthquake." Singapore Medical Journal 57, no. 8 (August 2016): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2016132.
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Guy, P. J., N. Ineson, R. Bailie, and A. Grimwood. "Operation Nightingale: The Role of BMH Dharan Following the 1988 Nepal Earthquake, and Some Observations on Third World Earthquake Disaster Relief Missions." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 136, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-136-01-02.
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Bhuju, Gajendra Bahadur, Kumud Kumar Kafle, Radha Raman Prasad, Vabha Rajbhandari, Gorkha Bahadur DC, Shiba Bahadur Karkee, Bimal Man Shrestha, and Praful Pradhananga. "Pattern of Medicine Prescribing in PHC Facilities before and after earthquake in Nepal." Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital 20, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v20i1.28552.
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Introduction: On April and May 2015, Nepal experienced two earthquakes. Many studies have focused on acute care delivery, disease outbreaks, mental health issues, and disaster relief post-earthquakes. Few others have looked at psychiatric medication prescription and health aid distribution pattern, only one study has addressed the effects of an earthquake on medication prescribing patterns and compared them to the post earthquake setting. This paper aims to examine common health problems and prescribing practices before and after the earthquake.
Methods: This descriptive retrospective study was conducted within seven randomly selected health posts (HPs) located in the three most earthquake-affected districts of Bhaktapur, Kathmandu and Dhading. The patient records per month from each HP were selected from the out patient department (OPD) register by systematic random sampling for three months prior and three months after the earthquake. There were 584 and 654 encounters in the pre and post earthquake period respectively. Each patient record was analysed using WHO drug use indicators and national treatment guidelines.
Results: A significant decrease in encounters receiving antibiotics and cases receiving albendazole alone in worm infestation was found in the post-earthquake period. A significant increase in prescribing antibiotics in cases of common cold was found.
Conclusions: The common health problems were similar in both periods. However, prescribing practices were changed. As prescriptions related to mental health problems were lacking, there is a need for improving mental health education to the health workers.
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Bhakta Bhandari, Roshan. "Social capital in disaster risk management; a case study of social capital mobilization following the 1934 Kathmandu Valley earthquake in Nepal." Disaster Prevention and Management 23, no. 4 (July 29, 2014): 314–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-06-2013-0105.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how social capital operated in the lives of 15 respondents from Lalitpur following the massive 1934 Kathmandu Valley earthquake. Based on experiences of the survivors, it attempts to understand how individuals and families utilized their social capital in the aftermath of the earthquake, and rebuild their lives and communities. Design/methodology/approach – This is a qualitative study based on non-structured interviews and discussions with disaster victims on their own locality. Following Padgett's (2008) grounded theory approach, flexible method of data collection is adopted through interactions with respondents and following up on important cues or patterns as additional data emerged. Findings – Participants described a process through which they relied on bonding, bridging and linking social capital in different stages of earthquake response and recovery. Close ties or bonding social capital were important for immediate support, but bridging and linking social capital offered pathways to longer term survival and wider neighbourhood and community revitalization. This paper also discusses how social capital inclusion in pre-disaster communities might be helpful to strengthen their response capacity. Research limitations/implications – As the study participants were less than ten years old when the earthquake happened, they might have omitted or overlooked some important details about the event. The findings are based not only on participant's own memories, but they also shared stories told by their parents which were the indirect experiences. Practical implications – This study indicates the potential value and need for including bonding, bridging and linking social capital and traditional social networks in disaster planning. A key outcome related to disaster policy would be what institutional condition or combinations of different dimensions of social capital may serve the public for better disaster response and recovery. Originality/value – This study has paid attention to how social capital might be useful in disaster risk reduction both in post-disaster phase and in pre-disaster condition which may be rare in disaster studies. It also provides an insight into how community-based disaster management can take into account pre-existing social systems and traditional social networks to build local capacities.
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Sahu, Sabin, Tshering Wangchuk Bhutia, Varun Shrestha, Tejsu Malla, and Sanjay Kumar Singh. "SPECTRUM OF OCULAR DISEASES IN AFTERMATH OF MONSOON FLOOD IN NEPAL." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 9, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54530/jcmc.61.
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Background: Floods are common global natural disasters that occur occasionally in Nepal. Numerous environmental damages and health impacts are known to occur due to direct effect of flooding. There are limited studies reporting the ocular diseases after the event of floods using a large population data. We aimed to present the spectrum of flood-related ocular diseases after monsoon flood in Nepal using a community-based database.
Methods: A descriptive, cross sectional study design was used to collect the data from diagnostic screening and treatment camps organized in flood-affected areas between one to three weeks after the monsoon flood in Nepal. The data was analyzed using the excel sheet and the results were presented in frequency and percentage in the frequency distribution tables.
Results: The children and elderly constituted majority of patients. Females constituted 54% while males were 46% of the total patients presenting at the camps. The incidence of infective ocular diseases was 23.8% and that of traumatic ocular injuries was 6.2% of total ocular diseases. Acute conjunctivitis was the most common infective ocular disease (21.1%) followed by keratitis (2.7%). Corneal abrasions (1.4%), subconjunctival hemorrhage (1.1%) and lid ecchymosis (0.7%) were common clinical diagnosis following traumatic ocular injury.
Conclusions: The infective ocular diseases and traumatic ocular injuries are common flood-related ocular diseases seen within one to three weeks after flood receded. The knowledge of these expected ocular morbidities may help for proper planning and organization of such relief camps. Early diagnosis and treatment of these diseases can reduce the ocular morbidities.
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Sahu, Sabin, Tshering Wangchuk Bhutia, Varun Shrestha, Tejsu Malla, and Sanjay Kumar Singh. "Spectrum of ocular diseases in aftermath of monsoon flood in Nepal." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 9, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v9i4.26904.
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Background: Floods are common global natural disasters that occur occasionally in Nepal. Numerous environmental damages and health impacts are known to occur due to direct effect of flooding. There are limited studies reporting the ocular diseases after the event of floods using a large population data. We aimed to present the spectrum of flood-related ocular diseases after monsoon flood in Nepal using a community-based database.
Methods: A descriptive, cross sectional study design was used to collect the data from diagnostic screening and treatment camps organized in flood-affected areas between one to three weeks after the monsoon flood in Nepal. The data was analyzed using the excel sheet and the results were presented in frequency and percentage in the frequency distribution tables.
Results: The children and elderly constituted majority of patients. Females constituted 54% while males were 46% of the total patients presenting at the camps. The incidence of infective ocular diseases was 23.8% and that of traumatic ocular injuries was 6.2% of total ocular diseases. Acute conjunctivitis was the most common infective ocular disease (21.1%) followed by keratitis (2.7%). Corneal abrasions (1.4%), subconjunctival hemorrhage (1.1%) and lid ecchymosis (0.7%) were common clinical diagnosis following traumatic ocular injury.
Conclusions: The infective ocular diseases and traumatic ocular injuries are common flood-related ocular diseases seen within one to three weeks after flood receded. The knowledge of these expected ocular morbidities may help for proper planning and organization of such relief camps. Early diagnosis and treatment of these diseases can reduce the ocular morbidities.
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Shrestha, Suraj, Gaurav Thakur, Jayanti Gautam, Namoona Acharya, Meena Pandey, and Jiban Shrestha. "Desert locust and its management in Nepal: a review." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v4i1.33197.
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Locusts are among the most dangerous agricultural pests. They are a group of short horned grasshoppers belonging to Acrididae family and are hemimetabolous insects. This group of grasshoppers have a unique character of changing habits and behaviors when they aggregate in a group and this habit is catalyzed by different environmental factors. In the adult stage, gregarious locusts migrate from one place to another in a swarm. Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forksal), is one of those locusts which cause damage to different types of crop which fly in the direction of wind up to a distance of 150 km. Because of polyphagous feeding habits and swarming in a plague (large group of adults), this pest is considered as the hazardous migratory pest. These pests entered Nepal for the first time in 1962 and then in 1996. In 2020 the pest entered the country from India on three different dates 27th June and continued till 29th (5 districts), 12th July (1 district), and 16th July (2 districts). The swarms migrated to 53 districts and caused the considerable loss in agricultural and field crop in 1118 hectare. These pests are monitored on the basis of environmental factors and many tools and practices such as eLocust3, SMELLS (Soil Moisture for Desert Locust Early Survey), P-locust and SUPARCO Disaster Watch Desert Locust Situation Alert are being used. Their control is critical to food security. Many tools and techniques are integrated for prevention and management of these pests to minimize damage in the existing crops where they migrate. These are physical methods, cultural methods, use of botanicals, green muscle, PAN (phenylacetonitrile) and chemicals. Effective preventive management strategy relies on an improved knowledge of the pest biology, more efficient monitoring and control techniques.
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Ali, Arshad, Ghazala Nosheen, and K. A. Khan. "The Unforgettable Indus River Flood-2010: A Review." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 9 (November 24, 2012): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v9i0.7073.
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Floods are the unannounced natural disasters that destroy both lives and infrastructures. In July 2010 a huge and unpredictable flood struck Pakistan, especially the catchment area of the River Indus, extending from the north part of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa (KPK) Province south to the Arabian Sea. The top five rainfall intensities recorded at Risalpur, Islamabad, Murree, Cherat and Ghari Dopatta were 415mm, 394mm, 373mm, 372mm and 346mm, respectively. The Indus Flood-2010 affected nearly 20 million people spreading over 36 districts of the country. The death toll recorded was nearly 1,800 persons. More than 10 million people were subjected to contaminated drinking water. The destruction to cotton, rice, sugar cane, and animal fodder was recorded as 3,000 km2, 800 km2, 800 km2, and 1000 km2, respectively. And about five hundred thousand tons of wheat was destroyed. The Indus Flood of 2010 caused an estimated 43 billion US dollar loss to Pakistan and adversely affected its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It brought on both the financial crises and socio-political concerns (such as infiltration of the Taliban in the form of a relief supporter). Though this flood has left everlasting impacts on the people of Pakistan, they could be better handled if the government and relief agencies were more determined, honest and committed.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v9i0.7073 Hydro Nepal Vol.9 July 2011 48-51
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Baharmand, Hossein, Tina Comes, and Matthieu Lauras. "Supporting group decision makers to locate temporary relief distribution centres after sudden-onset disasters: A case study of the 2015 Nepal earthquake." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 45 (May 2020): 101455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101455.
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Karki, Jeevan, Steve Matthewman, and Jesse Hession Grayman. "Rahat-Sahayog (relief support): examining disaster emergency response in the aftermath of the Nepal Earthquake 2015." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, October 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-06-2022-0126.
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PurposeThis paper aims to critically examine the post-disaster emergency response amongst marginalised and disadvantaged social groups following the 2015 Nepal Earthquake (7.8 Mw).Design/methodology/approachA qualitative research method was employed by conducting interviews with disaster survivors from marginalised and ethnic social groups, humanitarian aid workers and government officials in the four districts worst hit by the 2015 Nepal Earthquake.FindingsThis research found that community members demonstrated remarkable cooperation in the aftermath of the disaster; however, caste-based discrimination still manifested in post-earthquake emergency environments. Further, this research showed that the engagement of government and local and international humanitarian organisations was noteworthy in the earthquake emergency response in Nepal as it localised relief packages and adapted the assistance corresponding to the fast-changing post-disaster environments. However, some relief materials were culturally inappropriate and climatically unsuitable. This paper also shows that the poor dissemination of relief distribution plans, resource duplication and ineffective targeting disproportionately impacted the oppressed and marginalised households in receiving humanitarian assistance.Originality/valueStudies have been undertaken on the emergency response to the 2015 Nepal Earthquake, however, few have focussed on the lived experience of marginalised and disadvantaged social groups. Further, this research builds on, and contributes to, the humanitarian mobile sovereignty discourse.