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1
Drennan, Lex, Jim McGowan, and Anne Tiernan. "Integrating Recovery within a Resilience Framework: Empirical Insights and Policy Implications from Regional Australia." Politics and Governance 4, no. 4 (December 28, 2016): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v4i4.741.
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Within Australia’s federal system, responsibility for preventing, preparing for, responding to and recovering from natural disasters is shared between the three tiers of government. Intergovernmental policy and funding arrangements are premised on shared responsibility and aim to foster individual, business and community resilience. These arrangements underpin Australia’s international reputation for effectiveness in its management of natural disasters. The capacity of the diverse networks that comprise the disaster management system to coordinate and deliver in the preparedness and response phases of a disaster, and to provide relief in the immediate aftermath, has been developed over time and tested and refined through the experience of frequent, severe disaster events over recent decades. Less well developed is the system’s ability to support economic recovery in disaster-affected communities over the longer term. This paper presents case studies of regional communities affected by two of Australia’s most expensive and deadly natural disasters—the 2009 Victorian bushfires and the cyclones and floods that struck the state of Queensland in 2010–2011. It highlights significant gaps in policy and funding arrangements to support recovery and offers lessons for aligning recovery within a resilience framework.
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Riak PhD, Gabriel Alier, and Dut Bol Ayuel Bill. "GOVERNMENT POLICY." IJRDO - Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 8, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/sshr.v8i11.5389.
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Government policy define as an argues that the role of institutions needs to be recognized in resilience building because, while the technical aspects of mitigation measures are important, their acceptance by the institutions should not be underestimated. In Uganda for example operating outside the disaster management policy and established institutions during disaster relief may be disastrous to a particular organization or individual Ekotu, (2012). Fatemeh, (2011) argues for a synergy whereby civic engagement should serve to strengthen state institutions and where effective state institutions create an environment in which civic engagement is more likely to thrive. Government policy has the following attributes, Efficiency, Impact, Effectiveness and Relevance (Brooks, 2011).
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Winarni, Luh Nila, Cokorde Istri Dian Laksmi Dewi, Anak Agung Gde Raka, and Ni Putu Tirka Widanti. "The Legal Politic in Countermeasure the Crime in Funding and Management of Disaster Assistance." Sociological Jurisprudence Journal 4, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/scj.4.1.2265.31-38.
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Indonesian geographical, geological and hydrological regions are disaster-prone areas. Disaster-prone is the geological, biological, hydrological, climatological, geographical, social, cultural, political, economic and technological conditions or characteristics of a region for a certain period of time that reduce the ability in preventing, reducing, achieving readiness, and reduce the ability to respond to adverse impacts of certain hazards. People's behavior that damages the environment also tends to increase the number of disasters. Seeing such conditions, the government has compiled a policy to allocate budgets for pre-disaster, during emergency response, and post-disaster development. This government policy is also supported by the contributions of community in providing disaster relief. A bad disaster management system can be a gap to commit criminal acts against funds and disaster relief. In this study, two issues will be discussed, namely legal politics in funding and managing disaster relief and the legal consequences of criminal acts in funding and management of disaster relief. The legal politics in disaster relief funding and management are outlined in The Act Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management and Republic of Indonesia Government Regulation Number 22 of 2008 concerning Funding and Management of Disaster Assistance. The legal consequences of criminal acts of funding and management of disaster assistance are criminal penalties ranging from imprisonment, fines, or capital punishment
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HEALY, ANDREW, and NEIL MALHOTRA. "Myopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy." American Political Science Review 103, no. 3 (August 2009): 387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055409990104.
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Do voters effectively hold elected officials accountable for policy decisions? Using data on natural disasters, government spending, and election returns, we show that voters reward the incumbent presidential party for delivering disaster relief spending, but not for investing in disaster preparedness spending. These inconsistencies distort the incentives of public officials, leading the government to underinvest in disaster preparedness, thereby causing substantial public welfare losses. We estimate that $1 spent on preparedness is worth about $15 in terms of the future damage it mitigates. By estimating both the determinants of policy decisions and the consequences of those policies, we provide more complete evidence about citizen competence and government accountability.
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Iskandar, Jusman, Ummu Salamah, and Nonah Patonah. "Policy Implementation in Realizing the Effectiveness of Disaster Management." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.29 (May 22, 2018): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13815.
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A natural disaster is an undesirable event and it can happen anytime. The government should be present to decrease the consequences of natural disaster, so it is necessary to make public policy and coordination between government agencies to handle a natural disaster. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of the implementation of disaster management policy towards coordination between regional work units in realizing the effectiveness of disaster management. The research methodology used is a quantitative method with path analysis technique. The research was conducted in Regional Disaster Relief Agency of Garut District (Indonesia) with 73 respondents. The results showed that the disaster management policy has a positive and significant effect on the coordination between regional work units in realizing the effectiveness of disaster management. The research finding showed that the good implementation of policy can be performed through improving coordination between Regional Work Units to realize the effectiveness of disaster management.
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Li, Zhichao, and Xihan Tan. "Revitalization of Trust in Local Government after Wenchuan Earthquake: Constraints and Strategies." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 4030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114030.
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Government trust is an important manifestation of the legitimacy of government, which can reduce the cost of recovery policy implementation and improve the efficiency of reconstruction after natural hazards. Local government is the main force of post-disaster reconstruction in China. The villagers’ trust in local government plays an important role in post-disaster reconstruction. Therefore, enhancing the villagers’ trust in local government will greatly benefit the resilience of post-disaster reconstruction and the sustainable development of the disaster area. Through analyzing the data collected from a three-year (2009–2012) follow-up survey in Wenchuan after it was struck by an earthquake, we found that villagers’ trust toward the local government witnessed a significant decline. Low fairness in policy implementation, dense networks, and particularistic trust were the constraints that hindered the revitalization of trust in the local government. However, the economic improvement had no impact on the “trust in local government”. These results suggest that post-disaster recovery should involve more than the reconstruction of the economic performance, such as the fairness of policy implementation and the relief of negative effects of villagers’ social networks. Only when considering all of these factors will the sustainability of trust in local government be promoted and the reconstruction efficiency be enhanced in the process of disaster recovery.
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Samudro, Eko G., I. Dewa Ketut Kerta Widana, Adi Subiyanto, and Ersha Mayori. "Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief in the perspective of Indonesia Defense Policy." Technium Social Sciences Journal 27 (January 8, 2022): 589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v27i1.5344.
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The development and progression in humankind’s understanding of the world and life, ensured a continuous evolution in the response to events threatening our livelihoods. Humankind also developed techniques to deal with natural hazards, either by aiming to contain the forces of nature, or by altering human own behavior. The humanitarian assistance and disaster relief are crucially important in order to protect the nations. This research employed literature review method. The results showed that every nation should prepare and manage their capabilities in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR), both in protection for own countries or in providing aids for the others. Military Operation Other Than War (MOOTW) does not involve the use or threat of violence but prioritizes the provision of HADR. In MOOTW, military forces synergize with other institutions/organizations, especially those related to diplomacy, economy, government, even politics and religion. Moreover, in handling disasters, especially in Indonesia, the combination between civilians and the military is crucial in realizing Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) and Civil-Military Coordination (CMCoord). Under certain mechanism, the military power is only used to support civilian institution in HADR.
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Daniels, R. Steven, and Carolyn L. Clark-Daniels. "Vulnerability Reduction and Political Responsiveness: Explaining Executive Decisions in U.S. Disaster Policy during the Ford and Carter Administrations*." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 20, no. 2 (August 2002): 225–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072700202000209.
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Decision-making by elected executives on disaster policy reflects comprehensive vulnerability management, political responsiveness to the media, political negotiation, and intergovernmental conflict. If vulnerability reduction is a significant influence, executive decisions should reflect political and social vulnerability and self-sufficiency. If political responsiveness influences disaster decisions, executive decisions should also reflect media coverage, proximity to elections, and decisions at other levels of government. The data set included 293 major disaster requests between 1974 and 1981. The analysis used multiple regression and logistic regression. Vulnerability reduction had an impact on aid decisions. Political responsiveness affected most decisions on disaster relief. The Ford administration was more sensitive to both responsiveness and vulnerability than the Carter administration. Overall, nationalization of disaster assistance has made the achievement of vulnerability management more difficult. The absence of minimum criteria has increased the discretion of executive choice.
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Wang, Yung-Chieh, Shyang-Woei Lin, and Chun-Hung Lee. "Conducting an Evaluation Framework for Disaster Management under Adaptive Organization Change in a School System." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 15, 2020): 6615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166615.
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This long-term study established a sustainable and resilient framework for enhancing organizational capacity and adaptability, based on adaptive thinking, for a school disaster prevention system (SDPS) for academic institutions located in a potential natural disaster area. Due to the movement of continental plates and the effects of tropical depressions, disasters occur frequently in Taiwan. We established a conceptual framework under aspects of organizational resilience for a SDPS for school institutions located in a potential disaster area under a choice experiment (CE) framework. We then evaluated the heterogeneity of staff perspectives on an adaptive disaster-mitigation program, as revealed by their preferences and estimated the marginal effects associated with various potential scenarios for such a program. We found that integrating stakeholder concerns about environmental issues, cooperating with local government drills, providing training to be disaster relief volunteers and cooperating with local government to implement disaster-prevention and protection projects were all valid program characteristics. This study also confirmed the existence of heterogeneity in the preferences of participants for adaptive management in SDPS context, as evidenced by their willing attitudes toward participation in education and training courses, participation in implementing disaster prevention and protection projects and undergoing training to be disaster relief volunteers. Specifically, the potential disaster prevention transformation program embodying these features was associated with the highest marginal willingness to work (MWTW). These outcomes can assist in the development and implementation of evaluation frameworks for organization-based management strategies in the context of SDPS.
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PALTEMAA, LAURI. "Serve the City! Urban disaster governance in Tianjin city 1958–1962." Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 4 (February 24, 2015): 1143–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x14000079.
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AbstractUsing new archival materials, internal publications, and gazetteers as its sources, this article studies the conduct of disaster governance in Tianjin city during the Great Leap Forward famine from 1958–1962. The city was organizationally well able to implement disaster relief efforts, and early on it took a number of measures to control and mitigate the food crisis that began in the city in early 1959. However, Maoist campaign-based disaster management could not work well when other campaigns were prioritized in its stead. Lacking central sanction for a major disaster relief effort, city leaders resorted to strategies that prioritized its residents over suburban peasants and outsiders. The city actively sought resources from outside while trying to prevent their outward flows. The city's own production of vegetables must not be overlooked as one of the reasons for better survival rates among urban residents, but even this policy was hampered by other Great Leap Forward initiatives. In the case of Tianjin, urban disaster governance of the famine was inward-looking and, at the same time, constrained and reliant on the central government.
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Tokareva, E. A. "FEARURES AND PROBLEMS OF NATURAL HAZARDS INSURANCE MARKET." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(33) (December 28, 2013): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-6-33-127-133.
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The article deals with characteristics and problems of world natural hazards insurance market. Special attention in this article is paid to activity of direct and indirect participants of the market: policy holders, insurance intermediaries, insurers, reinsurers, companies of construction industry and real estate, banks and other financial institutions, investors, rating agencies, Government. The article underlines the importance of adequate natural hazard risks assessment. The article describes factors that influence demand and supply aspects on the market. The supply is constrained by insurer’s and reinsurer’s capacity and the willingness of investors to finance natural hazard insurance market. Low interest of potential policy holders to buy natural hazard insurance is explained mainly by practice of post-disaster government relief programs. As insurance component increases in natural disaster compensation schemes, moral hazard decreases, but adverse selection goes up.
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Islam, Mohammad Tarikul, and Mohammad Rezaul Karim. "Disaster Management, Development and Sustainability Nexus." Bangladesh Journal of Public Administration 30, no. 3 (December 22, 2022): 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36609/bjpa.v30i3.378.
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Undeniably, disaster management certainly cuts across different aspects and sectors of sustainable development. Without implementation, policy frameworks for sustainable disaster management are a meaningless exercise that will impose float-up answers on top-down interpretations. Therefore, this effort will uncover the level of enforcement of legal obligations as well as the level of implementation of disaster management activities by the relevant disaster management institutions. National policy and strategies for integration of DRR in emergency preparedness, response and recovery programmes in the light of national level policies pertaining to the DRR for the reconstruction of affected communities are still remain challenge for the Government of Bangladesh to accelerate the paradigm shift from the relief culture to the DRR culture. Rural development has been identified as all efforts to improve the livelihoods of rural people such as change in rural productivity, employment opportunities, income and wealth distribution, social structure and social mobility, resource management, access to information, rural people's strength, health and education and so on. The success of rural development has been broadly measured by these changes and disaster management issues have been set aside.investment and sustainable development are under great threat due to frequent disasters. It is true that we need to work more diligently to reduce the risk of disasters. In line with the policy framework, this study also aims to assess the viewpoint on how political economy influence the government of Bangladesh on governance and institutional strengthening to help identify obstructions and opportunities for mainstreaming Disaster Management into development and how does governance work in the implementation of DM programmes in Bangladesh.
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Menghetti, Anita, and Jeff Drumtra. "Improving the U.S. Government's Humanitarian Response." Ethics & International Affairs 18, no. 2 (September 2004): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2004.tb00466.x.
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The Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) was created in 1964 to provide emergency nonfood humanitarian assistance in response to international crises and disasters, in order to save lives and alleviate human suffering and to reduce the economic impact of those disasters. The office operates under the overall mandate of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), which is to provide “economic, development and humanitarian assistance around the world in support of the foreign policy goals of the United States.”1 OFDA coordinates relief efforts for the U.S. government, and funds relief efforts by UN humanitarian agencies, private nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and other international organizations.
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Azad, M. Abul Kalam, M. Salim Uddin, Sabrina Zaman, and Mirza Ali Ashraf. "Community-based Disaster Management and Its Salient Features: A Policy Approach to People-centred Risk Reduction in Bangladesh." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 29, no. 2 (December 2019): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529119898036.
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The discourse of disaster management has undergone significant change in recent years, shifting from relief and response to disaster risk reduction (DRR) and community-based management. Organisations and vulnerable countries engaged in DRR have moved from a reactive, top-down mode to proactive, community-focused disaster management. In this article, we focus on how national disaster management policy initiatives in Bangladesh are implementing community-based approaches at the local level and developing cross-scale partnerships to reduce disaster risk and vulnerability, thus enhancing community resilience to disasters. We relied chiefly on secondary data, employing content analysis for reviewing documents, which were supplemented by primary data from two coastal communities in Kalapara Upazila in Patuakhali District. Our findings revealed that to address the country’s vulnerabilities to natural disasters, the Government of Bangladesh has developed and implemented numerous national measures and policies over the years with the aim of strengthening community-focused risk reduction, decentralising disaster management, developing cross-scale partnerships and enhancing community resilience. Communities are working together to achieve an all-hazard management goal, accepting ownership to reduce vulnerability and actively participating in risk-reduction strategies at multiple levels. Community-based disaster preparedness activities are playing a critical role in developing their adaptive capacity and resilience to disasters. Further policy and research are required for a closer examination of the dynamics of community-based disaster management, the role of local-level institutions and community organisations in partnerships and resilience building for successful disaster management.
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Ali, Amjad, Sher Muhammad Malik, and Mushtaq Ahmad Jan. "Ex Post Analysis of Disaster Recovery (Earthquake — 2005) in the Red Zones Region of Balakot, Pakistan." Global Regional Review IV, no. II (June 30, 2019): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-ii).26.
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The Balakot town and its surroundings were almost totally destroyed by Earthquake – 2005. The government has abandoned this town for residential purposes and declared as Red Zones Region. However, the government fully supported post disaster relief and restoration phases. The rehabilitation and reconstruction phases were carried out through community self-help-based system and partially supported by line agencies. This recovery is neither claimed by government nor desired by the community. It is the product of governments policy, interventions, local economic opportunities, and community self-help-based system. The present study will analyse each step of the recovery through study of the role of different stakeholders and its impacts on recovery process. All data sets are normalized and generalized with regression analysis. This study will generalize the complex process of recovery to reduce the risk of disasters.
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Nepal, Pashupati, Narendra Raj Khanal, and Bishnu Prasad Pangali Sharma. "Policies and Institutions for Disaster Risk Management in Nepal: A Review." Geographical Journal of Nepal 11 (April 3, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gjn.v11i0.19546.
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This paper is a review of policies for disaster risk management in Nepal and discusses the strengths, gaps and constraints of the same. Institutional and Legislative Systems (ILS) approach has been adopted focusing on three aspects: i) legal and regulatory frameworks, ii) policies and programs, and iii) organizational/institutional set-up. This paper concludes that newly endorsed Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act (2017) can be a milestone in disaster management of Nepal not only because it has replaced about 40 years old Natural Calamity (Relief) Act, 1982 but also for the first time, it saw disaster risk management as an process focusing on different stages of disaster management cycles, preparedness, response and rehabilitation and mitigation. The provision of well-structured functional institutional set-up from the centre to local level can have positive outcome in disaster management. However, it overlooks significant aspect, such as the declaration of disaster-prone zones limiting the right of provincial disaster management committee only for recommendation to the Government of Nepal. Most of policies, strategies and legislations focused on some specific disasters such as flood, landslide, earthquake and GLOF/avalanches at national level paying less emphasis to the local level. Even now, most of the policy interventions towards different cycles of disaster risk management have laid emphasis on preparedness and response rather than to rehabilitation and mitigation. The conflicting provisions in Acts such as Water Resource Act (1992) and Building Act (1998) with Local Government Operation Act (2017) have made overlapping of their roles and responsibilities. So, the policy formulation and institutional set-up needs to be complemented by the ability and competence to operationalize the intent of the relevant acts and policies at all levels of government.The Geographical Journal of NepalVol. 11: 1-24, 2018
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Jha, Ayan, Rivu Basu, and Atreyee Basu. "Studying Policy Changes in Disaster Management in India: A Tale of Two Cyclones." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 1 (October 19, 2015): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.116.
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AbstractObjectiveThe mainstay of India’s disaster management policy until the early 2000s had been relief and rescue operations. The Odisha Super Cyclone (1999) with 10,000 deaths and US $3 billion economic damage provided a rude awakening. Recognizing the importance of preemptive preparedness, the government initiated systematic steps to implement a national framework interlinking economic, environmental, and overall developmental issues for efficient response to and mitigation of disasters.MethodsWe attempted a critical analysis of this paradigm shift in India’s disaster management policy through the prism of 2 cyclones, 14 years apart in time.ResultsWith improved preparedness and response measures, the death toll in 2013 Cyclone Phailin was 0.5% and the economic loss was about one-third of that during 1999. Concomitant improvements in the technological expertise of the early warning system, an integrated approach at all levels of administration including joint planning with major nongovernmental organizations, and improved community participation were identified as game-changers. An unbelievable 1 million people were evacuated to safety.ConclusionsOur essay aims to highlight key steps in this success and calls for futuristic approaches like insurance programs and gender-sensitive recovery plans. With thorough scrutiny, India’s model may well stand to be replicated in resource-restricted settings. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:42-46)
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Shi, Yang Hang, Li Dan Yang, Chong Wu, De Hai Yu, and Jing Yu Xu. "Strategies on Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Mitigation in Rural." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 1105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.1105.
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Throughout history till today, earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation has been the eternal subject in engineering field. Security is the very premise for the subsistence and development of human beings. Entrusted with government correlation department, the examination of seismic safety and structural health diagnosis will be done in relation to the type, characteristic feature and damage, etc. of current masonry structure in Minnan District, which is in the spirit of “Emphasis on hedge against disaster relief”. According to current criteria as well as considering the actual situation of construction, various constructions will be evaluated scientifically by the on-the-spot survey, investigation, evaluation and analysis, from which get the various morbid state and principle of constructions in concordance with the differences of severity. On the other hand, in line with “rescuing” principle in order of importance and urgency, corresponding classification of disaster prevention and certain applicable and practical disposal ideas will be put forward in order to provide references for engineering practice and application as well as management and policy making for relevant department.
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Geng, Jiaxin, Hanping Hou, and Shaoqing Geng. "Optimization of Warehouse Location and Supplies Allocation for Emergency Rescue under Joint Government–Enterprise Cooperation Considering Disaster Victims’ Distress Perception." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 10560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910560.
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The location and allocation of emergency supplies are an important part of emergency rescue work. The existing emergency location and allocation process is inefficient, costly, and neglects the psychology of victims. To improve the emergency relief work and solve the current problems, this paper introduces the victims’ pain perception cost into the model, takes the lowest cost of the whole emergency rescue system as the goal, constructs a government–enterprise joint emergency material location–allocation model, and uses the simulated annealing algorithm to solve the model. This paper takes the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province as the background and verifies the validity and rationality of the model through a comparative analysis of case simulations. The results show that the model and algorithm can effectively solve the emergency supplies location–allocation problem considering the victims’ pain perception, reflecting the idea of human-centered sustainable development and providing support for building a sustainable emergency relief system.
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Chanza, Nelson, Pakama Q. Siyongwana, Leizel Williams-Bruinders, Veronica Gundu-Jakarasi, Chipo Mudavanhu, Vusomuzi B. Sithole, and Albert Manyani. "Closing the Gaps in Disaster Management and Response: Drawing on Local Experiences with Cyclone Idai in Chimanimani, Zimbabwe." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 11, no. 5 (July 27, 2020): 655–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00290-x.
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Abstract Cyclone Idai in Zimbabwe exposed deficiencies in the country’s disaster management system. This study uses a phenomenological case exploration of the experiences of local residents in Rusitu Valley following cyclone-induced floods that affected the area in March 2019. Through capturing narratives of participants who were recruited through chain referrals, the research intends to understand how local actors, utilizing their local-based response systems, managed to fill in the voids that characterize disaster management practice in Zimbabwe. Results show that the participation of local “heroes” and “Samaritans,” by deploying their social networks, norms, relationships, practices, and modest ingenuity, helped to speed up response times and minimize threats to lives and livelihoods. Documentation of the stories of local actors about their disaster experiences also gives a richer picture of the Cyclone Idai disaster. Although the community response system also facilitated the operation of external disaster management agencies, their premature withdrawal tended to weaken the trust and values existing in the area, and created tensions between the disaster-affected people and other villagers. Given the delays in formal responses by the government and other external relief agencies, the practices of local actors, although spontaneous and largely uncoordinated, offer rich insights into the design and development of disaster management regimes.
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De Vos, Pol, Wim De Ceukelaire, Mariano Bonet, and Patrick van der Stuyft. "Cuba's International Cooperation in Health: An Overview." International Journal of Health Services 37, no. 4 (October 2007): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.37.4.k.
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In the first years after Cuba's 1959 revolution, the island's new government provided international medical assistance to countries affected by natural disasters or armed conflicts. Step by step, a more structural complementary program for international collaboration was put in place. The relief operations after Hurricane Mitch, which struck Central America in 1998, were pivotal. From November 1998 onward, the “Integrated Health Program” was the cornerstone of Cuba's international cooperation. The intense cooperation with Hugo Chávez's Venezuela became another cornerstone. Complementary to the health programs abroad, Cuba also set up international programs at home, benefiting tens of thousands of foreign patients and disaster victims. In a parallel program, medical training is offered to international students in the Latin American Medical School in Cuba and, increasingly, also in their home countries. The importance and impact of these initiatives, however, cannot and should not be analyzed solely in public health terms.
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Sulaeman, Deserina, and Johan Sulaeman. "The Effect of Social Media on the Ethnic Dynamics in Donations to Disaster Relief Efforts." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 12305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912305.
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Efficient resource-sharing via private transfers among households during natural disasters serves to foster a more resilient society. This study explores the effect of social media on private donations from households to natural disaster relief efforts. The donation pattern in a popular charitable crowdfunding platform exhibits inter-ethnic dynamics: Campaigns initiated by Hispanic fundraisers receive disproportionately fewer donations and lower donation amounts from non-Hispanic donors, relative to Hispanic donors. Moreover, we document a novel finding that social media statements from a political figure (President Donald Trump) influence the dynamic of private transfers across households from different ethnic groups. This finding provides a salient consideration for policymakers and government officials regarding the effects of their actions on society’s resilience and sustainability.
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Cigler, Beverly A. "U.S. Floods." State and Local Government Review 49, no. 2 (June 2017): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x17731890.
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Floods are the costliest natural hazard events in the United States in terms of lives and property losses. The financial costs of flood disasters are unsustainable, especially for the national government, which assumes the most costs while state and local governments have the greatest ability to avoid great losses due to their influence over land use, economic policy, and other areas that can help mitigate floods and reduce the high costs of relief and recovery. This article summarizes the types, causes, and occurrence of floods in the United States and their unsustainable economic and social costs. It explains that the growing burden to taxpayers from disaster response and recovery has resulted in increased interest by national decision makers in shifting more disaster responsibilities and costs to state and local governments. The article reviews the broad tool kit of mitigation strategies available to local governments and their residents in taking greater responsibility for the impacts of flood events.
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Saha, Sebak Kumar, and Chris Ballard. "Cyclone Aila and Post-Disaster Housing Assistance in Bangladesh." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (August 2, 2021): 8604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158604.
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This paper examines the processes and outcomes of a post-disaster housing assistance program delivered by an NGO, Islamic Relief Bangladesh (ISRB), in one of the villages worst affected by Cyclone Aila in Bangladesh in 2009. The findings, based on both qualitative and quantitative data collected in the field, reveal that the selection of the most suitable beneficiaries for housing aid was subject to undue influence from both elected and unelected leaders. A broad tendency on the part of ISRB to deliver houses through a top-down approach left little room for meaningful consultation with local people. The recipients thus felt excluded and became passive recipients. Although ISRB adopted a ‘build back better’ principle in the delivery of the housing assistance, the capacity of the new houses to withstand a severe cyclone remains limited. Despite some unhappiness with the process through which the housing was delivered, and dissatisfaction with certain aspects of the houses, most recipients were satisfied overall as they would have been unable to build houses of the same quality by themselves due to their poverty. These findings should be of direct value for relevant government agencies, NGOs, and donor agencies in the future delivery of more successful outcomes in post-disaster contexts in Bangladesh and elsewhere.
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Zhao, Renjie, Shihu Zhong, and Aiping He. "Disaster Impact, National Aid, and Economic Growth: Evidence from the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2018): 4409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124409.
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How disasters have affected economic growth has often been a subject for economic debate, and empirical studies of the experience in China are clearly inadequate. Using the panel data from 181 county-level cities in Sichuan province from 2003 to 2013, this paper investigates the direct and dynamic effects of the Wenchuan earthquake disaster on economic growth, as well as how national rescue affected postdisaster economic recovery. The econometric results show that earthquakes significantly reduce real GDP in the affected areas after controlling for the national rescue variables, and this negative effect exists in the affected area over a long time. In addition, our empirical findings suggest that the postdisaster national rescue can promote economic recovery in the affected areas by increasing government expenditure, improving traffic conditions, and enhancing the urbanization process and the level of industrialization. Besides, state financial aid has no obvious effect on the development of tertiary industries and the accumulation of human capital in affected areas. These results were found to be robust after applying several approaches to alleviate the potential endogeneity problem. Findings in this study carry several important policy implications. As well as providing national rescue to promote postdisaster reconstruction, the government should also develop policies that will provide direct aid funding to tertiary industries and boost postdisaster economic reconstruction and human capital accumulation, thus improving the efficiency of relief funding and reducing the long-term adverse effects of the disaster on economic growth.
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Reis, Kimberley, Cheryl Desha, Sioux Campbell, and Prudence Liddy. "Working through Disaster Risk Management to Support Regional Food Resilience: A Case Study in North-Eastern Australia." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 2466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042466.
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As a consequence of disasters such as pandemics and severe weather events, Australian communities often face ‘food shortages’ resulting from the reduced availability of food and reduced access to available food. These food shortages can be acutely felt by vulnerable populations, comprising people in communities who are already dealing with social or economic disadvantages. Despite growing calls to ensure food access for everyone during and following disasters, efforts are still largely ad hoc, champion based and highly variable in their reliability and quality of supply. There is also a disconnect between disaster-related food relief and improving business continuity towards local economic resilience. This study sought to tackle these challenges by exploring how ‘local food access’ could be integrated within disaster management mechanisms, to support the most vulnerable and also contribute to local economic resilience. This paper discusses the findings of a study undertaken in Cairns, a north-eastern Australian regional authority, and involves a review of disaster management planning and policy artifacts, an online survey, and semi-structured interviews with stakeholders providing care and advocacy for vulnerable populations. Synthesizing the findings, we present a disaster-management-focused ‘Local Food Access Model’ that connects shorter food supply chains to improved disaster response, resilience and contingency-planning agendas. Applying this model to Cairns, we conclude the multiple benefits and immediate stakeholder readiness for a virtual (online) food resilience and contingency hub, to enable the connection of local food availability and access information within existing disaster management processes. The research method used, the model, and the case-specific findings provide government decision makers with a useful process, a local food-access schematic and a case study example to support immediate improvements in disaster resilience for vulnerable populations.
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Turi, Jamshid Ali, Hassan Basheer, Shahryar Sorooshian, and Sadia Shaikh. "CIVIL SOCIETY STRATEGIES AND PROJECTS IN FLOOD HIT AREA: A CASE OF PAKISTAN FLOOD AFFECTED AREAS." Journal of Governance and Integrity 2, no. 1 (November 29, 2018): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jgi.2.1.2018.5538.
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In the past few decades, the frequency of floods has increased in Pakistan. Climate change and poor policy-making and management system across the country is the main reason for the increasing floods in Pakistan. However, the role and potential of Civil Society has not been acknowledged by different stakeholders in disaster management. The aim of the study to explore the role of civil societies contributes to the flood-affected area also how their efforts can be more meaningful for the flood-affected communities. A quantitative study based on a questionnaire conducted in village Ghangwal. The study reveals that Civil Societies responses are quicker than the government response to the flood-affected areas. The major role of Civil Society is in rescue and recovery phases. However, in mitigation and rehabilitation phases the role is limited. The government can reduce the risks of floods if the Local Government system and coordinated efforts at all level are ensured. In the conclusion, the study identified four major areas where Civil Societies support the affected communities are civil society’s response is quicker and more immediate; rescue the affected people and nature of help extended by the civil societies; basic needs of the affected people so the need-based assessment was carried out to compensate and rehabilitate the prospective flood victims. Lastly, the study discovered the methods of distribution of relief-goods among the victims.
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Karki, Man Bahadur. "Robust Army Aviation in Nepal for Services to the Country, People and Organization." Unity Journal 2 (August 3, 2021): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v2i0.38818.
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Aviation is an essential mode of transport service because of the mountainous terrain in Nepal. Different parts of the country cannot be connected through a wide range of road network. Further, Nepal’s diverse geographical features, ranging from high hills to low wetlands appropriate airport transport. Nepal Army Aviation unit has immensely contributed to the organizational operational flights, emergency aerial rescue, relief, humanitarian services and nation’s development with the limited resources and infrastructure during its fifty–five years of journey in the air. After the adoption of liberal sky policy by the Government of Nepal in 1992, the private airlines commenced commercial air operations. Prior to this Nepal Airlines and Nepal Army Aviation unit were only the two entities operating inside the domestic airspace of Nepal. Despite the number of private air operators, there are still not enough and abundantly available air assets to fulfill all the requirements of air services especially in emergency aerial rescue, quick disaster response humanitarian assistance and relief flights in a short notice. Furthermore, there is a scope for the civil–military partnership in the civil aviation fi eld for the Nepal Army Aviation. This article, in efforts to make the Army Aviation agile, nimble and adoptable force multiplier for enhanced national security, examines its contributions in the service of country, people and organization as a state–owned institution with supports from secondary data.
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Sararit, Titaya, and Tamiyo Kondo. "Housing Renovation After the 2011 Thailand Flood in Ayutthaya." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0563.
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This study investigates characteristics of the damage to housing caused by the 2011 Thai flood and explores recovery processes. There are three research objectives. The first objective is to compile financial losses and support for residents affected by the 2011 flood. The second objective is to classify the types of reconstruction that residents chose to renovate their own homes. The third objective is to estimate residents’ capability for coping with future floods. Huntra, a sub district in Ayutthaya province, was chosen as the site for this study. The research results indicate that the disaster recovery budget provided by national government was too small, and was not enough for all of the reconstruction that the affected residents needed. Renovation that offers better protection against floods is classified into two groups. Type A is called elevated houses, in which the used spaces are elevated higher than before flood. Type B is called extended houses, in which the used spaces that are considered safe in a disaster are extended. Most residents could not afford this type of renovation. However, so far the most widely used option is painting the house in order to erase the watermark from the flood. In the three years since the flood occurred, residents have gained a greater awareness of flood evacuation; however, only a small number of residents decided to reconstruct their house using measures for flood protection. Flood relief policy that focuses on providing money for the affected homeowners has therefore not been successful. Our study suggests that the government should establish more systematic support, such as provision of construction materials or craftsmen/labor to communities or residents.
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Mironga, Anesu, and Maxwell Mironga. "A Critical Analysis of the Performance of Local Governments in Zimbabwe under the COVID-19 Pandemic." Advanced Journal of Social Science 10, no. 1 (May 6, 2022): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ajss.10.1.75-87.
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This paper examines the responses of urban local authorities in Zimbabwe to the COVID-19 pandemic because in the midst of a pandemic, local authorities are rightly positioned to minimise human cost, provide relief to communities and supply day to day service delivery. Specifically this study sought to undertake a critical analysis of the performance of local governments in Zimbabwe under the COVID-19 pandemic. The article reviews available literature and examples are drawn from three urban areas in Zimbabwe. The article notes that COVID-19 exacerbated a crisis that was already playing out in Zimbabwe and reveals that the local authorities were ill-prepared and ill-equipped to handle the pandemic and cannot handle a crisis, endemic or any catastrophic disaster. The paper further delves to looks at the lacklustre performance of urban local authorities and a major finding is that the central government policies have had a huge impact on the decline and free fall of urban local authorities’ service delivery. The key findings may be used to inform ongoing policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and improve future resilience.
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Maltais, D., M. Gibson, L. Hardy, S. Ruthe, and M. Balazs. "(P1-58) Frailty, Dementia and Disaster: An E-Learning Initiative for Health Care Providers." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11003906.
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Frailty, Dementia and Disaster: an e-learning initiative for Health care providers D. Maltais1, M. Gibson2, L. Hardy3, S. Ruthe4, 1University of Quebec, Chicoutimi 2St. Joseph's Health Care London, London 3Health and Social Services, Yukon Territory Government, Whitehorse 4Emergency Program, Corporation of the District of Oak Bay, Victoria, Canada.This poster describes the development, piloting, evaluation, and dissemination of the e-learning tool: “Frailty, Dementia and Disasters: What Health Care Providers Need to Know”. The purpose of the e-learning tool is to contribute to international efforts to reduce the disproportionate vulnerability of older adults in emergencies and disasters. Key literature on geriatric emergency preparedness and response issues, including the roles and responsibilities of health care providers, was identified and synthesized. Content was piloted in a facilitated workshop in Ontario. A Canada-wide health provider reference group provided feedback on the transition from a traditional powerpoint presentation to an e-learning format. The evaluation process included facilitated review of the tool by health care providers in two in-person workshops in each of Yukon and Quebec and in an independent review by health care providers in British Columbia (virtual). The learning objectives of the e-learning resource are to help health care providers, administrators and policy makers understand the: · disproportionate vulnerability of older adults who are frail and those who have dementia, in emergencies and disasters; · components of the emergency management cycle and how they apply to this target population; · best practice resources that can be used to improve emergency preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation; and · role of health care organizations and providers in emergency management for these older adults. The e-Learning tool is hosted with open access on www.dementiaknowledgebroker.ca (DKB), a platform facilitated by the CDRAKE - the knowledge exchange theme of the Canadian Dementia Knowledge TranslationNetwork (CDKTN).
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Ahmed, Nihal, Dilawar Khan, Judit Oláh, and József Popp. "A comparative study of the policy response to COVID-19 in the ASEAN region: A dynamic simulated ARDL approach." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 26, 2023): e0276973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276973.
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The COVID-19 epidemic is the most significant global health disaster of this century and the greatest challenge to humanity since World War II. One of the most important research issues is to determine the effectiveness of measures implemented worldwide to control the spread of the corona virus. A dynamic simulated Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach was adopted to analyze the policy response to COVID-19 in the ASEAN region using data from February 1, 2020, to November 8, 2021. The results of unit root concluded that the dependent variable is integrated of order one while the independent variables are stationarized at the level or first difference, and the use of a dynamic simulated ARDL technique is appropriate for this paper. The outcomes of the dynamic simulated ARDL model explored that government economic support and debt/contract relief for poor families is substantially important in the fight against COVID-19. The study also explored that closing schools and workplaces, restrictions on gatherings, cancellation of public events, stay at home, closing public transport, restrictions on domestic and international travel are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Finally, this study explored that public awareness campaigns, testing policy and social distancing significantly decrease the spread of COVID-19. Policy implications such as economic support from the government to help poor families, closing schools and public gatherings during the pandemic, public awareness among the masses, and testing policies must be adopted to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Moreover, the reduction in mortality shows that immunization could be a possible new strategy to combat COVID-19, but the factors responsible for the acceptability of the vaccine must be addressed immediately through public health policies.
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Teguh, Tamara. "Keabsahan Klausula Perpanjangan Periode dalam Restrukturisasi Kredit Akibat Pandemi Covid-19." Notaire 4, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ntr.v4i2.26120.
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The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was determined by the President as a non-natural disaster through Presidential Decree Number 12 of 2020 concerning the Designation of Non-Natural Disaster for the Spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a National Disaster. Its rapid spread has an impact on all aspects of human life, especially in the economic sector, many business actors have suffered losses and a number of banks are experiencing credit risk, which debtors or customers are unable to make credit installments on the pretext of being affected by the pandemic. The Presidential Decree cannot automatically cancel existing agreements, so that the Government makes policies in order to stimulate economic growth. This policy was issued by the Financial Services Authority through Regulation of the Financial Services Authority of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11/POJK.03/2020 concerning National Economic Stimulus as a Countercyclical Policy on the Impact of the Spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 which has been extended by the Financial Services Authority Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 48/POJK.03/2020 as an effort to avoid default. The debtor is given loan repayment relief at the Bank or Leasing with terms determined by the Bank. This payment relief is known as credit restructuring, which there is a renegotiation process to change existing loans. One of the changes in the agreement is by rescheduling, namely extending the installment payment period. Keywords: COVID-19 Disease Outbreak; Credit Restructuring; Rescheduling.Wabah penyakit Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) ditetapkan oleh Presiden sebagai bencana non alam melalui Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 12 Tahun 2020 Tentang Penetapan Bencana Non Alam Penyebaran Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Sebagai Bencana Nasional. Penyebarannya yang begitu pesat berdampak pada segala aspek kehidupan manusia terutama di bidang ekonomi, banyak pelaku usaha yang mengalami kerugian dan sejumlah perbankan mengalami risiko kredit, dimana debitur atau nasabah tidak mampu untuk melakukan pembayaran cicilan kredit dengan dalih terkena dampak pandemi. Dengan adanya Keputusan Presiden itu tidak dapat serta merta membatalkan perjanjian yang sudah ada, sehingga Pemerintah membuat kebijakan dalam rangka menstimulus pertumbuhan ekonomi. Kebijakan tersebut dikeluarkan oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan melalui Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 11/POJK.03/2020 Tentang Stimulus Perekonomian Nasional Sebagai Kebijakan Countercyclical Dampak Penyebaran Corona Virus Disease 2019 yang telah diperpanjang dengan Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 48/POJK.03/2020 sebagai upaya agar tidak terjadinya wanprestasi. Debitur diberikan keringanan pembayaran cicilan pinjaman di Bank atau Leasing dengan persyaratan-persyaratan yang ditentukan oleh Bank. Keringanan pembayaran ini dikenal dengan restrukturisasi kredit, dimana terdapat proses renegosiasi atau negosiasi ulang untuk merubah perjanjian kredit yang sudah ada. Perubahan perjanjian tersebut salah satunya ialah dengan penjadwalan kembali atau rescheduling, yaitu memperpanjang periode pembayaran cicilan.Kata Kunci: Wabah Penyakit COVID-19; Restrukturisasi Kredit; Penjadwalan Kembali.
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Wu, Yaoyao, Hao Guo, and Jing’ai Wang. "Quantifying the Similarity in Perceptions of Multiple Stakeholders in Dingcheng, China, on Agricultural Drought Risk Governance." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 8, 2018): 3219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093219.
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In recent years, integrated disaster risk governance of multi-stakeholders, multi-scales, and multi-measures has received great attention. The way different stakeholders perceive how the risk of drought is governed affects their coordination in dealing with drought. Quantifying the extent to which the perceptions of different stakeholders are similar will deepen understanding of how they cooperate; this will subsequently improve regional integrated drought risk governance and promote regional sustainable development of agriculture. An indicator system of perception similarity and a model were constructed around the perceptions of government managers (G), village committees (V), and households (H) in Zhoujiadian Town, of the drought risk governance. Based on perspectives of “bottom-up” and “horizontal-vertical”, the effort led to the following main conclusions: (1) The perception similarity of homogeneous stakeholders is quite different, sorted by the values as G > V > H; (2) The greater the hierarchical difference between stakeholders, the more marked the differences between their perceptions, as sorted by the values as G&V > V&H > G&H; (3) All stakeholders have obvious perception differences in the fairness of the allocation of disaster relief funds and the most suitable recovery methods. Considering the needs of multiple stakeholders in integrated risk governance, the paper quantified the differences between individuals through a study of perception similarity, which makes up for the shortcomings in the current research—which only considers the perception of stakeholders—and provides new ideas and references for further exploration of rational system design, optimization of cooperation efficiency, and consensus of multiple stakeholders in integrated drought risk governance.
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Patel, P. P., J. Russell, K. Allden, T. S. Betancourt, P. Bolton, A. Galappatti, Z. Hijazi, et al. "Transitioning Mental Health & Psychosocial Support: From Short-Term Emergency to Sustainable Post-Disaster Development. Humanitarian Action Summit 2011." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, no. 6 (December 2011): 470–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1200012x.
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AbstractIntroduction: The Working Group (WG) on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support participated in its second Humanitarian Action Summit in 2011. This year, the WG chose to focus on a new goal: reviewing practice related to transitioning mental health and psychosocial support programs from the emergency phase to long-term development. The Working Group's findings draw on a review of relevant literature as well as case examples.Objectives: The objective of the Working Group was to identify factors that promote or hinder the long term sustainability of emergency mental health and psychosocial interventions in crisis and conflict, and to provide recommendations for transitioning such programs from relief to development.Methods: The Working Group (WG) conducted a review of relevant literature and collected case examples based on experiences and observations of working group members in implementing mental and psychosocial programming in the field. The WG focused on reviewing literature on mental health and psychosocial programs and interventions that were established in conflict, disaster, protracted crisis settings, or transition from acute phase to development phase. The WG utilized case examples from programs in Lebanon, the Gaza Strip, Sierra Leone, Aceh (Indonesia), Sri Lanka, and New Orleans (United States).Results: The WG identified five key thematic areas that should be addressed in order to successfully transition lasting and effective mental health and psychosocial programs from emergency settings to the development phase. The five areas identified were as follows: Government and Policy, Human Resources and Training, Programming and Services, Research and Monitoring, and Finance.Conclusions: The group identified several recommendations for each thematic area, which were generated from key lessons learned by working group members through implementing mental health and psychosocial support programs in a variety of settings, some successfully sustained and some that were not.
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Yin, Ruyang, and Peixia Lu. "A Cluster-First Route-Second Constructive Heuristic Method for Emergency Logistics Scheduling in Urban Transport Networks." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 2301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042301.
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Advanced strategies for emergency logistics scheduling problems in urban transport networks have been a challenging topic for centuries. This study proposed a cluster-first route-second constructive heuristic method based on the continuous approximation (CA) for ‘one-to-many’ vehicle routing to dispatch commidities after an emergency. The objective of the study is to provide a replenish schedule and routing solution from the government/provider’s end in order to minimize the total motion cost, pipeline inventory cost, and holding cost with backorder for the disaster relief operation. The developed method can turn the complicated vehicle routing problem (VRP) into a relatively simple travel salesman problem (TSP) for pre-assigned customer sets. The CA is employed to determine the optimal replenish amount and inventory level for the route serving a given location. The Christofides method is then applied to solve the TSP for the selected cluster. Two clustering methods are investigated in this research: (1) a local-based approach where clustering and routing are determined; and (2) a K-mean clustering method where points are clustered upfront by the CA solution. A case study in Miami-Dade County in Florida to dispatch fuels from the depot to 72 gas stations is presented, demonstrating the proposed approach and comparing two clustering methods. The numerical results illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithms and conclude that the local-based clustering approach may yield a lower total cost with a higher motion cost.
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PARIDA, YASHOBANTA, PARUL BHARDWAJ, PRAKASH KUMAR SAHOO, and TAPASWINI NAYAK. "EFFECT OF FLOOD AND FIRE ACCIDENTS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ODISHA, INDIA: DISTRICT LEVEL ANALYSIS." International Journal of Big Data Mining for Global Warming 02, no. 01 (January 21, 2020): 1950007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2630534819500074.
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Natural disasters are a recurrent phenomenon in Odisha. Frequent natural disasters not only affect different sectors of the economy but also disturb different aspects of human life. The natural disasters also increase fiscal pressure of the government. Every year, government of Odisha (GoO) spends around 1.3% of GSDP for flood control and irrigation purpose, and 0.44% of GSDP is spent on relief on account of natural calamities. We employ Pooled Mean Group (PMG) to examine the effect of natural disasters such as flood, lightning and fire accidents on per capita real Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) growth using district-level panel data for 30 districts of Odisha over the period 2001–2011. The findings of the study are as follows. First, PMG estimate confirms that flood is positively related with per capita real GDDP growth which implies that 10% increase in the number of floods at their mean lead to an increase in per capita real GDDP growth by 0.0011% in the long-run. Second, population killed due to lightning has negative impact on the same. The results confirm that 10% increase in population death due to lightning at their mean leads to a decline in the per capita real GDDP growth by 0.0001% in the long-run. Third, further result shows that property lost by fire is negatively correlated with per capita real GDDP growth which implies that property lost by fire accidents increase by 10% at their mean leading to a decline in per capita real GDDP growth by 0.0008% in the long-run. Finally, results also confirm that districts with better financial markets and higher level of literacy, experience higher per capita real GDDP growth in the long-run. In view of these results, the empirical finding concludes that long-term disaster management policy is essential to mitigate the adverse impact of natural disasters on per capita GDDP growth in Odisha.
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Millar, Joanne Elaine, Helen Boon, and David King. "Do wildfire experiences influence views on climate change?" International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 7, no. 2 (May 18, 2015): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-08-2013-0106.
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Purpose – This paper aims to explore the influence of wildfire events on community perceptions of climate change and the risk of future wildfire disasters in southern Australia. Design/methodology/approach – The study was located around Beechworth in northeast Victoria, where wildfires occurred in 2003 and 2009. Semi-structured qualitative interviews and focus group interviews were conducted in 2010, involving 40 people from local businesses, government and property owners. Findings – The authors conclude that people’s experiences of recent consecutive wildfire events did not necessarily influence their views on climate change in general or as a causal agent of wildfire events. However, there was general agreement that weather conditions had been extreme in recent times. Some attributed the increase in wildfires to factors other than climate change that were more easily observed. Research limitations/implications – Further research is needed into the relationship between wildfire experiences, climate change views and adaptive behaviours across a wider range of social contexts. Research needs to determine if views and behaviours change over time or with frequency or severity of fires. Practical implications – Understanding the nature of potential wildfires, and being able to prepare and respond to such events, is more important than believing in climate change, as views may not change in response to fire events. Strategies need to focus on supporting people to prepare, respond and recover from wildfires, regardless of their climate change perceptions. Social implications – Paying attention to people’s local social context and how it influences their beliefs about climate change will allow sensitive and adaptive strategies to evolve over time. Originality/value – There is limited research into relationships between disaster experiences and perceptions of climate change, particularly the influence of wildfire experiences.
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Rahman, Md Mostafizur, Farah Tasnim, Mahmuda Zaman Mukta, Ayesha Abedin, and Komal Raj Aryal. "Assessing Barriers in Humanitarian Supply Chains for Cyclone in Coastal Areas of Bangladesh: An Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) Approach." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 7, 2022): 9724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159724.
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Bangladesh has frequently been affected by natural hazards, notably, cyclones in coastal areas. Humanitarian organizations are always active in helping affected communities through effective humanitarian supply-chain management by providing humanitarian goods and services, which is crucial to aiding vulnerable people after a natural catastrophe. However, some factors cause significant difficulties in achieving feasible humanitarian supply-chain (HSC) management that eventually ends up as a disfunctional and ineffective system to support to the community in need. Therefore, a lack of standard logistics support complicates horizontal cooperation between humanitarian organizations at various stages, along with relief aid. The motive of the paper is to identify and understand the barriers of HSC during the disaster preparedness and immediate response phase, particularly for cyclones in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. Through an extensive literature review and consultation with experts from different humanitarian organizations, 10 barriers were identified. To illustrate the structural relationships among the selected barriers, an interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach with additional MICMAC (Matriced’ Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée á unClassement) analysis is used for data analysis. This aids in evaluating relative dependencies and driving power among the selected barriers. Findings show that a lack of an integrated approach and coordination among government and other humanitarian stakeholders, the inefficacy of multilateral information sharing among them, and a shortage of experienced logisticians are the barriers with the highest driving powers in HSC. The findings of this study will help humanitarian experts, aid agencies who distribute humanitarian aid, and organizations, to set up a good supply chain for helping people in the coastal area of Bangladesh following cyclones.
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Jobson, Peter, Joanne Birch, Gillian Brown, Jeremy J. Bruhl, Lyn Cave, Frank Hemmings, Sarah Hirst, et al. "Managers of Australasian Herbarium Collections (MAHC): A MARK of Curation Excellence." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 13, 2018): e26283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26283.
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Managers of Australasian Herbarium Collections (MAHC) is a sub-committee of the Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (CHAH) and provides advice and recommendations pertaining to the management of herbarium collections. It was formed in 2009 based initially on Australian herbaria, and later incorporated New Zealand herbaria. MAHC currently has 18 member institutions representing both government funded, and university based herbaria, and includes both the largest (National Herbarium of Victoria - MEL) and smallest collections (Macquarie University - MQU) in the region. The group meets in person annually, and holds regular conference phone calls throughout the year. MAHC has proved itself to be a very cohesive committee, despite time, sizing, staffing, and funding differences. It prides itself in being inclusive, cooperative, collegiate, collaborative and supportive. It has a strong mentor approach toward early career collections managers or those new to collections management. The group has a healthy forward planning outlook, developing, promoting and implementing collections management policy, recommendations, guidelines and standards. This cohesion has resulted in a toolkit of resources that are freely available and strives for a unified world class best practice herbarium curation. Some of these universally agreed tools include templates, biosecurity documents, disaster mitigation and preparation for Nagoya Protocol implementation for Australia and New Zealand. MAHC supports new international initiatives and manages the day to day running of programmes such as the Global Plants Initiative project imaging all vascular type specimens housed in Australasia. MAHC collaborates with CHAH and the data sub-committee, HISCOM (Herbarium Information Systems Committee), for continued improvements in sharing digital data and specimens via the Australasian Virtual Herbarium (AVH https://avh.chah.org.au/) and Atlas of Living Australia (ALA https://www.ala.org.au/) services. This talk will use examples to highlight the effectiveness and success of a unified group in: developing standard practice in curation, incorporating improved curation procedures, and its ability to be agile, responding to incidents at an international level.
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Lai, Chun-Hsien, Pi-Ching Liao, Szu-Hung Chen, Yung-Chieh Wang, Chingwen Cheng, and Chen-Fa Wu. "Risk Perception and Adaptation of Climate Change: An Assessment of Community Resilience in Rural Taiwan." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 3651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073651.
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Over the last five decades, there has been a decline of rural communities in Taiwan due to urbanization expansion. In the past 10 years, the central government has implemented the Rural Regeneration Project (RRP) aimed at revitalization and sustainable development in rural Taiwan. During the project’s implementation, communities have faced several disasters as a result of climate change-induced extreme rainfall events. Perceptions and adaptation practices of climate change-induced extreme events are critical to community sustainability and resilience. The gap between perceived and actual risks that communities experience creates challenges for policy-makers in achieving sustainability goals. This study aims to evaluate the perceived climate change-induced flooding hazard perceptions compared to the scientific projection and actual hazard events in 287 rural communities implementing the RRP. This study revealed consistency in risk perception, in that communities facing high potential exposure to extreme rainfall showed higher awareness of various impacts of climate change. However, when comparing climate actions, communities exposed to low-potential hazard areas had a relatively higher degree of recognition of the benefits of adaptation to climate change. Moreover, 59 rural communities with low awareness and exposed to high potentials of extreme events were widely distributed among hills of western, southern, and northern Taiwan, where compound disasters such as mudslides can occur. This research suggests that there is a need to integrate climate change planning and work with communities to bridge the gap between perceived and actual climate risks. In particular, capacity training, counseling services, and implementation of adaptation practices should be integrated into institutional planning and management for providing assistance in disaster prevention, relief, and post-event restoration; also, encouraging climate actions can directly improve community resilience toward climate change. While investing in the sustainable development of rural communities is largely based on revitalizing economic development, this study revealed the link to ensure resilience and social-ecological sustainability in rural communities under climate change impacts.
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Wang, Dianxi, and Danyang Li. "Social capital, policy fairness, and subjective life satisfaction of earthquake survivors in Wenchuan, China: a longitudinal study based on post-earthquake survey data." Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 18, no. 1 (October 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01594-8.
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Abstract Background Existing research has rarely examined an earthquake’s sustained impact and the trajectory of the earthquake survivors’ life satisfaction over time. This study aims to analyze longitudinal changes in life satisfaction of Wenchuan earthquake survivors and the impact of social capital and government relief policy. Methods This research applied a hierarchical linear model to longitudinal survey data collected after the earthquake. The survey was divided into three waves and was collected from Deyang City and Mianyang City of Sichuan Province. A random sampling method was used; a sample of 225 participants had valid responses over three waves of the survey. Results This study found that a survivor’s social capital and the perception of the fairness of government relief policy have a significant effect on the trajectory of life satisfaction post-disaster. First, the initial life satisfaction of those with high social capital was significantly higher than of those with low social capital, whilst survivors with high social capital had a lower rate of change in life satisfaction. Second, one year after the earthquake, those who felt government policy was unfair had a lower life satisfaction than those who felt it was fair. However, from the first year to the fourth year after the disaster, survivors who believed that the government policy was unfair experienced a higher rate of change in life satisfaction than those who did not. Third, the fairness of government relief policy moderates the relationship between survivors’ social capital and changes in life satisfaction. A fair policy of relief can reduce the negative impact of the lack of individual social capital on life satisfaction. Conclusions Survivors reconstruct life satisfaction through their social network and the perception of the fairness of the government’s post-disaster relief policy. Therefore, to promote the improvement of life satisfaction of survivors, it is necessary to cultivate social capital and ensure fairness of the relief policy.
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Karki, Jeevan, Steve Matthewman, and Jesse Hession Grayman. "Rahat-Sahayog (relief support): examining disaster emergency response in the aftermath of the Nepal Earthquake 2015." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, October 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-06-2022-0126.
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PurposeThis paper aims to critically examine the post-disaster emergency response amongst marginalised and disadvantaged social groups following the 2015 Nepal Earthquake (7.8 Mw).Design/methodology/approachA qualitative research method was employed by conducting interviews with disaster survivors from marginalised and ethnic social groups, humanitarian aid workers and government officials in the four districts worst hit by the 2015 Nepal Earthquake.FindingsThis research found that community members demonstrated remarkable cooperation in the aftermath of the disaster; however, caste-based discrimination still manifested in post-earthquake emergency environments. Further, this research showed that the engagement of government and local and international humanitarian organisations was noteworthy in the earthquake emergency response in Nepal as it localised relief packages and adapted the assistance corresponding to the fast-changing post-disaster environments. However, some relief materials were culturally inappropriate and climatically unsuitable. This paper also shows that the poor dissemination of relief distribution plans, resource duplication and ineffective targeting disproportionately impacted the oppressed and marginalised households in receiving humanitarian assistance.Originality/valueStudies have been undertaken on the emergency response to the 2015 Nepal Earthquake, however, few have focussed on the lived experience of marginalised and disadvantaged social groups. Further, this research builds on, and contributes to, the humanitarian mobile sovereignty discourse.
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Regel, Hendrykar Avaldo, Hendrik Manossoh, and Jessy D. L. Warongan. "ANALISIS PENERAPAN AKUNTANSI ASET TETAP PADA BADAN PENANGGULANGAN BENCANA DAERAH PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA." GOING CONCERN : JURNAL RISET AKUNTANSI 13, no. 04 (September 30, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.32400/gc.13.03.19941.2018.
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Regional Disaster Management Agency of North Sulawesi Province is an Instance that is in the scope of the Government of the City of Manado and carry out the policy areas in the field of disaster relief of the region. Fixed assets is the most important part in carrying out its operational activities. Fixed assets are tangible assets that have benefits over period of 12 (twelve) months for use in kegitan Government or utilized by the general public. This research aims to study how the application of fixed assets Accounting on Regional disaster management agency of North Sulawesi province. Data collection methods used are interviews and studies library. Data analysis method used is descriptive qualitative. The results of this research show that the application of fixed assets Accounting on Regional disaster management agency of North Sulawesi province have not everything works in accordance with Government accounting standards PP 71-year 2010. For the valuation of fixed assets not yet in compliance with the applicable policy. but for classification, recognition, measurement, termination and deletion, disclosure and shrinkage were in accordance with the applicable policy.Keywords: Accounting, Fixed Assets, PSAP No.7
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Beilin, Ruth, and Jana-Axinja Paschen. "Risk, resilience and response-able practice in Australia’s changing bushfire landscapes." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, December 3, 2020, 026377582097657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775820976570.
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This paper explores the policy concept and community enactments of ‘shared responsibility’ for disaster resilience in the context of wildfires in Victoria, Australia. Since the state-wide Black Saturday fires of 2009, we contend, first, the State’s decreasing ability to protect its citizens has shifted the responsibility for adapting to uncertainty to individuals, and second, this responsibility has been translated into compliance approaches to disaster risk management. We develop the concept of two distinct imaginaries at play: the reactive and the relational life. Policy discourse invokes a reactive life, a normative resilience maintaining the status quo, rather than a potentially transformative relational process enabling citizens to be ‘response-able’. Facing uncertainties, government legitimacy hinges on increasing citizen safety, with decentralised community resilience programs intended to manage and reduce disaster risk by emphasising shared responsibility. For citizens, however, ‘shared responsibility’ reveals an increasing tension in relation to the risk and uncertainty associated with life on the newly designated ‘fire-prone’ periphery, and within expectations of government. We conclude that the emphasis on responsibility as the work to be done in community-based resilience programs demands a more nuanced set of expectations that reflect citizens’ relational life as a starting place for rethinking safety and security.
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Son, Jeong-Soo, and Won-Seok Choi. Korea International Trade Research Institute 18, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.18.3.202206.65.
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Purpose In order to improve the efficiency of the national disaster response system directly related to the safety of the people, this study conducted a trial study to confirm Korea’s social infrastructure using convenience stores that can immediately respond to disasters. Design/Methodology/Approach We used the data of the administrative safety statistics yearbook for disaster-related data, and newspaper articles and stock reports were used for convenience store-related data. Findings Having 48,000 convenience stores in Korea could be a great advantage in establishing a system to respond to disasters. Therefore, it seems necessary for the government to create a system that can use convenience stores as social infrastructure facilities. Research Implications Unlike previous studies, this study is the first to present an operating system and policy suggestions on how to use convenience stores. Based on this, it can help to develop a new type of disaster relief platform.
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Collier, John, Srijith Balakrishnan, and Zhanmin Zhang. "Comparing Actions and Lessons Learned in Transportation and Logistics Efforts for Emergency Response to Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Harvey." Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 17, no. 3 (September 23, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2019-0022.
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AbstractOver the past years, the frequency and scope of disasters affecting the United States have significantly increased. Government agencies have made efforts in improving the nation’s disaster response framework to minimize fatalities and economic loss due to disasters. Disaster response has evolved with the emergency management agencies incorporating systematic changes in their organization and emergency response functions to accommodate lessons learned from past disaster events. Technological advancements in disaster response have also improved the agencies’ ability to prepare for and respond to natural hazards. The transportation and logistics sector has a primary role in emergency response during and after disasters. In this light, this paper seeks to identify how effective policy changes and new technology have aided the transportation and logistics sector in emergency response and identify gaps in current practices for further improvement. Specifically, this study compares and contrasts the transportation and logistical support to emergency relief efforts during and after two major Hurricane events in the U.S., namely Hurricane Katrina (which affected New Orleans in 2005) and Hurricane Harvey (which affected Houston in 2017). This comparison intends to outline the major steps taken by the government and the private entities in the transportation and logistics sector to facilitate emergency response and the issues faced during the process. Finally, the paper summarizes the lessons learned from both the Hurricane events and provides recommendations for further improvements in transportation and logistical support to disaster response.
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Zaman, Towrin, Khandker Tarin Tahsin, Savio Rousseau Rozario, Adiba Binte Kamal, Mizan R. Khan, Saleemul Huq, and Md Bodrud-Doza. "An overview of disaster risk reduction and anticipatory action in Bangladesh." Frontiers in Climate 4 (October 13, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.944736.
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Climate change has and will continue to increase the intensity and frequency of extreme climate events. Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change owing to its low elevation, dominance of floodplains, its high population density and its low economic, infrastructural and technological capacity. Despite the vulnerability, Bangladesh has managed to reduce the adversity of the extreme events over the years. This study assesses the effectiveness of the country's governance structure, implications of national policies, legal framework, involvement of local government, and non-government organizations in developing an efficient disaster risk reduction and anticipatory action system in Bangladesh. Through an extensive and systematic literature review the study reveals that the country has become a role model through its disaster management journey by successfully developing an efficient disaster management system from a reactive approach focused on relief rehabilitation to a proactive approach that includes hazard identification, improvement of community preparedness, reducing vulnerabilities, integrated response and recovery efforts. Also, the recent data shows that the loss of human life due to climatic extreme events is significantly reduced due to improved early warning and forecasting systems, effective use of local governance structure, active involvement of community-based organizations, risk informed and evidence-based policy formulation and effective implementation of the policies and strategies. Despite the success, the country is yet to secure livelihood and properties of vulnerable communities from disaster-induced loss and damage. Besides, there are adaptation failures which also need to be addressed through the lessons from the past. The article also discusses the disaster risk reduction and anticipatory action system requiring further strengthening, focusing mainly on building a climate risk resilient system by incorporating locally-led approach.
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Lin, Peng. "China’s evolving humanitarian diplomacy: Evidence from China’s disaster-related aid to Nepal." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, July 21, 2021, 205789112110192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20578911211019255.
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Engaging in disaster relief and, more recently, post-disaster reconstruction in developing countries with critical geoeconomic and geopolitical interests has become an increasingly regular and institutionalized component of China’s evolving humanitarian diplomacy over the past decade. Drawn upon novel evidence from China’s growing disaster-related humanitarian assistance to Nepal and unprecedented engagement in Nepal’s long-term post-earthquake rebuild since 2015, this article explores the dynamics behind China’s transforming humanitarian diplomacy. The findings of this article suggest that: 1) geopolitical and geoeconomic interests, represented by the Belt-and-Road Initiative, serve as a critical driver for the development of China’s bilateral partnership with other countries in the disaster sector; 2) long-term cooperation with underdeveloped countries like Nepal provides China, both government and non-state actors (NSAs), with an effective channel to engage with the international humanitarian community and to internalize humanitarian norms; 3) although humanitarian missions remain contingent and instrumental in China’s international relations, they are laying the foundations for a specialized humanitarian policy area with more relevant normative assets, more professional actors, and more sophisticated institutions; 4) NSAs, represented by private foundations and civil NGOs, have played active roles in the state-dominant cooperation in disaster management. This article also suggests that intensified geopolitical confrontations, such as military clashes between India and China along their disputed borders over the past year, would lead to a high degree of politicization of humanitarian missions and partnerships counter-conducive to humanitarian goals.
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Noy, Ilan, Toshihiro Okubo, Eric Strobl, and Thomas Tveit. "The fiscal costs of earthquakes in Japan." International Tax and Public Finance, July 31, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10797-022-09747-9.
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AbstractWe quantify the fiscal impacts of earthquakes in Japan. In contrast with earlier research which examined national level aggregate spending in several countries, we are able to provide a detailed examination of separate budget categories within the local governments’ fiscal accounts. We do this using detailed line-budget expenditure data, and by comparing regions and towns affected and unaffected by the damage from earthquakes. Besides the obvious - that government spending increases in the short-term (one year) after a disaster event - we observe that the share of public spending on disaster relief, at the prefecture level, increases significantly, but with no corresponding change in the other budget lines. In contrast, at the lower administrative units, we observe a decrease in the share of spending going to finance other priorities. For the bigger cities, we observe a decrease in the share of spending targeting education, while for the smaller towns, we find that spending on construction and servicing public debt goes down. This evidence suggests that while at the prefecture level fiscal policy-making is robust enough to prevent presumably unwanted declines in public services, the same cannot be said for the city/town level.