Journal articles on the topic 'Disabilities – Government policy – Australia'
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1
McGaughey, Fiona, Tamara Tulich, and Harry Blagg. "UN decision on Marlon Noble case: Imprisonment of an Aboriginal man with intellectual disability found unfit to stand trial in Western Australia." Alternative Law Journal 42, no. 1 (March 2017): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x17694790.
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On 23 September 2016, the United Nations (UN) Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities found that the Australian government had breached its obligations under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The case against Australia was brought by Marlon Noble, an Aboriginal man with an intellectual disability who was charged with sexual assault but found unfit to stand trial under the Mentally Impaired Defendants Act 1996 (WA). He was imprisoned indefinitely in 2001 and has been held in civil detention in the community since 2012. This article analyses the current policy and legislative context in Western Australia on this issue and reflects on Australia’s previous responses to individual human rights complaints to UN Committees.
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Kim, Doo Young. "A Study on Lifelong Education Policy Developments for Persons with Disabilities in South Korea." Korean Society for the Study of Lifelong Education 28, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 229–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52758/kjle.2022.28.3.229.
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The aim of this study is to analyze lifelong education policy for persons with disabilities in South Korea in a historical point of view, make comparisons with value and support systems related to lifelong education for persons with disabilities in foreign countries and ultimately seek ways to promote lifelong education policy for persons with disabilities in South Korea. In order to perform this study, a wide variety of data such as official documents issued by the government and local governments, relevant provisions, publications, press releases, journals and papers issued by relevant organizations were collected and put into use for in-depth analysis. In theoretical background, the author assessed lifelong education support systems and its values for persons with disabilities in the United States, Australia and Japan. By dividing up the domestic lifelong education policy developments into the age of absence (~1998), introduction (1999-2007), enlargement (2008-2015) and progress (2016 until present) mainly based on dramatic shift periods, the author closely analyzed the domestic lifelong education policy and practice in South Korea by the defined individual period. What has been discussed on the path forward for the domestic lifelong education policy for persons with disabilities is that, it is necessary to create an environment where persons with disabilities are freely allowed to make use of ordinary lifelong education organizations. Also, it is important to make shifts to developing, distributing lifelong education programs not operated by the government, but by relevant local organizations. Lastly, reducing multiple institutions into a single governmental body tasked with lifelong education for persons with disabilities and expansion of integrated lifelong education programs are required.
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Carnemolla, Phillippa, Jack Kelly, Catherine Donnelley, Aine Healy, and Megan Taylor. "“If I Was the Boss of My Local Government”: Perspectives of People with Intellectual Disabilities on Improving Inclusion." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 9075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169075.
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Despite many initiatives to reframe and support inclusion for people with disabilities, people with intellectual disabilities continue to experience social exclusion in their local communities. This study shares the perspectives of people with an intellectual disability on what matters to them in their local communities. This study aims to inform local governments of the value of engaging with and listening to local people with intellectual disabilities and is an important exploration of how the social sustainability of cities is framed and valued by people who have historically been socially and geographically excluded. Focus groups and interviews were conducted in six local government areas, with a mix of metropolitan and regional areas, in two states of Australia—NSW and Victoria. The study analysed how 45 Australian adults with intellectual disabilities described their local communities and conceptualised better inclusion. The results were collated and organised by applying an adapted framework of inclusive cities. The participants expressed the need for safe, accessible and clean public amenities; accessible information; appropriate communication; and for people to be more respectful, friendly and understanding of the needs of people with intellectual disabilities. This study suggests that local governments can take action in order to improve social sustainability by engaging with local people with intellectual disabilities as citizens, advisors and employees, and by educating the wider community about respect and social inclusion for all.
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Goggin, Gerard, and Karen Soldatić. "Automated decision-making, digital inclusion and intersectional disabilities." New Media & Society 24, no. 2 (February 2022): 384–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14614448211063173.
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Disability is a long-standing area of digital inclusion finally emerging out of the shadows. In this article, we argue that a critical understanding of digital media from the perspectives of disability and intersectionality will offer generative insights for framing the terms and agenda of digital inclusion in the next decade. With a focus on the area of automated decision-making (ADM) in social and welfare services, we reflect upon the controversial 2015–2020 Australian government programme widely known as ‘Robodebt’ that recovers putative debts from support recipients – and we discuss implications for Indigenous Australians with disabilities in particular. We contrast the ‘Robodebt’ programme with explicit digital inclusion policy on disability in Australia, noting that such digital inclusion policy does not specifically acknowledge yet alone address ADM or other aspects of automation. Here, there is a major opportunity for overdue acknowledgement of disability and intersectionality to spur and shape an affirmative and just agenda on people with disabilities’ digital inclusion, ADM and other associated areas of automated technologies.
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O'Donnell, Carol. "Policy, Funding and Management Strategies to Promote Health, Community-based Rehabilitation and Regional Development in Australia." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 8, no. 2 (January 2002): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323892200000557.
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People with disabilities comprise 19% of the Australian population. Normalisation, human rights, community-based rehabilitation and mutual obligation policies are consistent. All require broadly conceptualised services which develop the potential and capacities of people with disabilities, to enable their self-determination and social integration. There is commitment to a national platform of standards for health and environment protection. Regionally pooled funding and separate management streams for accommodation and services for the aged would facilitate coordinated and transparent management of all accommodation, health and disability funds. Elected government representatives and universities appear well placed to assist the broad, regionally planned approach to resolving community health problems which area health service managers and others have commenced.
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Yeh, Hsiu-shan, and Wan-I. Lin. "Disability employment services under new public management: A comparison of Australia and Taiwan." International Social Work 61, no. 3 (June 10, 2016): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872816648201.
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In the 1990s, both Australia and Taiwan were influenced by new public management (NPM) and subsequently reformed their public employment services. However, the reforms of the two countries have led to divergent results. This study assumes that the essential differences lay in the mobilization capacity of the disabled rights advocacy organizations and the disability employment benefits. Taiwan’s disability employment services (supported employment), though privatized, are limited to nonprofit organizations (NPOs), while for-profit organizations (POs) remain absent in this area. In Australia, the employment services (open employment services for people with disabilities) have been privatized, and for-profit organizations are encouraged to compete with one another to enhance the service quality and to reduce the costs. By providing job-search benefits for disabled people and implementing workfare policy, the Australian government reforms have resulted in the change of the relationship between the government and the citizens. In contrast, since the Taiwanese government never provided sufficient social welfare benefits for disabled people, they have to actively seek employment not after encouragement from the government, but as a result of their desperate need to earn a living. Despite the two countries’ differences, the force of neoliberalism, along with NPM, ostensibly continues to be a part of their employment policies for the socially underprivileged.
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Smith-Merry, Jennifer, Mary-Ann O'Donovan, Angela Dew, Bronwyn Hemsley, Christine Imms, Gemma Carey, Simon Darcy, et al. "The Future of Disability Research in Australia: Protocol for a Multiphase Research Agenda–Setting Study." JMIR Research Protocols 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): e31126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/31126.
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Background For people with disabilities to live a good life, it is essential that funded research in health and social care addresses their interests, meets their needs, and fills gaps in our understanding of the impact that services, systems, and policies may have on them. Decisions about research funding should be based on an understanding of the research priorities of people with disabilities, their supporters and allies, disability researchers, service providers, and policy makers working in the field. Objective The aim of this protocol is to describe the research design and methods of a large-scale, disability research agenda–setting exercise conducted in 2021 in Australia. Methods The research agenda–setting exercise involves 3 integrated phases of work. In the first phase, a previous audit of disability research in Australia is updated to understand previous research and continuing gaps in the research. Building on this, the second phase involves consultation with stakeholders—people with disabilities and their supporters and family members, the disability workforce, and people working within services and connected sectors (eg, aging, employment, education, and housing), academia, and public policy. Data for the second phase will be gathered as follows: a national web-based survey; a consultation process undertaken through the government and nongovernment sector; and targeted consultation with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, children with disabilities and their families, people with cognitive disability, and people with complex communication needs. The third phase involves a web-based survey to develop a research agenda based on the outcomes of all phases. Results We have started working on 2 parts of the research prioritization exercise. Through the research-mapping exercise we identified 1241 journal articles and book chapters (referred to as research papers) and 225 publicly available reports (referred to as research reports) produced over the 2018-2020 period. Data collection for the national survey has also been completed. We received 973 fully completed responses to the survey. Analysis of these data is currently underway. Conclusions This multi-method research agenda–setting study will be the first to provide an indication of the areas of health and social research that people across the Australian disability community consider should be prioritized in disability research funding decisions. Project results from all phases will be made publicly available through reports, open-access journal publications, and Easy Read documents. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/31126
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Mellifont, Damian. "Soft affirmative action lacking traction? An early qualitative exploration of the RecruitAbility Scheme performance within the Australian Public Service." Australian Journal of Career Development 27, no. 1 (February 27, 2018): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1038416217745070.
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Politicians are challenged to increase economic opportunities for citizens with disabilities. Today, the employment of persons with disabilities within the Australian Government is being supported through a RecruitAbility Scheme. With full implementation of the Scheme underway, it is a timely research exercise to critically explore early progress. Enabling such exploration, this study has applied qualitative content analysis to 12 publicly available texts that collectively assess early (i.e. pilot and first year full implementation) program performance. Findings of this critical analysis should be of particular interest to policymakers, practitioners, and persons with disabilities. The findings reveal that despite policy rhetoric, the Scheme is making only modest achievements. This exploratory study supports a biopsychosocial model inspired approach, which aims to improve the recruitment, retainment, and career development of individuals with disabilities across the Australian Public Service.
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Ward, Margaret, and Jill Franz. "The Provision of Visitable Housing in Australia: Down to the Detail." Social Inclusion 3, no. 2 (April 9, 2015): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v3i2.57.
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In response to the ratification of the United Nations Convention of the Rights of People with Disabilities (CRPD), Australian housing industry leaders, supported by the Australian Government, committed to transform their practices voluntarily through the adoption of a national guideline, called Livable Housing Design. They set a target in 2010 that all new housing would be visitable by 2020. Research in this area suggests that the anticipated voluntary transformation is unrealistic and that mandatory regulation will be necessary for any lasting transformation to occur. It also suggests that the assumptions underpinning the Livable Housing Design agreement are unfounded. This paper reports on a study that problematised these assumptions. The study used eleven newly-constructed dwellings in three housing contexts in Brisbane, Australia. It sought to understand the logics-of-practice in providing, and not providing, visitable housing. By examining the specific details that make a dwelling visitable, and interpreting the accounts of builders, designers and developers, the study identified three logics-of-practice which challenged the assumptions underpinning the Livable Housing Design agreement: focus on the point of sale; an aversion to change and deference to external regulators on matters of social inclusion. These were evident in all housing contexts indicating a dominant industry culture regardless of housing context or policy intention. The paper suggests that financial incentives for both the builder and the buyer, demonstration by industry leaders and, ultimately, national regulation is a possible pathway for the Livable Housing Design agreement to reach the 2020 goal. The paper concludes that the Australian Government has three options: to ignore its obligations under the CRPD; to revisit the Livable Housing Design agreement in the hope that it works; or to regulate the housing industry through the National Construction Code to ensure the 2020 target is reached.
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Gething, Lindsay. "Growing Older with an Intellectual Disability." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 6, no. 2 (2000): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323892200000892.
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Both the life expectancy and numbers of older people with intellectual disabilities are growing. Until recently, ageing with a disability had not been a major consideration for Australian policy makers and service providers. The situation was similar in countries such as the United States of America and United Kingdom where, unlike aged care, disability policy and practice had not evolved to meet needs. Ageing with long standing disability has now been specified by the Australian government as a priority area. This paper reports results of consultations held with consumers, their organisations, service providers and government in order to explore quality of life and service provision issues for people with long standing disabilities. It reports these issues and uses themes emerging from consultations to structure previously published information specifically related to ageing with an intellectual disability. Seven broad themes are discussed which relate to: life experiences; attitudes, skills and knowledge of consumers; attitudes skills and knowledge of community and service providers, the nature of service provision; the ageing of family care givers; financial security; and ageing in place. It is concluded that disadvantages and barriers experienced throughout life influence well being and quality of life in old age.
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Gill, Neeraj S., Stephen Parker, Andrew Amos, Richard Lakeman, Mary Emeleus, Lisa Brophy, and Steve Kisely. "Opening the doors: Critically examining the locked wards policy for public mental health inpatient units in Queensland Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 55, no. 9 (June 23, 2021): 844–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00048674211025619.
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The Queensland Government issued a policy directive to lock all acute adult public mental health inpatient wards in 2013. Despite criticism from professional bodies and advocacy for an alternative, the policy has been retained to this day. A blanket directive to treat all psychiatric inpatients in a locked environment without individualised consideration of safety is inconsistent with least restrictive recovery-oriented care. It is against the principles of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, to which Australia is a signatory. It is also contrary to the main objects of the Mental Health Act 2016 (Qld). Queensland Health has reported a reduction in ‘absences without permission’ from psychiatric inpatient wards after the introduction of the locked wards policy; however, no in-depth analysis of the consequences of this policy has been conducted. It has been argued that patients returning late or not returning from approved leave is a more common event than patients ‘escaping’ from mental health wards, yet all may be counted as ‘absent without permission’ events. A review of the international literature found little evidence of reduced absconding from locked wards. Disadvantages for inpatients of locked wards include lowered self-esteem and autonomy, and a sense of exclusion, confinement and stigma. Locked wards are also associated with lower satisfaction with services and higher rates of medication refusal. On the contrary, there is significant international evidence that models of care like Safewards and having open door policies can improve the environment on inpatient units and may lead to less need for containment and restrictive practices. We recommend a review of the locked wards policy in light of human rights principles and international evidence.
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Walker, Peter M., Karyn L. Carson, Jane M. Jarvis, Julie M. McMillan, Anna G. Noble, David J. Armstrong, Kerry A. Bissaker, and Carolyn D. Palmer. "How do Educators of Students With Disabilities in Specialist Settings Understand and Apply the Australian Curriculum Framework?" Australasian Journal of Special and Inclusive Education 42, no. 02 (August 28, 2018): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsi.2018.13.
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Despite aspirations to be a world-class national curriculum, the Australian Curriculum (AC) has been criticised as ‘manifestly deficient’ (Australian Government Department of Education and Training, 2014 p. 5) as an inclusive curriculum, failing to meet the needs of all students with disabilities (SWD) and their teachers. There is a need for research into the daily attempts of educators to navigate the tension between a ‘top-down’ system-wide curriculum and a ‘bottom-up’ regard for individual student needs, with a view to informing both policy and practice. This article is the first of two research papers in which we report the findings from a national online Research in Special Education (RISE) Australian Curriculum Survey of special educators in special schools, classes, and units regarding their experience using the AC to plan for and teach SWD. Survey results indicated (a) inconsistent use of the AC as the primary basis for developing learning objectives and designing learning experiences, (b) infrequent use of the achievement standards to support assessment and reporting, and (c) considerable supplementation of the AC from other resources when educating SWD. Overall, participants expressed a lack of confidence in translating the AC framework into a meaningful curriculum for SWD. Implications for policy, practice, and future research are discussed.
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Martel, A., and V. Paton-Cole. "Human Rights, Disability, and Construction: How responsive are building regulations to changing community attitudes towards housing for people with a disability?" IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 042035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/4/042035.
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Abstract Responsibility for housing people with a disability has rested with government and the charity-medical model of disability encouraged institutionalized accommodation. However, since the mid-2000s, the introduction of a person-centred approach has seen government’s legislate programs that facilitate people with disabilities living in the community. This shifted supply of appropriate housing to the private-sector and placed a focus on whether current building regulations are capable of regulating in this space. This paper explores the history of building regulations in Australia, in parallel with the history of treatment of people with a disability. The normalization of institutionalizing people with a disability was reflected in early building codes in Australia, continuing from the 1840s until the 1980s when disability theory began to change – but not building practice in Australia. The decisive break between the approach to disability accommodation (person-centred) and the institutional model in building regulations occurred with the move to the National Construction Code (NCC) in the 1990s. The introduction of the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) in 2014 highlighted the disconnect when a market-based housing model was proposed that proved difficult to implement with current NCC settings. This study highlighted the complex interaction between existing policy settings and identified the scope for individual interpretation of the code around key concepts. These include building classification, single-occupancy units, and fire safety. As a consequence of the institutional model for disability accommodation enshrined in the NCC, the NDIS is undermined in accommodating people in the community, due to uncertainty and confusion within the private-sector industry that has impacted the cost and quality of the housing produced.
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Hayden, Jacqueline. "Available, Accessible, High Quality Child Care in Australia: Why we haven’t moved very far." Children Australia 17, no. 1 (1992): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200030091.
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In a recent article in Children Australia (16:2, 1991) Moore points out how our system of social services and community work reinforces traditional concepts of family (especially mother) responsibility for the care of children with disabilities. This same attitude reflects a fundamental ambivalence in our society towards the provision of state assisted child care. Like care for the disabled, out-of-home care for young children is assumed to rest within the private sphere, so that state assistance in any form becomes gratefully accepted as a generous gift.Child care in Australia moved into the political realm with the enactment of the Child Care Act in 1972. This legislation described the conditions under which the Commonwealth Government would distribute funds for capital expenses, and provide some wage supplements to non-profit groups delivering child care services in formal centre settings. Since that time, promises of increased Commonwealth funding to meet increasing demand have become more and more ambitious – 20,000 spaces were promised in 1984; 30,000 in 1988; and by 1990, the promise had expanded to 78,000 new child care spaces to be funded by the Labor Party. As it turned out, many of the 78,000 spaces promised during the 1990 election campaign were not ‘new’ at all, but represented already existing private spaces, now made eligible for funding by a change in policy. The bulk of the spaces meanwhile were targeted for after-school care (much less expensive to fund), when research clearly indicated the dearth of spaces and critical need for infant care (very expensive to fund).
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Waghorn, Geoff, David Chant, Paul White, and Harvey Whiteford. "Disability, Employment and Work Performance Among People with ICD-10 Anxiety Disorders." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 1-2 (January 2005): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01510.x.
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Objective: To ascertain at a population level, patterns of disability, labour force participation, employment and work performance among people with ICD-10 anxiety disorders in compar ison to people without disability or long-term health conditions. Method: A secondary analysis was conducted of a probability sample of 42 664 individuals collected in an Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) national survey in 1998. Trained lay interviewers using ICD-10 computer-assisted interviews identified household residents with anxiety disorders. Results: Anxiety disorders were associated with: reduced labour force participation, degraded employment trajectories and impaired work performance compared to people without disabilities or long-term health conditions. Conclusion: People with anxiety disorders may need more effective treatments and assistance with completing education and training, joining and rejoining the workforce, developing career pathways, remaining in the workforce and sustaining work performance. A whole-of-government approach appears needed to reduce the burden of disease and increase community labour resources. Implications for clinicians, vocational professionals and policy makers are discussed.
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McCausland, Ruth, and Eileen Baldry. "‘I feel like I failed him by ringing the police’: Criminalising disability in Australia." Punishment & Society 19, no. 3 (March 3, 2017): 290–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474517696126.
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The stigmatisation, control, criminalisation and incarceration of people with disability have a long history. While in recent decades there has been increasing commitment to the rights of people with disabilities by governments in western nations, the over-representation of people with mental and cognitive disability in criminal justice systems has continued. Although there are similarities amongst Western jurisdictions in regard to the treatment of people with disability in justice systems, there are particularities in Australia that will be drawn out in this article. We argue that disadvantaged people with mental and cognitive disability are being managed by and entrenched in criminal justice systems across Australia’s six states and two territories, including so-called diversionary and therapeutic measures that appear to accommodate their disability. In the absence of early and appropriate diagnosis, intervention and support in the community, some disadvantaged and poor persons with mental and cognitive disability, in particular Indigenous Australians, are being systematically criminalised. Criminal justice agencies and especially youth and adult prisons have become normalised as places of disability management and control. Drawing on research that focuses in detail on the jurisdictions of the Northern Territory and New South Wales, we argue for a reconstruction of the understanding of and response to people with these disabilities in the criminal justice system.
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Dunn, Kevin, Susan Thompson, Bronwyn Hanna, Peter Murphy, and Ian Burnley. "Multicultural Policy within Local Government in Australia." Urban Studies 38, no. 13 (December 2001): 2477–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980120094623.
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Thomas, I. G. "Environmental policy and local government in Australia." Local Environment 15, no. 2 (February 2010): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549830903527647.
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Aldous, David E. "Perspectives on Horticultural Therapy in Australia." HortTechnology 10, no. 1 (January 2000): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.1.18.
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Human awareness of plants in Australia goes back 50,000 years when the aboriginal first began using plants to treat, clothe and feed themselves. The European influence came in 1778 with the First Fleet landing in New South Wales. Australia's earliest records of using horticulture for therapy and rehabilitation were in institutions for people with intellectual disabilities or who were incarcerated. Eventually, legislation created greater awareness in the government and community for the needs of persons with disabilities, and many worthwhile projects, programs and organizations were established or gained greater recognition. Horticultural therapy programs may be found in nursing homes, rehabilitation centers, adult training support services, hospitals, day centers, community centers and gardens, educational institutions, supported employment, and the prisons system. This article reviews the history and development of Australian horticulture as a therapy in the treatment of disabilities and social disadvantaged groups, and includes an overview of programs offered for special populations and of Australia's horticultural therapy associations. It also discusses opportunities for research, teaching and extension for horticultural therapy in Australia.
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Ives, D. J. "CURRENT GOVERNMENT POLICY TOWARDS PETROLEUM EXPLORATION IN AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 28, no. 2 (1988): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj87042.
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Kim, Pan S. "Disability Policy: An Analysis of the Employment of People with Disabilities in the American Federal Government." Public Personnel Management 25, no. 1 (March 1996): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609602500107.
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This study examines the employment of people with disabilities in the American federal government. An analysis is undertaken with respect to the levels of employment and advancement of disabled workers in the federal government. In addition, the policies with respect to the employment of people with disabilities and the policy implications of the American federal experience are presented. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) gives civil rights protection to individuals with disabilities similar to that provided to individuals on the basis of race, sex, national origin, age, and religion. This study examines recent employment data to assess the following issue in the federal government: the employment status of people with disabilities in various perspectives such as work force distribution, grade level, placement, and advancement
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Butler, Julia. "Law Libraries in Australia - Government Libraries." International Journal of Legal Information 28, no. 2 (2000): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500009203.
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Since the mid 1980's to the present time there has been an unprecedented attitudinal change by governments, both at the federal and state levels, regardless of political persuasion, towards the role of the public sector. There has been a sustained policy to wind back the size of the Public Service across the board.
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Maulana, Muhammad Akbar, Dian Eka Rahmawati, and Achmad Nurmandi. "An Analysis of Actors in the Implementation of Public Policy on Accessibility of Persons with Disabilities for Work in Indonesia’s Special Region Yogyakarta." JPPUMA Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Sosial Politik Universitas Medan Area 8, no. 2 (October 12, 2020): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jppuma.v8i2.3614.
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This study aims to analyze the implementation of public policy on the accessibility of persons with disabilities to get a job in Yogyakarta. It focuses on the actors implementing the policy in the Indonesian region, namely the provincial government of Yogyakarta as the implementer and policymaker, private companies, and Non-Government Organization (NGOs), which should be the stakeholders of the policy, program, and activities in distributing labors with disabilities. To approach this problem, the researchers use the theory of Van Meter and Horn as a reference. Data have been collected through interviews and documentation that later on analyzed qualitatively with the software of NVivo 12 plus. This study concludes that providing employment opportunities for persons with disabilities has not been implemented optimally. First, it is due to the absence of aftercare services, namely follow-up assistance for persons with disabilities after participating in training and rehabilitation programs held by the Regional Government. Secondly, law enforcement in the policy implementation that is pro disabilities (inclusion) to private companies is not optimal. Third, the lack of coordination among the actors in the efforts of empowering persons with disabilities.
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Sullivan, Helen. "Local Government in Australia: History, Theory and Public Policy." Australian Journal of Politics & History 64, no. 3 (September 2018): 510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12496.
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Eggington, William. "Language Policy and Planning in Australia." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14 (March 1994): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002865.
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Australian federal and state government language policy and planning efforts have had a remarkable effect on Australian educational and non-educational life during the past twenty years. This effort has resulted in strong international recognition of the Australian language policy experience. For example, Romaine, in the introduction to her anthology focusing on the languages of Australia states that “the movement to set up a national language policy is so far unprecedented in the major Anglophone countries” (Romaine 1991:8).
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Hutagalung, Simon. "Pro Disability Policy in Local Governments: Lessons from the Central Lampung Regency." IJDS: Indonesian Journal of Disability Studies 8, no. 01 (May 5, 2021): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.ijds.2021.008.01.13.
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All local governments have the same responsibility and obligation in positioning themselves as institution that are friendly to persons with disabilities, including Central Lampung Regency in Lampung Province. There are two important questions from the research which is the basis of this study; (1). What are the efforts made by the Central Lampung Regency government towards groups with disabilities? (2). What are the problems that occur in the management of disability groups in Central Lampung Regency?. The type of this research is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The data used by researchers in this study are sourced from primary and secondary data. In this study, primary data obtained through interview techniques was carried out by giving several questions related to the problem issues in research to the informants who had been determined. Informants in this study was collected with a purposive sampling technique. The key informants in this study were 9 heads of local government organizations, 10 representatives of community organizations, and 5 members of the regional parliament. All of them play a role in data collection activities which include focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Meanwhile, data analysis was carried out using interactive data analysis techniques. In the last three years, the number of people with disabilities in Central Lampung has increased. However, the increase in the number of people with disabilities in Central Lampung is due to the expansion of the meaning and scope of disabilities in Indonesia regulation. It is known that several actions at the level of local government organizations in facilitating groups with disabilities can be designed in a more focused manner in the design of programs and policies covering the government, population and civil registration, social, health, education, employment, and transportation, and public infrastructure sectors.
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Harcourt, G. C. "Macroeconomic Policy for Australia in the 1990s." Economic and Labour Relations Review 4, no. 2 (December 1993): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469300400201.
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The size of the deficit has little if any significance as an indicator of short-run macroeconomic policy. Government expenditure should be determined by longer term aspirations. Taxation (and other revenue measures) must be used, along with monetary policy, for short-term economic management, but whether revenue should be at a level that results in a deficit or not depends on many things including the composition of government expenditure and the state of the economy. At present, our economy requires a brake on total consumption expenditure and this may require a rise in taxation levels despite the high current level of unemployment. A high rate of capital accumulation is essential to change the structure of production and to increase output and productivity, but the brake on consumption must be eventually relaxed. Without an expectation of healthy consumption growth there will not be an ongoing high rate of accumulation in the private sector.
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Abdul Nasir, Muhamad Nadhir, and Alfa Nur Aini Erman Efendi. "LEGAL AND POLICY BASIS FOR BAHASA ISYARAT MALAYSIA INTERPRETATION SERVICES." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 5, no. 21 (December 6, 2020): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.521005.
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There is an increasing need for Malaysian Sign Language interpreters or known as Jurubahasa Isyarat Malaysia (JBIM) to meet the economic, social, and cultural needs of persons who are deaf. To resolve the continuing lack of JBIM, the present paper addresses the legal and policy basis for the establishment of a government-owned and operated service system. We review several legal and government strategic documents, namely the Persons with Disabilities Act 2008, the Local Government Act 1976, the Policy for Persons with Disabilities 2007, the Action Plan for Persons with Disabilities 2016-2022, and the National Community Policy 2018. Although Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia (BIM) is recognized by the law beyond its status as an official language of deaf Malaysians and as part of their cultural identity, our analysis of these legal and policy documents do not suggest a tangible and proper mechanism for BIM interpretation service system. We assert the BIM interpretation services to be established and provided by local governments through collaboration with other federal government agencies and deaf people’s organizations. We also discuss structural measures regarding recruitment and certification, job-related equipment, retirement fund as well as competitive wage. These four aspects are vital in ensuring the effectiveness and sustainability of the BIM interpretation services.
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Jones, Stephen. "Reconceptualising the Governance of Migration Policy in Australia." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 19, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 377–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.19.3.2.
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This article offers a comprehensive assessment of the current trends in the governance arrangements of migrant settlement policy in Australia. It outlines the context of migrant policy as an important element of nation building and in contributing to the most multicultural society in the OECD. While immigration remains popular with the majority of Australians it is not without challenges in terms of coordination between levels of government to achieve effective outcomes. The lessons from Australia have relevance for other multilevel systems in terms of the need for cooperative approaches that combine top down and bottom up contributions from government agencies at all levels and non-government organisations. The article provides an analysis of governance issues from the perspective of the major stakeholders. The key question addressed in this paper is; what are the key challenges and opportunities of establishing cooperative approaches to immigration policy in a multilevel system? Issues involved in a potential transition of Australia’s immigration policy from a centralist approach to a more cooperative approach will be examined through the lens of a framework of analysis that consists of three scenarios for the structure of immigration policy: the centralist, the cooperative and the asymmetric scenarios.
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Puspitasari, Citra Dewie, and Bambang Shergi Laksmono. "Reviewing the Policy of People with Disabilities Employment in Government Agencies." Jurnal Bina Praja 13, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21787/jbp.13.2021.245-256.
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People with disabilities owned the same right to obtain employment to be civil servants. The government had created plenty of regulations to guarantee the right to obtain a job, starting from statutory regulations and various implementing regulations. However, a few problems in the scope of employment in government agencies still occur during this time, such as unachievable quotas, failure in procurement, and inequality for persons with disabilities. Moreover, it was not following the number of regulations that have been published. Hence, we were interested in analyzing the contents of the civil servant candidate recruitment policy and its implementation in 2017 through 2019 using a normative-empirical juridical approach, which was presented in a descriptive form. The Researchers examined statutory regulations and implementing regulations, supported by interview data from the stakeholders. In terms of content, the laws and regulations accommodated it quite well. Even though there were bad things, such as the Civil Servant Management regulation and technical regulations regarding the needs of employees in 2017 and 2018, that was considered discriminatory. Furthermore, Ministries and local governments have not fully followed the policies as written in the regulations. Briefly, there was an evolution of the regulations year by year; they were yet needed to improve policy content, although the policies continued to evolve for the better.
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Caudrey, David, and Marguerite Dissinger. "Health Support of People with Disabilities in South Australia." Disease Management & Health Outcomes 15, no. 6 (2007): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00115677-200715060-00003.
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Yellowlees, Peter. "Government relations, government regulations: Jumping through the hoops." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 8, no. 3_suppl (December 2002): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/13576330260440970.
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summary Over the last decade, telehealth in Australia has been primarily facilitated and driven by government funding. The government now has a major policy initiative in online health. However, in pursuing the broad initiative there is a danger that some of the smaller components can get lost, and this is probably what has happened to telehealth. There appear to be a number of steps required if telehealth in Australia is to keep up the pace of development that occurred in the 1990s, as we move into what is now being called the era of e-health, involving broadband Internet health service delivery. This area is changing extremely rapidly and is increasingly migrating away from the public sector in Australia, where most of the developmental work has occurred, and into the private sector. Many of the issues that require consideration within the domain of e-health in Australia are also relevant to other countries. E-health will significantly change the way that health-care is practised in future, and it is clear that it is the human factors that are more difficult to overcome, rather than the technological ones.
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Jackson, Judge Hal. "Policy and Politics: Two recent examples in Western Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 29, no. 1 (March 1996): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589602900105.
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In a state known for consistently high incarceration rates, especially of Aboriginal people, the Labor governments of the 1980s created two criminologically based research or advisory bodies. The paper looks at the background and history of each — the State Government Advisory Committee on Young Offenders and the Crime Research Centre (and the lessons learned therefrom in light of policy making decisions, both by the Labor Government which created them and its successor, the Liberal Government of Richard Court). The first was composed largely of high ranking judicial, police and bureaucratic members, high profile community members and skilled research staff. Its fate was sealed by its insistence on independence. The second is university-based with a statistical and research focus. Independently funded, it survives but what effect has it had? The author was at one time a member of the Committee and a member of the Advisory Board of the Centre.
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Allen, Liz. "A whole-of-government approach to population policy for Australia." Australian Population Studies 2, no. 2 (November 11, 2018): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v2i2.37.
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Bulkeley, Harriet. "Down to Earth: Local government and greenhouse policy in Australia." Australian Geographer 31, no. 3 (November 2000): 289–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713612251.
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Gelber, Katharine. "Pedestrian Malls, Local Government and Free Speech Policy in Australia." Policy and Society 22, no. 2 (January 2003): 22–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1449-4035(03)70018-6.
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Mayangsari, Fauziah Rohmatika. "Australia Government Response to COVID-19: Coordination and the Effectivity of Policy." Jurnal Global & Strategis 14, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jgs.14.2.2020.279-296.
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Abstrak Artikel ini mendeskripsikan respon pemerintah Australia terhadap pandemi COVID-19. ini Respon kebijakan pemerintah yang menjadi fokus adalah pengelolaan risiko di tiga sektor utama: kesehatan masyarakat, sistem kesehatan nasional, dan keberlangsungan perekonomian negara. Artikel ini kemudian menjelaskan bagaimana Australia dianggap sebagai salah satu contoh negara yang sukses dalam menangani pandemi COVID-19. Kebijakan untuk menutup perbatasan sejak dini dan penyusunan kebijakan terkoordinasi yang berdasar saran para ahli merupakan beberapa kunci kesuksesan Australia. Selain itu, kepatuhan masyarakat turut mendukung keberhasilan implementasi dari kebijakan pemerintahan. Namun, kepatuhan penduduk Australia merupakan hasil dari rasa percaya terhadap kemampuan pemerintah untuk menangani krisis. Berbagai faktor tersebut membuat Australia berhasil melandaikan kurva COVID-19 dalam waktu kurang dari enam bulan. Walaupun masih cukup dini untuk mengidentifikasi pelajaran yang bisa diambil dari Australia, namun dapat dikatakan bahwa di tengah pandemi dan krisis, pemerintah harus bekerja bersama dengan masyarakat agar kebijakan yang telah disusun dapat diimplementasikan dengan baik. Kata-kata kunci: COVID-19; respon pandemi; Australia This article describes the Australian Government’s responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The focus is on the policy responses to mitigate the risk in three main sectors: people’s health, national health system, and economic livelihoods. It discusses how Australia’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic is among the few successful cases in the world. Australia’s early border closure and coordinated policy measures with the experts are among the key behind Australia’s success. Besides, Australian public compliance further supports the implementation of government policy. Such compliance is the result of people’s trust in the Government’s capability to tackle the crisis. As a consequence, Australia has succeeded in flattening the curve within less than six months. Although it is relatively early to identify the lessons learned from Australia, it is safe to say that during pandemic and crisis, in order to make the policy works, the Government needs to work together with the public. Keywords: COVID-19; pandemic response; Australia
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Wahab, Riva'atul Adaniah. "NARROWING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES TO ENSURE THE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION." Masyarakat Telematika Dan Informasi : Jurnal Penelitian Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi 10, no. 2 (December 9, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17933/mti.v10i2.157.
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The digital divide for disabilities is a barrier to information acquisition, which is a basic need for self-development, social environment, and participation in national development. However, the implementation of Indonesian government policies and programs still has not shown the expected results. From the access aspect, some disabilities cannot obtain ICT infrastructures. Moreover, the challenge in accessing the government web is due to the inconsistent implementation of policies. From the ability aspect, the stigma of discrimination that is still developing in educational institutions and the private sector are an integral obstacle to encourage productivity, absorption in the workforce, or open employment opportunities. Thus, the target of fulfilling the proportion of people with disabilities in employment cannot be achieved. Those require collaboration and cooperation between the central government sector, local and central government, central government and private, and educational institutions to fulfill their rights and be able to compete in local, national, and international scale. Furthermore, a joint commitment is required in the form of policy or affirmative policy accompanied by supervision and periodic evaluation with clear standards that encourage the fulfillment of the rights of people with disabilities to ICT.
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Llewellyn, Gwynnyth, Kirsty Thompson, and Mathew Fante. "Inclusion in Early Childhood Services: Ongoing Challenges." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 27, no. 3 (September 2002): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183693910202700305.
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Inclusion for children with disabilities is well-established in Australia and receives commonwealth and state government funding. The international literature describes potential service models for which there is mounting empirical evidence. Typically these models are developed in university affiliated programs, which have access to funding and personnel not generally available in the Australian context. This paper provides a brief report of a project in which the aim was to identify the challenges for early childhood services in NSW, including children with disabilities.
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Soldatic, Karen, and Barbara Pini. "Continuity or Change? Disability Policy and the Rudd Government." Social Policy and Society 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2012): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746411000510.
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This article reports on shifts and continuities in policy relating to disabled people and the administrative apparatus of federal disability policy under the Rudd government (2007–10). It begins with a brief historical overview of disability policy in Australia. It then gives particular attention to highlighting the contentious and dramatic changes to disability policy which were instigated by the Howard government (1996–2007). Following this, attention is focused on the major developments in disability policy and administration with the election of the Rudd Labor government in 2007. Through this discussion, we demonstrate the ways the altered vocabularies, practices and instruments of the state have manifested in relation to disability policy in Australia, ultimately shaping opportunities for either inclusion or exclusion at the national level among disabled people.
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Cruz, John Paul P. "Disability-inclusive electoral systems: analyzing the Philippine electoral policy using the disability convention (DisCo) policy framework." Bandung: Journal of the Global South 2, no. 1 (September 16, 2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40728-015-0020-z.
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For more than a century now, the Philippines has been at the forefront of democracy in the Southeast Asian region. Since the early 1990s, the country has sought to institutionalize democratic processes, which aim to meaningfully engage Filipinos in the public and political spheres. In line with its efforts of strengthening its electoral systems, it has also taken a leading role in the region in promoting and protecting the rights of voters with disabilities by becoming one of the first States Parties to ratify the United Nations convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). A key provision of the UNCRPD is affording voters with disabilities the equal opportunity to engage in every electoral process on an equal basis with other abled-bodied voters. However, in spite of recent developments, the Philippines has yet to effectively implement disability-inclusive electoral policies and processes that would not only engage able-bodied Filipino voters but also one of the country’s largest minority community—Filipino voters with disabilities. This paper examines the effectiveness of the Philippine government in ensuring that Filipino voters with disabilities are guaranteed with and are able to exercise their right to suffrage. Using a mixed method approach and the disability convention (DisCo) policy framework, this research evaluates the content of existing legislative measures relating to the country’s electoral system, the corresponding executive and budgetary support to implement electoral laws and policies for Filipino voters with disabilities, the administrative and coordinating capacity of implementing electoral agencies, the prevailing attitude of the society towards Filipino voters with disabilities, and the degree of participation of Filipino voters with disabilities in the development of Philippine electoral laws and policies.
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Kim, Jin Woo, and Ann Davis. "Korean Disability Employment Policy: What is it offering people with learning disabilities?" Social Policy and Society 5, no. 3 (June 26, 2006): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746406003083.
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From the 1960s onwards opportunities for employment for disabled people have been promoted by the South Korean government and recent research has focused on the achievements of policies in this area. However people with learning disabilities have largely been ignored in this research. The paper draws on a study which used research methods designed explicitly to enable people with learning disabilities to participate and their voices to be heard. The findings highlight the failure of current policies to provide suitable employment opportunities for people with learning disabilities and the paper concludes with some recommendations.
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Toan, Dinh The. "Outlining Policy and Assessing Success of Policy." Jindal Journal of International Affairs 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjia.v2i4.65.
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Government policy operates in response to the demands of society. Policy success, the general expectation of any policy-maker, is claimed commonly in political life. That is a general goal for any government in order to prove effectiveness and efficiency in its actions. However, the outcome of policies usually lies somewhere between success and failure. This is because of the three dimensions of policy success and their contradictions. Whilst policy learning is concerned as a tool to assess how policies are working and to move policy toward the achievement of desired goals. The case of banning plastic bags in Australia is an ideal example to investigate how a policy can be successful at different levels
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Bailey, Susan, Bev O'Connell, and Julian Pearce. "The transition from paediatric to adult health care services for young adults with a disability: an ethical perspective." Australian Health Review 26, no. 1 (2003): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah030064.
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Young children with disabilities and their carers or parents tend to form a long-term dependent relationship with a paediatrician throughout childhood. At some stage when the young person with a disability reaches early adulthood, the relationship is severed. This paper draws upon recent research undertaken by the authors that describes the difficulties experienced by young people with disabilities as they go through the transition from paediatric care to adult mainstream health care services. The purpose of this article is to present the argument that the dependent,paternalistic relationship that tends to exist between young people with disabilities (and/or their carers) and paediatricians throughout childhood does not facilitate the successful negotiation of adult mainstream health care services, nor optimally promote the well-being of these young people with disabilities. It is proposed that the promotion of autonomy (or self-determination) via a well planned transition program will increase the likelihood that young adults with disabilities and/or their carers will be empowered to successfully negotiate the current mainstream health care system in Australia, and will enhance the well-being of young adults with disabilities.
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Hadi, Ismet, Upik Dyah Eka Noviyanti, Irwansyah Reza Mohamad, and Mohamad Ilyas Abas. "The Urgency of Disability Accessibility in Gorontalo District Government Agencies." Journal La Sociale 1, no. 3 (September 9, 2020): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journal-la-sociale.v1i3.130.
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Accessibility is the facilities provided for persons with disabilities to realize equality and opportunity and all aspects of life and livelihood as ease of moving through and using buildings and the environment with due regard to fluency and feasibility. The purpose of this study was to determine the Gorontalo District regional government policy in implementing the Act relating to the accessibility of the needs of persons with disabilities. Particularly on the accessibility of persons with disabilities to government agencies in Gorontalo District based on Law No. 8 of 2016 concerning Persons with Disabilities and universal design principles implemented in Ministerial Regulation No. 14 of 2017 concerning Building Easiness Requirements. This research uses a normative a juridical type of research with a juridical empirical approach. The results showed that (1). Implementation of Law No. 8 of 2016 concerning Persons with Disabilities in Gorontalo Regency has not been implemented optimally (2). Obstacles found in government agencies in the Gorontalo District environment include government buildings not yet accessible for persons with disabilities. This means that the facilities provided do not meet the universal design principles of ease, usefulness, safety, and independence. The absence of regulations in the form of Regional Regulations and Regents as a legal umbrella related to the standard facilities and services that must be provided for persons with disabilities, and the lack of local budgets for the development and construction of facilities related to the accessibility of persons with disabilities.
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Melling, Kathy. "Is policy having an impact? Commentary on “A summary of government initiatives relating to employment for people with learning disabilities in England”." Tizard Learning Disability Review 20, no. 3 (July 6, 2015): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tldr-04-2015-0019.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on “A summary of government initiatives relating to employment for people with learning disabilities in England”. Design/methodology/approach – In her paper, Blamires outlines the development of policy in employment for people with learning disabilities. This commentary explores whether this policy development is having any impact. Findings – The statistics indicate that development of policy does not appear to be making a difference. It is concluded that this is about how it is being implemented and the time it takes for policy to have an impact. What is needed to fully implement these changes is a huge cultural shift, changing people’s mindset about what people with learning disabilities can achieve. Originality/value – This paper provides an individual perspective on the impact of policy on the lives of people with learning disabilities.
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Harvey, Judy, Di Gursansky, and Rosemary Kennedy. "Case Management in Australia: Application of Moxley’s Scenarios." Care Management Journals 3, no. 2 (January 2002): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1521-0987.3.2.50.
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In 1989 David Moxley produced a text for generic case management in the human services. He has revisited his initial work and argues that the case management concept has taken on diverse meaning as it has been applied more widely and for very different agendas. It may have emerged in community care, but is now being utilised as a tool of restructuring in all arenas of service provision. Moxley now suggests five distinct scenarios for the future of case management: community support and the organisation of support systems for people with disabilities; management of the economic costs of human services; the management of undesirables; the management of clinical pathways; recipient management services. His commentary is based on his U.S. experience. This article will examine the relevance of his predictions to the Australian context.
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Hunter, Mary Ann. "Redefining ‘Industry’: Young People and Cultural Policy in Australia." Media International Australia 90, no. 1 (February 1999): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9909000113.
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This article considers the place of youth arts and cultures in the cultural industries approach to cultural policy. It argues that the ‘covert economic overlay’ (Brokensha, 1996: 101) of the Australian National Culture–Leisure Industry Statistical Framework privileges certain processes in a ‘government convenient’ model of industry inputs and outcomes, and that the assumptions of this model are challenged by youth-specific and community-based modes of production. Furthermore, it argues that the philosophies and practices of contemporary youth-specific arts organisations have the potential to redefine ‘culture industry’ and contribute to a ‘coherent new paradigm’ of cultural policy (UNESCO, 1995: 232). This paper makes these arguments by examining the place of youth arts and cultures in the existing environment of cultural industrialisation, by considering recent government policy responses to young people's cultural activity and by addressing long-term policy issues for the support of young people and cultural development.
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Kabir, Natasha Israt. "A Policies of Inclusion and Exclusion for the Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) interlinked with The Climate Change Adaptation: Case Study of Bangladesh." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 3, no. 4 (November 12, 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v3i4.50.
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The paper aims to see so far the policies have been recommended and implemented which is interrelated with the lives and livelihoods of the vulnerable communities and, as a result, the well-being and safety of persons, communities and countries as a whole have been affected being persons with disabilities so far both by the non-government organizations and what could be done by the government policy makers. Ten percent of the total population of Bangladesh is known as differently able, often called Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) or disabled people according to the survey of Bangladesh Protibandhi Kallayan Somity (BPKS, 2014). It is worth saying that they are often treated with disregard, and so far they are the vulnerable of the society. Yet their role in homes, places of work and communities is often underplayed. So the paper prepares the studies of policies in terms of how we can integrate and mainstream the excluded differently abled /disabled/PWDs through accessibility in people with disabilities friendly policy making. Disasters, many of which are exacerbated by climate change and are increasing in frequency and intensity, significantly impede progress towards sustainable development. Till now we have achieved both the Hyogo and Sendai Framework based on disaster management do have impressions having the framework to be vocal and to ensure the access of the persons with disabilities in terms disasters, many of which are related with the climate change and adaptation. The paper recommends that the “Children with Disabilities” must be included in a separate policy based framework and the two most important terms based on vulnerabilities and hazards should be more inclusive towards the specialization of the accessibility of the persons with disabilities where both the non-government organizations and government can work together.
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Hodge, Robert L. "How Are Drugs Made Available in Australia?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2, no. 4 (October 1986): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300003524.
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The release of prescription drugs in Australia for use by the medical profession is complicated because in practice there is a two-tier system determining availability. The first tier, for new drugs, involves evaluation for safety and efficacy prior to marketing. The final decision is made by the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) serviced by the Department of Health. In the second, much more unusual step, a decision is made by a different committee on whether the now-approved drug is to be included on the government-subsidized drug list (Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme—PBS). Because the PBS list is unusually extensive for a country without a nationalized health service (1,184 items, including all forms and strengths of over 600 drugs) and because a large proportion of prescriptions are written for drugs on the PBS, the PBS Committee making the listing decisions has a major influence on prescribing patterns. In addition, the government is able to exert considerable pressure on drug prices.