Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diritto dei consumatori'
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Timpano, Vincenzo <1970>. "Electio legis e contratti dei consumatori." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1152.
Full textOutlined the evolution of Community legislation as a result of the construction of the internal market and examined the reasons of legislative policy of consumer protection, this work analyzes, in the first part, the scope and purpose of the Rome I Regulation which represents the conversion into a Community instrument of the Rome Convention of 1980 on the law applicable to contractual obligations, and its relationship with other Community sources. In the second part, the analysis object is the conflict of law rule contained in article 6 of the Regulation relating to consumer contracts, highlighting innovative elements as compared to the previous conflict of law rule and reconstructing the ratio in coherence with the priority objective of the Regulation to ensure the effective implementation of the internal market and its correct functioning according to the rules of competition.
DEMARTINI, Greta. "Evoluzione della politica della concorrenza e interessi dei consumatori." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/908.
Full textCORINI, ANTONIA. "Applicazione del diritto alimentare nell’Unione europea. Poteri pubblici e schemi privati per gestire le violazioni del diritto alimentare." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/39865.
Full textThe thesis analyses enforcement of EU food law. The analysis starts by concentrating on the EU Food Law central objectives and basic tools, its historical development and the issues it has aimed to face. Food Law Enforcement is analysed by examining food control systems in the European Union and their implementation by Food Business Operators as well as by the Competent Authorities in two Member States (Italy and The Netherlands). Cases are scrutinised where problems of enforcement or weaknesses of the system have come to light in dealing with various possible violations which concern food. The dissertation aims to show the shortcomings of the legal system and to contribute to solving them by developing a theoretical concept: that of behavioural infringements due to the human factor and of their impact on consumer economic interests. The dissertation, therefore, focuses on the most suitable instruments in dealing with these infringements by examining the newly adopted legislation and by looking at what can be learnt from different approaches chosen in the two Member States studies, including that of combining the Competent Authorities rules and activities to those of Private schemes.
BENINI, Giulia. "L’IRRINUNCIABILITÀ DEI DIRITTI CONFERITI AL CONSUMATORE DALLE DIRETTIVE UE E IL SISTEMA DELLE INVALIDITÀ NEGOZIALI EUROPEE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2388857.
Full textBERNARDONI, ROSITA. "L'istituto del recesso nella teoria generale del contratto e nella legislazione di tutela del consumatore." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/698.
Full textThe progressive spreading and achievement of [the so called] consumer rights – introduced in the mid Eighty in the Italian legal system thanks to implementation of some European directives - seems to extremely affect basic law knowledge of contract and binding effectiveness of acceptance fixed in art. 1372 c.c., producing the definitive crisis of one of the basic contract law principles. Main legal instrument of protection of consumers’ interests is withdrawal right, in way completely different from what provided for art. 1373 c.c. It’s a method of protection of consumers from unfair trading without distort the speed and the security of the commercial practice. Withdrawal right features: 1) acknowledgment always in behalf of one contracting party: the consumer 2) short expiry date 3) reference also to general contract proposal 4) it’s cost-free 5) its practice is unreserved, unconstrained and discretionary 6) it cannot be renounced 7) its efficiency also in real contracts In the withdrawal right, better in the ius poenitendi, as usually defined, the condition of presumed consumers weakness is the way to free from a mislead action.
SAAVEDRA, SERVIDA BLANCA IGNACIA MARIA. "DISCIPLINA DELLA NULLITÀ CONTRATTUALE E PARADIGMA DELL'OPERATIVITÀ A VANTAGGIO." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/784603.
Full textPomini, Emanuele <1978>. "Concessione del credito e tutela del consumatore." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/285.
Full textZICCARDI, Mariangela. "La tutela del consumatore nell'era digitale: profili applicativi nella società dei consumi." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi del Molise, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11695/83699.
Full textThis work analyzes the evolution of consumer’s protection discipline after the transposition of the directive on consumers rights with legislative decree 21st february 2014, no 21. In the first chapter, is illustrated the complex consumer figure (from the Report to the civil code of 1942 to the most modern figures of the sub-supplier and the over-indebted) and is underlined the need to protect him not only as a subject, a fundamental part of the market, together with entrepreneur, but firstly as a person who must be protected as such according to principles of our Constitution. The protection of consumer as a person involves the recall to the market, a place where the person is realized and so its functioning must guarantee the balanced development of the people who work there. The reflections carried out have led to not sharing the idea of wanting to build a unitary and static category of consumer, or to consider the consumer as always a weak contractor, because the same person can be considered a consumer in some economic operations and an economic operator in others. The consumer protection rules are also applied to relations between two entrepreneurs (so called business to business contracts), in which one of the two may be in a situation of asymmetry of contractual power, such as that typical of the relationship between professional and consumer. In the second chapter, is analyzed the directive on consumers rights that has introduced important innovations among which, the pre-contractual information obligations to the professional towards the consumer, the introduction of the “Botton solution” to prevent Internet cost traps and the extension of the terms for exercising the right of withdrawal (14 days), with references also to the Spanish law that has implemented the new legislation. Finally in the third chapter, the attention is focused on some particular figures. Firstly, is analyzed the consumer-telematic traveler, taken into consideration by the directive 2015/2302/UE on tourist packages buyed on Internet, not yet implemented in Italy and the protections of traveler who buyed tourist packages online. The new regolations introduced the total equivalence between the pakage buyed at the travel agencies and the package buyed online, with the recognition of the same rights for the telematic traveler. Secondly, after examining the complex phenomenon of social networks, particular attention is paid to the figure of the baby navigator, that is minor that concludes online contracts (above all through the use of social networks), placing considerable problems of coordination between his inability to contract and his ability to consume. Infact, minors are the main recipient of consumer advertising; however, these consumption relationships established by the minor that exist in reality are not governed by our legal system. Considering the silence of the legislator on the topic, the author tries to frame the fate of the contracts stipulated by the minor, oscillating between the invalidity of the contract and the binding of the same only towards the capable parents.
Tramarin, Sara. "La tutela giudiziale e stragiudiziale del consumatore nel diritto dell’Unione europea." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA007/document.
Full textThe thesis analyzes, under various aspects related to private international law and international civil procedure of the European Union, the status of the protection offered to the European consumers in their international contracts, in particular in relation to the objectives and in the context of the single market. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter deals with consumer protection in the international private law of European Union (regulation (UE) 1215/2012 and regulation (CE) 593/2008). The second chapter deals with the protection offered to consumers by european international civil procedure with reference to individual and collective litigations. The third chapter deals with alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and with on-line dispute resolution (ODR) and analyzes EU directive 2013/11/UE and regulation (EU) 524/2013
La tesi analizza, sotto vari aspetti relativi al diritto internazionale privato e processuale dell’Unione Europea, lo stato della protezione offerta al consumatore europeo nei contratti e nelle controversie internazionali, con uno specifico riguardo alle tutele di carattere processuale e giurisdizionale. La tesi si articola in tre capitoli, che investono gli ambiti in cui tale tutela può esplicarsi, ovvero, l’individuazione di un foro e di una legge applicabile favorevoli agli interessi del consumatore, la semplificazione delle regole di procedura nelle controversie individuali internazionali, la possibilità di dare luogo a procedimenti transfrontalieri collettivi e la creazione di un sistema efficace di risoluzione delle controversie internazionali in via stragiudiziale anche on-line. Il primo capitolo ricostruisce dapprima il sistema di diritto internazionale privatodell'Unione europea in materia di contratti di consumo, dando conto del contesto politico ed economico in cui si inserisce ed alla cui luce devono esserne letti gli obiettivi. Vengono quindi individuati i principi e gli obiettivi che fondano le norme di diritto internazionale privato in materia di contratti internazionali del consumatore, le quali si caratterizzano per l’essere ispirate a finalità materiali, ovvero, volte a permettere di individuare un foro competente ed una legge applicabile che siano in grado di bilanciare tra loro le esigenze dei consumatori e degli operatori del mercato, con la conseguenza di favorire l’esplicarsi degli scambi commerciali e della concorrenza nel mercato unico. Ciò avviene garantendo al consumatore l’applicazione della legge e la competenza del foro a lui più prossimi, ovvero quelli del suo paese di residenza abituale (la cui coincidenza permette peraltro una riduzione dei costi delle liti transfrontaliere) e la prevedibilità delle soluzioni agli operatori del mercato.Il capitolo traccia quindi lo sviluppo normativo e giurisprudenziale delle norme di diritto internazionale privato europee in materia di contratti del consumatore, prendendo in particolare in considerazione le più recenti sentenze della Corte di Giustizia che, dal 2010 ad oggi, hanno ridefinito l’ambito di applicazione delle norme contenute nel regolamento (CE) 44/2001 (Bruxelles I), oggi rifuso nel regolamento (UE) 1215/2012 (Bruxelles I-bis), e nel regolamento (CE) 593/2008 (Roma I), insistendo sulla definizione del concetto, volutamente aleatorio, di “attività diretta” e sul suo ruolo di preminenza nel connettere la fattispecie contrattuale allo Stato della residenza del consumatore per permetterne la competenza dei giudici e l’applicabilità della relativa legge. Viene svolta infine una analisi critica sull’interpretazione fornita dalla Corte di Giustizia che rischia, nel concreto, di rendere le norme in oggetto applicabili in maniera variabile dai giudici nazionali, garantendo alle volte una tutela troppo estesa o troppo ristretta al consumatore, senza riguardo per l’esigenza di certezza giuridica degli operatori del mercato
Tramarin, Sara <1988>. "La tutela giudiziale e stragiudiziale del consumatore nel Diritto dell'Unione Europea." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7975/1/Tesi%20Tramarin%20La%20tutela%20del%20consumatore.pdf.
Full textThe thesis analyzes, under various aspects related to private international law and international civil procedure of the European Union, the status of the protection offered to the European consumers in their international contracts, in particular in relation to the objectives and in the context of the single market. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter deals with consumer protection in the international private law of European Union (regulation (UE) 1215/2012 and regulation (CE) 593/2008). The second chapter deals with the protection offered to consumers by european international civil procedure with reference to individual and collective litigations. The third chapter deals with alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and with on-line dispute resolution (ODR) and analyzes EU directive 2013/11/UE and regulation (EU) 524/2013
CONDINO, OLIVIA. "Il sovraindebitamento del consumatore." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/43884.
Full textRupnik, Giovanna <1966>. "Imperatività del codice del consumo." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2602.
Full textThe research paper aims to analyze to what extent the consumer has full availability of his own rights since the legislation imposed to the consumer the imperative of law to safeguard the customer himself. Although the current legislation clearly states that the consumers’ rights are “mandatory”, it is not thereby precluded, in my opinion, a certain freedom of movement recognizing the consumer as an active part despite always been considered as a weak one in the negotiation. This research work aims to identify consumer’s contractual autonomy in the current law. In some cases the consumer has the choice and the faculty to use the rights guaranteed by the current legislation and, if he wishes, to waive his own rights. Moreover, some rules may provide for a waiver based on the consumer’s will (art.134 Consumer Code); the same remedy that usually goes along with the prohibition of certain covenants or clauses (void) is flexible and adaptable to the needs of the individual consumer to whom the system entrusts the power to invoke it or not ("even the remedy is unavailable to protect the rights available”). The Consumer Code formally declares the inalienability of consumers’ rights (Article 143 of the Consumer Code); however, a systematic interpretation suggests to limit the span of this mandatory provision (albeit general) and also to minimize the consequences of agreements in contrast with the rules of the Consumer Code.
Colucci, Annamaria. "Violazioni della normativa antitrust e tutela del consumatore." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11581/401746.
Full textForasassi, Sara <1976>. "Mercato diritti e consumi: la tutela del consumatore nella disciplina antitrust." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/773/1/Tesi_Forasassi_Sara.pdf.
Full textForasassi, Sara <1976>. "Mercato diritti e consumi: la tutela del consumatore nella disciplina antitrust." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/773/.
Full textBussoli, Laura <1981>. "La disciplina delle pratiche commerciali scorrette tra tutela del consumatore e tutela del mercato." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2252.
Full textDE, FRANCESCHI Alberto. "PRATICHE COMMERCIALI INGANNEVOLI E CONTRATTI DEL CONSUMATORE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2389337.
Full textFattori, Martina <1996>. "Il percorso delle imprese verso la sostenibilità nell’epoca del “greenwashing”: tra diritti del consumatore e tutela della concorrenza." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20828.
Full textScarpa, Laura <1994>. "La tutela del turista-consumatore e le pratiche commerciali scorrette: il caso della Policy Bagagli di Ryanair." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16321.
Full textCesaro, Riccardo <1997>. "Vizi e difformità del bene nella vendita al consumatore: analisi della normativa e focus sulla direttiva 771/2019." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21054.
Full textRonchese, Francesca. "Inadempimento del fornitore del credito al consumo e rimedi relativi al rapporto di finanziamento." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426388.
Full textMARTINI, BARZOLAI Alberta. "LA RESPONSABILITÀ DELL'OPERATORE DEL SETTORE ALIMENTARE ALLA LUCE DEI REQUISITI GENERALI IMPOSTI ALLE INFORMAZIONI ALIMENTARI DAL REG. (UE) N. 1169/2011." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2388981.
Full textFILICE, ASSUNTA BARBARA. "IL COMMERCIO EQUO E SOLIDALE: PROSPETTIVE E RAGIONI DI UNA REGOLAMENTAZIONE TRA COOPERAZIONE ALLO SVILUPPO ED ESIGENZE DI TUTELA DEL CONSUMATORE." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/780.
Full textThe fair trade phenomenon expanded in the western world during the last forty years because the benefits of trade and the expansion of international trade are not equitably distributed among all countries and between different levels of population. The gradual extension of phenomenon, the expansion of the geographic areas covered, the increase of quantity and types of traded goods and the proliferation of actors, gradually showed the strength related to this reality, which has become, in a few years, a true reference model for a fair trade on the international market. However, in order to classify precisely the phenomenon and to reveal its contents, it was considered appropriate to divide the discussion of the topic into four macro-blocks, respectively associated to: -the socio-economic description of the fair trade; -the different standardization projects elaborated in this field at the supranational, national and regional levels; -the other experiences developed in a comparative perspective with other European countries (and not only); -the analysis of contractual instruments used in the sector with particular regard to the contracts used by CTM Altromercato. The starting point is represented by some different preliminary considerations, with special emphasis on socio-economic phenomenon, considering its increasing trend and its current value in terms of incidence on the new global order of economic relations. Secondly, as legal research, it was considered appropriate to immediately penetrate the reality of fair trade, with specific reference to the problems and prospects related to the best legal regulation of this phenomenon, which represents the central object of this study. In particular, we chose to develop some general discussion about the different approaches elaborated in this area, considering the complexity of the framework and the variety of proposals. However, reconstructing the underlying reasons for a legal adjustment of this phenomenon, it was thought primarily to examine the many attempts to self-regulation, referring firstly to the “Carte dei Criteri” and especially the “Carta Italiana”, drawn up to identify the requirements and the people suitable to operate in that context, and secondly concerning the private certification schemes, specialized in this field, and created to label the products of fair trade and thus to ensure compliance with standards and respect for the principles of the sector. After examining the pathways of self-regulation and the peculiarities connected to the same, it was considered interesting to carry out the analysis of a different form of regulation, called “heteroregulation”, considering, in particular, the limitations and inconsistencies intrinsically linked to the self-discipline. In fact, the creation of a clear legislative framework, corresponding to a real law, would- and this is precisely what the research is oriented to prove - to establish, in addition to official recognition of the phenomenon, the specific identification of the fair trade products and of the parties involved and moreover, establishing a strict system of sanctions, to realize the subsequent elimination of the risk that they are, unconsciously, mixed with persons outside the principles of the movement, meaning a huge guarantee for the consumers. Once we have established the need to regulate this field and once outlined the reasons for a preference of heteroregolamentative type solutions, it was interesting to analyze the detailed paths and the legislative actions drawn up at the supranational , national and regional level, to reflect more broadly on the style that a regulatory intervention in this area would have. The paragraphs elaborated in the II part, concerning a critical evaluation of the projects of regulation existing in this context, want to clarify if, considering the complexity of the sector, a potential model to follow exists. Thirdly, in order to reflect on the regulation profiles of fair trade phenomenon and considering the need to find a legislative framework, it was chosen to dedicate the next stages of research to examine of the most important experiences carried on in this field from other countries. The third part-section of the research is focused on the analysis of legislative solutions developed at European level (and not only) in this context; the aim is to value the similarities and the compatibility, but also the differences, compared to our system. In addiction to the study of strategies, outlined in the European context, and particularly in the countries like Spain and France - through the analysis of various proposals and regulations put in practice - it was considered interesting to propose also the examination of Canadian perspective, considering in particular the innovative nature of a comparative study between these two dimensions (Italian and Canadian). For these considerations and to realize the theoretical profile, it was decided to complete the research with the analysis of some commercial contracts, which are used in the practice of business and containing the fair trade rules and the principles. In particular, the last section of work, concerning the social justice issues and the law of contracts - with particular reference to the legal framework of the contract conceived like an instrument to ensuring the proper functioning of the competitive market and protect consumers - is focused on the analysis of contractual forms ( "Fair Trade Partnership Agreement", "Annual Plan, "Fair Trade Purchasing Contract" and "Delivery Order") used by CTM Altromercato in transactions of purchase, transportation and sale of fair trade products. These contracts, obtained thanks to a strong collaboration with the legal office of the Consortium CTM Altromercato, were considered particularly interesting: first of all, these instruments could be a contractual guarantee for a consumer socially responsible, who wants to view them and to observe directly the relevance of these standards and principles, and to ensure that the products meet those standards; on the other hand, these contracts represent a kind of social security, namely an instrument to enforce these values and also to recover, in a broader perspective, specific rights.
BELLETTATO, Sara. "Contratti di finanziamento e valutazione del merito creditizio del cliente-consumatore nel diritto dell'Unione europea. Le direttive 2008/48/CE e 2014/17/UE e la loro attuazione negli Stati membri." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488141.
Full textThe PhD Thesis is based on the regulation concerning the evaluation of consumers’ credit worthiness, according to the article 8 Directive 2008/48/EC on “credit agreements for consumers” and article 14 Directive 2014/17/UE on “credit agreements relating to residential property” (Mortgage Credit Directive, MCD). Each of these directives contain a special regulation of the “credit worthiness”, that arouses the problem relating with the identification of the purpose of this evaluation and with the social and juridical protected interest. In fact, on the one end, this discipline could be understood as a regulation aimed at ensuring only the correct execution of bank activity, in order to avoid that the financial institutions grant sum of money (even if of limited amount) to subjects that, through an ex ante evaluation, could have well been recognized as potentially insolvent. On the other hand, however, in the current social and economical context, we cannot exclude that the European Union Institutions first, and the national legislators of European Union Member States then, making reference to the credit negotiation, intend to offer to the weaker party of the contractual relation (i.e.: the consumer) a level of protection directed to avoid the lending, from bank intermediaries, when the loan is substantially unbearable for the consumer himself and is based on an incorrect evaluation of the credit worthiness (which could also lead, in the long run, to the so-called Overindebtedness of the consumer). Central, then, is the recognition of the right perspective of the protected interest because different would be the practical implications resulting from the non-fulfilment of the duty (in any case burdening the financier) to proceed to the evaluation of credit worthiness of the potential debtor. This aspect is not completely regulated by the two European directives, allowing each Member State to outline different systems of sanctions according to the interest considered preeminent: if it is the banks’ interest to be privileged, administrative sanctions would be preferred; on the contrary, if it is the consumers’ interest to be protected, it could allow the creation of private-law sanctions directed to avoid situations of so-called Over-indebtedness of themselves.
Di, Mezza Grazia. "Obblighi informativi e tutela del consumatore nel D.Lgs. n. 72/2016 attuativo della direttiva n. 2014/17/Ue." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422220.
Full textRASO, MICHELA. "La tutela del consumatore e i prodotti tipici con particolare riferimento alla tutela europea dell'oliva ascolana del Piceno The protection of the consumer and the typical products with particular reference to the protection of the olive Ascolana Piceno." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11581/401869.
Full textColucci, Silvia. "Aspetti legali e tecniche del commercio elettronico per massimizzare la sicurezza degli utenti finali. Sviluppo e analisi critica di un sito web a norma di legge." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.
Find full textLA, PORTA BEATRICE. "NOVEL FOOD: LA NORMATIVA DELL'UNIONE EUROPEA TRA SICUREZZA ALIMENTARE, SFIDE DELLA TECNICA E TUTELA DELL'AFFIDAMENTO." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/57797.
Full textThe last decades' lawmaking in the food field highlights the increasing attention towards science and got lawyers rethinking about the link existing between law and science. In a progression of the European legislator's sensitivity to guarantee the market as well as the food consumers and their safety, the EU legislation on novel foods has tried to balance food innovation and the multiple needs of operators and consumers who require products with increasingly more defined characteristics and suitable to satisfy a wide range of preferences. If "the capacity of the technique is the effective power to achieve goals and to satisfy needs indefinitely" is easy to understand how the novel food turns out to be a paradigmatic case of an encounter between science, market needs and juridical rules. Furthermore, the increasing interest in the food sector raises the question of which methods of regulation of scientific innovations apply.
MARGIOTTA, Maria. "Verifica del merito creditizio, responsabilità del finanziatore e "indebitamento incauto"." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/90911.
Full textTOGNI, ENRICO. "LA DIMENSIONE RELAZIONALE DEGLI ALIMENTI. INDICAZIONI NUTRIZIONALI E SULLA SALUTE IN UNA PROSPETTIVA COMPARATA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6536.
Full textThe topic of the present research is to highlight the relational dimension of the information provided to consumers via food labelling, intended as a legal tool for the implementation of the nutrition policy carried out by the EU institutions since the establishment of the European Economic Community. The present work analyses how the function of food labelling has changed during the decades, since the late Seventies of the past century, when it was merely conceived as a mean of information whose main purpose was the harmonisation of the different national legislations, which could constitute an unnecessary obstacle to the realization of the common internal market, to the most recent days, when food labelling is thought as a tool of active nutrition policy; more precisely, through an adequate labelling, the EU institutions try to shape consumers’ behaviours, driving them toward a healthier eating. In this regulatory scenario, the Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims made on foods is an ambitious and controversial piece of European food law, whose premises were undoubtedly laudable, but which has been during the years (partially) implemented in a manner which has caused much more discontent and confusion among both consumers and manufacturers, so that nowadays many doubts are still arising for what concerns its efficacy and its validity. This research represents a deep analysis of the Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims, also taken into consideration from the historical, sociological, and economic perspective, which must be necessarily intertwined for a complete and critical comprehension of the legal framework and its implications for the various stakeholders. For this reason, each paragraph begins with a sort of normative background, and concludes with a critical analysis of the existing situation, providing some hints for a better implementation of the NHCR. After a brief introduction, the core of the research is completely and deeply focused on each and every aspect of the Regulation, with a central part which takes into consideration the very crucial aspect of its partial and problematic ongoing implementation: the role of science and, more precisely, the requirement of the scientific substantiation of the claims, whose assessment is demanded to the EFSA that, in the absence of definitions and clear guidelines on how to conduct such an evaluation, has de facto given its personal interpretation of the normative provisions of the Regulation, on which also the Commission and the European Court of Justice (implicitly or explicitly) rely, causing discontent among operators and legal scholars who see this as an illegitimate application of the precautionary principle to the field of food information, and a possible departure from the traditional categories of the risk assessment, risk management, and legal interpretation. The analysis proceeds then by criticizing the results of the total reliance on the scientific evaluation carried out by the EFSA, which reduced most of the knowledge about nutrition science in few more than 200 approved health claims, whose wording is probably incomprehensible for the average consumer. Moreover, there are also many other open issues in the Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims which need to be urgently addressed in order not to vanish the laudable purpose of stimulating innovation and competition in the food sector, namely the botanical claims and probiotics, which are now prevented from bearing health claims on the consideration that a complete scientific consensus about their safety and efficacy has not yet been reached. But if this is the largely prohibitive state of the art, manufacturers are of course encouraged to find different escape routes, one of which is recurring to implied health claims, adopted through non-textual messages, or, to rephrase, through a smart food design, which can convey the same representation of healthiness without being subject to the strict scientific boundaries standardised by the EFSA. In addition, and as a conclusion, the present work, although mainly focused on the European Union regulatory environment, tries to give a comparative view on what the international arena offers on the topic, from the Codex Alimentarius Commission to the various WTO Agreements pertaining to food labelling, instilling doubts about the NHCR compatibility with the obligations that the EU must fulfil in the international trade law relations.
ROMEO, FRANCESCA. "Il credito immobiliare: obblighi del professionista e tutela del consumatore." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11570/3147663.
Full textSparti, Vincenzo. "IL CREDITO AI CONSUMATORI A SEGUITO DEL D. LGS. 13/8/2010 n. 141." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/94770.
Full textBASILI, Silvia. "Gli attuali scenari del commercio internazionale dei prodotti agroalimentari, tra vecchie e nuove questioni di sicurezza alimentare: una riflessone comparatistica ta UE, USA e CINA." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11393/251081.
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