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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Directive principle'
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Chakraborty, Sulata. "Socio-economic foundations of the Indian constitution : a study with special reference to the directive principles of state policy." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1447.
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Acosta, Romero Yasmin. "Paragraph 6(4) of the Habitats Directive and the Precautionary Principle : The European Commission – Friend or foe?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-417172.
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Lang, Michael. "The Principle of Territoriality and its Implementation in the Proposal for a Council Directive on a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB)." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3769/1/2012_09_Lang_2012.pdf.
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Dalix, Jean-Christophe. "La dérégulation de l’invocabilité objective d’exclusion des directives européennes." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASH004.
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Plus de quarante ans après que la Cour de justice ait levé à travers l'arrêt Van Duyn l'incapacité des directives à revêtir un caractère directement applicable, la question de leur invocabilité ou de leur effet juridique au sein des ordres juridiques nationaux reste un point sensible en termes de débats doctrinaux et de controverses constantes au sein même de la Cour de justice. De fait, en décloisonnant la régulation de l'intensité normative de l'effet immédiat des directives et, plus généralement, celle du droit dérivé obligatoire de l'orthodoxie de l'article 288 TFUE, la Cour de justice a bouleversé l'équilibre normatif qui en découlait. Or, face à l'enjeu déterminant que revêt l'invocabilité des directives sous l'angle de la répartition des compétences, la défiance exprimée par certaines cours constitutionnelles à l'adresse de la Cour de justice, a conduit le juge de Luxembourg à reconsidérer sa position. Ainsi, dès 1979, associera-t-il à ce décloisonnement un processus de recomposition de la cristallisation de l'équilibre normatif initialement tranché par l'article 288 TFUE. Par ce processus de recomposition, d'une part, il ajustera sous forme de limitation l'étendue de l'applicabilité directe subjective de substitution des directives et, d'autre part, il réajustera sous forme de restriction l'étendue de leur applicabilité directe objective d'exclusion. De ce dispositif il ressort la rupture de l'unité profonde de l'ordre juridique de l'Union dont l'origine tient à la dérégulation de l'invocabilité objective d'exclusion des directives causant d'une part, par le morcellement de ses conditions d'application l'étiolement de la justiciabilité objective d'exclusion du droit de l'Union et d'autre part, par l'éclatement de son fondement la déstructuration de la justiciabilité objective d'exclusion du droit de l'Union. Aussi, aux fins de recouvrer une rationalité d'ensemble, apparaît-il raisonnable de resituer l'invocabilité objective d'exclusion des directives dans la logique issue de l'arrêt Verbond nederlandse ondernemingen (VNO)More than forty years after the Court of Justice, through the Van Duyn judgment, lifted the inability of directives to have a directly applicable character, the question of their invocability or their legal effect within national legal orders remains a point sensitive in terms of doctrinal debates and constant controversies within the Court of Justice. In fact, by decompartmentalizing the regulation of the normative intensity of the immediate effect of directives and, more generally, that of the com-pulsory secondary law of the orthodoxy of Article 288 TFEU, the Court of Justice has upset the normative ba-lance that ensued. However, faced with the decisive issue involved in the invocation of directives from the point of view of the distribution of powers, the mistrust expressed by certain constitutional courts to address the Court of Justice, led the Luxembourg judge to reconsider his posi-tion. Thus, from 1979, he will associate with this decompartmentalization a process of recomposition of the crystallization of the normative equilibrium initially decided by article 288 TFEU. By this process of recom-position, on the one hand, he will adjust in the form of limitation the extent of the subjective direct applicability of substitution for directives and, on the other hand, he will readjust in the form of restriction the extent of their direct applicability exclusionary objective. From this device, it emerges the rupture of the deep unity of the legal order of the Union, the origin of which derives from the deregulation of the objective invocability of exclusion of directives causing on the one hand, by the fragmentation of its conditions for application the etiolation of the objective justiciability of exclusion from Union law and on the other hand, by the bursting of its foundation the destructuring of objective justiciability of exclusion from Union law. Therefore, in order to recover an overall rationality, it seems reasonable to place the objective invocability of exclusion of directives in the logic resulting from the judgment Verbond nederlandse ondernemingen (VNO)
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Bobková, Michaela. "Stanovení transferových cen mezi spojenými osobami." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417357.
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The master thesis deals with the issue of transfer price of a controlled transaction between associated enterprises. Part of the master thesis is definition of basic theoretical concepts associated with the issue of transfer pricing with a focus on domestic, international, and European Union law. The master thesis deals with the analysis of case law, whose subject matter is transfer pricing. The theoretical starting points of the thesis are applied to a practical example, which deals with the issue of determining the transfer price for specific controlled transaction between associated enterprises.
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Škodová, Ivana. "Návrh kritérií posuzování neúměrnosti nákladů v souvislosti s implementací a cíli Rámcové směrnice EU pro vodní politiku 2000/60/ES." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192180.
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This paper tries to answer the question related to the implementation of one of Europe's most influential EU-directives, the Water Framework Directive. The Directive requires Member States to achieve good ecological potential and good surface water chemical status for bodies of water until year 2015. If the states cannot achieve those objectives within this period, then there may be grounds for exemptions from the requirement to prevent further deterioration of to achieve good status under specific conditions. One of those conditions could be that, the completing the improvements within the timescale would be disproportionately expensive. Question which is examined in this paper is, what criteria would be most appropriate for determining the disproportionate costs. Based on the review of most WFD-related studies and EU legislation are selected criteria, which should be used for the assessment of the disproportionate costs.
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Andersson, Lisa. "Mervärdesskattedirektivets implementering : Nationellt handlingsutrymme gällande bestämmelserna om mervärdesskattegrupper och reducerade mervärdesskattesatser?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-21498.
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En medlemsstat inom Europeiska Unionen (EU) ska anpassa de nationella bestämmelserna för att möta de EU-rättsliga bestämmelserna. Ett exempel på en sådan reglering är mervärdesskatten. Syftet med regleringen av mervärdesskatten har varit att skapa och stimulera en inre marknad inom EU, utan skillnader mellan medlemsländerna. Mervärdesskatten har harmoniserats genom mervärdesskattedirektivet som medlemsstaternas är förpliktigade att implementera. Implementering av ett direktiv ger medlemsstaterna möjligheten att själva tolka och avgöra tillvägagångssättet, så länge direktivets syfte uppnås. Dock har flertalet talan om fördragsbrott uppkommit i Europeiska Unionens domstol, grundat på kommissionens åsikt om att medlemsstater har underlåtit att uppfylla sina skyldigheter enligt mervärdesskattedirektivet. Därav uppkommer frågan hur den konstitutionella grunden för EU ger medlemsstaterna eget handlingsutrymme att tolka och implementera bestämmelserna i mervärdesskattedirektivet utifrån EU:s fördrag, rättspraxis och principerna om neutralitet, legalitet, likabehandling och lojalitet. Rättspraxis behandlar områdena för mervärdesskattegrupper och reducerade skattesatser. Det kan konstateras att medlemsstaterna har ett begränsat handlingsutrymme för implementering av mervärdesskattedirektivets bestämmelser. EU:s fördrag, principer och praxis ger inte medlemsstaterna något större utrymme att själva tolka och implementera bestämmelserna. Vidare framgår att det finns en osäkerhet kring tillämpningsområdet och vidden av neutralitetsprincipen, vilket gör att medlemsstaterna inte kan försäkra sig ett större skydd mot fördragsbrott i frågan om implementering av mervärdesskattedirektivet. Därmed finns en rättsosäkerhet i frågan om medlemsstaternas handlingsutrymme gällande implementeringen av mervärdesskattedirektivet bestämmelser vilket även påverkar varje enskild medborgare inom EU.As a member of the European Union (EU), nations commit to accommodate its national legislation to EU law. An example of this is the regulation of value added tax (VAT). The purpose with the regulation of VAT is to create and stimulate the internal market within EU, without differences between the member states. The VAT is harmonized through the VAT Directive, which every member state is obligated to comply with. The implementation of a directive imposes an opportunity for the member states to make their own interpretations and determine how the implementation shall be handled, as long as the result of the directive is fulfilled. However, several claims have been raised in the Court of Justice of the European Union, claiming failure to fulfil an obligation under the Directive on the common system of VAT. This is based on the Commission’s view that member states do not comply with its obligations within the VAT Directive. Thereby arises the question of; how the constitutional rights of EU actually gives the member states an opportunity to interpret the implementation of the VAT Directive into national legislation. In the thesis this question is set in relation to EU Treaties, legal principals and an analysis of case law in the areas of VAT groups and reduced tax rates. The thesis concludes that the member states have a limited discretion for implementation of the VAT Directive. EU Treaties, principles and case law do not give the area of discretion that has been interpreted. Furthermore there is an uncertainty about the area of application and the principle of neutrality. Therefore member states cannot ensure protection against failure to fulfil an obligation under the Directive on the common system of VAT. Thus, there is a legal uncertainty in the question of discretion regarding the implementation of the VAT Directive, which affects all citizens within the EU.
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Trögnerová, Martina. "Metodika stanovení transferové ceny mezi sdruženými podniky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241599.
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Master thesis deals with the issue of international taxation of transfer prices between related parties. Diploma thesis defines the basic theoretical concepts of transfer pricing with a focus on international and domestic law. The analytical part of the thesis is devoted to the analysis of the case law, the subject of which is transfer pricing. The practical part is based on acquired knowledge to elaborate a methodological tool to transfer pricing. The present findings are applied to a model example.
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Briancini, Valkiria. "Colisão de direitos fundamentais e aplicação do princípio da proporcionalidade nas relações de trabalho." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2007. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/271.
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As relações de trabalho são formadas por dois sujeitos, de um lado o empregador, que através do poder diretivo tem o poder de dirigir, organizar, fiscalizar a prestação do serviço do empregado; de outro, o empregado, subordinado juridicamente ao empregador. No entanto, o poder diretivo do empregador não é absoluto, mas sim é limitado pela presença dos direitos fundamentais do empregado (e.g. direito fundamental à intimidade, a vida privada, à não-discriminação), que possuem eficácia na esfera das relações de trabalho. Assim, o estudo tem por objeto a colisão de direitos fundamentais nas relações de trabalho entre o poder diretivo do empregador e os direitos fundamentais do empregado. Nos casos de colisão desses direitos as soluções apresentadas nos casos concretos devem sempre procurar harmonizar as espaços de tensão entre as normas constitucionais a concretizar, procurando manter a unidade da Constituição. Para tanto, nestas situações o intérprete/aplicador do direito emprega o método da ponderação de bens e o princípio da proporcionalidade e de seus subprincípios, como meio de interpretação, aplicação e como forma de sopesamento nas situações de tensão e conflito entre bens constitucionalmente protegidos, que por se tratarem de normas constitucionais não se cogita de hierarquia entre ambas, conforme se constata no estudo tópico realizado em algumas decisões do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho sobre colisão de direitos fundamentais e poder diretivo.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-19T17:28:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Valkiria Briancini.pdf: 1182843 bytes, checksum: 6f1d716010c2148a5bda177c43937839 (MD5)
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The employment relationships are formed by two subjects, on the one hand the employer, which through the directive power has the right to direct, organize, supervise the installment of the service of the employee; of another, the employee, legally subordinate to the employer. However, the directive power of the employer is not absolute, but it is limited by the presence of the fundamental rights of the employee (eg fundamental right to privacy, non-discrimination), which have effectively in the sphere of labour relations. Thus, the study has as its object the collision of fundamental rights in the employment relations between the directive power of the employer and the fundamental rights of the employee. In the case of collision of these rights the solutions presented in individual cases must always seek to harmonise the areas of tension between the constitutional requirements to achieve, trying to maintain the unity of the Constitution. This way, in these situations the interpreter / applicator of the right uses the method of the balance of goods and the principle of proportionality and its subprinciples, as a means of interpretation, application and as a way of balance in situations of tension and conflict between constitutionally protected rights, which by constitutional rules that they do not have hierarchy between them, as noted in the study topic held in some decisions of the Superior Labour Court on collision of fundamental rights and directive power.
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GALDINI, Angelo. "Rete Natura 2000 e pianificazione territoriale nella Pubblica Amministrazione." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/30746.
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The essay aims mostly at analyzing the regulation of the Natura 2000 network (the “Habitats directive”), in the wider context of the other tools established to protect the Biodiversity. This is the purpose of the Natura 2000 ecological network established by the “Habitats directive”, which was adopted in 1992 (the network, which also embraces areas established under the ‘Birds’ directive).
In particular, the article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC plays a crucial role in the management of the sites that make up the Natura 2000 network. With the spirit of integration in mind, it indicates the various tasks involved so that the nature conservation interests of the sites can be safeguarded. The essay analyzes the trasposition of this Directive in Italy with attention to the environmental appropriate assessment, setting out the circumstances within which plans and projects with negative effects may or may not be allowed. It analyzes also the application of the precautionary principle to the administrative procedure provided to express the environmental appropriate assessment. Thus, the Habitats Directive also governs the compensatory measures. These measures constitute measures specific to a project or plan, additional to the normal practices of implementation of the ‘Nature’ directives. They aim to offset the negative impact of a project and to provide compensation corresponding precisely to the negative effects on the species or habitat concerned. The compensatory measures constitute the ‘last resort’. They are used only when the other safeguards provided for by the directive are ineffectual and the decision has been taken to consider, nevertheless, a project/plan having a negative effect on the Natura 2000 site. The main purpose of the essay is to understand the extension of the Natura 2000 network and if it is possible to use contractual arrangements in order to limit the current “size” of the environmental appropriate assessment.
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Zenunovic, Alma. "Betaltjänstdirektivets inverkan på svensk rätt och dess processuella och institutionella autonomi." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-19902.
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Denna magisteruppsats i offentlig rätt är ämnad att behandla implementeringen av direktivet om betaltjänster på den inre marknaden i svensk rätt. Betaltjänstdirektivet är väsentlig vid inrättande av den inre marknaden inom EU:s medlemsstater, då alla inre gränser skall avlägsnas för att möjliggöra fri rörlighet för varor, personer, tjänster och kapital; i det sammanhanget blir det viktigt med en modern och konsekvent rättslig ram för betaltjänster på EU-nivå. Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka implementeringen av de processuella och materiella bestämmelser i betaltjänstdirektivet som knyter an till principen om god förvaltning och därtill medlemsstaternas processuella och institutionella autonomi. Till de frågor som analyseras hör tolkning av begreppet god förvaltning och hur de utvalda principerna kan identifieras i svensk rätt genom implementeringen av direktivet. God förvaltning i denna uppsats förstås i vid mening som ett begrepp motsvarande vad enskilda har rätt att förvänta sig av det berörda förvaltningsorganet vid handläggning av ett enskilt ärende. Uppsatsen har visat att direktivet innehåller ett flertal bestämmelser som knyter an till principen om god förvaltning och som reglerar hur svenska myndigheter skall handlägga ärenden inom direktivets tillämpningsområde. Uppsatsen har också kunnat påvisa en tydlig påverkan på Sveriges processuella och institutionella autonomi.
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Rymarz, Richard. "Principles of the new evangelization: Analysis and direction." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2010. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/808177bf382f52b6bc9baafd71d8ee9756188f0d9d2a97a80fd34d09bc36ed87/4373227/65074_downloaded_stream_299.pdf.
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This thesis, after appropriate analysis, proposes a number of principles, which guide both an understanding of the new evangelization as formulated by Pope John Paul II and how the new evangelization can be applied. The key insight of the new evangelization is that growing numbers of people, especially in Western countries such as Australia, whilst retaining what can be termed a 'loose' form of Christian affiliation, can no longer be described as having a living sense of the Gospel. This makes these people distinct from the classical focus of missionary activity, namely, those who have never heard the Gospel proclaimed. Pope John Paul II's exposition of the new evangelization arose from his understanding of key conciliar and post conciliar documents. In this understanding, the new evangelization is one of the clear fruits of the Council, a path that can be traced from Ad Gentes (1965) to Evangelii Nuntiandi (1975) to the writings of John Paul II. The concept of the new evangelization is a response to the new reality of this growing number of loosely affiliated Christians and can be interpreted on a number of levels. In essence, this concept proposes a reorientation toward a deep, personal, and abiding relationship with Christ. The new evangelization is also a living out of this renewed relationship manifested most obviously by a desire to bring others into communion with Christ. It has a clear ecclesiological dimension as a closer communion with Christ is experienced as part of a community of faith. Following from this, the new evangelization is well situated within an ecclesiology of communion, which arises from the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, Lumen Gentium (1964). Within this ecclesiology, a discipleship model of Church is privileged. The thesis engages a wide range of scholarly thought in seeking to better understand the conditions that have led to the need for the new evangelization.;Changes in socialization patterns along with the emergence of a diffuse spirituality have led to what is described as a 'new Catholic mentality', which is marked by, amongst other things, a reluctance to strongly commit to Christian belief and practice. Another perspective, offered from a more theological lens, describes modern culture as moving from a classical to an empirical basis. A manifestation of this shift is that religious conversion and experience of a transcendent dimension to life have become increasingly marginal. Modern societies can also be conceived of as ones where the compelling meta-narratives of previous eras no longer have the same hold. In such an environment, religion can become one choice amongst many. In these circumstances, a key question focuses on what the Church has to offer those who are accustomed to living as consumers in a culture of choice? The argument is made that concepts such as vicarious religion and secularization, understood as movements of religious salience from the public to personal domain, explain well the social terrain in many Western countries. For many, this cultural context facilitates a loose sense of religious affiliation. In response to these modern conditions, the Church needs actively to consider ways in which strong religious commitment can be nurtured. In a consumer choice orientated culture, the Church needs to cultivate plausibility so that people - especially younger people - can develop and strengthen their religions bonds and sensibilities. Strategies such as developing plausibility structures, building strong affirming faith communities, and providing a ready experience of the divine can be used to help realize the new evangelization. These are part of a wider plan, which describes the Church as taking on a more evangelical demeanor where proclamation is given a high priority.;The new evangelization is both necessary and a well-conceived response to the challenges facing the Church in Western societies. It recognizes that the loose affiliation that typifies many in countries such as Australia is a harbinger of a more long lasting disconnection and, as such, is a situation that needs to be addressed. The new evangelization is not in conflict with Church reform; rather, it is an appropriate response to a changed pastoral reality, one that provides significant challenges. The thesis culminates in the final chapter, which seeks to synthesize the previous discussion into a number of guiding factors and principles of the new evangelization. Guiding factors such as the importance of the human element, and principles such as providing cogent answers, strong and sustaining boundaries, and experiences of supportive communities, flow from an understanding of the new evangelization and a realization of how it could come to fruition.
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Mouzaki, Dionysia. "La médiation des différends civils en droit de l'Union Européenne et ses incidences sur les droits français, anglais et grec." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3021.
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Aujourd’hui l’Union européenne favorise la règlementation de la médiation par une démarche générale sous la directive n° 2008/52/CE sur certains aspects de la médiation en matière civile et commerciale et par une démarche sectorielle sous la directive n° 2013/11/UE relative au règlement extrajudiciaire des litiges de consommation et le règlement n° 524/2013/UE en ligne des litiges de consommation. Cette tendance législative apparaît comme une exigence d’améliorer l’accès à la justice en réduisant son coût, sa lenteur et sa complexité. La question qui se pose est de savoir dans quel cadre juridique la médiation facilite la résolution amiable des différends ainsi que l’accès à la justice en réduisant le déséquilibre qui caractérise les rapports juridiques, dès lors qu’on écarte la protection juridictionnelle. La réponse appelle l’analyse de la règlementation de la médiation dans le droit de l’Union européenne et dans les droits nationaux examinés. Le droit de l’Union implique que les États membres prennent les mesures nécessaires pour l’application correcte d’une directive (article 288 § 3 TFUE) ; l’application du droit de l’Union européenne devant être assurée sous le respect des principes d’équivalence et d’efficacité. Comment cela peut-être garantie ? La réception du droit de l’Union européenne a contribué à atténuer les ambivalences préexistantes autour du concept de la médiation et a ainsi facilité la mise en place d’une référence commune à la médiation, si elle n’a pas permis une transposition homogène. Dans les trois systèmes étudiés la médiation se manifeste globalement en tant que « phénomène conventionnel », mais qui se situe au carrefour du droit substantiel et processuel. Si l’entier du processus s’exprime de manière conventionnelle, la convention de médiation, acte fondateur du processus, relève d’une dimension duale, à la fois conventionnelle et processuelle Quelle sera la liaison future entre médiation et justice traditionnelle ? La volonté de ne plus laisser la règlementation de la médiation au domaine privé, mais de lui réserver une place centrale dans les règles étatiques parait claire dans les trois systèmes nationaux. Cette « processualisation » de la médiation conduira-t-elle à l’émergence d’« un droit à la médiation » ? Quel rôle contient désormais le droit d’accès au juge (article 6 § 1 Convention EDH et 47 de la Charte européenne des droits de la Charte des droits fondamentaux) autour du développement législatif de la médiation ? Les réponses nécessitent l’analyse du régime qui donne accès à la médiation et du cadre processuel qui garantit l’accomplissement « légitime » de son processus. Le développement opportun de la médiation exige que les personnes qui assurent sa mise en œuvre puissent justifier d’une formation sérieuse en la matière, ainsi qu’un statut fiable pour inciter les intéressés d’y recourir. Quel est le statut du médiateur ? La comparaison des droits nationaux nous permettra d’envisager le meilleur modèle régulateur pour encadrer les compétences du tiers intervenant. Mais un système de médiation réellement efficace s’est traduit par un aboutissement efficace. Comment se valorise-t-il l’ « accord amiable », l’issue négociée en droit, voire en résolution extrajudiciaire d’un différend ? Y a-t-il un contrôle de légalité de l’accord issu de la médiation et si oui, comment ce contrôle se manifeste-t-il ? Les réponses relèvent de l’analyse du régime de l’accord issu de la médiationWith regard to the Directive n° 52/2008CE of the European Parliament and the Council of 21 May 2008 in certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters, as well as the Directive 2013/11/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 and Directive 2009/22/EC also the Regulation (EU) n°524/2013 of the European Parliament and the Council of 21 May 2013 on online dispute resolution for consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 and Directive 2009/22/EC (Regulation on consumer ODR), this thesis examine the main lines for the development of mediation set out by the European Union. How the tendency to develop mediation within Europe, represented by the directive the European texts above has been reflected in the three legal systems examined? How mediation works in systems where law is rigid and its infringement is being severely sanctioned (civil law applied in France and Greece) and how does it work in common law (applied in the United Kingdom)? Mediation law is nowadays largely presented as a flexible way to avoid court’s costs, longevity and complexity. But should it be integrated in procedural law as a kind of complementary justice within the courts? Can positive law, courts and amiable dispute resolution cooperate in an effective manner? An effective cooperation of public justice and mediation could be of major importance for the improvement of procedural law, as access to justice is not always guaranteed. Public justice has not always being successful, since the severe application of law has been proven unable to create a social and dynamic legal system. Thus, it often cultivates “bitterness” against judicial adventure. In this regard, mediation promises a profound change in the way of settling disputes. However, the idea of a “private” justice based in contract law does not go without mistrusts. The imbalance between the parties is usually obvious in contract law and fosters the strongest party. The question then is to know if a secure legal framework of mediation based on the particularities of national legal systems could facilitate its proper implementation. The main concept of the thesis is to present a legal structure of mediation combined by the European law’s directives and their implementation in the three national laws. But the nature, the process, as well as the relation of mediation with courts are examined in parallel with the conformity of mediation in the article 6 § 1 of the European Convention of Human Rights, the fundamental right of a public hearing by a tribunal
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Shapiro, Bruce G. "Iconicity : the presence of imagery in the principles and practice of dramatic performance." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997.
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This thesis is devoted to an explanation of iconicity, a process for acting and staging dramatic performances. The premise of the thesis is that dramatic performance is generated out of the same innate neural architecture human beings use in their daily lives to execute events. At the core of this neural architecture is the human brain's capacity for internally generating, reduplicating, storing and triggering imagery. The process of iconicity uses this mental capacity to rehearse and perform dramas. The process of iconicity is based upon the actor's innate cycle of
performance, which the thesis explains. This process is also neopragmatic and hermeneutic, using rehearsal to cultivate strands of iconicity persisting and, therefore, conversing in the drama. In dramatic performance, contrived imagery is triggered in the actor, informing a performance consciousness that activates the actor's contrived cycle of
dramatic performance. The research was carried out in rehearsals for around twenty-five productions over a period of sixteen years, during which time the iconicity process was developed in practice. Therefore, this thesis is the record of a journey through artistic practice toward the iconicity process. In order to understand the discoveries made during rehearsals, a variety of critical theories came into play and these are discussed in this thesis. But the context for all theoretical discourse is the artistic practice of dramatic performance. With respect to the presentation of the thesis itself, my aim is to emulate the iconicity process by a linear discourse which, once read,
may be reread in its entirety or according to an individually ordered selection of the sub-headed sections.
The linear discourse itself is divided into two parts preceded by the Introduction. This introduction briefly establishes some foundational perspectives that are meant to orient the reader to the content of the thesis. Part One is devoted to the principles of iconicity. It begins with a Prologue presenting the theory of innate performance, from which I believe dramatic performance derives. Chapter One is devoted to ideology; Chapter Two answers the question, What is Acting?; and Chapter Three introduces the affect theory of the emotions. Although at times the initial presentation of perspectives and principles refers to practice, essentially, the Introduction and Part One
comprise a mosaic of ideas that make up a lateral foundation for the more linear practice of iconicity, which is presented in Part Two. Part Two is much more practically oriented than Part One. However, in order to fully understand this latter part of the thesis, the foundation of ideas set out in Part One must be kept in mind.
The four chapters of Part Two present the strands of iconicity. Chapters Four and Five deal with the strand of events and the rules of dramatic structure, respectively. Chapter Six details what I refer to as the intermediate strands of dialogue and interactions. Chapter Seven
discusses the strand of performance. An Epilogue addresses a few remaining issues about acting and iconicity.
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Gallagher, Kelly. "Rendering principal direction contour lines with oriented textures." Connect to this title online, 2007. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1202418118/.
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Pereira, Cunha Naiara. "Omsorgsprincipen vid ansökan om internationellt sydd : En studie av det omarbetade asylprocedurdirektivet (2013/32/EU)." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Juridik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-40842.
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This paper addresses the principle of care in the recast asylum procedure directive (2013/32/EU). The purpose of the study has been to analyze how the principle of care is expressed in the directive regarding procedures for granting or rejecting asylum, as well as to analyze how the directive was implemented in Sweden. The recast asylum procedure directive aims to harmonize EU’s member states' procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection. Initially, this paper describes how the directive was created and how the principle of care is expressed in the directive and the meaning and content of the principle of care at EU level as well as its content and meaning according to Swedish law. To conclude, the Swedish implementation of the directive’s provisions directly connected to the principle of care will be discussed. The principle of care is one of the principles of good governance. The principles of good governance have been important in EU law to ensure legal protection for individuals when they are in contact with authorities of EU or Member States. In the analysis, what is found is that the principle of care can be divided into several sub-principles or requirements: individuals’ right to get their affairs treated; the obligation of authorities to investigate a request in an impartial manner; fair procedure and handling; authorities’ duty to take individual interests in consideration; authorities’ obligation to act within reasonable time and also other requirements regarding routines and procedure. Since a major part of this paper regards analyzing the relationship between EU law and national Swedish law, a discussion about the Member States’ institutional and procedural autonomy towards EU is also included. A conclusion is that the Swedish implementation of the directive's provisions related to the principle of care was deficient and that the directive itself restricts the Member States’ institutional and procedural autonomy.Den här uppsatsen behandlar omsorgsprincipen i det omarbetade asylprocedurdirektivet (2013/32/EU). Syftet med arbetet är att analysera hur omsorgsprincipen uttrycks i direktivet avseende procedurer för beviljandet eller avslag av asyl, samt hur direktivet har genomförts i Sverige. Det omarbetade asylprocedurdirektivet syftar till att harmonisera EU- medlemsstaternas förfarande vid ansökan om internationellt skydd. Inledningsvis redogörs för hur direktivet skapades och hur omsorgsprincipen uttrycks i direktivet, vad omsorgsprincipen omfattar på EU-nivå, liksom principens omfattning i svensk rätt. Avslutningsvis analyseras genomförandet av direktivets bestämmelser med anknytning till omsorgsprincipen i svensk rätt. Omsorgsprincipen är en av principerna om god förvaltning. Principerna om god förvaltning har varit viktiga inom EU-rätten för att säkerställa ett rättsskydd för enskilda när dessa är i kontakt med EU:s eller medlemsstaternas myndigheter. Analysen kommer fram till att omsorgsprincipen kan delas in i flera mindre principer eller krav: enskildes rätt att få sina angelägenheter behandlade; myndigheters skyldighet att på ett opartiskt sätt undersöka en begäran; rättvis procedur och handläggning; myndigheters skyldighet att väga in enskildes intresse; myndigheters skyldighet att agera inom rimlig tid; samt andra krav på handläggningsrutiner. Eftersom en huvuddel av den här uppsatsen handlar om att analysera relationen mellan EU-rätt och svensk rätt, förs också en diskussion om medlemsstaternas institutionella och processuella autonomi gentemot EU. Slutligen presenteras slutsatsen att det svenska genomförandet av direktivets bestämmelser som anknyter till omsorgprincipen varit bristande och att direktivet har begränsat såväl medlemsstaternas institutionella som processuella autonomi.
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Amusan, Adekunle Samuel. "Incorporating sustainable development principles into future direction of the petrochemical industries / A.S. Amusan." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4174.
Full textAbstract:
Sustainable Development in simple term, according to the definition adopted at the
World Council on Sustainable Development, is development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.[1]
In recent times, there have been growing concerns on the activities of the
Petrochemical Industry towards the concept of Sustainable Development[21]. The
reputation of the industry is at the lowest ebb, especially in Nigeria. Public concern is
overwhelmingly focused on the environmental and social impact of the industry's
products and processes. The local host communities of the industry are consistently
at loggerheads with it. Sustainability of the industry is being threatened. The linkage
between social and environmental drivers, general public perceptions, and the
processes by which the industry is regulated are intertwined and lack of its proper
management is currently threatening the industry. There is a general public mistrust
about the sectoral performance of the industry in line with the principles and practice
of Sustainable Development.
This perhaps has a major impact on the industry's growth prospects as it directly
influences or sets the context for its license to operate and grow, its ability to attract
and retain the highest caliber of employees with the range of capabilities it needs, its
ability to raise finance etc. The current effort of the industry in the area of Health,
Environmental and Safety Management has not yielded the much desired result in the
area of Sustainable Development. Hence there is need to expand the scope of the
engagement of the industry towards the concept of Sustainable Development.
Several literature references were reviewed in addition to consultation with key
stakeholders both within the industry and the host community of the case study
considered as part of the research.This research study aims to find means through which the industry can do a front end
loading of the principles of Susta1nable Development into the business planning
process of the petrochemical industry.
The way forward for the industry to engage positively in sustainability arena is by
engaging in strategies and alignment frameworks that will help the industry move to a
point of active engagement and maturity. A number of common themes in relation to
the achievement of sustainability within the industry arose out of the research carried
out. These includes poor stakeholder engagement; lack of effective sectoral reporting
mechanisms and active engagement in deploying relevant training modules on
Sustainable Development, and the need for the promotion of Sustainable
Development as a concept throughout the industry and its entire value chain. These
themes are packaged as recommended future strategic direction for the industry.Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Blumberg, Amy Shoshana. "A PRINCIPLED PRACTICE: DIRECTING THE TRESTLE AT POPE LICK CREEK AT TEMPLE THEATERS." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/531723.
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TheaterM.F.A.
In this thesis I explore the ways in which my artistic, political, and personal values led me to propose Naomi Wallace’s THE TRESTLE AT POPE LICK CREEK as my thesis in order to both reflect and enact what I believe in and also to respond to the dearth of those principles within the Theater Department. I address how those same ethics subsequently informed every facet of my direction of and programming around the play. Through the dual lenses of activating my values and my technical growth as a director, I analyze the “what” and “how” of my work on TRESTLE, the “what” being the artistic substance of what I was aiming to create and the “how” being my methods of engaging in the work. Ultimately, I assess the major takeaways from my experiences in Temple’s MFA program in Theater Directing overall, highlighting the major lessons I will take with me into my career.
Temple University--Theses
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Jamebozorgi, Mehrdad. "Powders subject to changes in principal stress direction using the Biaxial Tester." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263777.
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Cloutier, de Repentigny Pierre. "The sustainability of biofuels : a principled lifecycle assessment of the 2009 European Union Renewable Energy Directive and its framework." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/57925.
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Drastic reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are needed in order to mitigate the effects of climate change. The European Union (EU), a leader in climate change mitigation, has adopted an ambitious strategy to achieve its mitigation goal. A piece of this strategy is the Renewable Energy Directive. The Directive establishes mandatory renewable energy targets for member states. Cognizant that in order to achieve the target of 10% of final energy consumption in the transport sector member states would have to rely heavily on biofuels, the EU, in the spirit of sustainable development, included in the Directive sustainability criteria for biofuels. The criteria were needed because, although biofuels can be carbon neutral and an effective replacement for fossil fuels, the production of biofuels can have serious environmental and socio-economic consequences. This thesis concludes that the Directive will not result in the sustainable production of biofuels. This conclusion is based on the principled lifecycle assessment of the Directive and its framework. This approach is a combination of core principles of sustainable development – integration, equity, precaution and polluter pays – and of the basic tenets of lifecycle assessment, a methodology designed to measure the lifecycle impacts of a product. Due to the reliance by member states on first generation biofuels, biofuels produced under the Directive’s regime are not likely to reduce GHG emissions compared to fossil fuels, and are likely to increase water pollution, the loss of biodiversity and food insecurity. The negative impacts of biofuels production are caused mainly by the agricultural production of feedstocks, especially through indirect land-use change. Furthermore, the cost of pollution is not internalized by the regime and biofuels subsidies are not linked to environmental concerns. Therefore, the lifecycle impacts of EU biofuels production do not accord with core principles of sustainable development. Only second and third generation biofuels, which are not yet available on a large-scale, seem to have the potential to be sustainable.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
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Rosovsky, Marianne. "Fabrication de comprimés quadrisécables d'un principe actif faiblement dosé, le diazépam, par compression directe." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P234.
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Xefteri, Stamatina. "Les directives européennes, instrument juridique des autorités administratives nationales." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020022.
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Les directives européennes ont toujours été considérées comme un instrument juridique à la disposition des particuliers face à un État membre défaillant. L’invocabilité et l’application des directives sont analysées sous l’unique prisme des droits des justiciables. Contrairement à cette perspective, la présente étude vise à démontrer que la directive devient un moyen juridique d’intervention dans l’ordre juridique interne, dans la mesure où les autorités nationales l’invoquent et l’appliquent dans leurs rapports avec les administrés et les autres autorités nationales ou européennes. L’apparition du droit dérivé a bouleversé la hiérarchie des normes, ainsi que les obligations pesant sur les autorités administratives. Grâce à la primauté du droit de l’Union européenne et à l’impératif d’efficacité dans tous les États membres, la directive est devenue un paramètre de légalité des normes nationales: elle revendique sa place parmi les paramètres traditionnels de légalité, mais parfois elle se trouve en conflit avec eux ou elle se substitue à toute règle nationale contraire. Toutefois, la directive est, entre les mains de l’administration, non seulement une source de droit supranationale à appliquer de manière passive, mais également une norme utilisée pour servir ses propres causes, ainsi que les buts poursuivis par l’Union européenne. En effet, l’évolution de la jurisprudence européenne et administrative a abouti non seulement à un renforcement des obligations de l’administration, mais aussi à l’amplification des formes d’invocabilité au profit de l’administration et à la reconnaissance d’une autonomie du pouvoir réglementaire à l’égard du pouvoir législatif dans le respect des directives. Ces éléments révèlent le rôle particulièrement dynamique de toutes les autorités administratives agissant dans le champ d’application des directives, dans leur transposition, et exécution dans les ordres juridiques nationauxEuropean Union directives have always been considered as a legal instrument relied upon by individuals vis-à-vis a defaulting Member State. The right to rely on directives as well as their application are examined under the sole lens of the rights of the litigants. Contrary to this perspective, the present study aims to demonstrate that directives become a legal means of intervention in the domestic legal order, insofar as national authorities rely on and apply them in their relations with citizens and other national or European authorities. The emergence of secondary legislation has disrupted the hierarchy of norms, as well as reshaped the obligations imposed on the administrative authorities. On the basis of the primacy of European Union law and the imperative of efficiency in all Member States, the legality of national rules requires compliance with directives. Thus, directives claim their place among the conventional parameters of legality, but they also come in conflict with the latter at times or even replace any national rule to the contrary effect. However, the directive as an instrument is not only a source of supranational law in the hands of the administration to be applied passively, but also a European standard used to serve its own purposes, as well as the objectives pursued by the European Union. In fact, the evolution of European and administrative case-law has not only led to a strengthening of the obligations of the administration, but has also amplified the forms of relying on a directive to the benefit of the administration and recognized the autonomy of the administrative authorities over the legislature as far as the implementation of directives is concerned. These elements reveal the particularly dynamic role of all the administrative authorities acting within the scope of the directives, in their transposition and implementation in the national legal orders
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Fontaine, Jean-Guy. "Commande directe assistée : principe et application au contrôle d'actionneurs électriques et pneumatiques pour la robotique." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112101.
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Cette thèse présente le principe et la mise en œuvre d'une Commande Directe Assistée (C. D. A). L'architecture mécanique de la C. D. A comporte d'une part, un moteur de faible couple asservi en position et placé sur l'axe à motoriser, d'autre part, un actionneur d'assistance commandé par référence et bouclage avec l'actionneur de faible couple. L'ensemble constitue un système maitre-esclave à retour d'effort sur l'arbre de sortie. Les conditions de stabilité asymptotique ont été analysées par la méthode des perturbations singulières et une condition "d'obéïssabilité" du sous-système esclave a été énoncée. Les expérimentations ont été menées avec un actionneur maitre de type moteur électrique à courant continu et des actionneurs esclaves de technologie électrique et pneumatique. Elles ont montré qu'il était possible de réaliser un actionneur global doté d'un couple important et de bonnes performances de positionnement avec des actionneurs bas de gamme présentant d'importantes non-linéarités. Par ailleurs, le comportement de cet actionneur global est en bon accord avec l'analyse théorique. Les utilisations induites par ce principe peuvent être la mise en œuvre d'actionneurs pour la robotique et la réalisation de contrôleurs hybrides position-force.
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Fontaine, Jean-Guy. "Commande directe assistée principe et application au contrôle d'actionneurs électriques et pneumatiques pour la robotique /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376051047.
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Kari, Sam Sirox. "The origin and setting of the national goals and directive principles in the process of writing the constitution of Papua New Guinea." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16071/1/Sam_Kari_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis reveals the origins and meaning of the National Goals and Directive Principles, the processes leading to their tabling, discussion and drafting and the role of the Constitutional Planning Committee and Australia in this process. This thesis investigates for the first time the vision embedded in the National Goals and Directive Principles. The vision of the five National Goals and Directive Principles compelled post- independence governments to deliver social, economic and political development with consideration to equality, economic self-reliance, national sovereignty and protection of the natural environment. The goals were integrated in the constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, however the National Goals and Directive Principles were ignored or only given passing acknowledgement by successive governments. The National Goals and Directive Principles were a road map, which the new nation could follow when the colonial rulers Australia had departed, but some subsequent policies actually contradicted the aspirations, advice and nationalist blueprint declared in the constitution.
The translation of the National Goals and Directive Principles to policies implemented by government departments and debated in the House of Assembly comprises the final, but significant, element of this investigation. There has been no major study on the declaration of the National Goals and Directive Principles although 29 years has passed since independence.
This thesis reveals the genesis of a national vision and ideas expressed by an educated indigenous elite in Papua New Guinea but mostly influenced by expatriates and foreign consultants over the brief period between responsible government and full independence (1959-1975). The thesis argues that it was more a foreign than home-grown idea that Papua New Guinea would be a viable nation. It identifies the origin of the idea that a nation needed a unifying set of guiding principles and how this vision ended up being embedded in the constitution of the new nation. The central assertion of this thesis is that a vision of the new nation was never agreed upon nor did it emerge from the unique cultures, knowledge and history of Papua New Guinea's people. It argues that Papua New Guinea went through the expected, conventional process of decolonisation and constitution writing, and that declaring a national vision was never central to the rapid development of a political structure. The National Goals and Directive Principles were made to look like a collective indigenous vision, but they emerged from foreign ideas, theory and practice and were used by an educated elite obsessed with and overwhelmed by the rush to take over political and economic power. There was no long-term national vision merely the continuation of the colonial order and the maintenance of borrowed, western ideas, disguised as a national discourse.
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Kari, Sam Sirox. "The Origin and Setting of the National Goals and Directive Principles in the process of writing the Constitution of Papua New Guinea." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16071/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis reveals the origins and meaning of the National Goals and Directive Principles, the processes leading to their tabling, discussion and drafting and the role of the Constitutional Planning Committee and Australia in this process. This thesis investigates for the first time the vision embedded in the National Goals and Directive Principles. The vision of the five National Goals and Directive Principles compelled post- independence governments to deliver social, economic and political development with consideration to equality, economic self-reliance, national sovereignty and protection of the natural environment. The goals were integrated in the constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, however the National Goals and Directive Principles were ignored or only given passing acknowledgement by successive governments. The National Goals and Directive Principles were a road map, which the new nation could follow when the colonial rulers Australia had departed, but some subsequent policies actually contradicted the aspirations, advice and nationalist blueprint declared in the constitution. The translation of the National Goals and Directive Principles to policies implemented by government departments and debated in the House of Assembly comprises the final, but significant, element of this investigation. There has been no major study on the declaration of the National Goals and Directive Principles although 29 years has passed since independence. This thesis reveals the genesis of a national vision and ideas expressed by an educated indigenous elite in Papua New Guinea but mostly influenced by expatriates and foreign consultants over the brief period between responsible government and full independence (1959-1975). The thesis argues that it was more a foreign than home-grown idea that Papua New Guinea would be a viable nation. It identifies the origin of the idea that a nation needed a unifying set of guiding principles and how this vision ended up being embedded in the constitution of the new nation. The central assertion of this thesis is that a vision of the new nation was never agreed upon nor did it emerge from the unique cultures, knowledge and history of Papua New Guinea's people. It argues that Papua New Guinea went through the expected, conventional process of decolonisation and constitution writing, and that declaring a national vision was never central to the rapid development of a political structure. The National Goals and Directive Principles were made to look like a collective indigenous vision, but they emerged from foreign ideas, theory and practice and were used by an educated elite obsessed with and overwhelmed by the rush to take over political and economic power. There was no long-term national vision merely the continuation of the colonial order and the maintenance of borrowed, western ideas, disguised as a national discourse.
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Mzyece, Dingayo. "An investigation into the implementation of the construction (design and management) regulations in the construction industry." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/558782.
Full textAbstract:
The European Union (EU), in 1992, issued the Temporary or Mobile Construction Sites (TMCS) Directive, which requires EU members to introduce specific law to improve health and safety (H&S) performance outcomes by placing specific duties on key stakeholders. This Directive led to the introduction of the first Construction (Design and Management) (CDM) Regulations in the UK construction industry on 31 March 1995 and since their introduction, the overall performance of construction H&S has improved gradually. However, despite this positive outlook, there are still significant concerns surrounding the implementation of the CDM Regulations, a subject on which empirical research has been very scanty. It is against such a background that this study investigates the practical implementation of the CDM Regulations and extends current knowledge and understanding, and develops a framework for appropriate remedial action by industry. The research method involved a thorough critical review of literature, semi-structured interviews, and two postal questionnaire surveys, using as research informants, practitioners with experience of the Designer, CDM Coordinator (CDM-C), and Principal Contractor (PC) roles under the CDM Regulations. Primary data were collected and analysed from in-depth interviews with six organisations purposively selected based on their construction design expertise and 122 questionnaires returned in total. The finding regarding lack of collaborative working amongst duty holders is a significant outcome of this study; a requirement expressed explicitly within the CDM Regulations, yet questionable in terms of its implementation. Further, the study reveals a number of statistically significant correlations between the extent of discharge of duties and their perceived degree of importance. However, the strength of the majority of these correlations is weak. In particular, the evidence indicates that 50% of the duties of the CDM-C are misaligned in terms of extent of discharge and perceived degree of importance, whereas 25% of the PC duties are also misaligned. This signals a lack of understanding regarding the importance of duties, towards achieving improved H&S management. Surprisingly, a comparison between extent of discharge of duties and their perceived degree of difficulty reveals that all the duties of the PC are statistically significant, meaning that the perceived degree of difficulty does not impede their extent of discharge. While 90% of the CDM-C duties are also statistically significant, again the same interpretation applies. Further, a consensus reached by Designers supports the view that CDM-Cs provide insufficient input throughout the planning and construction phase, raising doubt as to whether the duty holder is fit for purpose. Overall, the results confirm that interdependent working of duty holders is still a challenge, demonstrated by the Designer duty to ensure appointment of the CDM-C (Regulation 18(1)), the CDM-C duty to ensure Designers comply with their duties (Regulation 20(2)(c)), and the PC duty to liaise with the CDM-C and Designer (Regulation 22(1)(b)). Three recurring themes emerge from the results, that is: (i) collaboration, (ii) accountability and compliance, and (iii) facilitation, which in turn inform the remedial action framework comprising 13 remedial actions and 8 change drivers. Validation of the remedial action framework by 15 study participants reveals that, at least 10 remedial actions and 7 change drivers are considered likely to improve CDM implementation. The top three remedial actions are: (i) ensuring adequate arrangements for coordination of H&S measures; (ii) including provisions within the regulations specifying the stages for the appointment of duty holders; and (iii) amending the ACoP to provide guidance on determining what resources are adequate for a particular project. Whereas, the top three change drivers are: (i) management leadership; (ii) the proactive participation of duty holders; and (iii) training to equip duty holders with sufficient knowledge on provision of timely and adequate preconstruction information. Based on these outcomes, conclusions, recommendations, and further areas of research are drawn.
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Usai, Andrea. "Les services offerts sur le domaine public et le droit de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA009/document.
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Tout d'abord, en ce qui concerne le premier chapitre, cette thèse vise à vérifier l'impact des normes des Traités, comme, par exemple, la liberté d'établissement et la libre prestation de services, par rapport aux activités économiques qui sont offerts sur les espaces domaniales. Ensuite, après avoir examiné la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice en matière de services, en ce qui concerne le deuxième chapitre, nous avons examiné aussi l'impact des principes généraux du droit européen et de l'art. 16 de la Charte des Droits Fondamentaux sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. En ce qui concerne le troisième chapitre, nous avons adressé un examen approfondi de la Directive « Services » : après avoir analysé sa genèse, plutôt problématique et difficile, nous en avons décrit les objectifs et la ratio. Le résultat qui a émergé est une fragmentation du marché commun de services, en particulier pour ce qui concerne les services qu’on prend en examen dans cette recherche. L'une des phases les plus critiques par rapport à la Directive « Services », c'est sa transposition. Ce qui semble clair, c'est une fragmentation générale qui entrave l’achèvement et le bon fonctionnement du marché commun. Une fois qu'on a examiné le rôle de la directive « Bolkestein », on a montré la nécessité d'évaluer l'impact de cette norme sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. Dans le quatrième chapitre, on a décidé d'examiner le rôle des directives sur les contrats publics. D'un point de vue juridique, les contrats publics et les concessions sont deux choses distinctes, même si la logique sous-jacente à l’article 12 de la Directive « Services » et le principe de concurrence établissent que les espaces (et, indirectement, par conséquence, les services qui sont intéressés) concernés doivent être attribués dans le cadre d'une procédure de sélection publique. Il convient de rappeler que, avant la présentation d'une proposition de directive de la Commission Européenne pour réglementer les concessions, les principes applicables à ces dernières ont été (et sont encore aujourd’hui) empruntés à la discipline des contrats publics. Nous avons décidé de mettre en évidence comment l'état actuel des contrats publics et les concessions sont interconnectés. On montre aussi que les directives sur les marchés publics jouent un rôle important dans la régulation des types de concessions examinées dans le présent document. On a décidé d'examiner l'impact potentiel de la Directive « concessions ». Dans le cinquième et le sixième chapitre, nous avons examiné et comparé les différents systèmes des États membres de l’Union Européenne. En particulier, nous avons vu comment les concessions des plages sont réglementées en Italie, où, par exemple, il y a un problème juridique qui est loin d’être adressé, en France, en Croatie, en Portugal, et, finalement, en Espagne. Dans le septième et le huitième chapitre, nous avons choisi de parler du risque éventuel de violation des normes en matière d'aides d’ÉtatWith regard to the first chapter, this thesis aims at analysing the impact of the Freedom of Establishment and of the Free Movement of Services on those economic activities which are offered in areas belonging to the public domain. Thus, after examining the relevant case-law of the ECJ in the field of services, in the second chapter what has been analysed is the impact of the general principles and of Art. 16 of the Charter on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the third chapter, a deep analysis of the Services Directive has been conducted: after addressing its genesis, which was quite problematic, both its objectives and its rationale have been analysed. What has emerged is a fragmentation of the internal market of services, especially with regard to the activities that are examined in this research. One of the most problematic issues related to that Directive is its implementation. Again, what has emerged is a fragmentation of the market of services. Thus, what has been addressed is the impact of the Directive on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the fourth chapter, the impact of the Public Contracts Directives has been examined. Legally speaking, public procurement contracts and concessions are different, even if the rationale beyond Art. 12 of the Services Directive together with the general principle of competition require the services at issue to be awarded through a selection procedure. Indeed, even before the adoption of what is now the Concessions Directive, the principles applicable to concessions have always been the same as those applicable to public procurement contracts. What emerges is that the public procurement contracts and concessions are strongly interconnected. The potential impact of the Concessions Directive has been addressed as well. In the fifth and in the sixth chapter a comparison between the Italian status quo with regard to those services provided in areas belonging to the public domain and the situation in Portugal, Croatia, France and Spain has been drawn. In the seventh and in the eighth chapter all the implications regarding potential violations of the State Aid rules have been addressed
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Basu, Santanu. "Coalition politics and the issues of social justice: a study in the context of directive principles of state policy under the constitution of India." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1797.
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Lekman, Daniela Adela. "Principal purpose tests of tax treaty law in comparison with the General Anti-Avoidance rule of the EU Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-422870.
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Suvorov, Anton. "Essays on Information Transmission in Principal-Agent Models." Toulouse 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU10051.
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Le premier chapitre étudie les "coûts dissimulés des récompenses" dans une perspective dynamique avec un principal informé. On montre alors qu'il y a effet d'accoutumance à la récompense. Dans une relation de long terme, on observe que le principal évite de créer une accoutumance de l'agent, alors que l'agent n'a pas d'intérêt à montrer trop d'enthousiasme pour ses tâches. Le second chapitre propose une justification aux paiements discrétionnaires de bonus dans une relation principal-agent répétée de façon finie. Le principal peut choisir de distribuer de façon discrétionnaire des bonus afin de fournir à l'agent l'information crédible sur sa performance. Le troisième chapitre s'intéresse à l'étude de la crédibilité du conseil fourni par un intermédiaire informé. Il étudie la dissémination de l'information dans un modèle de marchandage bilatéral via l'intermédiaire qui, avant le marchandage, observe un signal non précis de la valeur du bien pour l'acheteurThe first chapter explores the "hidden costs of rewards" in a dynamic informed-principal framework. It shows that rewards are "addictive" : once offered, a contingent reward makes the agent expect it in the future. In a long-term relationship there is a two-sided ratchet effect : the principal is concerned about creating addiction for the agent, whereas the agent does not want to appear too enthusiastic. The second chapter suggests a rationale for paying discretionary bonuses in finitely repeated principal-agent interactions. If the principal cannot commit to contingent rewards, he may still pay discretionary bonuses to give the agent credible feedback about his performance. The third chapter investigates the credibility of advice of a broker, who mediates trade between a seller and a buyer and is partially informed about the buyer's valuation. We derive the optimal direct mechanism maximizing the broker's profit, and investigate information transmission in a decentralized mode
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Gualco, Elena. "La non-discrimination en raison de l’âge en tant que principe et droit fondamental dans l’ordre juridique de l’Union européenne." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100087.
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La thèse analyse la nature, la portée et l’effectivité du principe de non-discrimination en raison de l’âge dans le système juridique de l’Union européenne du point de vue théorique ainsi que du point de vue de la protection juridictionnelle que l’Union européenne lui confie. Au niveau conceptuel, on met en évidence que l’âge représente un critère discriminatoire très particulier, se prêtant à être employée aussi de façon légitime en tant que instrument de gestion du marché du travail, et ayant une portée universelle, puisque il s’agit d’un facteur touchant tout le monde. Au niveau applicatif, il faut souligner que – dans la mesure où l’âge n’est pas toujours un facteur de discrimination – la Cour de justice – s’appuyant sur le fait que la directive 2000/78, visant à combattre les discriminations fondées (aussi) sur l’âge, introduit des multiples et larges justifications aux disparité de traitement liées à l’âge – exerce un contrôle assez souple. En même temps, toutefois, suite aux arrêts Mangold et Kücükdeveci, la Cour de justice a étendu les marges de son contrôle du moment où elle a affirmé que le principe de non-discrimination en raison de l’âge fait partie des principes généraux du droit de l’UE, dont le respect doit être assuré aussi dans les litiges entre particuliersThis thesis focuses on the development of the issue of age discrimination in the EU context and in the Court of Justice leading cases. On the one side, the paper underlines the weaknesses of this specific ground of discrimination due to three main elements: i) the variability and universal impact of the “age factor”; ii) the existence of some provisions (such as art. 6, Council Directive 2000/78/EC) which seem to be unable in ensuring a complete protection in this field; iii) the role of age as an intrinsic criteria of labour market legislation, meaning that, in some circumstances, differences in treatment may be justified under legitimate aims. On the other side, the analysis of recent ECJ case law addresses other reflections concerning, first of all, the horizontal direct effect given to non-discrimination on ground of age as a general principle of EU law; then, the role and the importance of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights and its provisions on age discrimination; furthermore, the necessity to balance the protection of this fundamental right with Member States discretion concerning employment policies
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Sartzetaki, Petroula-Anastasia. "Le droit hellénique de passation des marchés publics à l'épreuve du droit de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1019.
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L'importance considérable des marchés publics, parmi les activités économiques de l'administration de l'État moderne, a poussé l'Union européenne, pour plusieurs raisons socio-économiques, à établir une réglementation unifiant les règles nationales afférentes afin d'assurer dans l'espace de l'Union une concurrence libre et saine entre les opérateurs économiques intéressés. Pour ce faire, outre les préceptes impérativement édictés par son droit primaire, l'Union a imposé aussi son droit dérivé sur la matière par des directives bien détaillées. Une définition extensive de la notion de marchés publics, encouragée constamment par la jurisprudence de la Cour, une catégorisation des modalités du régime de « passation des marchés publics » et une réglementation européenne procédurale pour la protection des intéressés ont été élaboré. La question s'élève donc sur l'impact de ce droit ainsi établit en la matière par l'Union européenne sur des considérations de base du droit public hellénique. Dans ce cadre d'harmonisation des droits nationaux sur la matière, se trouve l'opération d'insertion du droit de l'Union européenne dans l'ordre juridique hellénique ; insertion effectuée par les autorités normatives nationales, législateur et administration ; tandis que sur le domaine procédural un contrôle juridictionnel s'exerce sur cette réception dans l'ordre juridique national tant par le juge européen que par le juge national. De cette manière on peut esquisser la marge de liberté contractuelle des autorités publiques helléniques à l'aune des exigences du droit de l'Union européenneThe significance of public contracts amongst the economic activities of the modern state's administration, has led the European Union- for several socio-economic rationales- to establish a uniform regulatory framework so as to ensure fair and unbridled competition between the economic operators of the different Member States. To this end, in addition to the provisions of primary law, the EU has further enacted secondary legislation in the form of exhaustively detailed directives. In order to achieve the effective application of EU law in several public contracts a broad interpretation of the public contracts concept was developed, persistently encouraged by the Court's case law, and a categorisation of the public procurement types was adopted. Furthermore, European procedural rules were introduced with the aim of safeguarding rights that individuals derive from that law. The question thus is what is the impact of this comprehensive regulatory framework on the Greek public law considerations on the subject. It is in the context of national laws' harmonisation on the matter, that EU law is inserted in the Greek legislation ; this insertion is carried out via national regulatory authorities, the legislator and the administration ; moreover, in the procedural field, both the European and the national judge exercise judicial control over the reception of the EU law in the national legal order. By way of the aforementioned structure the contractual discretion of the Hellenic public authorities in the course of fulfilling the requirements imposed by EU law can be thoroughly explored
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Zwemstra, Heinrich Martin. "Die grondwetlike beskerming van sosio-ekonomiese regte in Suid-Afrika : 'n teologies-etiese perspektief / Heinrich Martin Zwemstra." Thesis, North-West University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/216.
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On legal-philosophical grounds the constitutional protection of socio-economic rights
has been the subject of much debate. The question is whether socio-economical rights
should be protected by a constitution and, if so, to what extent. In this study a
theological-ethical evaluation is done about socio-economical rights and the
protection thereof. This is done by examining certain Biblical themes and parts of
Scripture of the Old and New Testament. From this investigation it is clear that socioeconomical
rights are very important human rights that must be protected as
effectively as possible.
Several points of view on the constitutional protection of socio-economical rights are
investigated and evaluated. These points of view are based on legal-philosophical
grounds and argue respectively against the constitutional protection of socioeconomical
rights, the protection of socio-economical rights as directive principles
and the protection of socio-economical rights as fundamental rights. From this
investigation it is clear that in principle the constitutional protection of socioeconomical
rights as fundamental rights is the most effective way to protect these
rights.
The current state of affairs with regard to socio-economical rights in the Constitution
of South-Africa is also investigated and evaluated. From this investigation it is clear
that the Constitution does protect certain socio-economic rights, but not all of them.
The rights to labour, clothing and scientific progress do not occur in the Constitution.
In principle the right to labour is a very important socio-economic right and it leads to
the realization of other socio-economic rights. The Constitution of South Africa also
has several measures in place to ensure the protection of socio-economic rights. In
spite of these measures, the socio-economic rights in the Constitution remain little
more than rights on paper. There state, private sector, church and each individual will
still have to do a lot to ensure the protection of socio-economic rights in South-Africa.Thesis (M.Th. (Ethics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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Chabert, Gérard. "E pluribus unum : la relation chez Aristote." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10016.
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E Pluribus Unum. La relation chez AristoteAristote déconstruit l’unité originaire des réalités à l’aide d’intelligibles en relation de plusieurs façons (relation indivisible, proportion, direction d’unification, assemblage de parties proportionnées entre elles, coïncidence). En donnant du volume à la pensée Aristote ouvre la voie de la connaissance de la complexité. Il ne faut pas hiérarchiser, voire opposer, la matière et l’esprit, l’ordre et le changement, l’unité et la pluralité, le déterminé et l’imprévisible, mais les mettre en relation. La relation, ce qui est partagé par plusieurs, est au cœur des « catégories » aussi bien que de l’unité « tout en un » des principes essentiels de l’étant. La relation seule n’explique pas l’être, mais l’être rend compte du fait que le mode de structuration des relations (séparabilité et indivisibilité) est un de ses principes premiers.Dans une première partie nous montrons qu’Aristote utilise toutes les topologies relationnelles, dont la relation de plusieurs à plusieurs propre aux réseaux.Dans la deuxième partie nous montrons comment sa notion d’être s’étudie à l’aide de la relation. L’être est une relation entre ses conditions d’existence impartageables (essentiel) et sa réalisation par des séparables (accidents). Aristote constate et analyse les principes (dimensions) de cette complexité, et il identifie que, pour penser les relations indivisibles (causes), l’homme possède un esprit immortel (le « noûs »)E Pluribus Unum. The relation in Aristotle work’sAristotle studies unity as a complexity with several kinds of relationships. By doing so, he opens the way to the understanding of complexity. Our purpose is to study the different uses of relationship in Aristotle works. Relation is used from an accidental point of view (prós ti) as well as from an essential point of view (ousia), for the pros hén directionnal convergence and for the coïncidence of homonyms. Relationship fits with the “all-in-one” and pluri-dimensionnal approach of being by Aristotle. Relation alone is not being, but is part of being.In a first part we show that Aristotle uses each of the relation topologies in his studies, the many to many relationships used for networking is the base for Catégories.In the second part we show, from the major thesis of Aristotle, that a relational approach, coupled to directional finality and the prime motricity of each being, helps to understand the subject matter of what Aristotle is saying. Relation, because it is a first principle, helps to understand the role of all other principles used by Aristotle. Since man thinks unbreakable relations, it should possess an immortal “noûs”
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Kalhor, Alireza. "La participation directe dans les conflits armés et la notion de combattant : l'externalisation des activités militaires." Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL20001.
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La notion de participation directe aux hostilités n’a jamais été définie de manière précise au regard du droit international humanitaire. Cette ambiguïté a conduit à des interprétations divergentes du concept d’hostilités et des critères juridiques utilisés pour définir une participation directe par opposition à une participation indirecte (effort de guerre).D’ailleurs, les conflits contemporains posent de nouveaux défis quant à la définition et la mise en oeuvre de la notion de la participation directe aux hostilités. Les moyens de guerre de haute technicité (l’attaque de réseaux informatiques) et l’externalisation des forces armées (sociétés militaire privées), illustrent l’imbrication croissante des activités civiles et militaires et la difficulté à identifier précisément qui participe directement aux hostilités et quelles sont les mesures à prendre pour protéger ceux qui n’y participent pas directementThe notion of direct participation in hostilities has never been precisely defined in international humanitarian law. This ambiguity has led to differing interpretations of the concept of hostilities and legal criteria imply a distinction from direct participation in hostilities as opposed indirect participation (war effort).Indeed, contemporary conflicts have given rise to further challenges in terms of defining and implementing the notion of direct participation in hostilities. The use of high-tech warfare (computer network attack), privatization of the armed forces (private military company), among others, illustrate the increased intermingling of civilian and military activities which make it difficult to determine who is taking a direct part in hostilities and what measures should be taken to protect those who are not directly participating
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Danna, Charlotte. "Le principe de solidarité écologique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2070.
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Adopté par l’article 2 de la loi n°2016-1087 de reconquête de la biodiversité, de la nature et des paysages du 8 aout 2016, le principe de solidarité écologique appelle « à prendre en compte, dans toute prise de décision publique ayant une incidence notable sur l’environnement des territoires concernés, les interactions des écosystèmes, des êtres vivants et des milieux naturels ou aménagés ». Ce principe général du droit de l’environnement inscrit à l’article L110-1 du code de l’environnement est destiné à conserver les interactions écosystémiques et les processus écologiques ainsi qu’à améliorer la gestion environnementale des territoires. La dualité de son objet en fait un principe d’une grande richesse, qui devrait concerner de nombreuses décisions. Divers fondements supranationaux, au sein de la jurisprudence et dans les textes internationaux et européens peuvent ainsi lui être attribués. Dans un contexte d’interdépendance écologique, l’évolution de la dimension internationale et européenne du principe reste essentielle pour juger de ses effets au regard de la conservation de la biodiversité. Au niveau du droit interne, son ancrage au cœur de l’équilibre de l’environnement lui apporte un rayonnement particulier. Il conforte le droit à un environnement équilibré et prolonge les principes constitutionnels de prévention et de développement durable. Face à la crise d’extinction mondiale de la biodiversité menaçant notre survie, le principe de solidarité écologique se présente comme cette ultime chance de la conserver. Deux grands ensembles de dispositifs permettent de mesurer la dynamique du principe de solidarité écologique : la trame verte et bleue et la gestion intégrée de la mer et du littoral. Ils constituent une base pour concevoir la solidarité écologique et représentent ainsi le commencement d’un droit nouveau. Le principe de solidarité écologique appelle à les renforcer et, de manière plus générale, à faire évoluer l’ensemble des décisions concernées par le principeAdopted by article 2 from act nr 2016-1087 concerning the reconquest of biodiversity, nature and landscape of August 8th 2016, the principle of ecological solidarity calls “for taking into consideration the interactions of ecosystems, living creatures and natural or developed environments in all public decisions having a notable impact on the environment of the territories concerned”.This general principle of environmental law inscribed in article L110 1 of the environmental code is designed to preserve the interactions of ecosystems and ecological processes as well as to improve the environmental management of the territories. The duality of its objective renders it a highly valuable principle which should be applied to numerous decisions. Various supranational foundations, within jurisprudence and in international and European laws, can thus be assigned to it. In the context of ecological interdependence the evolution of the international and European dimension of the principle remains essential in order to see the benefits concerning the safeguarding of biodiversity. It is greatly enhanced, as regards internal law, by the fact that it is at the very center of the environment's equilibrium. It justifies the right to a balanced environment and extends the constitutional principles of prevention and sustainable development. Confronted with the crisis of world-wide biodiversity extinction that threatens our survival, the principle of ecological solidarity emerges as the last chance to preserve it. Two major groups of systems allow us to measure the dynamics of the principle of ecological solidarity: the green and the blue line belt network and the Ocean and coastline Governance Framework. They constitute a basis on which to develop ecological solidarity and represent the beginnings of new legislation. The principle of ecological solidarity requires them to be reinforced and more generally to advance all decisions concerned by the principle
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Mauck, Erin. "A Qualitative Analysis of End-of-Life Healthcare in Tennessee: Politics, Principles, and Perceptions." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3846.
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The unprecedented growth of the aging population in Tennessee is a significant demographic trend that highlights the necessity for healthcare policy that tackles end-of-life issues. This study examined the perceived quality of end-of-life healthcare in Tennessee, areas that are in need of improvement, policies that have the potential to influence improvements, and the role of politics in end-of-life healthcare policy. It also assessed the support for end-of-life healthcare policy that would advance quality of care and expand end-of-life choices for Tennesseans, while evaluating the policy-making process that legislators employ.
For this study, data were collected using semi-structured, in-depth interviews with an open interview guide. These interviews were conducted in a two-tiered format. Tier 1 included ten leading experts in various areas of end-of-life healthcare and aging in Tennessee. Tier 2 included nine legislators who were members of the health committees of either the Tennessee House of Representatives or the Tennessee Senate. Qualitative data were organized into numerous categories, and an initial phase of open coding was completed. From this phase of coding, emergent themes and focuses were discovered. This was followed by focused coding on all nineteen interviews using coding software to organize subtleties.
Findings of the Tier 1 interviews indicated that there are many areas of end-of-life healthcare that need improvement including increased funding, expanded caregiver support, improved doctor-patient communication, and increased use of advance directives. Emergent themes included the influence of money, having difficult conversations, the stigma of death and dying, and supporting the caregiver. Tier 2 findings highlighted the motivations behind voting decisions and the level of awareness legislators have in areas of end-of-life healthcare policy. Both tiers also explored the support and opposition of physician-assisted death.
The findings of this dissertation are intended to inform health professionals and state legislators. The data gathered through this exploratory research and the knowledge gained will lead to a greater understanding of end-of-life healthcare in Tennessee, and what needs to be done to improve its quality. This will allow individuals and families faced with end-of-life decisions to navigate the process with expanded options, access, and support.
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Schucht, Simone. "Une évaluation inter-disciplinaire de la mise en œuvre d'une politique environnementale européenne : la directive relative aux incinérateurs des déchets municipaux (89/429/CEE)." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001476.
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Dans ses publications, la Commission européenne indique régulièrement des différences entre les objectifs définis par les Directives environnementales européennes et leur mise en œuvre dans les Etats membres. Tandis que, du point de vue juridique de cette institution, de tels déficits dans la mise en œuvre (‘implementation gaps') sont non désirables, d'un point de vue économique normatif, ils peuvent être justifiés, dans certains cas, par des considérations d'efficacité si la politique initiale comporte des inefficacités. La thèse porte sur la mise en œuvre (implémentation) des Directives environnementales européennes. Plus précisément, elle évalue de manière approfondie l'efficacité de la Directive 89/429/CEE relative aux émissions atmosphériques des incinérateurs des déchets municipaux existants et le coût-efficacité de sa mise en œuvre en France, en Allemagne, aux Pays-Bas et au Royaume Uni. L'un des axes directeurs de ce travail a consisté à déterminer si des inefficacités potentielles de la politique auraient pu justifier, d'un point de vue économique, l'existence d'un ‘implementation gap' et si la mise en œuvre a (en partie) amélioré l'efficacité de la politique. Une revue des origines fréquentes de déficits dans la mise en œuvre de la politique environnementale européenne proposées par la littérature des sciences politiques souligne deux caractéristiques de la politique européenne: la séparation des compétences entre la définition d'une politique et sa mise en œuvre, qui se traduit potentiellement par un manque de prise en compte des problèmes de mise en œuvre par les décideurs pendant la conception d'une politique; et l'hétérogénéité des situations nationales qui sont difficiles à appréhender par une politique commune. Les deux caractéristiques sont importantes par rapport aux coûts de mise en œuvre, dans la mesure où un enseignement de la théorie économique préconise que la minimisation des coûts agrégés d'une politique nécessite de prendre correctement en compte les situations locales. L'étude de l'efficacité économique de la Directive relative aux incinérateurs des déchets municipaux par rapport à la répartition des tâches entre le niveau européen et celui des Etats membres, et par rapport au coût-efficacité de la différenciation des objectifs indique que cette politique n'a probablement pas été optimale. Par conséquent, nous analysons à partir d'études de cas, si et dans quelle mesure la mise en œuvre a réduit ces inefficacités. Pour la France, la thèse comporte également une analyse économétrique des déterminants du comportement des inspecteurs en charge du contrôle et de l'implémentation sur le terrain. Les résultats indiquent que deux pays ont réussi à réduire leurs coûts pendant la mise en œuvre, et au moins dans un cas la mise en œuvre a en effet amélioré le rapport coût-efficacité de la Directive européenne. En revanche, savoir si l'efficacité globale de cette politique a été améliorée reste une question ouverte.
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Larrabure, Trelles Jean-Pierre. "Diseño de producción en la categorización de los personajes principales de la película “El Gran Gatsby” (2013)." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655164.
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El diseño de producción tiene una importante relevancia en toda producción cinematográfica, enfocándose en la creación de los personajes y su influencia, veremos cómo aporta al desarrollo y creación del mismo. Partiendo desde su apariencia y todo lo que conlleva, los elementos del discurso que representa el personaje, así como sus metas y motivaciones, las cuales se relacionan con lo mencionado anteriormente.Production design has an important weight in all film production, focusing on the creation of characters and their influence, we will see how it contributes to the development and creation of them. Starting from his appearance and all that it entails, the elements of the speech that the character represents, as well as his goals and motivations, which are related to the aforementioned.
Trabajo de investigación
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DAK, HAZIRBABA YILDIZ. "IMAGE-BASED MODELING AND PREDICTION OF NON-STATIONARY GROUND MOTIONS." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1008.
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Nonlinear dynamic analysis is a required step in seismic performance evaluation of many structures. Performing such an analysis requires input ground motions, which are often obtained through simulations, due to the lack of sufficient records representing a given scenario. As seismic ground motions are characterized by time-varying amplitude and frequency content, and the response of nonlinear structures is sensitive to the temporal variations in the seismic energy input, ground motion non-stationarities should be taken into account in simulations. This paper describes a nonparametric approach for modeling and prediction of non-stationary ground motions. Using Relevance Vector Machines, a regression model which takes as input a set of seismic predictors, and produces as output the expected evolutionary power spectral density, conditioned on the predictors. A demonstrative example is presented, where recorded and predicted ground motions are compared in time, frequency, and time-frequency domains. Analysis results indicate reasonable match between the recorded and predicted quantities.
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Gaweska, Izabela. "Comportement à haute température des bétons à haute performance évolution des principales propriétés mécaniques." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001147.
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Le travail présenté vise une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu lors de l'exposition à haute température des bétons à haute performance. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés au comportement mécanique. La première partie de ce document présente une synthèse des travaux réalisés sur l'évolution des propriétés physiques et mécaniques des bétons soumis à haute température. Les résultats présents dans la littérature sont variés, parfois contradictoires et confus notamment ceux concernant l'évolution des propriétés mécaniques au cours de l'échauffement. Les évolutions de la résistance en compression, résistance en traction et module d'élasticité sont présentés en fonction des différents paramètres influençant ces comportements. L'influence des conditions de réalisation des essais est notamment discutée. En outre, le comportement au feu est abordé sous l'angle du phénomène de l'écaillage. Nous présentons ainsi le rôle des fibres polypropylène, un moyen efficace de réduire les risques d'apparition du comportement explosif. La deuxième partie, consacrée à l'étude expérimentale. Dans cette partie nous exposons les matériaux testés, leurs compositions et les constituants utilisés, ainsi que la fabrication de ces matériaux et leur conservation. Ensuite nous présentons le banc d'essais développé, permettant de tester le comportement mécanique à chaud des bétons. Ce nouveau dispositif expérimental spécifique et relativement complexe, a été spécialement mis au point afin de réaliser l'étude de la déformation thermique libre, de la déformation thermique sous charge mécanique, et du comportement en compression et en traction à chaud. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus, sont ensuite présentés et discutés. La majeure partie de cette étude a été consacrée à l'établissement des relations entre le comportement mécanique et la température des différents types de béton. La résistance en compression et le module d'élasticité varient non seulement avec la température d'exposition du matériau, mais aussi avec le scénario d'échauffement (vitesse de montée en température, essais à chaud/après refroidissement, etc.). Dans les observations que nous avons réalisé, l'influence du rapport E/C des bétons testés a été étudiée ainsi que l'influence de l'ajout des fibres polypropylène sur les propriétés mécanique des BHP testés à chaud. Les observations de l'évolution des propriétés mécaniques réalisées nous ont permis de constater que les résultats du comportement à haute température sont fortement influencés par la présence de l'eau dans le matériau, surtout dans la gamme de températures jusqu'à 300°C. En complément de l'étude du comportement en compression, nous avons étudié la possibilité de réalisation des essais de traction directe sur le matériau béton "à chaud". Diverses solutions ont été envisagées et testées, afin de retenir la technique plus adaptée à nos besoins. Les premiers résultats sont très prometteurs. Il faut souligner que le nombre d'études expérimentales du comportement en traction directe "à chaud" est extrêmement faible. Une grande partie de la recherche a été consacrée à l'étude de la déformation thermique transitoire (DTT). Ce comportement, encore mal connu et souvent controversé, appelé "fluage thermique transitoire" a été étudié sur trois bétons à haute performance (BHP) et un béton ordinaire (BO). Parmi les paramètres influençant la DTT nous pouvons citer: le taux de chargement, l'histoire du chargement thermo mécanique, la vitesse de montée an température ou la teneur en eau du béton. De plus, nous avons étudié de l'existence du phénomène de la DTT sous charge mécanique en traction.
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Paris, Pierre-Alain. "Identification directe des rigidités de flexion de plaques composites à partir de la mesure de leurs modes propres en vibrations libres : principe théorique, simulations et mise en œuvre expérimentale." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10048.
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Le travail presente ici decrit une methode de mesure directe des rigidites de flexion de plaques composites par analyse modale. Une etude bibliographique montre que la grande majorite des techniques presentees dans la litterature n'utilisent que les frequences propres comme grandeurs experimentales, ces donnees etant ensuite traitees par des calculs iteratifs pour obtenir les rigidites recherchees. Une connaissance initiale des proprietes du materiau est bien souvent necessaire. La methode que nous proposons est basee sur l'utilisation des informations contenues dans la deformee de certains modes propres choisis de facon pertinente. La construction d'un systeme redondant permet l'identification directe des rigidites de flexion recherchees, sans calculs iteratifs. Une partie presentant des simulations numeriques realisees a partir de calculs par elements finis met en evidence la stabilite de la methode vis-a-vis des erreurs de mesures inevitables. Differentes anisotropies de materiaux sont egalement testees. Le developpement du montage optique base sur la deflectometrie nous permet de mesurer experimentalement les champs de pentes dans deux directions orthogonales a la surface de plaques vibrant sur leurs modes propres. L'obtention de ces grandeurs permet de construire le systeme conduisant aux rigidites de flexion. Les premiers resultats experimentaux sur des plaques en carbone/epoxyde presentant des anisotropies differentes ont permis de valider la methode proposee.
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Mondello, Gérard. "Logique environnementale, logique économique : Etude par le contentieux des Installations Classées pour la Protection de l'Environnement (ICPE)." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00727231.
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La législation des installations classées pour la protection de l'environnement (ICPE) est généralement entendue comme un compromis entre la protection des intérêts économique et ceux de l'environnement. Cette thèse analyse la nature des termes de ce contrat social et, pour ce faire, elle étude des différents contentieux des ICPE, judiciaires (civil et pénal) et administratifs. Sont alors mises en évidence les difficultés structurelles pour réaliser cet objet qui tiennent aux manques d'une véritable représentation de l'environnement devant ces différentes juridictions. Cela en dépit des avancées législatives et constitutionnelles indéniables. Ce travail propose des pistes pour une réécriture de la police ICPE par une meilleure intégration des principes fondamentaux du développement durable, notamment, la précaution et la participation du public. Cette reformulation implique l'extension de la responsabilité sans faute à la précaution.
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Ekdahl, Samuel, and Stefan Swiatek. "SOU 2015:8 – En studie över intressenternas attityder till en ny företagskategori samt ny årsredovisningslag." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-10411.
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Inom EU pågår ett ständigt arbete med harmonisering av lagar i syfte att utforma och införa lagstiftning av högsta kvalitet, samtidigt som hänsyn tas till att de administrativa bördorna står i proportion till deras nytta. Med detta som bakgrund har EU arbetat med att främja lättnader för små och medelstora företag på internationell såväl som nationell nivå, vilket resulterade i en revision av de egna direktiven. Som en följd av Europaparlamentet och Rådets direktiv av 2013 gällande årsbokslut, koncernredovisning och rapporter i vissa typer av företag, tillsattes i slutet av 2012 en utredning av regeringen. Utredningens uppgift var att lämna förslag till de lagbestämmelser som i svensk rätt skulle krävas för att genomföra direktivet. Utöver själva direktivet behandlade utredningen även frågan om de befintliga årsredovisningslagarna bör utformas på ett mer överskådligt och tydligt sätt. Utredningen resulterade i ett delbetänkande som behandlade genomförandet av EU:s nya redovisningsdirektiv, samt ett slutbetänkande som innefattade en översyn av årsredovisningslagarna. Remiss på slutbetänkandet skickades ut till 57 instanser och svaren på denna skulle vara Justitiedepartementet tillhanda senast den 1 december 2015. Totalt inkom det svar från 36 instanser gällande slutbetänkandet.Syftet med studien är att undersöka och redogöra för de attityder de olika remissinstanserna har till de förslag som angivits av utredningen. Genom att skapa en modifierad intressentmodell kategoriserar vi instanserna i olika intressentgrupper och undersöker om det finns samband i remissvaren baserat på vilken intressentgrupp respektive instans är kategoriserad i, samt vilka frågor som är av störst vikt för instanserna. Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär och empirin är baserad på de inkomna remissvaren.Studien visar att de flesta remissinstanserna ser positivt på ett införande av en ny företagskategori, mikroföretag. Då den svenska utredningen föreslår lägre gränsvärden för denna kategori än vad EU-direktivet gör, gav detta upphov till diskussion. Utredningen menar att det underlättar att ha samma gräns som för revisionsplikt, medan de som förespråkar högre gränsvärden anser att det medför mer svårigheter för svenska företag jämfört med deras europeiska jämlikar. Även den kostnadsbesparing som presenterats av utredningen ifrågasätts av ett flertal instanser då de anser att kalkylen är för snävt beräknad, och menar att kostnaderna kommer att bli högre både för det enskilda företaget och för samhället. Gällande moderniseringen av ÅRL och BFL är alla instanser överens om att det är något som ligger i tiden, baserat på att lagarna idag är allt för komplexa och saknar logisk struktur. Förslagen gällande fastställandet av årsredovisningen samt fastställelseintyget har renderat i minst yttranden från remissinstanserna. De instanser som svarat är också de som påverkas mest av de nya reglerna.De slutsatser vi drar är att de flesta instanserna är positiva till de förslag som presenterats av utredningen. Debatten angående gränsdragningen kommer med stor sannolikhet att fortgå även efter det att kategorin mikroföretag har införts i lagstiftningen. Vi anser att det är av vikt att Sverige tillämpar de gränsvärden som EU-direktivet förespråkar, bland annat av harmoniseringsskäl. I kostnadsfrågan ser vi att det i det långa loppet är viktigare att lättnader införs för de mindre företagen än att det på kort sikt kommer innebära merkostnader för myndigheterna. Gällande förslaget till en modernisering av ÅRL och BFL så är vi precis som remissinstanserna positiva till det då vi anser det vara av största vikt att förbättra tydligheten i lagtexten.Within the EU, the work with harmonization of laws is an on-going process. The aim is to design and implement legislation of the highest quality, while taking into account that the administrative burdens are proportionate to their advantage. Against this background, the EU has worked to promote relief for small and medium-sized entities at the international as well as the national level, resulting in an audit of its own directives. As a result of the European Parliament and Council Directive of 2013 concerning the annual accounts, consolidated financial statements and related reports of certain types, an investigation was added by the government at the end of 2012. The investigators task was to submit proposals to the legislative provisions of Swedish law that would be required to implement the Directive. In addition to the Directive itself, the investigation treated the question whether the existing annual accounts legislation should be redesigned in a more transparent and clear manner. The investigation resulted in an interim report that dealt with the implementation of the new EU accounting directives, as well as a final report, that handled a review of the annual accounts act. The consultation on the final report was sent to 57 agencies and the answer to this was to be at the Ministry of Justice no later than 1 December 2015. Answers were received from 36 agencies.The purpose of this study is to examine and report on the attitudes of the various consultative agencies regarding the proposals set forth by the investigation. By creating a modified stakeholder model, we categorize instances of the various stakeholders and examine whether there is a correlation in the responses based on the stakeholder group each instance is categorized into, and what issues are of most importance to the instances. The study is qualitative in nature and the empirical data is based on the submitted consultation responses.The study shows that most agencies welcome the introduction of a new business category, micro-entities. There are some concerns regarding the limits for this category, since the limits suggested by the Swedish investigation are lower than the limits suggested by the EU. The investigation believes that it is helpful to have the same limit as for auditing duty, while those who advocate higher levels believes it will cause more problems for Swedish companies compared to their European peers. The cost saving estimated by the investigation are believed to be too narrowly calculated by several agencies, who argue that the costs will be higher for both the individual entity as well as for society. Regarding the modernization of the annual accounts acts all agencies agree that it is something that needs to be done, based on that the laws are too complex and lack logical structure. The proposals regarding the establishment of the annual report and approval certificate has rendered the least opinions of the consulted agencies. The replying agencies are the ones most affected by these new rules.The conclusions that we draw are that most of the agencies are positive towards the proposals presented by the investigation. The debate over the limits for micro-entities will likely continue after the category has been introduced to legislation. We believe that it is important for Sweden to apply the values that the EU directive advocates, for harmonization reason among other things. Regarding the cost issue we see that it is more important to promote relief for the smaller companies, than the meaning of increased costs in the short term. Regarding the modernization of the annual account acts we are, just as the consultative agencies, in favour of it because we believe it to be of utmost importance to improve the clarity of the legal text.(This essay is written in Swedish)
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Chabert, Gérard. "E pluribus unum : la relation chez Aristote." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10016.
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E Pluribus Unum. La relation chez AristoteAristote déconstruit l’unité originaire des réalités à l’aide d’intelligibles en relation de plusieurs façons (relation indivisible, proportion, direction d’unification, assemblage de parties proportionnées entre elles, coïncidence). En donnant du volume à la pensée Aristote ouvre la voie de la connaissance de la complexité. Il ne faut pas hiérarchiser, voire opposer, la matière et l’esprit, l’ordre et le changement, l’unité et la pluralité, le déterminé et l’imprévisible, mais les mettre en relation. La relation, ce qui est partagé par plusieurs, est au cœur des « catégories » aussi bien que de l’unité « tout en un » des principes essentiels de l’étant. La relation seule n’explique pas l’être, mais l’être rend compte du fait que le mode de structuration des relations (séparabilité et indivisibilité) est un de ses principes premiers.Dans une première partie nous montrons qu’Aristote utilise toutes les topologies relationnelles, dont la relation de plusieurs à plusieurs propre aux réseaux.Dans la deuxième partie nous montrons comment sa notion d’être s’étudie à l’aide de la relation. L’être est une relation entre ses conditions d’existence impartageables (essentiel) et sa réalisation par des séparables (accidents). Aristote constate et analyse les principes (dimensions) de cette complexité, et il identifie que, pour penser les relations indivisibles (causes), l’homme possède un esprit immortel (le « noûs »)E Pluribus Unum. The relation in Aristotle work’sAristotle studies unity as a complexity with several kinds of relationships. By doing so, he opens the way to the understanding of complexity. Our purpose is to study the different uses of relationship in Aristotle works. Relation is used from an accidental point of view (prós ti) as well as from an essential point of view (ousia), for the pros hén directionnal convergence and for the coïncidence of homonyms. Relationship fits with the “all-in-one” and pluri-dimensionnal approach of being by Aristotle. Relation alone is not being, but is part of being.In a first part we show that Aristotle uses each of the relation topologies in his studies, the many to many relationships used for networking is the base for Catégories.In the second part we show, from the major thesis of Aristotle, that a relational approach, coupled to directional finality and the prime motricity of each being, helps to understand the subject matter of what Aristotle is saying. Relation, because it is a first principle, helps to understand the role of all other principles used by Aristotle. Since man thinks unbreakable relations, it should possess an immortal “noûs”
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Charland, Julie M. L. "Influence de la pratique réflexive sur le perfectionnement professionnel et l'évaluation axée sur l'apprentissage dans l'évaluation du rendement de la direction d'école." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23551.
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Alors que les gouvernements cherchent à améliorer le rendement des systèmes scolaires qu’ils financent, l’intérêt des dirigeants porte sur les résultats des élèves mais aussi sur le rendement des professionnels de l’éducation, dont les directions d’école. Cette étude a pour but de contribuer au développement de la connaissance sur l’évaluation du rendement de ces dernières en répondant à la question : Comment les directions d’école perçoivent-elles la pratique réflexive dans leur processus d’évaluation?
La recension des écrits montre que les directions qui ont le plus de succès jouent un rôle actif dans leur amélioration et que la pratique réflexive accroît la pertinence du perfectionnement professionnel et par conséquent le rendement de la direction. L’étude propose un cadre conceptuel qui tient compte du perfectionnement professionnel, de l’évaluation axée sur l’apprentissage et de la pratique réflexive.
Cette recherche suit une méthodologie mixte afin de déceler les tendances et les perceptions quant aux pratiques à l’étude. D’abord, un questionnaire à choix de réponses a été administré sur Internet et les réponses de 65 directions d’écoles de langue française de l’Ontario ont été traitées de façon quantitative. Ensuite, des entrevues semi-structurées avec dix des répondants ont permis d’approfondir le sujet par une méthode qualitative en offrant l’occasion aux participants de partager leur vécu.
Les résultats dévoilent que le perfectionnement professionnel occupe peu de place dans l’évaluation du rendement bien que les participants se servent d’objectifs de croissance professionnelle. La pratique réflexive est souvent déclenchée par un inconfort, par un succès ou par une occasion de perfectionnement ou est provoquée par des situations extérieures transposées à la situation de l’école du participant. Les échanges structurés et les discussions franches entre collègues et avec le superviseur favorisent la pratique réflexive. La rétroaction spécifique du superviseur donne des pistes d’amélioration appuyées d’un soutien. Les participants reconnaissent qu’ils jouent un rôle actif dans leur évaluation et recherchent un encadrement orienté vers l’amélioration. Les participants perçoivent que la pratique réflexive occupe une grande place dans leur processus d’évaluation, qu’ils soient encadrés par le superviseur dans un processus axé sur leur amélioration ou qu’ils s’auto-évaluent quand le processus est flou.
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Maisonnat, Bérangère. "Etude sur le renouvellement normatif du droit des contrats." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020091.
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L’étude du renouvellement normatif du droit des contrats conduit à présenter le phénomène avant d’envisager sa portée. En premier lieu, ce phénomène est aisément observable et met en évidence deux crises : une « crise de croissance » et une « crise de normativité ». Toutes deux confirment une tendance à l’instrumentalisation des normes qui se veulent désormais harmonisatrices, protectrices, modèles ou encore persuasives. La part de nouveauté réside dans leur texture, leur élaboration ou encore leur mise en œuvre. Et les difficultés engendrées par ce renouvellement concernent l’articulation des diverses normes qui régissent le droit des contrats, ainsi que leur intégration au sein de l’ordre juridique interne.En second lieu, il s’agit de se questionner sur l’intérêt et l’influence de ce renouvellement à travers sa capacité à produire des effets sur le modèle contractuel. Au regard de la récente réforme, le renouvellement normatif a vraisemblablement participé à la modernisation du Code civil puisque des mouvements convergents vers la souplesse contractuelle et la sécurité juridique sont observés. Cependant, la limite des effets de ce renouvellement apparaît car il ne provoque pas une modélisation du droit des contrats qui permettrait de maintenir une cohérence malgré les transformations majeures à l’œuvre en la matièreThe study of the normative renewal of contract law requires a general presentation of the phenomenon before taking an in-depth look at its impact. Firstly, this phenomenon is easily noticeable and calls attention to two crisis : a “growth crisis” and a “normative crisis”. Both highlight a tendency to exploit norms by making them instruments of harmonization, protection, standardization or persuasion. The innovation comes from their substance, their elaboration or their enforcement, however, the articulation of the various contract law norms and their integration within the domestic legal order raise many issues that need to be addressed. Secondly, this renewal’s potentiality to influence and impact contractual models needs to be questioned. Taking the recent reform into account, it seems that the normative renewal has taken a major role in the modernization of the Civil code. Indeed, converging movements towards both contractual flexibility and legal security are visible. However, this normative renewal movement is still unable to promote a modelling of contract law that would allow it to maintain its coherence in spite of the major transformations taking place. As such, the normative renewal of contract law shows its limits
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Haydon, Roger. "Church, gospel and empire : a theological enquiry into the manner in which empire has impacted ecclesial formation and displaced originary gospel principles in the course of church history, indicating an alternative direction for future theology and praxis." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.587485.
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This dissertation will argue that at an early stage in ecclesiastical history, the tradition's founding and constituent principles were betrayed by a complicity with the prevailing politics of sovereignty. This has led to a recasting of divine transcendence in terms of sovereign power and a displacement of Christianity by Christendom, from which the Western church has not recovered. The thesis follows the contours of contemporary theologians who seek to explain a dislocation between faith and socio- political life in terms of a fall in early modernity, but proposes that the earlier compromise represents a more decisive and determinative fall. In order to trace the genealogy of this compromise, the dissertation will examine its various manifestations in four synchronic historical studies. These are the third/fourth century writings of Eusebius of Caesarea; the early thirteenth century careers of Pope Innocent III and Emperor Frederick Il; the late seventeenth-century latitudinarianism of William Ill, Gilbert Burnet and the associated founding of the Bank of England; and the contemporary expression of what Hardt and Negri have termed 'Empire' and the rise of the politics of biopower. Through this genealogy, the historical alignment of the Christian church with the mundane politics of sovereign power will be demonstrated. The contemporary significance of this alignment, it will be argued, is that the Christian church is robbed of any political emancipatory potential. The final section of the dissertation will gesture towards ways in which theology may recover such a potential. Drawing on an alternative theological configuration which will already have been intimated in the four studies, the final section will develop an innovative Christological configuration of kenosis or what is termed 'kenarchy.' This will provide a re-imagining of the divine distinct from its implication with imperial sovereignty which could allow theology to make a more effective contemporary political intervention.
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Galdames, Calderón Marisol. "Prácticas directivas de liderazgo distribuido: creación de oportunidades de desarrollo profesional docente para la mejora escolar. Un estudio de caso en el municipio de Colina, Chile." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671984.
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Enfocándose en la calidad educativa, este estudio de caso propone detallar el concepto de liderazgo distribuido como una práctica para mejorar la efectividad escolar desde el punto de vista de los directores de escuela y líderes docentes en el contexto de las escuelas públicas del municipio de Colina de Chile. Dicho liderazgo en las condiciones adecuadas puede contribuir positivamente a la transformación y mejora de la escuela (Harris y DeFlaminis, 2016), porque no requiere que una sola persona realice todas las funciones de gestión esenciales, sino un grupo de personas que las pueda ejecutar colectivamente.
El cruce del Liderazgo Distribuido (LD) y la Teoría de las Prácticas Sociales, ayudó a reforzar la idea que el liderazgo no es aspecto psicológico que sólo algunas personas puedan tener, sino que es un recurso que surge en una situación y que cualquier persona puede ejecutarlo, sin importar su posición o cargo. Una de las prácticas de liderazgo del director de la escuela que se observa en las escuelas es la creación de oportunidades de desarrollo profesional para los maestros, particularmente aquellos que son considerados líderes por sus compañeros. En este estudio se les denomina “docentes líderes” (Berg, Carver & Mangin, 2014; Teacher Leadership Exploratory Consortium, 2011).
Los objetivos generales establecidos para este estudio de caso fueron 1) interpretar las prácticas directivas en la creación de oportunidades de desarrollo profesional para el ejercicio del liderazgo docente desde la perspectiva distribuida para la mejora escolar; y
2) relacionar las percepciones de los docentes líderes con las oportunidades de desarrollo profesional para el ejercicio del liderazgo otorgadas por el directivo. Para ello, se determinaron los elementos que configuran las prácticas de liderazgo distribuido en las interacciones que tienen los directivos y los docentes líderes en la escuela municipal en el contexto chileno. Se analizaron cómo el directivo apoya el desarrollo profesional para el ejercicio del liderazgo docente. Finalmente, se analizaron las valoraciones que tienen directivos y docentes líderes en la promoción de la confianza y el trabajo colaborativo para la distribución del liderazgo.In this case study I propose to detail the concept of distributed leadership as a practice to improve the efficiency of schools focusing on the quality of education. The study will approach the concept of distributed leadership from perspective of the principals and leading teachers, in the context of public schools in Colina city of Chile. Distributed leadership in the right conditions can contribute positively to the transformation and improvement of public schools (Harris & DeFlaminis, 2016), since instead of a single person, a group of people can execute all the essential management functions collectively. The interception of Distributed Leadership and the Theory of Social Practices has helped to reinforce the idea that leadership is not a psychological aspect that only some people may have, but it is a resource that arises in a situation when it is needed and that anyone can execute it, regardless of their position. One of the leadership practices of school principal’s is the creation of professional development opportunities for teachers, particularly for those who are considered as leaders among their peers. In this study, they are called “leader teachers” (Berg, Carver & Mangin, 2014; Teacher Leadership Exploratory Consortium, 2011). The general objectives established for this case study were 1) to interpret directive practices in creating professional development opportunities for exercising the leadership of teachers from a distributed perspective for the improvement of schools and 2) to relate the perception of leader teachers that have professional development opportunities in order to exercise leadership granted by the school principals. To achieve the objectives, I determined the elements that make up the distributed leadership practices in the interactions that school principals and leader teachers have in the public schools in Colina city (Chile) context. Then, I analyzed how the school principals support the professional development of teachers in exercising teacher leadership. Finally, I analyzed the evaluations that school principals and leader teachers have in promoting trust and collaborative work for the distribution of leadership.