Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Directive 2000/60/EC'
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Ehlde, Malin, and Malin Persson. "The Savings Directive : Is the Savings Directive 2003/48/EC in Breach of the Free Movement of Capital Provided for by Articles 56-60 EC?" Thesis, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-82.
Full textThe Savings Directive will enter in to force 1st of July 2005, after years of discussions about it. The Directive has caused some controversy and several proposals have been rejected.
The Savings Directive means that an individual who recieves savings income in the form of interest payment from another Member State will be taxed in his or hers State of residence. This will be achieved by an automatic exchange of information be-tween the Member States, concerning interest payments on savings. Some countries have opted out of the information exchange and will instead levy a withholding tax during a transitional period.
The free movement of capital became fully liberalized when articles 1 and 4 in Directive 88/361/EEC was given direct effect. Later the main provisions from that Directive were implemented in the EC Treaty. All restrictions on the free movement of capital are prohibited, according to article 56 EC. Exceptions to this free movement can be found in article 58 EC. One example of a possible justification is the right for Member States to apply tax law which distinguish between taxpayers who are not in the same situation with regard to their residence or with regard to the place where their capital is invested.
Certain fundamental principles have to be complied with, foremost the Principle of Proportionality and the Principle of Legal Certainty, to be able to justify a restriction on the free movement of capital.
If the Savings Directive is in breach of the free movement of capital according to article 56-60 EC, is analysed in this thesis. It is discussed whether the Directive constitutes a restriction and in that case which possible justifications there are.
Our conclusion is that the Savings Directive constitutes a restriction, in so far that it will likely dissuade residents from placing their capital in another Member State, because they will be taxed in their State of residence anyhow. However, this restriction is possible to justify according to article 58 (1) (b) EC. Therefore, the Savings Directive is not in breach of the free movement of capital.
Sparandedirektivet träder i kraft 1 juli 2005, efter många års diskussioner kring det och efter att flera förslag har röstats ner.
Sparandedirektivet innebär att en individ från en Medlemsstat som mottager ränteinkomst härrörande från sparande i ett annat Medlems land blir beskattad i Medlemsstaten där han eller hon bor. Detta skall ske genom automatiskt utbyte av information rörande ränteinkomster på besparingar mellan Medlemsstaterna. Några länder har fått dispans från informations utbytet under en viss tid och kommer då istället att påföra en källskatt.
Den fria rörligheten av kapital blev liberaliserad fullt ut i och med att artiklarna 1 och 4 i Direktiv 88/361/EEC gavs direkt effekt. Huvudbestämmelserna från det direktivet blev senare implementerade i EG fördraget. Enligt artikel 56 EG är alla restriktioner på fri rörlighet av kapital förbjudna. I artikel 58 EG hittas dock undantag till denna fria rörlighet. Ett exempel på en möjlig rättfärdigande grund för en restriktion är möjligheten för Medlemsstater att behandla individer skattemässigt olika beroende på var de är bosatta och beroende på var kapitalet är placerat.
För att kunna rättfärdiga en restriktion på den fria rörligheten av kapital måste också vissa grundläggande principer följas, framförallt proportionalitetsprincipen och principen om rättssäkerhet.
Denna uppsats utreder om Sparandedirektivet bryter mot den fria rörligheten av kapital uppställd i artiklarna 56-60 EG, genom att analysera om Direktivet utgör en restriktion och i så fall vilka rättfärdigandegrunder som är möjliga att använda.
Slutsatsen, baserat på vår utredning, blir att Sparandedirektivet utgör en restriktion på den fria rörligheten av kapital, eftersom det troligtvis kommer att avskräcka personer från att placera besparingar utomlands, då de kommer att bli beskattade i den stat de bor i alla fall. Restriktionen är dock möjlig att rättfärdiga genom 58 (1) (b) EG. Därför bryter Sparandedirektivet inte mot fri rörlighet av kapital.
Hekrle, Marek. "Návrh metodiky pro hodnocení nákladové přiměřenosti v rámci dosažení dobrého stavu vodních útvarů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193241.
Full textMacháč, Jan. "Analýza nákladové efektivnosti opatření vedoucích k snížení eutrofizace vodní nádrže Orlík." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198424.
Full textSACCHI, ANGELA. "ASSESSING EFFECTS TO ACQUATIC ORGANISMS OF CONTAMINANTS EXPOSURE ACROSS LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANISATION, IN THE FRAME OF WFD 2000/60/EC." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/977.
Full textAquatic ecosystems are the final sink for most of contaminants introduced in the environment, especially persistent organic pollutants coming from different human activities. Most of the freshwater and coastal organisms are exposed simultaneously to different classes of chemicals, and their physiology may be affected by toxic chemical even at low environmental concentrations with a cascade event on population dynamics. Identifying ecotoxicological effects requires descriptors that are sensitive to changes in exposure and thus can indicate information at different levels of biological organisation (i.e. communities, sub-individual level). The present work aims to investigate biochemical biomarkers and bioindicators in aquatic invertebrates able to detect biological effects and predict risk of toxicity, with a special focus paid to the requirements of current EU regulation. Therefore, the present work faced on different kinds of approach identified to be efficient tools within the context of the WFD requirements (Water Frame Directive, 2000/60/EC), for investigative and operational monitoring. Work include the SPEAR approach as trait based indicator descriptor of freshwater aquatic macroinvertebrates communities, able to diagnose pesticide contamination in aquatic ecosystems. Further diagnostic approaches in environmental status are included, as assay representing biological responses for different enzymes involved in the aerobic (CCO) and antioxidant responses, (SOD, and CAT), behavioural endpoints, and genotoxicity biomarker associated with micronuclei frequency in bivalve species (Tapes philipphinarum and Mya arenaria).
Škodová, Ivana. "Návrh kritérií posuzování neúměrnosti nákladů v souvislosti s implementací a cíli Rámcové směrnice EU pro vodní politiku 2000/60/ES." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192180.
Full textStithou, Mavra. "The economic value of improvements in the ecology of Irish rivers due to the water framework directive." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/12552.
Full textHack, Melanie Regine [Verfasser]. "Taking Age Equality Seriously: The Example of Mandatory Retirement : A Comparative Legal Analysis between Norway and Germany in Light of Council Directive 2000/78/EC / Melanie Regine Hack." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1106279557/34.
Full textAtay, Itri. "Water Resources Management in Greece : Perceptions about Water Problems in the Nafplion Area." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-85379.
Full textHamvas, Sharmin Chowdhury. "The race equality directive 2000/43/ec : is it effective in the EU accession states in ensuring the rights of Roma minority (in accessing mainstream education and labour market)? : a case study on Hungary." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14313.
Full textÖhman, Camilla. "Skillnader i vatten- och avloppshantering inom EU : En jämförelse mellan Slovakien och Sverige." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-55572.
Full textRazímová, Martina. "Právní úprava auditingu v ČR a EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4530.
Full textHaji, Modiri Shima. "Impacts of Living and Working Conditions on the Health of Immigrants : A Comparative Study on Asylum-Seekers in Germany and the Netherlands." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-121851.
Full textStrindberg, Mona. "Protection of Personal Data, a Power Struggle between the EU and the US: What implications might be facing the transfer of personal data from the EU to the US after the CJEU’s Safe Harbour ruling?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-294790.
Full textCapela, Joana Rebelo. "Methodology for establishing the ecological potential of reservoirs in Spain, according to the directive 2000/60/EC." Master's thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/1373.
Full textWater Framework Directive is an important tool in the management of European surface waters, namely for heavily modified water bodies that remain poorly assessed. The objective of this study was to establish a fish based methodology to assess the ecological potential of Spanish reservoirs. Specifically an abiotic typology was developed and metrics commonly used in indices of biotic integrity worldwide were evaluated for application in different fish-ecoregions. A total of 120 reservoirs in the Guadiana, Júcar, Douro and Northern basins were characterized using 9 hidromorphological variables. Main descriptors of reservoir variability were identified using Principal Component Analysis, and Ward's clustering helped in the construction of an abiotic typology scheme, that proved to be more effective than traditional System A applications. Overall, 14 reservoir types were established based in catchment area, altitude, volume and geology. Fish in 88 reservoirs in the Jucar, Douro and Northern basins were assigned into functional guilds and 100 metrics were tested for range, responsiveness, redundancy and precision. River basins were considered as distinct eco-regions based on Ward clustering of low-impacted sites and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Water quality and human impacts in each reservoir were approached using 4 environmental variables. Overall, 13 candidate metrics were responsive to turbidity and integrated chlorophyll a. However, there was considerable variation among basins in the set of selected metrics, with only density of phytophilic and tolerant species being common to all regions. Moreover, metrics showed no significant variation between low-impacted and impacted reservoirs. Despite being preliminary, current results highlight the complexity of reservoir dynamics, and suggest that progress in ecological assessment of heavily modified water bodies will dependent on the development of new typology schemes and fish metrics specifically targeted at these systems
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Beranová, Zuzana. "Průzkum a hodnocení ekologického stavu vodních toků při zohlednění evropských standardů. Aplikace v modelovém povodí Rolavy." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-312304.
Full textKesnerová, Lucie. "Ekologické hodnocení toků v CHKO Křivoklátsko v rámci Směrnice 2000/60/ES." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-321994.
Full textΚωτσόπουλος, Χρήστος. "Διαχείριση των υδατικών πόρων στην περιοχή της δημοτικής ενότητας (πρώην δήμου) Μεσσάτιδος στα πλαίσια [sic] της εφαρμογής της κοινοτικής οδηγίας 2000/60." Thesis, 2011. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/4486.
Full textThe more and more intense growth of systems of water resources in world scale, simultaneously with continuously increasing deficits because of the big increase of consumption in combination with devalorisation of quality, has made imperative the need for the application of completed methods of planning and management of water resources. For that reason the European Union with successive community decisions, led to the publication and the voting of Directive Frame on the Water 2000/60 that constitute the frame of application of measures to protect all the water systems of the community. Final objective and aim of Directive are to ensure the viable use of water, for the good ecological situation of the community. It’s an essential directive since it imports a new political practice and legislation and establishes the completed management of water resources. In 2015, it constitutes a milestone of achievement of objectives of the Directive. The state with the law 3199/2003 and the presidential decree 51/2007, adapted the Greek legislation in the Framework Directive. The current legislation in our country, imposes the guarantee of viability of waters via the completed management and their protection. The community directive defines that the management should become in the level of the river basin while the Greek legislation, because of the geomorphology of the country and the particular conditions defines the management in the level of 14 water districts of the country. The administrative plans of water districts are in the integration process that’s why the local government and specifically the municipalities, that have the responsibility of management of water resources of their region, owe to orient their actions in the basic principles of the community directive and to facilitate the application plans of management. So, in the case of the region of the former municipality Messatida, a “Kapodistrias law” municipality of Achaia, (that after the application of the law “Kallikratis” constitutes municipal units of the extended Municipality of Patras) average area and population, where exclusively underground water resources for the water supply are used and the other uses that are served by the network of the Municipality, while the surface waters are used for the irrigation when they are available, the philosophy of management of water should be charged and should be directed in the following basic principles of the Community Directive: • Completed management of water resources taking into consideration all the hydrogeological, environmental, financial and social parameters. • Application of right pricing policy of water, with final aim the recuperation of the cost of water. • Change the philosophy of management by management of offer to pass in management of demand. • Information and public participation in the management water resources. In this way we will pass in a form of completed management with target the viability of water system as indicated by the Community Directive.
Tomšová, Zuzana. "Hydromorfologický průzkum a identifikace referenčních stavů řeky Jizery." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-343825.
Full textΜανωλάκη, Παρασκευή. "Αξιολόγηση της οικολογικής ποιότητας των ποταμών Αχέροντα και Λούρου της Δ. Ελλάδας και της λεκάνης απορροής τους με χρήση υδροβίων μακρόφυτων ως βιολογικών δεικτών." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/5971.
Full textThe main objective of the present thesis was the ecological assessment of two river basins, Acheron and Louros; based on aquatic plant communities, water quality and hydromorphological characteristics, as well as, the development of a methodology for collecting, analyzing and assessing field data, specific adapted to Greek conditions. The specific objectives of the doctoral thesis include: a) the investigation of abiotic parameters influencing the distribution of aquatic macrophytes along the two river basins (Chapter A); b) the investigation of riparian zone structure and the assessment of “key” environmental gradient and human intervention (Chapter B); c) abiotic typology for reducing the spatial variability, monitoring the temporal and seasonal variation in of aquatic macrophytes distribution, and determination of reference communities in each geomorphological unit of the riverine ecosystem (Chapter C), and d) the development of the Macrophyte Multimetric Index (MMI) which is described step by step in Chapter D. Data were collected from 32 sampling sites, which were chosen according to the following criteria: i) covering a wide gradient of land used i.e. from natural to artificial; ii) selection of more than one site with similar geomorphological characteristics; iii) the constant distance between sampling sites; iv) the homogeneity of the sampling sites, and v) the accessibility to the sampling points throughout the duration of monitoring. Based on the above criteria, 15 sites were selected along Acheron river basin [11, Acheron river (A1-8 & A11-13); 1, Cocytos (A9); 1, Vouvo Rema (A15); 2, irrigation canals (A10 & A14)]. Additionally, 17 sampling sites were selected along Louros river (S1-S15). The survey area was subdivided into 3 zones, a) the wetted part of the channel, b) the marginal-active channel and c) the riparian woodland plot. The survey area length was standardized at 100 m according to the widely accepted methods [e.g. Mean Trophic Rank, (MTR); Riparian Forest Quality, (QBR)]. On the other hand, the width of each plot includes the area between, the end of the active channel and the riparian woodland. The field surveys were conducted during the vegetation periods (April to September) of the years 2005 to 2007. The coverage of each macrophyte species was visually estimated using DAFOR 5-point scale (1: Rare, 2: Occasional, 3: Frequent, 4: Abundant and 5: Dominant). Also, water physicochemical parameters such as temperature, DO, pH, conductivity, were measured in situ using portable equipment (WTW340i/SET). Additionally, surface water samples were collected for determination of nutrients such as nitrate and nitrite nitrogen, total nitrogen, ammonium, phosphorus nutrients (soluble reactive phosphorus and total phosphorus), Chl-a, and alkalinity (HCO-3, CO3=). Nutrient samples were collected and analyzed according to APHA standard analytical method (APHA, 1989). For the statistical processing of the data were used: 1) Hierarchical cluster analysis (Bray-Curtis), for the biotic typology of macrophyte data along river basins and to determine the structure of the riparian vegetation; 2) Indicator Species Analysis, was used to describe the hierarchical structure of each group to distinguish the indicator species (Ind_Sps) for each vegetation group; 3) Ordination, which were used both Indirect and Direct gradient analyses. Indirect gradient analyzes were used: a) Principal Component Analysis (PCA), to identify Geomorphological Units and to determining the pressure gradients; and b) Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA), for researching the spatial distribution of species abundance, and for seasonal and inter-annual variability of the reference communities. For direct gradient analyzes were used: a) Redundancy Analysis (RDA), for correlation between, water physicochemical parameters and Indicator species; and b) Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), for correlation between geomorphological characteristics and indicator species, as well as, to determine the key variables best explain the degradation of the riparian zone. The results showed that along the two river basins, six vegetation groups can be distinguished, with similar environmental gradient pattern (springs-estuaries). The dominant species for the upper part of Acheron and Louros river basins were: Pteridium aquilinum, bryophyte taxa and Carex species (C. acuta and C. pendula respectively). Moreover, four different vegetation groups were characterized the middle part of both river basins. The different degree of anthropogenic alteration of river estuaries (Acheron and Louros), reflects in the composition of the plant communities. The estuaries of Acheron were characterized by the dominant of green algae and the tolerant species Potamogeton pectinatus, while the estuaries of Louros river was characterized by the absence of green algae and the dominance of Potamogeton nodosus. The most important physicochemical variables that significantly affect the distribution of aquatic macrophytes along the river basins were: pH, conductivity, water temperature, and mean water velocity, concentrations of nitrogen nutrients (ΝΟ3-Ν, ΝΗ4-Ν, ΝΟ2-Ν) and orthophosphate (PO4-P), as well as, Chl-a. Whereas, the most important geomorphological factors were: altitude, bed substrate, channel width, channel shading, habitat type, water depth. Hierarchical cluster analysis distinguished five vegetation groups of the riparian zone of the study area. The following groups were indentified and characterized by the dominant riparian species. The upper reaches were characterized by the Vegetation Group Ia: Platanus orientalis and Ib: Quercus coccifera-P. orientalis; the middle reaches by II: Salix alba and Populus alba; and lowland areas until estuaries by III: Phragmites australis. Vegetation Group IV was characterized by the dominant of non native species Eucalyptus camaldulensis and the giant reed Arundo donax. According to the results, species abundance was low in all Vegetation Groups. Also, the applied indices Riparian quality assessment (QBR), Habitat Quality Assessment (HQA) and Habitat Modification Score (HMS) revealed that the ecological integrity of the riparian zone increases the overall ecological quality of the riparian ecosystem. According to the hydromorphological characteristics, the sampling sites were grouped into three Geomorphological Units: Upper –Middle reaches-Estuaries. In each Geomorphological Unit (GU) a pressure gradient analysis was performed, and the reference sites were identified. For GU I the number of reference sites was 7, for GU II 3 reference sites were identified, while, for the estuaries the number of the reference sites were only 2. Also in each GU the seasonal and inter annual changes in reference communities, were investigated, and the structure of the reference community was determined. The results showed that the composition of the reference communities in lowland rivers appears to remain constant in the physical fluctuations. On the other hand, the slight differences which were recorded, in the GU I, during spring and summer sampling, referred to the reduction of bryophytes. This reduction might be cause due to the late spring (May), at the upper part of Louros river. Also, differences were recorded between autumn and spring samplings, in the GU III (estuaries). Those differences referred to the reduction of pteridophytes, maybe due to the high temperatures that prevail during the summer months. Finally, the sampling period could be set between late April and late September, since, during this period, any field visit will give the same composition of the reference communities. We investigated, to the greatest possible degree, all the potential parameters and pressures, which could influence the composition and distribution of aquatic macrophytes along the river basins. The most significant effect, from the current pressures, in the studied area, is the alteration of the hydromorphological characteristics of the ecosystem. The Multimetric approach was chosen, as the most holistic and reliable evaluation method of the ecological status of the study area. A preliminary list of potential plant metrics was compiled from a review of the literature, and in situ observations of plant community patterns. The metrics were grouped into five categories, so that each one representing a different ecological aspect of aquatic and riparian plant communities: 1) Richness/Diversity, 2) Trophic status, 3) Composition, 4) Riparian Integrity, and 5) Sensitivity/Tolerance. A total of 86 metrics were tested, of which 7 belonged to the category of "Abundance/Diversity", 4 to the category of "Trophic” status, 46 metric referred to “Composition” of plant communities, 11 referred to "Riparian Integrity”, and finally, 18 belonged to “Sensitivity/Tolerance” category. The estimation of the pressure gradient was performed using Principal Component Analyses (PCAs), with 36 hydromorphological degradation variables in 2 spatial scales: macroscale and microscale. Candidate metrics, which can be identified as robust and most informative, are scrutinized further, in the process of selecting core metrics. To be selected as a core metric the following aspects have to be considered: 1) core metrics should cover different metric types (see above); 2) metrics should not give redundant information. Inter-correlation tests between candidate metrics were carried out to detect redundant metrics (threshold value Spearman’s r<0.800). In case of redundancy we further investigate: the correlation of each metric with stress gradient (threshold value Spearman’s r<0.05); the correlation of each of the pair of metrics with the other metrics in order to finally omit the one that showed the higher overall mean correlation; and how well they separate stressed from unstressed sampling sites (graphical analysis of box-whisker plots). The final index includes 6 metrics out of 86 candidated metrics. The core metrics are: 1) IBMR, 2) QBR, 3) Number of Bryophyte, 4) % Reference Species, 5) % Nitrophilous taxa and 6) % Helophyte taxa (Phe_herbids). The different numerical scales of each core metric (e.g. abundance class, number of individuals) were normalized to unitless scores between 0 and 1. The upper and lower anchors mark the indicative range of a metric. The upper anchor corresponds to the upper limit of the metric’s value under reference conditions, and it was set as the 75th of the unstressed sites. The lower anchor corresponds to the lower limit of the metric’s value under the worst attainable conditions and it was set as 5th percentile of stressed sites. The multimetric index was calculated as the arithmetic mean of the normalized metrics (Böhmer et al., 2004). The final Multimetric Index provides a score that represents the overall relationship between the combined values of the biological parameters observed for a given site and the expected value under reference conditions. This score is – as for single metrics – expressed as a numerical value between zero and one. This range can be subdivided into any number of categories corresponding to various levels of impairment. To determine the boundaries of Multimetric Index, the 25th percentile of the unstressed sites (0,623) was set as the boundary for the high/good ecological class. We propose quality classes with equal ranges, to provide five ordinal rating categories for assessment of impairment in accordance with the demands of the WFD. The application of Macrophyte Multimetric Index (MMI) in the medium lowland rivers of Greece led to the ecological classification in five quality classes. The results indicated that the 29.6% of the sampling sites (8 sites) were classified in High ecological status, 4% (4 sites) in Good ecological status; the 22.3% (6 sites) in Moderate, 29.6% (8 sites) in the Poor and only 3.7% (1 site) was characterized as Bad ecological quality. The current doctoral thesis was the first attempt in the Greece, for establishing an integrated monitoring system of ecological quality of running water ecosystems, using aquatic macrophytes as biological quality element. The methodology developed, was pilot implemented in two river basins, Acheron and Louros, in Epirus, following the requirements and guidelines of the European Water Framework Directive, 2000/60/EE. Also, the evaluation system was developed to be proposed for implementation at all similar river types of Greece, since both the list of candidate metrics and the Multimetric Index itself, can be tested in other types of Greek rivers (RM-1, RM-3, RM-4 & RM-5). Finally, the results, will contribute to the sustainable management and conservation of riverine ecosystems, as well as, to the implementation of the water environmental policy in Greece.
Melamu, Seapei Diana. "The role of express submission to jurisdiction under the Brussels I Regulation, Brussels I (Recast) and the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14009.
Full textThis essay seeks to look at the role of express submission to jurisdictjon under the Brussels I Regulation,lthe Brussels I (recast) Regulation2 and the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements.3 The express submission to jurisdiction under the three instruments mentioned in the previous sentence refers to the situation in which parties to an international commercial contract include in their contract a court of their choice to govern any disputes that may arise between them. This designated court may or may not be situated in a country that is a member of the three instruments mentioned above. The purpose of this thesis is to determine what will occur when the court chosen is from a country that is not a member of either of the three instruments mentioned. We will first look at express submission and the role it plays in determining which court has jurisdiction. This section on express submission will provide the definition of express submission in the context of a contract which incorporates a choice-of-forum agreement between the parties who are engaged in an international commercial transaction. The thesis will view the role of submission in a common-law and civil-law country in light of express submission by contract. Finally, a distinction will be made between an exclusive and non-exclusive jurisdiction clause. A brief discussion ofthe Brussels Convention4 (The Convention) will be provided in order to present the fact that the Convention only applies when a choice-of-forum agreement in a contract has assoned thejurisdiction to a court of a country which is a member of the Convention. The Convention would not apply when a choice-of-forum agreement in a contract has assigned jurisdiction to the court of a country which is not a member to the Convention. ln order to determine whether the position has changed since the enactment of the Brussels I Regulation (Regulation) with regard to choice-of-forum agreements that designate jurisdiction to the court of a country in a nonmember state of the Regulation, provisions relating to express submission clauses will be discussed. A further discussion will be provided to ascertain whether the enactment of the Council Regulation (EC) No 4412001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement ofjudgments in civil and commercial matters.