Journal articles: 'Directional probes'

1

CULL, J. P., and R. COBCROFT. "OMNI-DIRECTIONAL DOWNHOLE EM PROBES*." Geophysical Prospecting 34, no. 4 (June 1986): 569–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1986.tb00482.x.

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Shaw-Ward, Samantha, Stephen C. McParlin, Paul Nathan, and David M. Birch. "Optimal Calibration of Directional Velocity Probes." AIAA Journal 56, no. 7 (July 2018): 2594–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.j056762.

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3

Samet, M., and S. Einav. "Directional sensitivity of unplated normal‐wire probes." Review of Scientific Instruments 56, no. 12 (December 1985): 2299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138369.

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4

Samet, M., and S. Einav. "Directional sensitivity of unplated slanted‐wire probes." Review of Scientific Instruments 58, no. 5 (May 1987): 835–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139641.

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Sobolík, V., and O. Wein. "Directional characteristics of electrodiffusion anemometric triple-split probes." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 34, no. 8 (August 1991): 1929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(91)90204-r.

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Lepicovsky, Jan. "On Directional Sensitivity of Thermo-Anemometer Split-Fiber Probes." E3S Web of Conferences 345 (2022): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234501010.

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Hot-wire thermo-anemometer probes are extremely fragile and they are used mostly in clean flows with neither debris nor small particles to prevent sensor destruction. Consequently, application of hot-wire probes is limited mostly to clean laboratory environments, their employment in semi-industrial research is extremely rare, and not always successful. Film probes with deposited thin metallic sensors on cylindrical fibers are more rugged and can be successfully employed for research tasks in semi-industrial environment. Surprisingly the potentials of these probes are not yet fully utilized. Detailed investigation of direction characteristics of a split-fiber probe was carried out during the course of this work. Several interesting outcomes resulted from this study. First, it has been shown that the split-fiber probe direction sensitivity rises with the increasing velocity contrary to the decrease of the velocity sensitivity, which is a common hindrance to application of single-sensor thermo-probes to high-speed and transonic flows. Second, the analysis of the acquired data revealed a sudden shift in the effective zero angle offset. It can be speculated that such a shift can related to the transition of the laminar vortex street into the turbulent one. However, the observed shift occurred at Reynolds number values between 900 and 1000, which is markedly higher than the usually reported transitional Reynolds number range between 150 and 300. Finally, the resilience of split-fiber probes to impairment by in-flow debris has been demonstrated proving the probe ability for effective use of these probes in semi-industrial or even industrial research tasks.

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Bucaro, Joseph, Nicholas Lagakos, Brian Houston, Saikat Dey, and Maxim Zalalutdinov. "Compact directional acoustic sensing using multi-fiber optical probes." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 130, no. 4 (October 2011): 2393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3654593.

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Husain, Ali, Asaithampi Ganesan, Miloslav Machacek, Lukas Cerveny, Pavel Kubat, Basma Ghazal, Petr Zimcik, and Saad Makhseed. "Dually directional glycosylated phthalocyanines as extracellular red-emitting fluorescent probes." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 28 (2020): 9605–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt01180k.

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Control of the spatial orientation of glycosylated peripheral substituents in phthalocyanines provides monomeric species that are highly fluorescent in water. Due to their hydrophilic nature, they are suitable as extracellular fluorescent probes.

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Chew, Y. T., and S. M. Ha. "The directional sensitivities of crossed and triple hot-wire probes." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 21, no. 6 (June 1988): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/21/6/021.

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Guidi, Stefano, and Stephen E. Palmer. "The Internal Structure of a Rectangular Frame: Position, Orientation, and Direction." Art & Perception 3, no. 1 (2015): 19–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134913-00002013.

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Previous research has shown that the structure of a rectangular frame strongly influences perceived goodness-of-fit for a small circular probe positioned within it (Palmer and Guidi, 2011). The center is consistently rated as the best position, followed by positions along the global vertical, global horizontal, and local diagonal symmetry axes. Here we report how goodness-of-fit within a surrounding frame is influenced by the relation between with the orientational and directional structure of the probe and that of the frame. In Experiment 1, fit ratings of short line segments and small ovals (each with two symmetry axes) at 35 positions and four orientations within the frame revealed strong orientational effects, especially when the probe’s and frame’s axes of symmetry were aligned. Experiment 2 extended the paradigm using triangular probes (with a single symmetry axis) at 15 positions and eight pointing directions. The results showed high fit ratings when the probe was aligned with global and local symmetry axes of the frame, and directional increments when the probes pointed upward, rightward, and into the frame. Experiment 3 confirmed the upward, rightward, and inward directional effects of Experiment 2 using a more sensitive Two-Alternative Forced Choice (2AFC) task. Experiment 4 showed that orientational effects were more strongly driven by alignment with the rectangle’s sides than with gravitational or retinal reference frames, especially when the probe was near the sides and vertices of the frame. The relevance of these findings to the empirical study of aesthetic response to images within rectangular frames is discussed.

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Odjijdja, H., and P. Krämer. "Error analysis concerning the directional resolution of space‐apart four‐microphone probes." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 2 (February 1999): 1252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.426006.

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Jang, Seonghyeon, Jeonggyu Kim, Greg M. McFarquhar, Sungmin Park, Seoung Soo Lee, Chang Hoon Jung, Sang Seo Park, Joo Wan Cha, Kyoungmi Lee, and Junshik Um. "Theoretical Calculations of Directional Scattering Intensities of Small Nonspherical Ice Crystals: Implications for Forward Scattering Probes." Remote Sensing 14, no. 12 (June 10, 2022): 2795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14122795.

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In situ aircraft measurements of the sizes and concentrations of liquid cloud droplets and ice crystals with maximum dimensions (Dmax) less than ~50 μm have been measured mainly using forward scattering probes over the past half century. The operating principle of forward scattering probes is that the measured intensity of light scattered by a cloud particle at specific forward scattering angles can be related to the size of that particle assuming the shape and thermodynamic phase of the target are known. Current forward-scattering probes assume spherical liquid cloud droplets and use the Lorenz–Mie theory to convert the scattered light to particle size. Uncertainties in sizing ice crystals using forward scattering probes are unavoidable since the single-scattering properties of ice crystals differ from those of spherical liquid cloud droplets and because their shapes can vary. In this study, directional scattering intensities of four different aspect ratios (ARs = 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00) of hexagonal ice crystals with random orientations and of spherical liquid cloud droplets were calculated using the discrete dipole approximation (i.e., ADDA) and Lorenz–Mie code, respectively, to quantify the errors in sizing small ice crystals and cloud droplets using current forward scattering probes and to determine the ranges of optimal scattering angles that would be used in future forward scattering probes. The calculations showed that current forward scattering probes have average 5.0% and 17.4% errors in sizing liquid cloud droplets in the forward (4–12°) and backward (168–176°) direction, respectively. For measurements of hexagonal ice crystals, average sizing errors were 42.1% (23.9%) in the forward (backward) direction and depended on the ARs of hexagonal ice crystals, which are larger than those for liquid cloud droplets. A newly developed size conversion table based on the calculated single-scattering properties of hexagonal ice crystals using the ADDA reduced the sizing errors for the hexagonal ice crystals down to 14.2% (21.9%) in the forward (backward) direction. This study is a purely theoretical examination of the operating principle of forward scattering probes and there are several limitations, such as assumed hexagonal ice crystals with smooth surfaces and random orientations.

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Hashimoto, Noriaki, and Koji Konbune. "DIRECTIONAL SPECTRUM ESTIMATION FROM A BAYESIAN APPROACH." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 21 (January 29, 1988): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.4.

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A new directional spectral estimation method using a Bayesian approach is proposed. The proposed method is examined for numerical simulation data, and the validity of the method is discussed. Some examples of the directional spectra estimated from field observation data attained at an offshore oil rig utilizing seven wave probes are also shown in this report. The major conclusions of the report are : (1) The proposed method can be applied for more than four arbitrarily mixed instrument array measurements. (2) It has a higher resolution power than other existing methods for estimating directional spectrum. (3) It is a better method for estimating directional spectra from the cross-power spectra contaminated with estimation errors. (4.) It is more adaptable to reformulation of the estimation equations as the study of structures of directional spectrum progesses.

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Huang, Zhen, and Roman Boulatov. "Chemomechanics with molecular force probes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, no. 4 (March 31, 2010): 931–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-09-11-36.

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Chemomechanics is an emerging area at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics, and biology that aims at quantitative understanding of reaction dynamics in multiscale phenomena. These are characterized by correlated directional motion at multiple length scales—from molecular to macroscopic. Examples include reactions in stressed materials, in shear flows, and at propagating interfaces, the operation of motor proteins, ion pumps, and actuating polymers, and mechanosensing. To explain the up to 1015-fold variations in reaction rates in multiscale phenomena—which are incompatible within the standard models of chemical kinetics—chemomechanics relies on the concept of molecular restoring force. Molecular force probes are inert molecules that allow incremental variations in restoring forces of diverse reactive moieties over hundreds of piconewtons (pN). Extending beyond the classical studies of reactions of strained molecules, molecular force probes enable experimental explorations of how reaction rates and restoring forces are related. In this review, we will describe the utility of one such probe—stiff stilbene. Various reactive moieties were incorporated in inert linkers that constrained stiff stilbene to highly strained macrocycles. Such series provided the first direct experimental validation of the most popular chemomechanical model, demonstrated its predictive capabilities, and illustrated the diversity of relationships between reaction rates and forces.

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15

Menet, Jean-Luc, Laurent-Charles Valdès, and Bruno Ménart. "An improved model for the directional sensitivity of single yawed hot-wire probes." Measurement Science and Technology 10, no. 5 (January 1, 1999): N47—N50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/10/5/006.

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16

Lu, Na, Jharon Silva, Yu Gu, Scott Gerber, Hulin Wu, Harris Gelbard, Stephen Dewhurst, and Hongyu Miao. "Directional histogram ratio at random probes: A local thresholding criterion for capillary images." Pattern Recognition 46, no. 7 (July 2013): 1933–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2013.01.011.

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17

Nwogu, Okey. "Maximum entropy estimation of directional wave spectra from an array of wave probes." Applied Ocean Research 11, no. 4 (October 1989): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-1187(89)90016-3.

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18

Abali, Serkan. "Residual Stress Effects on Fatigue Crack Growth in Directionally Solidified YAG/Spinel Eutectics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.263.

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In this paper, yttrium aluminum garnet-magnesium aluminate spinel with good mechanical strength was fabricated by directional solidification, and its microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. MgAl2O4-Y3Al5O12 eutectic rods were grown by a float zone method. The composition of the grown ingots was determined by the X-ray diffraction technique and electron probe microanalysis. The crack growth characteristics were examined in directionally solidified YAG/spinel eutectics. The residual stresses were determined in MgAl2O4/Y3Al5O12 eutectics using piezospectrosocopic probes. The crack growth behaviors show that residual stresses play a key role in the crack growth.

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19

Kim, Woo Jae, Yuki Shimizu, Koji Hosono, So Ito, and Wei Gao. "Design and Test of a Three-Axis Mosaic Surface Encoder." Key Engineering Materials 523-524 (November 2012): 919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.523-524.919.

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A three-axis mosaic surface encoder, which can measure the X-directional position and the Y-, Z-directional straightness of the linear stage in a long range, is proposed. The three-axis mosaic surface encoder is composed of multiple scanning probes and a mosaic scale grating. The mosaic scale grating is constructed by placing the multiple two-dimensional reflective-type scale gratings in a line to obtain long measurement range along the in-plane direction of a scale grating. In addition, the optical configuration of the encoder head, which employs multiple scanning probes to be projected on the mosaic scale grating, is proposed so that a long range measurement can be achieved by the mosaic scale gratings. With the proposed encoder head, the measurement information of the X-directional displacement can always be obtained from the probe which is not on the gaps of the mosaic scale grating. The proposed configuration was applied to the three-axis surface encoder, and basic performances of the proposed three-axis mosaic surface encoder are experimentally investigated.

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Babanin, Alexander V., and Yuri P. Soloviev. "Variability of directional spectra of wind-generated waves, studied by means of wave staff arrays." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 2 (1998): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf96126.

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Parameterization of the directional distribution of the wave energy obtained by means of arrays of wave probes is suggested. The parameterization encompasses a wide frequency band both above and below the peak frequency as well as a broad range of wave ages. The parameterization is developed for the integral width of the directional spectrum, which does not depend on a specific form of the approximating function. The width of the directional distribution depends on the stage of wave development and relative frequency. The narrowest directional spectra are observable, on average, 5% below the peak frequency. Above that frequency, the width of the directional spectrum increases as the frequency rises, and the rate of widening does not depend on the wave age. On the forward face of the spectrum, the rate of widening of the directional distributions towards low frequencies depends strongly on the stage of wave development and, at early stages, the directional spectra in this range are unchangeable. In general, the directional distributions of wave energy become narrower as the waves develop.

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21

McEwen, Jason D., Martin Büttner, Boris Leistedt, Hiranya V. Peiris, Pierre Vandergheynst, and Yves Wiaux. "On spin scale-discretised wavelets on the sphere for the analysis of CMB polarisation." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, S306 (May 2014): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314011107.

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AbstractA new spin wavelet transform on the sphere is proposed to analyse the polarisation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), a spin ± 2 signal observed on the celestial sphere. The scalar directional scale-discretised wavelet transform on the sphere is extended to analyse signals of arbitrary spin. The resulting spin scale-discretised wavelet transform probes the directional intensity of spin signals. A procedure is presented using this new spin wavelet transform to recover E- and B-mode signals from partial-sky observations of CMB polarisation.

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Norren, Dirk van, and Martijn Kanis. "Integrity of Foveal Cones in Early Age-related Macular Degeneration." European Ophthalmic Review 03, no. 01 (2009): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/eor.2009.03.01.68.

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In this article, we highlight a method that probes the directional sensitivity of cones, in particular those in the fovea. Directional sensitivity is a unique property of cones, i.e. it is not shared by any other retinal element, and can be taken as a measure of the health of cones. In a group of healthy subjects, the directional reflection was 1.78%. In early age-related macular degeneration (AMD), despite a healthy-looking fovea, the mean directional reflection was 0.92%; in late AMD, the figure decreased further to 0.86%. These findings point to a malfunctioning of the outer segments. In addition, the method yields an estimate of the optical density of macular pigment. In early AMD, the macular pigment did not differ from normal; this finding did not point to a protecting role of macular pigment in AMD.

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23

Letout, S., C. Boisse-Laporte, and L. L. Alves. "Electron-drift detection using directional planar probes in a low-pressure coaxial surface-wave discharge." Applied Physics Letters 89, no. 24 (December 11, 2006): 241502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2405411.

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Kosukegawa, Hiroyuki, Yuta Kiso, Mitsuo Hashimoto, Tetsuya Uchimoto, and Toshiyuki Takagi. "Evaluation of detectability of differential type probe using directional eddy current for fibre waviness in CFRP." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2182 (September 14, 2020): 20190587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0587.

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This paper describes the detectability of eddy current testing (ECT) using directional eddy current for detection of in-plane fibre waviness in unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminate. Three different types of probes, such as circular driving, symmetrical driving and uniform driving probe, were proposed, and the waviness angle was extracted from the contour map of the ECT signal by applying a Canny filter and a Hough transform. By comparing both the waviness angle estimated by ECT and that obtained by an X-ray CT image, the standard deviation (precision) and root mean square error (accuracy) were evaluated to discuss the detectability of these probes. The directional uniform driving probe shows the best detectability and can detect fibre waviness with a waviness angle of more than 2° in unidirectional CFRP. The probe shows a root mean square error of 1.90° and a standard deviation of 4.49° between the actual waviness angle and the angle estimated by ECT. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advanced electromagnetic non-destructive evaluation and smart monitoring’.

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Zhang, Xu, Jianxiang Wang, Kai Fei, and Quan Zhang. "On-Machine Optical Probe Based on Discrete Rotational Symmetric Triangulation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (July 19, 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5801034.

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In the field of modern manufacturing, probes have been playing a more and more crucial role. However, contact probes are unfit for measuring objects with soft surfaces or very tiny cavities and require radius compensation of stylus. In comparison, noncontact probes such as optical probes do not have to consider these problems and are well-performed in measurement. However, existing optical probes (triangulation) may fail to detect objects with rich spatial structures (due to the occlusion effect) and highly reflective curved surfaces (due to existence of highlight spots). Considering the problems, an optical probe based on discrete rotational symmetric triangulation is proposed in this paper. The emitting laser beam of the probe is the rotational axis and the five receiving optical paths (lenses and mirrors) are rotationally symmetrically distributed around the laser axis and are coimaged on a CMOS camera. Results of simulations and experiments show that the new-established prototype is designed with good robustness under various conditions such as different surface characteristics and different inclination degrees. The probe enables conducting real-time on-machine measurement without directional dependency with a resolution of 39 μm and repeatability accuracy of 0.72 μm.

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Li, Shixin, Zengshuai Yan, Zhen Luo, Yan Xu, Fang Huang, Guoqing Hu, Xianren Zhang, and Tongtao Yue. "Directional and Rotational Motions of Nanoparticles on Plasma Membranes as Local Probes of Surface Tension Propagation." Langmuir 35, no. 15 (March 25, 2019): 5333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00225.

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27

Lee, Seungyeop, Lucy Youngmin Eun, Jae Youn Hwang, and Yongsoon Eun. "Ex Vivo Evaluation of Mechanical Anisotropic Tissues with High-Frequency Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030978.

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The use of imaging devices to assess directional mechanics of tissues is highly desirable. This is because the directional mechanics depend on fiber orientation, and altered directional mechanics are closely related to the pathological status of tissues. However, measuring directional mechanics in tissues with high-stiffness is challenging due to the difficulty of generating localized displacement in these tissues using acoustic radiation force, a general method for generating displacement in ultrasound-based elastography. In addition, common ultrasound probes do not provide rotational function, which makes the measurement of directional mechanics inaccurate and unreliable. Therefore, we developed a high-frequency ultrasound mechanical wave elastography system that can accommodate a wide range of tissue stiffness and is also equipped with a motorized rotation stage for precise imaging of directional mechanics. A mechanical shaker was applied to the elastography system to measure tissues with high-stiffness. Phantom and ex vivo experiments were performed. In the phantom experiments, the lateral and axial resolution of the system were determined to be 144 μm and 168 μm, respectively. In the ex vivo experiments, we used swine heart and cartilage, both of which are considered stiff. The elastography system allows us to acquire the directional mechanics with high angular resolution in the heart and cartilage. The results demonstrate that the developed elastography system is capable of imaging a wide range of tissues and has high angular resolution. Therefore, this system might be useful for the diagnostics of mechanically anisotropic tissues via ex vivo tests.

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Sieverding, C. H., T. Arts, R. De´nos, and F. Martelli. "Investigation of the Flow Field Downstream of a Turbine Trailing Edge Cooled Nozzle Guide Vane." Journal of Turbomachinery 118, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2836639.

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A trailing edge cooled low aspect ratio transonic turbine guide vane is investigated in the VKI Compression Tube Cascade Facility at an outlet Mach number M2, is = 1.05 and a coolant flow rate m˙c/m˙g = 3 percent. The outlet flow field is surveyed by combined total-directional pressure probes and temperature probes. Special emphasis is put on the development of low blockage probes. Additional information is provided by oil flow visualizations and numerical flow visualizations with a three-dimensional Navier–Stokes code. The test results describe the strong differences in the axial evolution of the hub and tip endwall and secondary flows and demonstrate the self-similarity of the midspan wake profiles. According to the total pressure and temperature profiles, the wake mixing appears to be very fast in the near-wake but very slow in the far-wake region. The total pressure wake profile appears to be little affected by the coolant flow ejection.

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Dickinson, Matthew B., Cyle E. Wold, Bret W. Butler, Robert L. Kremens, Daniel Jimenez, Paul Sopko, and Joseph J. O’Brien. "The Wildland Fire Heat Budget—Using Bi-Directional Probes to Measure Sensible Heat Flux and Energy in Surface Fires." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 2135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062135.

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Sensible energy is the primary mode of heat dissipation from combustion in wildland surface fires. However, despite its importance to fire dynamics, smoke transport, and in determining ecological effects, it is not routinely measured. McCaffrey and Heskestad (A robust bidirectional low-velocity probe for flame and fire application. Combustion and Flame 26:125–127, 1976) describe measurements of flame velocity from a bi-directional probe which, when combined with gas temperature measurements, can be used to estimate sensible heat fluxes. In this first field application of bi-directional probes, we describe vertical and horizontal sensible heat fluxes during the RxCADRE experimental surface fires in longleaf pine savanna and open ranges at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. Flame-front sensible energy is the time-integral of heat flux over a residence time, here defined by the rise in gas temperatures above ambient. Horizontal flow velocities and energies were larger than vertical velocities and energies. Sensible heat flux and energy measurements were coordinated with overhead radiometer measurements from which we estimated fire energy (total energy generated by combustion) under the assumption that 17% of fire energy is radiated. In approximation, horizontal, vertical, and resultant sensible energies averaged 75%, 54%, and 64%, respectively, of fire energy. While promising, measurement challenges remain, including obtaining accurate gas and velocity measurements and capturing three-dimensional flow in the field.

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Cheng, Jun, Cheng Yu, Shuai Xu, Jinhao Qiu, Toshiyuki Takagi, and Dezhang Xu. "Measurement of directionality in carbon fiber reinforced plastic composite with eddy current testing." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, no. 1-4 (December 10, 2020): 1207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209438.

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In carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite, the alignment of continuous carbon fibers guides the directional flow of eddy currents, which is beneficial to the structural and damage detection. In this study, for the purpose of impact damage repair, the transmitter-receiver (T-R) and the flat-tangent eddy current probes are used to determine the fiber orientations and stacking sequence in the CFRP laminate by surface scanning. Theoretical analysis shows that the T-R probe can flexibly pick up the magnetic field generated by the stretched eddy current in CFRP layers. In the meanwhile, the flat-tangent probe possesses layer selective characteristics. By calculating the fiber distribution images of individual directions based on two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D-FFT) and comparing the order of pixel intensity values of these images, the fiber orientation and the stacking sequence in the laminate plates can be obtained simultaneously, which provides guidance for damage detection and repair of the CFRP structures.

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Anser, Muhammad Khalid, Qasim Raza Syed, Hooi Hooi Lean, Andrew Adewale Alola, and Munir Ahmad. "Do Economic Policy Uncertainty and Geopolitical Risk Lead to Environmental Degradation? Evidence from Emerging Economies." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 23, 2021): 5866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115866.

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Since the turn of twenty first century, economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and geopolitical risk (GPR) have escalated across the globe. These two factors have both economic and environmental impacts. However, there exists dearth of literature that expounds the impact of EPU and GPR on environmental degradation. This study, therefore, probes the impact of EPU and GPR on ecological footprint (proxy for environmental degradation) in selected emerging economies. Cross-sectional dependence test, slope heterogeneity test, Westerlund co-integration test, fully modified least ordinary least square estimator, dynamic OLS estimator, and augmented mean group estimator are employed to conduct the robust analyses. The findings reveal that EPU and non-renewable energy consumption escalate ecological footprint, whereas GPR and renewable energy plunge ecological footprint. In addition, findings from the causality test reveal both uni-directional and bi-directional causality between a few variables. Based on the findings, we deduce several policy implications to accomplish the sustainable development goals in emerging economies.

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Gimpilevich, Yu, I. Afonin, V. Vertegel, and Yu Tyschuk. "Technical realization of the device for integrated monitoring of the parameters of the microwave path." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2094, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 032040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2094/3/032040.

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Abstract Two designs of a microwave sensor have been developed for a device for built-in monitoring of microwave path parameters, built on the basis of a broadband quadrature measurement method. The first sensor design is made on the basis of a symmetrical strip line, the second - on the basis of a segment of a coaxial line. Each of the microwave sensor designs consists of three parts: a directional coupler and two non-directional measuring probes. The microwave sensor is designed to operate in the 1 - 2 GHz frequency range. The paper also proposes a variant of the circuitry implementation of the built-in microwave control device, which implements the procedure for broadband automatic measurement of the complex reflection coefficient and the power level in the microwave path based on the method of quadrature measurements. The device solves the problem of long-term automatic monitoring of parameters and timely detection of the beginning degradation of the antenna-feeder path.

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SHOJI, Mamoru, Suguru MASUZAKI, Gakushi KAWAMURA, Juri ROMAZANOV, Andreas KIRSCHNER, and Sebastijan BREZINSEK. "Simulation Analysis of the Carbon Deposition Profile on Directional Material Probes in the Large Helical Device Using the ERO2.0 Code." Plasma and Fusion Research 17 (March 30, 2022): 2403010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/pfr.17.2403010.

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Aoki, J., Wei Gao, S. Kiyono, and T. Ono. "A High Precision AFM for Nanometrology of Large Area Micro-Structured Surfaces." Key Engineering Materials 295-296 (October 2005): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.295-296.65.

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This paper presents a high precision AFM for nanometrology of large area micro-structured surfaces. A PZT with a stroke of 100 microns is used as the Z-directional actuator for the AFM cantilever. Two capacitance-type displacement probes are aligned at two sides of the PZT along the movement direction. The displacement as well as the tilt motion of the PZT can be accurately measured and compensated for based on the probe outputs. It was confirmed that the tilt motion of the PZT was approximately 32 arcseconds over the 100 micron stroke. The sample is moved by two linear stages for scanning in the X- and Y-directions over an area of 50 mm x 40 mm. The angular error motions of the stages that influence the AFM accuracy are measured by an autocollimator for compensation. A piezo-resistive cantilever, which can output the atomic force signal by itself, was employed instead of the conventional optical force sensing device for compactness of the AFM structure. A large area sinusoidal metrology surface has been successfully measured by the developed high-precision AFM.

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Berg, W. A., T. L. Krebs, C. Campassi, L. S. Magder, and C. C. Sun. "Evaluation of 14- and 11-gauge directional, vacuum-assisted biopsy probes and 14-gauge biopsy guns in a breast parenchymal model." Radiology 205, no. 1 (October 1997): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.205.1.9314986.

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Mickiewicz, Witold, Michał Raczyński, and Arkadiusz Parus. "Performance Analysis of Cost-Effective Miniature Microphone Sound Intensity 2D Probe." Sensors 20, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010271.

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This article presents the functional properties of modified versions of the 2D pressure–pressure intensity probe allowing us to determine the vector of sound intensity on a plane using a mechatronic system with one or two miniature electret microphones. The introduction contains basic information about the application areas of the sound intensity and its measurement problems. Next, the principle of operation of the probes and the construction of the prototype measurement system are described. It was subjected to comparative analysis for the stability of obtained results and accuracy of directional characteristics in free field conditions. For this purpose, experiments were conducted to analyze the flow of acoustic power in an anechoic chamber using both (one- and two-microphone) probes. The results were used for a comparative metrological analysis of the described methods and to indicate the advantages and disadvantages of both constructions. The next part of the article presents an experiment concerning the measurement of the sound intensity impulse response of a room, which is an example of practical use of the probe to analyze reflections in the room, which can be used in sound engineering and architectural acoustics.

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Furukawa, M., Wei Gao, Hideki Shimizu, S. Kiyono, M. Yasutake, and K. Takahashi. "Three-Dimensional Slit Width Measurement for Long Precision Slot Dies." Key Engineering Materials 295-296 (October 2005): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.295-296.343.

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This paper describes a measurement method for three-dimensional (3D) slit width deviations of long precision slot dies, which are essential for process control in manufacturing. A sensor unit consisting of two laser probes with their measurement axes aligned along the same Z-directional line but with opposite measurement directions, is placed between the two parts of the slot die to scan the two opposing surfaces of the parts along the X- and Y-axes. The variation of the sum of the laser probe outputs, which shows the deviation of the distance between the two surfaces, corresponds to the deviation of the slit width in the Z-direction. The 3D slit width deviations can be obtained accurately through scanning the entire surface in the X Y plane. In addition, the surface flatness of the parts can also be measured accurately by adding one more probe. Measurement experiments have been conducted on a precision grinding machine. The measurement results have indicated that the 3D slit width deviations and flatness can be measured with a repeatability error of less than 1 micron, which meets the requirement for quality control of slot dies.

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Tuttle, Todd M. "Technical Advances in Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Breast Cancer." American Surgeon 70, no. 5 (May 2004): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480407000507.

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Technical advances in the past several years have simplified and improved sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for breast cancer. The use of alternative injection sites (skin or subareolar) yields high SLN identification rates and may shorten the learning curve associated with standard peritumoral injection. The dual-agent (radiocolloid plus blue dye) technique is now recommended to decrease false-negative rates, especially when surgeons are just learning how to perform SLN biopsy. Methylene blue may be an acceptable substitute for isosulfan blue dye and is associated with fewer hypersensitivity reactions. Hand-held gamma probes are now smaller and more maneuverable, with better shielding for directional detection of gamma rays. Routine preoperative lymphoscintigraphy can be avoided, thus facilitating operating room scheduling. Surgeons can use minimally invasive techniques to identify and remove internal mammary SLNs.

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Bourgeois, C. Saskia, Atsumu Ohmura, Karl Schroff, Hans-Jörg Frei, and Pierluigi Calanca. "IAC ETH Goniospectrometer: A Tool for Hyperspectral HDRF Measurements." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 23, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1870.1.

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Abstract This work presents a new field goniospectrometer developed at the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IAC) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH; Switzerland). The goniospectrometer was built to study the hemispherical directional reflectance factor (HDRF) of snow, but can also be applied to other surfaces with moderate surface roughness. The IAC ETH goniospectrometer measures HDRFs with high spatial resolution. The goniometer is exclusively built of straight parts, thus ensuring a high pointing accuracy. The two robotic arms are controlled automatically with step motors, whereby the step size can be defined by the user. With the default grid size of 15° in zenith and azimuth, the time needed to collect one complete HDRF dataset is 11 min, corresponding to a change of less than 4° in solar zenith and azimuth angles. The spectrometer comprises two probes. The first probe is equipped with a 3° foreoptic and is used for taking a spectrum of the reflected radiance; the second is placed on a tripod, has a 2π foreoptic, and simultaneously records a spectrum of the incoming irradiance. Both probes measure in the spectral range from 350 to 1050 nm, with a resolution of approximately 3 nm at around 700 nm. The performance of the new goniospectrometer was tested at the Greenland Environmental Observatory Summit Station (72°35′N, 34°30′W, 3203 m ASL) during the summer of 2004.

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Gimpilevich, Yu, and Yu Tyschuk. "Quadrature method for broadband measurement of microwave path parameters." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2094, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 032046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2094/3/032046.

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Abstract A mathematical model has been developed for the procedure for broadband automatic measurement of the complex reflection coefficient and power level in the microwave path based on the quadrature measurement method. Analytical expressions are obtained for the quadrature components at the outputs of a quadrature demodulator connected with a switch to two non-directional measuring probes for the case of an unmatched microwave path. A modified system of nonlinear equations with respect to measured values was formed and solved, which allows setting zero assumptions. A block diagram of a broadband device for built-in automatic control of microwave channel parameters has been developed, which implements the developed measurement procedure and the solution of a system of measurement equations to determine the current values of the power level factor, as well as the modulus and argument of the complex reflection coefficient.

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Yao, Tao, Shudao Zhou, and Song Ye. "Design and Test of an Integrated Measurement System for Multi-Hole Probe Calibration and Vortex Measurement." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 19, 2022): 2376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062376.

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Multi-hole probes can simultaneously measure the velocity and direction of a flow field, obtain the distribution of the flow field in a three-dimensional space, and obtain the vortex information in the flow field. Moreover, a multi-hole probe needs to be calibrated while in use; therefore, a three-coordinate, multi-directional rotatable testing system, which can measure the flow field at any position and at any angle, was designed herein. A hemispherical seven-hole probe was calibrated with this test system, and the flow field around cylinders of different diameters was measured to obtain the pressure distribution and vortex shedding frequency. Furthermore, the designed test system’s ability to perform a multi-angle and multi-azimuth testing during the calibration of a multi-hole probe was verified. Simultaneously, through data mining of the multi-hole probe, vortices were measured, and periodic vortices were detected.

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Babij, P., and F. W. Booth. "Alpha-actin and cytochrome c mRNAs in atrophied adult rat skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 254, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): C651—C656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1988.254.5.c651.

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Specific complementary DNA (cDNA) hybridization probes were used to estimate the levels of alpha-actin and cytochrome c mRNAs and also 18S rRNA in three models of skeletal muscle atrophy. After 7 days of hindlimb suspension, or immobilization, or denervation, protein content decreased 26-32% in all muscles studied except suspended fast-twitch muscle, which lost only half as much protein. alpha-Actin mRNA content decreased 51-66% and cytochrome c mRNA content decreased 42-61% in slow- and fast-twitch muscles in all three models of atrophy. However, total RNA content did not show similar directional changes; RNA content decreased 27-44% in suspended and immobilized muscle but was unchanged in denervated fast-twitch muscle. The results were interpreted to suggest that loss of weight-bearing function of skeletal muscle is a major factor affecting the levels of alpha-actin and cytochrome c mRNAs during muscle atrophy.

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Si, Wenrong, Chenzhao Fu, Haoyong Li, Jiaming Lv, Chaoyu Xiong, Peng Yuan, and Yiting Yu. "Locating Ultrasonic Signals Employing MEMS-On-Fiber Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 17 (August 26, 2019): 3696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173696.

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Sound sensing finds wide applications in various fields, such as underwater detection, structural health monitoring, and medical diagnosis, to name just a few. Based on our previously developed MEMS-on-fiber sensors, showing the advantages of low cost, small volume, and high performance, a three-dimensional ultrasonic localization system employing four such sensors was established in this work. A time difference of arrival (TDOA) algorithm was utilized to analyze the acquired data and then calculate the accurate position of the ultrasonic signal source. Plenty of practical measurements were performed, and the derived localization deviation in the region of 2 m × 2 m × 1 m was about 2–5 mm. Outside this region, the deviation tended to increase due to the directional sensitivity existing in these sensors. As a result, for a more accurate localization requirement, more sensing probes are needed in order to depict a completely suitable application situation for MEMS technology.

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Atkins, J. L., and S. P. Lankford. "Changes in cytochrome oxidation in outer and inner stripes of outer medulla." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 261, no. 5 (November 1, 1991): F849—F857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1991.261.5.f849.

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To examine regional cytochrome oxidation in the outer medulla, we developed fiber optic probes that allowed us to obtain localized reflectance measurements from the outer and inner stripes of the outer medulla. We measured directional changes in cytochrome oxidation in these two regions. In the outer stripe furosemide surprisingly caused a significant decrease in cytochrome oxidation. The decrease occurred concomitantly with a fall in outer medullary blood flow as measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Saralasin, an antagonist of angiotensin II caused a significant increase in cytochrome oxidation in the outer stripe. In the inner stripe furosemide tended to increase cytochrome oxidation, and saralasin had no effect. These results indicate that the two regions of the outer medulla may be affected differently by the same agent. They suggest that cytochrome oxidation in the outer stripe is predominantly influenced by outer medullary blood flow, whereas the inner stripe is predominantly influenced by the rate of oxygen consumption. The advantages and limitations of this methodology are discussed.

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Mihrin, D., A. Voute, P. W. Jakobsen, K. L. Feilberg, and R. Wugt Larsen. "The effect of alkylation on the micro-solvation of ethers revealed by highly localized water librational motion." Journal of Chemical Physics 156, no. 8 (February 28, 2022): 084305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0081161.

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The specific far-infrared spectral signatures associated with highly localized large-amplitude out-of-plane librational motion of water molecules have recently been demonstrated to provide sensitive spectroscopic probes for the micro-solvation of organic molecules [Mihrin et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 21(4), 1717 (2019)]. The present work employs this direct far-infrared spectroscopic approach to investigate the non-covalent intermolecular forces involved in the micro-solvation of a selection of seven ether molecules with systematically varied alkyl substituents: dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, ethyl methyl ether, t-butyl methyl ether, and t-butyl ethyl ether. The ranking of the observed out-of-plane water librational band signatures for this selected series of ether–water complexes embedded in inert neon matrices at 4 K reveals information about the interplay of directional intermolecular hydrogen bond motifs and non-directional and long-range dispersion interactions for the micro-solvated structures. These far-infrared observables differentiate minor subtle effects introduced by specific alkyl substituents and serve as rigorous experimental benchmarks for modern quantum chemical methodologies of various levels of scalability, which often fail to accurately predict the structural variations and corresponding vibrational signatures of the closely related systems. The accurate interaction energies of the series of ether–water complexes have been predicted by the domain based local pair natural orbital coupled cluster theory with single-, double-, and perturbative triple excitations, followed by a local energy decomposition analysis of the energy components. In some cases, the secondary dispersion forces are in direct competition with the primary intermolecular hydrogen bonds as witnessed by the specific out-of-plane librational signatures.

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Ciaurriz, Paula, Fátima Fernández, Edurne Tellechea, Jose F. Moran, and Aaron C. Asensio. "Comparison of four functionalization methods of gold nanoparticles for enhancing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (January 25, 2017): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.27.

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The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique is based on the specific recognition ability of the molecular structure of an antigen (epitope) by an antibody and is likely the most important diagnostic technique used today in bioscience. With this methodology, it is possible to diagnose illness, allergies, alimentary fraud, and even to detect small molecules such as toxins, pesticides, heavy metals, etc. For this reason, any procedures that improve the detection limit, sensitivity or reduce the analysis time could have an important impact in several fields. In this respect, many methods have been developed for improving the technique, ranging from fluorescence substrates to methods for increasing the number of enzyme molecules involved in the detection such as the biotin–streptavidin method. In this context, nanotechnology has offered a significant number of proposed solutions, mainly based on the functionalization of nanoparticles from gold to carbon which could be used as antibody carriers as well as reporter enzymes like peroxidase. However, few works have focused on the study of best practices for nanoparticle functionalization for ELISA enhancement. In this work, we use 20 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a vehicle for secondary antibodies and peroxidase (HRP). The design of experiments technique (DOE) and four different methods for biomolecule loading were compared using a rabbit IgG/goat anti-rabbit IgG ELISA model (adsorption, directional, covalent and a combination thereof). As a result, AuNP probes prepared by direct adsorption were the most effective method. AuNPs probes were then used to detect gliadin, one of the main components of wheat gluten, the protein composite that causes celiac disease. With this optimized approach, our data showed a sensitivity increase of at least five times and a lower detection limit with respect to a standard ELISA of at least three times. Additionally, the assay time was remarkably decreased.

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Kim, Taehyung, Dong-Hyun Kang, Shinyong Shim, Maesoon Im, Bo Kyoung Seo, Hyungmin Kim, and Byung Chul Lee. "Versatile Low-Cost Volumetric 3D Ultrasound Imaging Using Gimbal-Assisted Distance Sensors and an Inertial Measurement Unit." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 6613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226613.

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This study aims at creating low-cost, three-dimensional (3D), freehand ultrasound image reconstructions from commercial two-dimensional (2D) probes. The low-cost system that can be attached to a commercial 2D ultrasound probe consists of commercial ultrasonic distance sensors, a gimbal, and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). To calibrate irregular movements of the probe during scanning, relative position data were collected from the ultrasonic sensors that were attached to a gimbal. The directional information was provided from the IMU. All the data and 2D ultrasound images were combined using a personal computer to reconstruct 3D ultrasound image. The relative position error of the proposed system was less than 0.5%. The overall shape of the cystic mass in the breast phantom was similar to those from 2D and sections of 3D ultrasound images. Additionally, the pressure and deformations of lesions could be obtained and compensated by contacting the probe to the surface of the soft tissue using the acquired position data. The proposed method did not require any initial marks or receivers for the reconstruction of a 3D ultrasound image using a 2D ultrasound probe. Even though our system is less than $500, a valuable volumetric ultrasound image could be provided to the users.

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Zhang, Yumei, and Shaoqian Luo. "Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices of Task-Based Language Teaching in Chinese as a Second Language Classrooms." Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 41, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 264–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2018-0022.

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Abstract Chinese as a second language (CSL) policy makers and scholars began to introduce task-based language teaching (TBLT) to CSL teaching more than a decade ago. However, policy innovations or theoretical precepts are not necessarily the blueprints of teachers’ classroom practice. It is assumed that teachers are more likely to accept or apply the new approach if the new philosophy is concordant with their existing beliefs. This study attempts to examine the prospect of TBLT application in CSL teaching by exploring the extent to which TBLT philosophy has found its way into CSL teachers’ beliefs. The research also probes into teachers’ practices to explore whether their beliefs in TBLT could be actualized. A questionnaire, classroom observations and interviews have been employed. The results indicate that the Chinese teachers have strong faith in the effectiveness of TBLT, but they doubt its feasibility. Their difficulties and confusion in realizing their beliefs in practice, in turn, lead to their faith in TBLT philosophy having a peripheral status in their belief system. This may imply the bi-directional causal relationships between teachers’ beliefs and practices. The factors revealed make clear the responsibilities or measures to be taken at social-cultural, institutional and internal levels. The findings generate empirical insights into implementations of pedagogical innovations.

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Zhang, Pengjv, and Yuanyao Lu. "Research on Anomaly Detection of Surveillance Video Based on Branch-Fusion Net and CSAM." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031385.

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As the monitor probes are used more and more widely these days, the task of detecting abnormal behaviors in surveillance videos has gained widespread attention. The generalization ability and parameter overhead of the model affect how accurate the detection result is. To deal with the poor generalization ability and high parameter overhead of the model in existing anomaly detection methods, we propose a three-dimensional multi-branch convolutional fusion network, named “Branch-Fusion Net”. The network is designed with a multi-branch structure not only to significantly reduce parameter overhead but also to improve the generalization ability by understanding the input feature map from different perspectives. To ignore useless features during the model training, we propose a simple yet effective Channel Spatial Attention Module (CSAM), which sequentially focuses attention on key channels and spatial feature regions to suppress useless features and enhance important features. We combine the Branch-Fusion Net and the CSAM as a local feature extraction network and use the Bi-Directional Gated Recurrent Unit (Bi-GRU) to extract global feature information. The experiments are validated on a self-built Crimes-mini dataset, and the accuracy of anomaly detection in surveillance videos reaches 93.55% on the test set. The result shows that the model proposed in the paper significantly improves the accuracy of anomaly detection in surveillance videos with low parameter overhead.

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Shuster, V. L., O. V. Tjukavkina, I. S. Permyakova, and I. L. Kapitonova. "Application of a geostatistical algorithm for correcting well logging data when modelling complex hydrocarbon deposits at the stage of additional field exploration." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration 63, no. 5 (August 30, 2021): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2020-63-5-91-99.

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Background. Additional exploration of oil and gas reserves requires the application of information technologies for modelling all technological processes and interpreting the results of geophysical well logging. Reliable models of the object under exploration and the use of best practices in the field of information systems reduce investment risks associated with planning exploration works, at the same time as optimizing the planning and design of the entire process of field development.Aim. Optimization of the selection process of multivolume, multiparameter logging data when modelling a complex oil reservoir at the stage of additional field exploration, grouping well data by quality, completeness and uniformity of their distribution over the study area, as well as identifying inaccuracies (errors) in the field data (registration of signals in probes, errors in measurements of directional survey, borehole picks, etc.).Materials and methods. Examples of well logging interpretation for a complex reservoir are given, along with its distribution options for a constructed lithology cube (2D, 3D) based on the data obtained during drilling from one pilot borehole – a horizontal well, a sidetrack and a directional well. It was established that the data obtained when distributing the reservoir and modelling the lithology cube of a complex development target can be significantly different for wells located close to each other. The results obtained when constructing 2D and 3D models by different specialists revealed discrepancies in the interpretation and cross-well correlation of well sections.Results. Local zones with a sharp change in the structure were established, in particular, the concentration of extrema around some wells. The presence of such anomalies points to the presence of wells, for which the values of stratigraphic depth marks for wells located close to each other are quite different. A geostatistical algorithm was applied to correct the well data using the “sliding window” method, which became a solution for the most accurate determination of the depths of the object under exploration.Conclusions. The possibility of using a geostatistical algorithm for correcting well data based on multiparameter geophysical data was assessed; the current state of modelling the processes of exploration and development of oil fields with a complex geological structure was analysed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Directional probes'

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