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Books on the topic 'Directional dependence'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

L, Maples Anna, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. MPS solidification model: Final report, analysis and calculation of macrosegregation in a casting ingot. Huntsville, Ala: General Electric Co., Space Systems Division, Huntsville Center Operations, 1985.

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2

Thompson, John A. The portable executive: Building your own job security from corporate dependency to self-direction. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

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3

G, Long D., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Dependence of the normalized radar cross section of water waves on Bragg wavelength-wind speed sensitivity. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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4

Canada. Bureau of Dangerous Drugs. and Canada. Health and Welfare Canada., eds. The use of opioids in the management of opioid dependence: Drugs Directorate guidelines = L'utilisation des opioïdes dans le traitement de la dépendance aux opioïdes : directives de la Direction des médicaments. Ottawa, Ont: Bureau of Dangerous Drugs, Drugs Directorate, Health Protection Branch, Health and Welfare Canada, 1992.

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5

1931-, Sakamoto N., Angel Aubie, Hotta N, International Congress on Obesity (6th : 1990 : Kōbe-shi, Japan), and International Satellite Symposium on Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus (1990 : Nagoya-shi, Japan), eds. New directions in research and clinical works for obesity and diabetes mellitus: Proceedings of a satellite symposium of the 6th International Congress of Obesity : obesity and diabetes mellitus, Nagoya, Japan, 18-19 October 1990. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1991.

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6

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Numerical studies of boundary-layer receptivity: A progress report. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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7

Vallejo Maldonado, Pablo Ramon, and Nikolay Chaynov. Kinematics and dynamics of automobile piston engines. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/989072.

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The fundamentals of kinematics and dynamics of transport piston internal combustion engines made using different layout schemes are presented. Along with the traditional in-line, V-shaped, including oppositional, arrangement of cylinders, schemes with "staggered" arrangement of cylinders in the block at the displaced connecting rod necks of the crankshaft of the engine are considered. The kinematics of the coaxial crank mechanism is considered in detail. The questions of dynamics with reduction of calculated dependences of forces, moments, a choice of a rational order of work of cylinders in relation to the considered kinematic schemes are in detail stated. Considerable attention is paid to the unevenness of the crankshaft rotation speed and engine balancing. The loads on the main and connecting rod bearings of the crankshaft, the knowledge of which is necessary in determining the bearing capacity of bearing units, are also considered. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction of training 23.03.03 "Operation of transport and technological machines and complexes" and related areas.

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8

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business. Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Technology. Suitability, direction, and funding of federal economic development assistance programs for small, timber-dependent communities in the Northwest: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Technology of the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, Portland, OR, December 15, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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9

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business. Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Technology. Suitability, direction, and funding of federal economic development assistance programs for small, timber-dependent communities in the Northwest: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Technology of the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, Portland, OR, December 15, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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10

Eye, Alexander von, Wolfgang Wiedermann, Daeyoung Kim, and Engin Sungur. Direction Dependence in Statistical Modeling: Methods of Analysis. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2020.

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11

Eye, Alexander von, Wolfgang Wiedermann, Daeyoung Kim, and Engin Sungur. Direction Dependence in Statistical Modeling: Methods of Analysis. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2020.

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12

Sungur, Engin A., Alexander von Eye, Wolfgang Wiedermann, and Daeyoung Kim. Direction Dependence in Statistical Modeling: Methods of Analysis. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2021.

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13

Eye, Alexander von, Wolfgang Wiedermann, Daeyoung Kim, and Engin Sungur. Direction Dependence in Statistical Modeling: Methods of Analysis. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2020.

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14

Thompson, John A., and Catharine A. Henningsen. Portable Executive: Building Your Own Job Security - From Corporate Dependence to Self-Direction. Fireside, 1996.

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15

Staff, Hazelden Publishing. New Directions Co-Occurring Disorders Workbook: A New Direction Mapping a Life of Recovery and Freedom for Chemically Dependent Criminal Offenders. Hazelden, 2004.

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16

Bauer, Ulrike, Reinhard Jetter, and Simon Poppinga. Non-motile traps. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779841.003.0015.

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Movement-independent trapping mechanisms are based on stickiness, slipperiness, and direction-dependent mechanical obstruction. Here, the implementation of these principles in flypaper, pitfall, and eel traps is discussed in the light of recent scientific advances. The chemical composition and rheological properties of trapping fluids, and the (micro-) morphology of trapping surfaces, are related to their functions. Recent discoveries including the role of surface wettability in prey capture by pitcher plants are presented, and the ecological implications of temporal variations of trap performance and promising directions for future research are discussed.

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17

Schneider, Susan. Idealism, or Something Near Enough. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746973.003.0017.

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This chapter develops a critique of physicalism based on the mathematical nature of physics. Drawing from an earlier paper of the author’s, it urges that physicalists need to locate a physicalistically kosher account of the nature of mathematical entities, because fundamental theories in physics are highly mathematical and abstract. At first it may seem that there are many theories in philosophy of mathematics that the physicalist could turn to. But it is argued that the physicalist cannot appeal to Platonism. Further, many of the leading nominalist approaches are mind-dependent; others raise direction of explanation worries for the physicalist for other reasons. After discarding physicalism, the chapter employs an account of mathematical entities that embraces the mind-dependence of fundamental physical entities, and leads to a form of non-physicalist monism. ‘protomentalism.’

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18

Fernandez, Patricio A. The Good Will Be First. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828310.003.0005.

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Good-willed or morally worthy action is one that is morally right non-accidentally: as she performs it the agent is, in some way, responsive to its rightness. Several recent accounts have analyzed good-willed action in terms of a composition of right action plus some requirements on the agent’s psychological condition, but tend to leave unexamined the direction of conceptual dependence between right action and good-willed action. This chapter argues that significant difficulties arise when right action is taken as primary and intelligible independently of good-willed action, often relying on the standard causalist picture of agency. Inspired by Aristotle’s notion of virtuous action and Kant’s treatment of action from duty, the chapter sketches an alternative view in which the idea of mere rightness is conceptually dependent on that of a good-willed self-conscious action done for reasons.

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19

R, Blair Brenda. New Direction Mapping a Life of Recovery and Freedom for Chemically Dependent Criminal Offenders. Hazelden, 2004.

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20

Agranoff, Robert. Relations Between Local and National Governments. Edited by Donald P. Haider-Markel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579679.013.002.

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This chapter reviews the literature on relations between local governments and their national governments. The author explores the expansion of partnerships between national government and local governments with a particular focus on fiscal federalism, revenue dependence, shared governance, and intergovernmental lobbying. Intergovernmental relations in other countries are compared to the U.S. Gaps in the existing literature are discussed along with directions for future research.

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21

Hazelden. New Direction Supplemental Materials: Mapping a Life of Recovery and Freedom for Chemically Dependent Criminal Offenders. Hazelden, 2011.

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22

Herrath, Matthias G. Von. Molecular Pathology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Current Directions in Autoimmunity). S. Karger Publishers (USA), 2001.

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23

Sakamoto, Nobuo, and Aubie Angel. New Directions in Research and Clinical Works for Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus: Proceedings (International Congress Series, No 963). Excerpta Medica, 1991.

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24

Capp, Bernard. Across the Gender Divide. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823384.003.0004.

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This chapter explores the gendered dimension of sibling relationships, approaching the subject from both directions. Elder brothers often negotiated marriages for their sisters, and blocked matches they judged unsuitable. Many accepted a moral obligation to support sisters widowed or deserted, and to provide for those who remained single. Women in landed and professional families were very conscious of their dependency. Some were bitterly resentful, and expressions of love and devotion were prompted in part by the need to retain a brother’s support. But the chapter also explores genuinely close and affectionate ties, and the theme of female agency. It demonstrates too how women at all social levels were able to provide both practical and emotional support for their brothers. Even among the poor, young women could intervene to help a destitute or feckless younger brother. In brother–sister relationships, support flowed in both directions.

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25

Valenzuela, S. O. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0011.

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This chapter begins with a definition of spin Hall effects, which are a group of phenomena that result from spin–orbit interaction. These phenomena link orbital motion to spin direction and act as a spin-dependent magnetic field. In its simplest form, an electrical current gives rise to a transverse spin current that induces spin accumulation at the boundaries of the sample, the direction of the spins being opposite at opposing boundaries. It can be intuitively understood by analogy with the Magnus effect, where a spinning ball in a fluid deviates from its straight path in a direction that depends on the sense of rotation. spin Hall effects can be associated with a variety of spin-orbit mechanisms, which can have intrinsic or extrinsic origin, and depend on the sample geometry, impurity band structure, and carrier density but do not require a magnetic field or any kind of magnetic order to occur.

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26

(Editor), Hazelden Foundation, ed. Intake & Orientation (Workbook): Mapping a Life of Recovery & Freedom for Chemically Dependent Criminal Offenders (A New Direction: A Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Curriculum). 9th ed. Hazelden, 2002.

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27

Day, Ashley K., and Elliot J. Coups. Affect and Tanning Behaviors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0016.

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Excess exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation increases the risk of skin cancers, yet a large number of individuals continue to engage in tanning behaviors. Although the majority of research on determinants of tanning behavior has focused on social cognitive factors, a number of studies have explored the role of affective factors, including feelings of relaxation, improved mood, and endorphin release in response to UV exposure. This chapter provides an overview of research on affective determinants and responses to tanning behaviors. This includes a focus on the association between anticipated mood changes and tanning behaviors. The chapter also examines the affective properties of tanning dependence and addiction, and the role of affective factors in improving skin cancer prevention behaviors. Future directions are considered, including methodological issues and promising avenues for intervention research.

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28

Russell, Daniel C. Putting Ideals in Their Place. Edited by Nancy E. Snow. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199385195.013.48.

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Ideal virtue theories posit what counts as good character and then ask how one gets there from here. This chapter defends a non-ideal theory, on two fronts. One, getting better is path-dependent: to understand moral development, one must first understand what psychological paths are available, and then determine what developments that are possible along those paths would count as genuine improvements. Ideals like “the virtuous person” help one understand in which direction “better” lies, and one cannot do that work without them. Second, that is all the work ideals do, because doing better is also path-dependent. While the virtue of generosity (say) has the right goal of helping others, that goal is indeterminate, and it takes practical intelligence to appreciate what is feasible in the world as one finds it to determine what it would mean to realize one’s goal in a way that is genuinely excellent.

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29

Callard, Agnes. The Problem of Self-Creation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190639488.003.0006.

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The new values, acquisition of which constitutes my act of self-creation, must be either continuous or discontinuous with the ones I already have. If they are continuous, I am not changing but rather working out the implications of the person I already was. If they are discontinuous and the new values contradict or come at a tangent to my old values, the change is not a product of my agency. I change, but I do not change myself. This paradox, adapted from the work of Galen Strawson, can be solved if we allow that the direction of value-dependence may be teleological: the aspirant’s values depend on, and are entailed by, those of the person she is trying to be. The aspirant does not fashion, control, or make the self she creates. Instead, she looks up to that self, tries to understand her, endeavors to find a way to her.

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30

Mashhoon, Bahram. Acceleration Kernel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803805.003.0003.

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The phenomenon of spin-rotation coupling provides the key to the determination of the kernel. Imagine an observer rotating in the positive sense about the direction of propagation of an incident plane monochromatic electromagnetic wave of positive helicity. Using the locality postulate, the field as measured by the rotating observer can be determined. If the observer rotates with the same frequency as the wave, the measured radiation field loses its temporal dependence. By a mere rotation, observers could in principle stay at rest with respect to an incident positive-helicity wave. To avoid this possibility, we assume that a basic radiation field cannot stand completely still with respect to an accelerated observer. This basic principle eventually leads to the determination of the kernel and a nonlocal theory of accelerated systems that is in better agreement with quantum mechanics than the standard theory based on the hypothesis of locality.

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31

Benning, Stephen D. The Postauricular Reflex as a Measure of Attention and Positive Emotion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.013.74.

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The postauricular reflex is a muscular reaction that occurs behind the ear in response to short, abrupt sounds. Its magnitude increases with louder eliciting sounds, rotating the eyes in the direction of the eliciting sound, and flexing the head forward. The reflex exhibits prepulse inhibition, especially during attention to complex foreground stimuli. Its magnitude is larger (or potentiated) during pleasant than during neutral pictures, sounds, and videos that are highly arousing. This pattern is particularly evident for erotic, food, and nurturant scenes, suggesting it assesses more than just appetitive processing. This reflex’s potentiation varies across development; positively correlates with personality traits associated with well-being; and negatively correlates with such psychopathologies as depression, schizophrenia, and opioid dependence. It appears distinct from and uncorrelated with the startle blink reflex. New data suggest that activity in left frontal areas generates postauricular reflex potentiation during pleasant versus neutral pictures.

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32

US GOVERNMENT. Suitability, direction, and funding of federal economic development assistance programs for small, timber-dependent communities in the Northwest: Hearing ... session, Portland, OR, December 15, 1993. For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, 1994.

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33

Release & Reintegration Preparation, Long-Term Workbook, Mapping a Life of Recovery & Freedom for Chemically Dependent Criminial Offenders (A New Direction, A Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Curriculum). Hazelden, 2002.

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34

Heshmati, Almas, and Shahrouz Abolhosseini. European Energy Security. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0015.

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This chapter reviews relevant literature on the current state and effectiveness of developing renewable energy on energy security in general, and on energy security in the European Union (EU) in particular. The chapter elaborates on primary energy import sources, possible alternatives, and how energy security is affected by the sources of supply. It also gives an analysis of the effects of the Ukrainian crisis, the isolation of Iran on diversification sources, and on European energy security. It examines EU’s energy policy, analyses the best motivation for a new energy policy direction within Europe, and suggests alternative solutions for enhanced energy supply security. The aim is to suggest suitable solutions for energy security in Europe through energy supply diversification. Supply diversification includes alternative energy corridors for reducing dependency on Russia as a supplier and enhancing the power generated by renewable energy sources under the European Union 2020 strategy.

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35

Geismer, Lily. Political Action for Peace. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157238.003.0006.

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This chapter demonstrates how the Vietnam War forced residents to grapple with the central role of defense spending in shaping the economy and labor market of the Route 128 area. The MIT scientists and Raytheon engineers who got involved in activities such as the McCarthy campaign and anti-ABM (antiballistic missiles) movement exposed their complex position about the dependency of their professions on defense spending. These attitudes challenge the assumption that residents of Cold War suburbs who worked in defense-related industries, regardless of partisan affiliation, were uniformly and reflexively supportive of national security issues. The decision of some of this contingency to voice their opposition to the war through electoral politics underscores their faith in the liberal ideal of working within the system to create change, which would have a reverberating impact on the direction of liberalism, the Democratic Party, and the antiwar cause.

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36

Numerical studies of boundary-layer receptivity: A progress report. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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37

Criminal and Addictive Thinking: Mapping a Life of Recovery and Freedom for Chemically Dependent Criminal Offenders (Short-Term Workbook) (A New Direction: A Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Curriculum). Hazelden Publishing, 2002.

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38

Trost, Stewart G., and Barbara Joschtel. Sport, physical activity, and other health behaviours. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0019.

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It is widely believed that participation in organized sports and physical activity offers protection against the negative social influences that can lead to problem behaviour and experimentation with tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs. It also widely believed that youth who engage in regular physical activity are more likely to adopt other healthy lifestyle behaviours. This chapter critically evaluates these assertions by summarizing the empirical research evidence on the relationship between sport, physical activity, and nine other health behaviours in youth. It shows that sports participation and physical activity are indeed related to other health behaviours, but the strength and direction of the associations are dependent on the health behaviour under examination, the child’s age, gender, race/ethnicity, and the nature of the sport or physical activity.

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39

Vlaeyen, Johan W. S. Learning and Conditioning in Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0004.

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This chapter highlights the ways that individuals learn to adapt to changes due to painful experiences. Learning is the observable change in behavior due to events in the internal and external environment, and it includes non-associative (habituation and sensitization) and associative learning (Pavlovian and operant conditioning). Once acquired, new knowledge representations remain stored in memory and may generalize to perceptually or functionally similar events. Moreover, these processes are not just a consequence of pain; they may also modulate the perception of pain. In contrast to the rapid acquisition of learned responses, their extinction is slow, fragile, and context-dependent, and it only occurs through inhibitory processes. The chapter reviews features of associative forms of learning in humans that contribute to pain, pain-related distress, and disability. It concludes with a discussion of promising future directions.

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40

Pirota, Kleber Roberto, Angela Knobel, Manuel Hernandez-Velez, Kornelius Nielsch, and Manuel Vázquez. Magnetic nanowires: Fabrication and characterization. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.22.

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This article describes the fabrication and characterization of magnetic nanowires, focusing on the magnetic properties of patterned arrays of metallic magnetic nanowires electrodeposited into the pores of anodized-alumina membranes. It also discusses the complex magnetization processes, both in isolated nanowires and in collectively patterned arrays. After providing an overview of the state-of-the-art on fabrication techniques of nanowires, the article considers the microstructure of magnetic nanowires and the magnetic properties of single nanowires. It then examines the collective behavior of arrays where the interactions among the magnetic entities play an important role, along with the transport properties of magnetic nanowires, the temperature-dependent effects (such as magnetoelastic-induced anisotropy), and the dynamic properties of magnetization such as ferromagnetic resonance characteristics and spin-wave excitations in ferromagnetic nanowires. Finally, it presents an overview of future research directions.

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41

Anderson, James A. Programming. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0014.

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The author makes several suggestions for how to control the direction taken by an active cognitive process. He proposes a neural/cognitive programming mechanism: traveling waves on cortex. Evidence for traveling waves exists, and interactions of such waves have useful properties. One example is due to Pitts and McCulloch: Why are squares of different sizes seen as examples of squares? If excitation propagates from the corners of a square, waves meet at the diagonals. Squares of different sizes then have a common diagonal representation. Later models include “grassfire models” and “medial axis” models. Experiments suggests that response exists at a “medial axis” halfway between bounding contours, and in this approach “Identity” and “Symmetry” become the same computation. Traveling waves in audition can be used to give the pattern-dependent frequency independent responses seen in some kinds of speech perception.

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42

Stephen, Humphreys, and Otomo Yoriko. Part III Regimes and Doctrines, Ch.39 Theorizing International Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198701958.003.0040.

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This chapter opens up some new theoretical perspectives on environmental law, which has surprisingly been subjected to little theoretical speculation. International environmental law is generally characterized as quintessential ‘soft law’: general principles and aspirational treaties with weak or exhortatory compliance mechanisms, often dependent on other disciplines altogether—science and economics—for direction and legitimacy. At the same time, the problems it is called upon to deal with are immense, frequently catastrophic, and global in nature: climate change, species extinction, increasing desert, disappearing rainforest. To rectify this, the chapter delves into a question of terminology—why ‘international environmental law’?—before exploring its Romantic and colonial origins and concluding with how international environmental law’s origins in the confluence of the Romantic and the colonial explains the apparent mismatch between its ambitious stated objectives and its muted regulatory provisions—and how this tension continues to inform its functioning today.

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43

Walker, Matthew. Inventing Architecture. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746355.003.0005.

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Here, I turn to the final application of architectural knowledge: to the design itself. But in keeping with the general direction of this book I will not, on the whole, look at examples of the application of acquired knowledge in specific architectural designs. Instead, I will explore how English intellectuals theorized the process of designing classical architecture in general. This was a process that was fundamentally based on the classical orders, understood not just as a set of column types but as an overall system of proportion and, even, a method of design. The final text I turn to will be Wren’s writings on architectural design. Here, I argue that he used ancient variety as justification to be equally varied in one’s use of the orders in architectural design, although the ability to do this was ultimately dependent on the learning and the ingenuity of the architect.

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44

Ruiz-Villalba, Adrián, Nikolaos Frangogiannis, and José Maria Pérez-Pomares. Origin and diversity of cardiac fibroblasts: developmental substrates of adult cardiac fibrosis. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0012.

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Cardiac connective tissues are primarily formed by cardiac fibroblasts (CF) of diverse embryonic origins. Whereas CF specific roles in cardiac morphogenesis remain under-researched, their involvement in adult cardiac fibrosis is clinically relevant. Cardiac fibrosis is a common element of several chronic cardiac conditions characterized by the loss of ventricular wall mechanical function, ultimately driving to heart failure. In the ischaemic heart early reparative fibrosis evidences the very restricted regenerative potential of the myocardium. In non-ischaemic diseases fibrosis is activated by unknown signals. We summarize current knowledge on the origin of CFs and their developmental roles, and discuss the differential disease-dependent response of different CF subpopulations to various pathological stimuli. We also describe the characteristic cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that determine the fibrotic remodelling of the myocardium. We analyse experimental models for the study of cardiac fibrosis, and suggest future directions in the search for new markers and therapeutic targets.

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45

Scott, Ros. Volunteering in hospice and palliative care in the United Kingdom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788270.003.0003.

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This chapter explores the history of volunteers in the founding and development of United Kingdom (UK) hospice services. It considers the changing role and influences of volunteering on services at different stages of development. Evidence suggests that voluntary sector hospice and palliative care services are dependent on volunteers for the range and quality of services delivered. Within such services, volunteer trustees carry significant responsibility for the strategic direction of the organiszation. Others are engaged in diverse roles ranging from the direct support of patient and families to public education and fundraising. The scope of these different roles is explored before considering the range of management models and approaches to training. This chapter also considers the direct and indirect impact on volunteering of changing palliative care, societal, political, and legislative contexts. It concludes by exploring how and why the sector is changing in the UK and considering the growing autonomy of volunteers within the sector.

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46

United States Congress House Committe. Suitability, Direction, and Funding of Federal Economic Development Assistance Programs for Small, Timber-Dependent Communities in the Northwest: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Technology of the Committee on Sm. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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47

Moroney, Jennifer D. P., Taras Kuzio, and Mikhail A. Molchanov, eds. Ukrainian Foreign and Security Policy. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216028840.

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A key country for stability and security in Europe, Ukraine is struggling to create consistent foreign and security policies. Political alliances, identity struggles, economic goals, and geopolitical position all pull this newly emergent state in different and often conflicting directions. Due to its dependencies on both the West and Russia, Ukraine's foreign policy is in a state of flux. To ensure stability in this newly-emergent state, the contributors to this volume argue that the West should be more assertive in offering an unambiguous developmental perspective, supporting democracy and the rule of law, and offer E.U. affiliation in the near future. International Relations theory and Ukraine's foreign policy are examined in the first section, followed by chapters exploring civil-military relations. Next comes a look at Ukraine's foreign and security policy orientations in comparative context. The book concludes with chapters focusing on matters of national identity, ideology, and their impact on Ukrainian security policy. Scholars and analysts of contemporary Eastern European politics will be interested in what these well-known scholars and government officials have to say about the contemporary state of affairs in this pivotal nation.

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48

Callaghan, Helen. Contestants, Profiteers, and the Political Dynamics of Marketization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815020.001.0001.

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When two parties quarrel, the third rejoices, according to a well-known proverb. This book highlights the role of rejoicing “profiteers” in political efforts to expand market-based competition. Marketization appears puzzling if it is conceptualized as a political struggle between the established incumbents and their challengers, or between producers and consumers. Challengers and consumers often lack the resources to overcome barriers to market entry, and collective action problems afflict both groups. Why, then, do incumbents fail to protect their turf? The present book resolves this puzzle by casting light in a new direction, toward those who profit from a contest while remaining above the fray. The rejoicing band of profiteers grows alongside the arena of competition. Once the suppliers of market support services have established themselves on the sidelines of a contest, they accumulate resources that help them expand that arena further. Political struggles surrounding the gradual marketization of corporate control in Britain, Germany, and France from the 1860s onward provide empirical illustration. The book maps and analyzes the path-dependent evolution of support for shareholder rights relating to takeover bids among key interest groups, including managers, creditors, shareholders, and takeover service providers, as well as among political parties. By comparing the self-reinforcing and self-undermining policy feedback of market-enabling and market-restraining rules, it helps explain why market containment is an uphill struggle, while market expansion becomes easier with time.

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Jones, Michael, Norman Qureshi, and Kim Rajappan. Atrial flutter. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0117.

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Atrial flutter is the term given to one of the four types of supraventricular tachycardia; in it, atrial activation occurs as a consequence of a continuous ‘short circuit’: a defined and fixed anatomical route, resulting in a fairly uniform atrial rate, and uniform atrial flutter waves on the ECG. The ventricles are not a part of this arrhythmia circuit, and ventricular activation is variable, dependent on atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction. Given that the atrial rate is essentially uniform (e.g. 300 min−1), ventricular activation tends to be regular (i.e. 150 min−1, 100 min−1, 75 min−1, etc., if the atrial rate is 300 mins−1), or regularly irregular if changes are occurring in the fraction of conducted impulses to the ventricles. When AV nodal conduction permits only 4:1 conduction or less, atrial flutter is usually obvious, but when ventricular rates are higher (150 min−1 or more) the flutter waves can be obscured by the QRS complexes, making diagnosis more difficult. Atrial flutter is of two types, typical and atypical. Typical atrial flutter is a right atrial tachycardia, with electrical activation proceeding around the tricuspid valve annulus. This arrhythmia is dependent on a zone of slow electrical conduction through the cavotricuspid isthmus (the tissue lying between the origin of the inferior vena cava and the posterior tricuspid valve). The resulting circuit can be either anticlockwise (activation proceeds up the inter-atrial septum, across the atrial roof, down the free wall, and then through the cavotricuspid isthmus to the basal septum) or clockwise (down the inter-atrial septum and around the circuit in the opposite direction). Anticlockwise typical atrial flutter is more common. Atypical atrial flutter refers to all other atrial flutters, and this includes other right atrial flutters (e.g. pericristal flutter), left atrial flutters, post-ablation or post-surgical flutters, and pulmonary vein flutters. The feature common to all types of flutter and which differentiates flutter from other types of supraventricular tachycardia is the presence of a macro-re-entrant anatomical circuit around which the electrical impulse travels continuously and repeatedly, thereby generating the flutter. Even though typical atrial flutter has a fairly obvious and specific appearance on the ECG, atypical flutters do not, and often it is only possible to differentiate atypical flutter from atrial tachycardias by invasive electrophysiology studies, as the ECG alone may be insufficient.

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Marmodoro, Anna. Aristotelian Powers at Work. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796572.003.0005.

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This paper puts powers to work by developing a broadly Aristotelian account of causation, built on the fundamental idea (which Aristotle found in Plato, attributed by him to Heraclitus) that causation is a mutual interaction between powers. On this Aristotelian view, causal powers manifest them-selves in dependence on the manifestation of their mutual partners. (See also Heil, this volume; Mumford, this volume; and Martin 2008.) The manifestations of two causal power partners are co-determined, co-varying, and co-extensive in time. (See Marmodoro 2006.) Yet, causation has a direction and is thus asymmetric. This asymmetry is what underpins metaphysically the distinction between causal agent and patient. The proposed Aristotelian analysis of the interaction between mutually manifesting causal powers is distinctive, in that it pays justice to the intuition that there is agency in causation. That is, agency is not a metaphorical way of describing what causal powers do. For some powers, it is a way of being that instantiates the non-anthropomorphic sense in which powers are causal agents. This point is brought out in the paper in relation to the explanation of the concept of change. In an Aristotelian fashion, the paper argues that the distinction be-tween agent and patient in causation is pivotal to offering a realist account of causation that does not reify the interaction of the reciprocal causal partners into a relation. On the proposed view, the interaction between mutually manifesting causal partners consists in the power of one substance being realized in another substance. Specifically, the agent’s causal powers metaphysically belong to the agent, but come to be realized in the patient. The significance of this is that the interaction of the agent’s and the patient’s powers is not a relation; rather, it is an ex-tension of the constitution of the agent onto the patient, which occurs when agent and patient interact and their powers are mutually manifested. Thus the proposed Aristotelian account of causation explains the mutual interaction between manifestation partners—potentiality, agency, and change—as irreducible to one another, but interconnected.

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