Relevant bibliographies by topics / Direct sales

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Direct sales'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 May 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Direct sales.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Direct sales"

1

Anitha, Mrs A., Mrs P. Kanaga Lakshmi, S. Nandhini, P. Karunya Devi, N. Shanmugapriya, and M. Subbulakshmi. "Direct Sales of Agricultural Commodities." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 06 (June 22, 2021): 1252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/06426.

Full text
Abstract:
The most fundamental people who offer nourishment for sale to the public and accordingly connect with clients are ranchers and retailers. Numerous food varieties and high-quality materials are made by ladies in the provincial district under the MAHILA UDYOG, which offers an assortment of things. Ladies in provincial regions who are essential for MAHILA UDYOG may make an assortment of things and acquire a benefit from them. These days, ranchers are stood up to with an assortment of issues, remembering an absence of return for their produce, like vegetables and organic products. The rancher sold their merchandise at a modest expense, however, its fairly estimated worth is very high because numerous wholesalers and sellers hold stock, and the market worth of the item ascends because of item deficiencies. Accordingly, we made an Android App connect the distance between the provincial and metropolitan regions, just as to resolve the issues related to tackling this issue. Ranchers can’t offer them to the individual they pick since they don’t go to the market or vendors don’t contact any of the ranchers since their contacts are restricted. Subsequently, we’ll make an application that takes care of the issue of ranchers and merchants selling wares with accommodation and reliability. The rancher’s responsibility is to transfer the products, while the merchant’s responsibility is to put orders using the online installment framework. The retailer may see the dirt’s evaluating, which is given by the Indian government. On the off chance that the rancher’s Soil Health Card shows that the dirt quality is amazing, the shipper may essentially verify that the item is similarly fantastic. Subsequently, he can buy the merchandise from that rancher. The Soil Health Card is validated utilizing an OCR innovation when the rancher transfers it to the framework.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Msweli-Mbanga, P., and Chen T. Lin. "Redefining performance of direct sales people." South African Journal of Business Management 34, no. 3 (September 30, 2003): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v34i3.685.

Full text
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to broaden the definition of performance to include extra-role and in-role aspects in the conceptualisation of performance in direct selling. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the authors first report the development of the extra-role performance scale. A model of extra-role performance consisting of five dimensions including individual initiative, helping behaviour, self-development, organisational loyalty and organisational compliance was identified. Nomological validity of the newly developed scale was established by relating the dimensions of extra-role performance to the in-role performance measure. The authors discuss the implications of their findings and suggest avenues for further research.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Brodie, Stewart, John Stanworth, and Thomas R. Wotruba. "Direct Sales Franchises in the UK." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 20, no. 1 (February 2002): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242602201005.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

ZARICHNA, Olena. "Advantages of using direct marketing in the sales activities of the enterprise." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2021, no. 154 (2021): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2021.154.28.

Full text
Abstract:
Purpose: The aim of the article is a study of the development of the concept of "direct marketing", research of the methodological and informative providing of realization of direct sale in activity of sale enterprises. To achieve the goal, the following tasks are set: systematization, comparison and analysis of theoretical approaches of the Ukrainian and foreign scientists, is to essence of concept "direct marketing"; researches of basic instruments of realization of direct sale by the performers of entrepreneurial activities; determinations of advantages and lacks of the use of the direct marketing are in activity of enterprises; grounds of the use of the direct - marketing are in activity of sale enterprises. Design/methodology/approach: To the article were used methods of comparison, grouping and generalization – for research and analysis of opinion of scientists in relation to development of the direct marketing, method of systems analysis – for systematization of modern forms of the direct marketing and ground of them role in the sale activity of enterprises, and also formulating of conclusions. Findings: The analysis of scientific labours and researches in relation to the use of the direct marketing in activity of the Ukrainian enterprises showed that the direct marketing was the special form, process, method of effective realization of sale of products, in the modern business conditions. 23 Practical implications: Researched in the article modern forms of the direct marketing show 24 that today, their use in the sale activities of enterprises not only facilitates the sale of goods and 25 services at the market, but also allow to form effective, direct of long duration relations with 26 consumers, to choose effective marketing strategy and program of actions, which influences on 27 informing of market environment, growth of having a special purpose audience, increase of 28 volumes, sale and expansion of limits of realization of business. 29 Originality/value: The article contains the validity of the practical use of modern forms of 30 direct marketing in the activities of Ukrainian enterprises: Premium Food (Mr. Grill), LTS 31 “Solomia”, “Rodinna kovbaska”, “Henkel Bautekhnik Ukraine”, TM “Curtis” and others
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Wightman, Jill M. "Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin Americaby Peter Cahn." PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 35, no. 2 (November 2012): 350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1555-2934.2012.01209.x.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

HATTORI, Toshihiro, Satoshi TSUTSUMI, Eikichi SHIMA, and Toshiyuki IMAI. "Effects of Sales of Farm Products in Direct Sales Shops on Farmhouse." JOURNAL OF RURAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION 19 (2000): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2750/arp.19.19-suppl_301.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Baker, Margaret Ann. "Direct Mail Sales Letters: Form and Substance." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 23, no. 2 (April 1993): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/7dl8-hxj0-97t3-48n4.

Full text
Abstract:
Practitioners and consultants, who have developed much of the theory on the direct mail sales letter, emphasize one point: The reader must be enticed to read the letter. One way to entice the reader is to use an indirect arrangement of support: Invitation, Benefits and Proof, Acceptance, and Teaser. Other reader-directed principles are 1) create the look of a personalized letter and 2) employ strategies to promote readability.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

&NA;. "Rise in direct Internet sales of sildenafil." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1212 (November 1999): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199912120-00007.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Hendershott, Terrence, and Jie Zhang. "A Model of Direct and Intermediated Sales." Journal of Economics Management Strategy 15, no. 2 (June 2006): 279–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2006.00101.x.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Whitcomb, M. Glenn. "Watch Out for Direct Sales/Purchase Contracts." Natural Gas 5, no. 9 (September 11, 2007): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410050902.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Direct sales"

1

Gultekin, Metin. "Foreign Military Sales versus Direct Commercial Sales." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA355007.

Full text
Abstract:
Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1998.
"September 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Orin E. Marvel, John E. Mutty. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-90). Also available online.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Belinger, Jan. "Direct sales and its impact on Automotive distribution." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359265.

Full text
Abstract:
This masters thesis aims to explore the possible implementation of the direct distribution model within the automotive industry. The goal is to outline the possible distribution strategy, using the direct distribution model, for an auto manufacturer. The theoretical background and cases that are used to describe the practical usage of the model are based on a secondary research. More specific aspects of the distribution model are then based on interviews conducted with professionals from the automotive industry. The proposed distribution strategy consists of combination of several direct distribution models. Different models are used due to the distinct nature of the products, considered in the process of new distribution model design. The implementation would allow the OEM to gain more control over the distribution process and create more efficient distribution system.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Yeager, Irvin. "Potential Benefits of Extended Season Sales Through Direct Markets." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1249.

Full text
Abstract:
This study examines fresh produce production sold through local farmers’ markets in the U.S. Rocky Mountain region to determine likelihood and benefits for extending production and marketing of fresh produce. Surveys were conducted with producers and farmers’ market managers to determine the likelihood of season extension, marketing realities, and potential products. Prices for eight commonly found produce items were collected at farmers’ markets in Utah and Colorado to model expected off-season pricing. Surveys responses show producers have a short marketing season, limited acreage, and receive low revenues, but are experienced and have adopted some season extension techniques. High tunnels, one of the most effective season extension techniques, had limited usage in the survey among participants. Market manager surveys show the need for many markets to move indoors in the off-season and felt that consumers were unlikely to pay premiums in the extended season. Collected prices were analyzed using ARMA and ARIMA methods to provide a forecast for prices in the extended season. The results show that some produce items are priced higher in the early season, while others are higher in fall, while prices for some items are near constant. The study concludes that although producers could benefit from market and season extension, additional season extending techniques should be adopted as well as consider diversifying offerings. Profitability in an extended season is likely to be constrained by market availability and market manager responses, despite increasing consumer demand for local foods.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Fejdiova, Elena. "Female cosmetic coalitions : how to be women together through direct sales cosmetics." Thesis, University of East London, 2018. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/7537/.

Full text
Abstract:
This research is based on ethnographic fieldwork amongst women purchasing direct sales cosmetics in Slovakia. To interpret the data I use concepts from social as well as evolutionary anthropology. In the thesis I examine the closely bonded female collectives that emerged during the purchasing of cosmetics from direct sales companies. I show that while the company sales representatives were trained in the network selling marketing to make a profit, under specified conditions women’s collectives emerged that encouraged the shared ritualized purchase of cosmetics which undermined the sales representatives’ incentives to make a gain. I identify and explain the mechanisms that intensified the relationships amongst the women who created collectives of allies. In this ritually forged environment the women created small collectives based on mutual trust, sharing, egalitarianism and cooperation that extended beyond the context of attractiveness enhancement. In the ritual mode women generated a resistance culture that opposed the individualistic and competitive practices of the cosmetic companies and favoured the leveling of beautification through ritual egalitarianism. From the energetically costly ritual performance ambivalent ritual gender emerged that incorporated both female and male characteristics and was controlled by the female collectives. Endowed with ritual power women employed their ritually created collective agency by claiming their ritual space and time. In the process of ritualization the women transformed economic relations into gift-like relationships that through a web of social obligations created bonds of solidarity and cooperation amongst them. As a result of the collective ritual practice cosmetics became a signal of commitment to the cosmetic coalition. They were invested with the meanings of morality, cooperation and equality of quasi kinship ties. Through regular participation in the collective cosmetic rituals women learnt a ritual template that enabled them to enter any such female collective across Slovakia. These collectives provided their female members with benefits beyond the ritual context. The thesis contributes to the body of work on female competition and cooperation. It shows that once women are united through collective rituals with cosmetics and beautification at their centre they create a safe environment where cooperation rather than competition through beauty prevails. Through recognizing and interpreting the mechanisms for bonding and group commitment the thesis also develops the model of female cosmetic coalitions within the setting of direct sales cosmetics in Slovakia.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Jung, Sung-Hoon. "The global-local interplay : Korean foreign direct investment in the European Union." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323046.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Elfving, Matilda. "Exploring the Experience of Branded Mobile Apps within Direct Selling : Insights from Sales Representatives’ Perspective." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-64282.

Full text
Abstract:
Technology is becoming more central to people’s lives than ever before, and the most widely embraced technological device on the consumer market are mobile phones. This creates an ever-increasing market place for mobile apps, which during 2016 had revenues amounted to 88.3 billion U.S. dollars. The number is expected to increase, and together is estimated to generate 188.9 billion U.S. dollars in revenues 2020. One of the industries affected by this strong online presence is direct selling, where branded mobile apps have started to be used as a sales tool for sales representatives. The apps aim to facilitate the sales representatives’ daily work and bring new opportunities to engage with the end customers in a more convenient way. However, limited research exists about how the sales representatives experience the branded mobile apps in the industry. The purpose of this paper is to explore the sales representatives’ behavior and attitude towards using branded mobile apps within the direct selling industry. This study has been conducted by a quantitative descriptive and exploratory study using a survey. Sales representatives that placed an order exceeding 100 Euros during the last three weeks in five Western culture countries for one direct selling company were targeted. In total, 460 responses were gathered. The result gave some valuable insights although the initial hypothesized benefits could not be confirmed. The findings instead suggest separate items that contributed the most to sales representatives’ satisfaction and purchase intentions. In order to increase satisfaction among sales representatives, branded mobile apps used in direct sales should 1) facilitate the interaction with the company, 2) be easy to navigate with, 3) provide relevant information, 4) be convenient to shop from, and finally 5) work as a good conversation topic in a social context. Further on, the item identified to have the greatest contribution to purchase intentions is how convenient the app is to shop from, i.e. the same as number 4) above. The future challenge for the direct selling industry and its managers is thus to take advantage of these insights and further study how the attributes more practically can be implemented for their business. By focusing on these actions in the creation and development of branded mobile apps, the direct selling industry can expect to achieve higher satisfaction among their sales representatives and also increase their purchase intentions.
Dagens teknik har blivit en allt mer central del i människors liv, och den vanligaste enheten på konsumentmarknaden idag är mobiltelefoner. Detta har skapat en ständigt ökande marknad för mobilappar, som år 2016 genererade 88.3 miljarder U.S. dollar. Antalet appanvändare framöver förväntas att öka, och tillsammans generera 188.9 miljarder U.S. dollar i intäkter år 2020. En av de branscher som påverkats av denna starka närvaro online är direktförsäljning, där appar har börjat användas som försäljningsverktyg för konsulenterna. Apparna syftar till att underlätta konsulenternas dagliga arbete och ge nya möjligheter att engagera sig med slutkunderna på ett lättare och mer fördelaktigt sätt. Dock existerar det lite forskning och kännedom om hur konsulenterna upplever användandet av appar i branschen. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka försäljningsrepresentanternas beteende och attityd gentemot att använda appar inom direktförsäljningsbranschen. Studien har varit både beskrivande och undersökande, och har genomförts genom en samla in kvantitativ data med hjälp av en enkätundersökning. Kunder som har lagt en order över 100 Euros de tre senaste veckorna i fem västeuropeiska länder för ett direktförsäljningsföretag har studerats. Totalt erhölls 460 svar. Resultatet gav flertalet värdefulla insikter, även om de initiala hypoteserna syftade till att undersöka olika fördelar inte kunde bekräftas. Resultaten föreslår istället separata aspekter med störst påverkan på hur nöjda konsulenterna är, samt deras köpintentioner. För att öka nöjdheten bland konsulenter bör appar som används i direktförsäljning 1) underlätta samspelet med företaget, 2) vara lätta att navigera med, 3) tillhandahålla relevant information, 4) vara bekväm att handla från och slutligen 5) fungera som ett bra samtalsämne i ett socialt sammanhang. Vidare kunde det ses att den identifierade aspekten som bidrar mest till konsultenternas köpintentioner är hur bekvämt appen är att handla från, det vill säga samma aspekt som identifierades för konsulenters tillfredställelse under nummer 4) ovan. Den framtida utmaningen för direktförsäljningsindustrin och dess chefer är således att utnyttja dessa insikter och studera vidare hur dessa aspekter kan lämpas mer i praktiken för deras företag. Genom att fokusera på dessa åtgärder vid skapandet och utvecklingen av appar kan direktförsäljningsindustrin räkna med att erhålla högre tillfredsställelse bland sina konsulenter, samt att även öka deras köpintentioner.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Koneti, Boniswa. "Determining factors influencing sales growth in business banking in Buffalo City municipality, South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/10993.

Full text
Abstract:
The increase in number of banks entering the South African banking sector has caused the big four banks to lose their market share to the new entrants. As a result, the new entrants in this sector have also had negative effects on the existing banks’ sales growth and net profits. Business banking, in particular, has been one of the departments which has become competitive as it is considered to generate the most revenue from all the different bank departments. Business clients have been targeted as their fees are high compared to normal individual clients and also, their investment sizes are big compared to individuals, hence the increased interest in this section. This then prompts the question, what are the factors influencing sales growth in business banking? This question then brings one to the following sub-problems: Is the pricing offered by the various banks to their business bank customers competitive enough to retain them?; How competent and knowledgeable is the staff dealing with business bank customers in ensuring good relationships with business banking clients?; is the technology used by the banks advanced enough to address the banking requirements of business banking customers? Are business banking customers loyal to their respective banks to ensure repetitive sales? In dealing with the above, the author undertook a research study to determine whether factors such as competitive pricing, competent staff, advanced technology and customer loyalty influence sales growth in business banking in Buffalo City Municipality “BCM”. The sample of 90 business banking customers who were given questionnaires to test the above were from a population of business banking customers in BCM. The author underwent a theoretical and an empirical investigation using the survey method through questionnaires. These questionnaires were distributed to the various financing institutions dealing with business banking clients. The findings of the empirical study suggest that through the use of the hypothesis test, it was concluded that of the four factors, advanced technology and customer loyalty influence sales growth in business banking in BCM. While pricing and competent staff do not influence sales revenue growth.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Li, Xiaolin. "An Empirical Examination of Factors Affecting Adoption of An Online Direct Sales Channel by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1214531897.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

McLennan, Steven. "THE IMPACT OF LOCAL ON MEAT PURCHASING DECISIONS." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1315.

Full text
Abstract:
The research examines the target market for a meat product produced by the local university. Further, desirable attributes of meat and how consumers definition of “locally produced and/or raised” are identified. A total of 290 personal interviews were completed in San Luis Obispo County, California on the consumers’ willingness to purchase Cal Poly meat. Likely purchasers are found to be 31 percent of the San Luis Obispo population. The target buyer of Cal poly meat products are both male and females, who tend to be older, and make more than $60,000 a year. Local is defined by 31 percent of likely Cal Poly Meats buyers as being grown and/or raised within the county they reside in, and also shared by residents of San Luis Obispo County. Additionally, it was found local vegetables are a more highly valued product than local meats, fruits, and wines product grown within the San Luis Obispo County.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

De, Vera Remegio M. "Comparative analysis of the use of Foreign Military Sales (FMS) and Direct Commercial Sales (DCS) in the procurement of US defense articles by the Phillippine Government for the use of the armed forces of the Philippines /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FdeVera.pdf.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Direct sales"

1

Gultekin, Metin. Foreign Military Sales versus Direct Commercial Sales. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1998.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Cahn, Peter S. Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Direct sales and direct faith in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Mounsey, Philip. Managing direct marketing. Kingston upon Thames: Croner, 1990.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Lewis, Herschell Gordon. Sales letters that sizzle. Lincolnwood, Ill., USA: NTC Business Books, 1995.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

1953-, Nelson Carol, ed. World's greatest direct mail sales letters. Lincolnwood, Ill: NTC Business Books, 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Alberta. Alberta Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development. Farm direct sales: Know the regulations. Edmonton, Alta: Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, 2003.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Direct marketing: The proven path to successful sales. Glenview, Ill: Scott, Foresman, 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Direct sales: Be better than good--be great! Gretna, La: Pelican Pub. Co., 1991.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Handbook of direct mail: The dialogue method of direct written sales communication. New York: Prentice Hall, 1992.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Direct sales"

1

Cahn, Peter S. "Thinking Anew about the History of Direct Sales." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 39–57. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_3.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Castro-Zuluaga, Carlos A., and Mariana Arboleda. "Sales Forecasting Difficulties’ Analysis on Colombian Direct Sales Companies." In Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering, 112–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49370-7_12.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Cahn, Peter S. "Making Work a Commission." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 1–18. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Cahn, Peter S. "Helping Others Help Themselves." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 19–38. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Cahn, Peter S. "Healing the Body through the Mind." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 59–79. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_4.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Cahn, Peter S. "Selling without Selling." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 81–101. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_5.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Cahn, Peter S. "Motivating Rituals." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 103–22. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_6.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Cahn, Peter S. "Planning the Departure." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 123–36. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_7.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Cahn, Peter S. "Bringing Transformation to South America." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 137–59. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_8.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Cahn, Peter S. "Moving Forward, Looking Back." In Direct Sales and Direct Faith in Latin America, 161–74. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118904_9.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Direct sales"

1

Promhitatorn, Marisa. "Customer Attitudes and Direct Sales Staffing Strategies for Direct Sales Agricultural Products." In ICBSI 2018 - International Conference on Business Sustainability and Innovation. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.08.57.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Veli�, Marko, and Ivan Padavi�. "Model of the New Sales Planning Optimization and Sales Force Deployment ERP Business Intelligence Module for Direct Sales of the Products and Services with Temporal Characteristics." In 34th International Conference on INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INTERFACES. Zagreb: University Computing Centre - SRCE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2498/iti.2012.0379.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Kapustin, Alexander Alexandrovich. "ROLE OF SALES LOGISTICS IN ENTERPRISE ACTIVITIES." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-1-186/189.

Full text
Abstract:
In modern conditions, due to the increased level of competition for enterprises, it is necessary to make high demands on product quality, which implies the high importance of the role of sales logistics in the economic system of the company. Sales logistics, as an integral part of all enterprise activities, has a great influence on ensuring the greatest effect in meeting the needs of customers and maximizing profits. The article highlights such concepts and phenomena as sales activities, sales models, distribution, marketing, production, distribution and competition, as well as their direct relationship in the enterprise.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

CHIEN, HSIAO-YU, and MIRAJ AHMED BHUIYAN. "RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL FARMERS’ ECONOMIC SALES CHANNELS: A CASE STUDY OF QINGYUAN, GUANGDONG AND HUALIEN, TAIWAN." In 2021 International Conference on Management, Economics, Business and Information Technology. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/dtem/mebit2021/35617.

Full text
Abstract:
In order to meet the demand of sustainable development of agriculture, we should enhance the competitiveness of small-scale peasant economy, grasp the business channels, grasp the business opportunities, and expand the new development of agriculture by strengthening and integrating the sales channels of agriculture. Sales channels have a positive impact on the development of small-scale farmers' economy. Hualian Changliang organic group develops through diversified channels such as school nutrition lunch, farmer's market, chain supermarket and farmer's direct selling station, so as to improve the sales volume of agricultural products and expand the new development of small-scale peasant economy. Through in-depth interviews, the sales channels of Qingyuan Bailijin Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. are mainly divided into online and offline Channel, offline distributors are directly used for distribution, while ‘Wechat’ is used for online sales. The diversified development of channels has a certain impact on the sales volume of agricultural products. The development of small-scale peasant economy in Hualian and Qingyuan depends on the expansion of sales channels. The establishment and deepening of diversified online and offline sales channels affect the development of small-scale peasant economy and the sustainability of agricultural development.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Dong, Siren, Yongui Wang, and Huachao Gao. "Personality traits, selling behaviors and their relationship with sales performance: Evidence from direct selling industry." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2009.5372891.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Dressler, Luisa. "Enhancing the direct sales of intermittent renewable electricity production: Efficiency considerations of a German market rule." In 2013 10th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2013.6607365.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Ruswanti, Endang, Nia Puspita Hapsari, Moehammad Unggul Januarko, and Medina Diyah Kusumawati. "Analysis Advertising, Sales Promotion, Personal Selling and Direct Selling on Purchase Intention Vegetables in Retail West Jakarta." In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Organizational Innovation (ICOI 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icoi-19.2019.115.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Prabowo, Agung, Yenni Sri Utami, and Oliver Samuel Simanjuntak. "Revitalization Of Batik Tulis Giriloyo Small Business After The Covid-19 Pandemic Through The Storytelling Approach." In LPPM UPN "VETERAN" Yogyakarta International Conference Series 2020. RSF Press & RESEARCH SYNERGY FOUNDATION, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/pss.v1i1.188.

Full text
Abstract:
Batik Giriloyo is the oldest written batik center in Yogyakarta. The Batik Giriloyo tradition has a strong emotional connection with the Kraton Yogyakarta tradition due to the development of the courtiers who guarded the tombs of the kings in Imogiri. This historical background makes the Batik Giriloyo motifs have a strong market in a storytelling marketing platform. So far, sales of Batik Giriloyo have relied on direct sales. However, the Covid-19 outbreak caused sales to decline. Changes in consumer behavior will have a permanent impact on sales not anticipated. Changes in consumer social behavior will change their shopping behavior. Reduced contact (less contact) will be a threat. For information technology to be the preferred way of selling, several studies have stated that technology will be useful in supporting the sustainability of people's lives. On the other hand, technology is less able to persuade. This research tries to make a promotional model based on storytelling by utilizing technology 4.0 as a marketing medium. The method used is the exploratory method. Exploration is used to find potential stories in Batik Giriloyo. The results show that the Batik Giriloyo motif has various background stories that are very philosophical. Starting from the philosophy of Javanese Culture, Environmental Philosophy, and history.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Ghezel-Ayagh, Hossein, Anthony J. Leo, Hans Maru, and Mohammad Farooque. "Overview of Direct Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology and Products Development." In ASME 2003 1st International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2003-1697.

Full text
Abstract:
Significant progress has been made in development of power generation products based on carbonate fuel cells. Carbonate fuel cell systems provide high efficiency and ultra-clean power generation from a variety of gaseous, liquid, and solid carbonaceous fuels. The high operating temperature of 650 °C in carbonate fuel cell allows significant system simplification by integrating the internal reforming feature into the fuel cell stack as well as use of the byproduct heat in an efficient bottoming cycle. Direct FuelCell® (DFC®) is a unique version of the carbonate fuel cell, which generates electricity directly from a hydrocarbon fuel by reforming the fuel inside the fuel cell and producing hydrogen. The direct reforming concept eliminates the need for an external reformer resulting in power plants with reduced capital cost. This feature also allows the DFC power plants to utilize the existing fuel distribution infrastructure. The first generation of products offered by FuelCell Energy (FCE) range from 250kW to 2MW and is suitable to operate on natural gas, digester gas and other fuels. Presently, a fleet of natural gas fueled units is operating in the US and Europe at customers’ sites. Additionally, there are subsequent power plants planned to operate on a variety of fuels, including coal-bed methane, digester gas, and coal-derived gas. A 2 MW fuel cell power plant (DFC3000) will soon be operating with coal gas in Wabash River, Indiana’s coal gasification plant. The field tests of a 1 MW unit (DFC1500) at King County (Seattle, WA) waste treatment will be demonstrating the unique features of the DFC technology with digester gas as a fuel. There are plans to operate a 250 kW (DFC300) unit on coal-bed methane fields in Cadiz, Ohio. FCE is also developing a 500 kW unit for the US NAVY, operating on marine distillate fuels. FCE is also developing fuel cell/turbine ultra-high efficiency hybrid power plants with efficiencies approaching 75%. In the Direct FuelCell/Turbine® (DFC/T®) power cycle, the fuel cell is integrated with an indirectly heated gas turbine. FCE has recently completed the operation of a ‘proof-of-concept’ system that combined a sub-megawatt DFC with a 30-kilowatt microturbine. The proof-of-concept tests demonstrated that the DFC/T hybrid concept, indeed, has the potential for achieving higher efficiencies than the single cycle fuel cell. The demonstration of two, packaged sub-megawatt DFC/T units, one in Danbury and one at a customer site in Montana, is planned. In addition to pioneering the Direct FuelCell technology, FCE has established a strong manufacturing base. Currently the manufacturing facility at Torrington, CT, has the equipment in place to produce 50 MW per year of fuel cells. FCE has also established commercial distribution alliances with electric power equipment sales and service companies, energy service and solution providers, and specialty application developers for marketing DFC products. The operation of FCE’s power plants at customer sites, continuing efforts in technology improvement, and the favorable reception of the customers for DFC-based units, combined with a network of partners for sales and services, are the key factors for market penetration of DFC products.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Andreassi, L., A. L. Facci, and S. Ubertini. "A Multidimensional Model to Simulate Direct Gaseous Fuel Injection in Internal Combustion Engines." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76008.

Full text
Abstract:
As a consequence of the endless price growing of oil, and oil derivate fuels, automotive industry is experiencing a concerning decreasing in sales. Accordingly, in order to meet customer needs, there is every day a greater interest in solutions for increasing engine efficiency. On the other hand the growing attention to environmental problems leads to increasingly restrictive regulations, such as European EURO 4 and EURO 5. Direct injection of gaseous fuel has emerged to be a high potential strategy to tackle both environmental and fuel economy requirements. However since the electronic gaseous injection technology is rather new for automotive applications, limited experience exists on the optimum configuration of the injection system and the combustion chamber. To facilitate the development of these applications computer models are being developed to simulate gaseous injection, air entrainment and the ensuing combustion. This paper introduces a new method for modelling the injection process of gaseous fuels in multi-dimensional simulations. The proposed model allows holding down grid requirements, thus making it compatible with the three-dimensional simulation of an internal combustion engine. The model is validated and calibrated by comparing numerical results with available experimental data. To highlight the potential applications, some numerical results of the three-dimensional combustion process in a gas engine are presented.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Direct sales"

1

Cortes, Catherine M. Direct Commercial and Foreign Military Sales: Chemical Defense Equipment, an Introductory Brochure. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada239026.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Thomas, Catherine, and Lynne Koontz. 2020 national park visitor spending effects: Economic contributions to local communities, states, and the nation. National Park Service, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286547.

Full text
Abstract:
The National Park Service (NPS) manages the Nation’s most iconic destinations that attract millions of visitors from across the Nation and around the world. Trip-related spending by NPS visitors generates and supports economic activity within park gateway communities. This report summarizes the annual economic contribution analysis that measures how NPS visitor spending cycles through local economies, generating business sales and supporting jobs and income. In 2020, the National Park System received over 237 million recreation visits (down 28% from 2019). Visitors to national parks spent an estimated $14.5 billion in local gateway regions (down 31% from 2019). The estimated contribution of this spending to the national economy was 234,000 jobs, $9.7 billion in labor income, $16.7 billion in value added, and $28.6 billion in economic output. The lodging sector saw the highest direct effects, with $5 billion in economic output directly contributed to this sector nationally. The restaurants sector saw the next greatest effects, with $3 billion in economic output directly contributed to this sector nationally. Results from the Visitor Spending Effects report series are available online via an interactive tool. Users can view year-by-year trend data and explore current year visitor spending, jobs, labor income, value added, and economic output effects by sector for national, state, and local economies. The interactive tool is available at https://www.nps.gov/subjects/socialscience/vse.htm.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Saha, Amrita, Jodie Thorpe, Keir Macdonald, and Kelbesa Megersa. Linking Business Environment Reform with Gender and Inclusion: A Study of Business Licensing Reform in Indonesia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.001.

Full text
Abstract:
Business environment reform (BER) targets inadequate business regulations. It is intended to remove constraints to business investment, enabling growth and job creation, and create opportunities for international business to contribute to and benefit from this growth. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge of the impact of BER on gender and inclusion (G&I). While a review of existing literature suggests that in general, there is no direct link between BER and G&I, indirect links are likely through the influence of BER on firm performance. Outcomes will be influenced by the differential ways in which women-led firms experience the business environment when compared to their male counterparts, with disparities based on how they are treated under the law, as well as structural and sociocultural factors. The fact that in many countries, female-led firms are fewer and smaller than those of their male counterparts, and may operate in different sectors, also affects these dynamics. This research offers new insights through an in-depth analysis of the impact of the Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu (PTSP) or one-stop shop business licensing reform in 2009 on firm performance in Indonesia, and how these impacts vary based on the gender of firm leadership. The results find that on average, firms benefited from improved business performance (sales), as a direct or indirect effect of this reform, as well as an increase in the number of medium and large-scale firms. Outside Jakarta (Bali, Banten, Lampung), women-led firms experienced a small but significant benefit relative to male-led firms, related to both sales and the number of medium and large-scale firms they run. In Jakarta, women-led firms continued to lag behind men and there were no significant effects on employment, and this held across province and gender. These findings are based on an analysis of the PTSP reform using data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES), a survey of small, medium and large firms (i.e. with more than four employees) which took place in Indonesia between 2009 and 2015.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Chalutz, Edo, Michael Wisniewski, Samir Droby, Yael Eilam, and Ilan Chet. Mode of Action of Yeast Biocontrol Agents of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613025.bard.

Full text
Abstract:
In a previous BARD-supported study, three of the investigators of this research were involved in a study on biological control of postharvest diseases of citrus and deciduous fruits. Several naturally occurring, non-antibiotic producing yeast antagonists were identified. Application of some of these antagonists resulted in very high levels of biocontrol under laboratory conditions but lower efficacy in semi-commercial tests. It was felt that the lack of knowledge on the mode of action of the biocontrol agents was limiting their efficient use. The current study was aimed at narrowing this gap in our knowledge. Two specific objectives were outlined: to study the mechanism by which calcium salts enhance biocontrol activity and to determine the role, if any, of the yeast extracellular materials and/or enzymes which degrade fungal cell walls during the interaction between the antagonists, the pathogen and the host. CaCl2 but not MgCl2, inhibited spore germination, and germ-tube elongation of Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and P. digitatum in culture. It also inhibited the pectinolytic activity of the pathogens. Biocontrol of apple decay by isolate 182 of Candida oleophila, an effective biocontrol agent, was enhanced by the addition of CaCl2 whereas there was no effect on the biocontrol activity of isolate 247 of this yeast. Similarly, CaCl2 enhanced efficacy of the US-7 isolate of Pichia guilliermondii in reducing infection of P. digitatum in citrus fruit. CaCl2 by itself also reduced the infection of peel wounds and stimulated ethylene production by grapefruit peel. This antagonist exhibited a very high ability to maintain cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis when exposed to high CaCl2 concentrations. It is postulated, therefore, that enhanced biocontrol activity by calcium is the result of direct inhibition of the pathogen by calcium ions on spore germination and metabolism and indirectly due to the ability of the biocontrol agent to maintain normal metabolism in the presence of high levels of calcium. The extracellular materials produced by P. guilliermondii in culture and on the fruit inhibited, at low concentrations, the pathogen in culture and reduced percent infection of the fruit. The direct inhibition of the pathogen by these materials may thus be involved in the mode of action of the antagonist. This study contributed to our knowledge on the action of calcium salts and the yeast antagonist extracellular materials on biocontrol activity and will contribute to a more efficient use of this technology in the control of postharvest diseases of fruits.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Lederman, Jaimee, Peter Haas, Stephanie Kellogg, Martin Wachs, and Asha Weinstein Agrawal. Do Equity and Accountability Get Lost in LOSTs? An Analysis of Local Return Funding Provisions in California’s Local Option Sales Tax Measures for Transportation. Mineta Transportation Institute, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1811.

Full text
Abstract:
This study explores how local return provisions of local option sales taxes (LOSTs) for transportation are allocated and spent to meet local and regional transportation needs. Local return refers to the component of county LOST measures that provides funding directly to municipalities in the county to be used to meet local needs. Local return has become a fixture in LOSTs; 58 LOST measures placed on the ballot in California (as of 2019) that have included local return in their expenditure plan have an average of 35% of revenues dedicated to local return. Local return provisions in the ballot measures often contain guidelines on how a portion of the money should be spent. The allocation of local return funds to localities has rarely been discussed in research, and spending decisions have to our knowledge never been analyzed. This paper conducts a mixed-methods analysis of all LOSTs with local return, relying on ordinances and other public documents related to local return expenditures, and supplemented with interviews with officials in six counties. Findings indicate that local return provisions are crafted to balance the needs of the county across different dimensions, including trying to achieve equity between urban and rural residents, investment in different transportation modes, and meeting both local and regional policy needs. Moreover, significant accountability mechanisms provide regulations to ensure that funds are distributed to and spent by jurisdictions as promised by the measures. Overall, this research finds that local return is a vital part of LOST measures in California, allowing cities to meet local needs ranging from maintenance of local streets to funding for special programs, while simultaneously aligning local investment with regional priorities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Wilson, Charles, and Edo Chalutz. Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Citrus and Deciduous Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1991.7603518.bard.

Full text
Abstract:
The objectives of this research were to develop control measures of postharvest diseases of citrus and deciduous fruits by using naturally-occurring, non-antibiotic-producing antagonists; study the mode of action of effective antagonists and optimize their application methods. Several antagonists were found against a variety of diseases of fruits and vegetables. One particularly effective yeast antagonist (US-7) was chosen for more in-depth studies. This antagonist outcompetes rot pathogens at the wound site for nutrients and space; it is better adapted than the pathogen to extreme environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and osmotic changes, and is relatively resistant to common postharvest fungicides. Our data suggests that other modes of action may also be involved. These are induction of host resistance by the antagonists or its products, and direct interaction between the antagonists and the pathogen with the possible involvement of an extracellular material and/or cell wall degrading enzymes produced by the antagonist. However, these interactions were not fully elucidated. The antagonistic activity of US-7 and other biocontrol agents isolated, was enhanced by calcium salts. While the mode of action is not known, the addition of these salts had a significant effect both in laboratory experiments and in large-scale tests. Compatibility of the yeast antagonist with present packinghouse treatments and procedures was determined. An integrated control procedure was developed, utilizing the antagonists together with ultra-low dosages of fungicides and activity-enhancing additives. This cooperative research resulted in numerous publications describing the antagonistic agents. their mode of action and possible commercial application. Patents were developed from this research and a commercial company is pursuing the licensing of these patents and the testing of the procedure on a commercial scale. Our research findings have expanded the potential for using non-antibiotic-producing antagonistic microorganisms in the control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables; thus meeting a critical need to find alternatives to the use of synthetic fungicides on food products.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Yusgiantoro, Luky A., Akhmad Hanan, Budi P. Sunariyanto, and Mayora B. Swastika. Mapping Indonesia’s EV Potential in Global EV Supply Chain. Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/br.004.

Full text
Abstract:
• Energy transition in the transportation sector is indicated by the gradual shifting from the use of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) globally. • The transportation sector consumed 43% of total global energy and emitted 16.2% of total global emissions in 2020. Similarly, the transportation sector in Indonesia consumed 45% of the total energy and contributed to 13.6% of CO2 emission in 2019. • Global EV development and utilization are increasing exponentially, especially in developed countries, and there were 10 million EVs in 2020 worldwide. • China has successfully dominated global EVs, both in EV utilization and manufacturing with 45% global EVs Stock and 77% global EV batteries production. • Geopolitically, the abundance of Indonesian nickel reserves provides Indonesia a great opportunity to be one of the main players in EV battery manufacturing. • With an annual average growth of 6%, the projected motorized vehicles growth in Indonesia will reach 214 million in 2030. The right government policies would make Indonesia become the Southeast Asia EV market hub as Indonesia has the largest automotive sales and production market among ASEAN countries. • Measurable and realistic national EV development targets and plans supported by executing policies such as fiscal incentives and hardware standardization, sufficient EV charging infrastructure, and other supporting infrastructures are key elements that drive successful EV development in several countries. • Insufficient domestic industries and technology, and the absence of policies that comprehensively cover the customers and producers directly to support EV development and utilization in Indonesia, resulting in the achieved number of EVs and EV infrastructures in Indonesia are far from the updated target or even the initial target (RUEN, 2017).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Lichter, Amnon, David Obenland, Nirit Bernstein, Jennifer Hashim, and Joseph Smilanick. The role of potassium in quality of grapes after harvest. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597914.bard.

Full text
Abstract:
Objectives: The objectives of the proposal were to study how potassium (K) enters the berry and in what tissues it accumulates, to determine what is the sensitive phenological stage that is responsive to K, to study the influence of K on sugar translocation, to determine if K has effects on expression of genes in source and sink organs and to study applied aspects of the responses to K at the vineyard level. During the research it was realized that K acts externally so a major part of the original objectives had to be deserted and new ones, i.e. the role of K in enhancing water loss from the berry, had to be developed. In addition, the US partners developed practical objectives of understanding the interaction of K application and water deficit as well as application of growth regulators. Background: In our preliminary data we showed that application of K at mid-ripening enhanced sugar accumulation of table grapes. This finding is of major implications to both early and late harvested grapes and it was essential to understand the mode of action of this treatment. Our major hypothesis was that K enters the berry and by that increases sugar translocation into the berry. In addition it was important to cover practical issues of the application which may influence its efficacy and its reproducibility. Conclusions: The major conclusion from the research was that our initial hypothesis was wrong. Mineral analysis of pulp tissue indicated that upon application of K there was a significant increase in most of the major minerals. Subsequently, we developed a new hypothesis that K acts by increasing the water loss from the berry. In vitro studies of K-treated berries corroborated this hypothesis showing greater weight-loss of treated berries. This was not necessarily expressed in the vineyard as in some experiments berry weight remained unchanged, suggesting that the vine compensated for the enhanced water loss. Importantly, we also discovered that the efficacy of different K salts was strongly correlated to the pH of the salt solution: basic K salts had better efficacy than neutral or acidic salts and modifying the pH of the same salt changed its efficacy. It was therefore suggested that K changes the properties of the cuticle making it more susceptible to water loss. Of the practical aspects it was found that application of K to the clusters was sufficient to trigger its affect and that dual application of K had a stronger effect than single application. With regard to timing, it was realized that application of K after veraison was affective and the berries responded also when ripe. While the effect of K application was significant at harvest, it was mostly insignificant one week after application, suggesting that prolonged exposure to K was required. Implications: The scientific implications of the study are that the external mineral composition of the berry may have a significant role in sugar accumulation and that water loss may have an important role in sugar accumulation in grapes. It is not entirely clear how K modulates the cuticle but according to the literature its incorporation into the cuticle may increase its polarity and facilitate generation of "water bridges" between the flesh and the environment. The practical implications of this study are very significant because realizing the mode of action of K can facilitate a much more efficient application strategy. For example, it can be understood that sprays must be directed to the clusters rather than the whole vines and it can be predicted that the length of exposure is important. Also, by increasing the pH of simple K salts, the efficacy of the treatment can be enhanced, saving in the costs of the treatment. Finally, the ability of grape growers to apply K in a safe and knowledgeable way can have significant impact on the length of the season of early grape cultivars and improve the flavor of high grape yields which may otherwise have compromised sugar levels.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Naim, Michael, Gary R. Takeoka, Haim D. Rabinowitch, and Ron G. Buttery. Identification of Impact Aroma Compounds in Tomato: Implications to New Hybrids with Improved Acceptance through Sensory, Chemical, Breeding and Agrotechnical Techniques. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585204.bard.

Full text
Abstract:
The tomato, a profitable vegetable crop in both the USA and Israel, has benefited significantly from intensive breeding efforts in both countries, and elsewhere (esp. Holland). : Modem hybrids are highly prolific and resistant to a variety of major pests. They produce attractive, firm fruit for both processing and fresh-marketing. In all cases, however, reduction in flavor and aroma have occurred concomitantly with the increase in yield. Sugars-acids ratio dominate fruit taste, whereas aroma volatiles (potent at minute ppb and ppt levels) contribute to the total characteristic tomato flavor. An increase in sugars (1-2%) contributes significantly to tomato fruit taste. However, because of energy reasons, an increase in fruit sugars is immediately compensated for by a decrease in yield. Our main objectives were to: (a) pinpoint and identify the major impact aroma components of fresh tomato; (b) study the genetic and environmental effects on fruit aroma; (c) determine precursors of appealing (flavors) and repelling (off-flavors) aroma compounds in tomato. Addition of saturated salts blocked all enzymatic activities prior to isolation of volatiles by dynamic and static headspace, using solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) from highly favored (FA-612 and FA-624) and less preferred (R 144 and R 175) tomato genotypes. Impact aroma components were determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). The potent odorant (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one, was identified for the first time in fresh tomato. From the ca. 400 volatile compounds in the headspace of fresh tomato, the following compounds are proposed to be impact aroma compounds: (Z)-3-hexenal, hexanal, 1-penten-3-one, 2-phenylethanol, (E)-2-hexenal, phenyl acetaldehyde, b-ionone, b-damascenone, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3-(2H)-furanone (FuraneolR), (Z)-l,5-octadien-3-one, methional, 1-octen-3-one, guaiacol, (E,E)- and (E,Z)- 2,4-decadienal and trans- and cis-4,5-EPOXY -(E)-2-decenal. This confirms the initial hypothesis that only a small number of volatiles actually contribute to the sensation of fruit aroma. Tomato matrix significantly affected the volatility of certain impact aroma components and thus led to the conclusion that direct analysis of molecules in the headspace . may best represent access of tomato volatiles to the olfactory receptors. Significant differences in certain odorants were found between preferred and less-preferred cultivars. Higher consumer preference was correlated with higher concentrations of the following odorants: l-penten-3-one, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E,E)- and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal and especially Furaneol, whereas lower consumer preference was associated with higher concentrations of methional, 3-methylbutyric acid, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, and 2-isobutylthiazole. Among environmental factors (salinity, N source, growth temperature), temperature had significant effects on the content of selected aroma compounds (e.g., 3-methylbutanal, 1- penten-3-one, hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, 2-isobutylthiazole, 6-methyl-5-hepten- 2-one, 1-octen-3-one, methional, 2-phenylethanal, phenyl acetaldehyde, and eugenol) in fresh tomatoes. Salt stress (20 mM NaCl) increased the content of odorants such as (Z)-3-hexenal, 2-phenylethanol and 3-methylbutanal in the R-144 cultivar whereas salinity had minor effects on 1-pentene-3-one, 2-isobutylthiazole and b-ionone. This fundamental knowledge obtained by comprehensive investigation, using modem chemical, sensory and agrotechnical methodology will assist future attempts to genetically modify the concentrations of key odorants in fresh tomatoes, and thus keep the tomato production of Israel and the USA competitive on the world market.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Climate Risks in the Northeast. USDA Northeast Climate Hub, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.6960277.ch.

Full text
Abstract:
The 12 northeastern states form a diverse region producing more than $21 billion yearly in agricultural commodities. The Northeast region contains the seven most densely populated states and leads the nation in direct-to-public farm sales. Animal agriculture is important, particularly dairy and poultry. About half of the field crops and pasture grown in the Northeast are for animal feed. Horticulture and perennial fruits are also a relatively large portion of total plant production. Overall, farms in the Northeast are usually smaller in size and organic production is higher i comparison to other regions. About 21% of land in this region is farmland (6% of the national total), and 62% of land is classified as timberland.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Direct sales' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography