Journal articles on the topic 'Direct reduction (Metallurgy)'
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Markotic, A., N. Dolic, and V. Trujic. "State of the direct reduction and reduction smelting processes." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 38, no. 3-4 (2002): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0204123m.
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For quite a long time efforts have been made to develop processes for producing iron i.e. steel without employing conventional procedures - from ore, coke, blast furnace, iron, electric arc furnace, converter to steel. The insufficient availability and the high price of the coking coals have forced many countries to research and adopt the non-coke-consuming reduction and metal manufacturing processes (non-coke metallurgy, direct reduction, direct processes). This paper represents a survey of the most relevant processes from this domain by the end of 2000, which display a constant increase in the modern process metallurgy.
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Xiong, Xue Liang, and Zhi Yang. "Study on Mineral Separation-Metallurgy Process of Ferro-Nickel Concentrate Prepared from Laterite Ore." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 3256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.3256.
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A new mineral processing and metallurgy technology was proposed, which was that the ferro-nickel concentrate was prepared from laterite ore by coal-based direct reduction. Under the reduction of cheap reductant and the catalysis of composite additives, the effects of coal-based direct reduction were enhanced and the ferro-nickel was extracted. The optimal conditions were followed that the alkalinity was 0.87, and the roasting temperature was 1150°C, and the roasting time is 2.5 hours. The recovery rate of nickel was 86.7% and the nickel content of ferro-nickel concentrate was 5.3%.
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Cantin, G. M. Delphine, Nigel A. Stone, David Alexander, Mark A. Gibson, David Ritchie, Robert Wilson, Merchant Yousuff, Raj Rajakumar, and Kevin Rogers. "Production of Ti-6Al-4V Strip by Direct Rolling of Blended Elemental Powder." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.807.
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A significant research effort within the CSIRO Light Metal Flagship is aimed at developing new processes for the manufacture of (semi-finished) titanium products based on a powder metallurgy approach. The main driver for considering alternative processing and consolidation techniques to conventional ingot metallurgy is improved techno-economics associated with a reduction in processing steps and increased productivity via rapid consolidation of parts. In this respect, CSIRO has developed a process to manufacture sheet products utilising direct powder rolling; the process consists of cold rolling the powder feedstock to a green strip, which is then rapidly heated and hot rolled to consolidate the material completely. The work reported here was an investigation into the feasibility of fabricating Ti-6Al-4V strip by a blended elemental powder metallurgy route. The development of microstructures occurring during the processing and heat treatment steps has been studied. The generic roles of some process, material and heat treatment variables on the tensile properties and homogeneity of the final material have been assessed and are discussed in this paper.
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Chetverikova, A. "Mutual Direct Investments of Russia and EU in Metallurgy." World Economy and International Relations, no. 4 (2015): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-4-49-57.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of mutual direct investments in Russia and the EU in steel industry and nonferrous metal industry after the beginning of the global financial crisis. The author notes a great importance of the EU market for Russian companies in their foreign expansion. In particular in steel industry the EU market plays a key role as the North American market does. In nonferrous metal industry the importance of the EU market is reduced due to lack of developed raw material sources within the EU and due to the diversification of foreign activity of Russian companies. The author notes that a reduction of mutual direct investments began after 2008. Russian companies have focused their activities on their own enterprises in Russia because of high debt leverage. The crisis has also resulted in an appearance of new crisis strategies of Russian metallurgical companies for European assets. These crisis strategies include sale of assets, suspension of production and strategic partner search. Traditional strategies of foreign investing were relevant during the crisis. The modernization of production was the most applied strategy. Buying up of core assets was also applied. European investments in Russia were made mainly by creating new production capacity frequently including joint ventures with Russian companies. European investors along with investments introduced new technologies and equipment into Russian metallurgy. The article notes that because of the crisis the number of capital investment projects including European companies was reduced. The author notes that the EU will remain the key area for Russian metallurgical companies if the situation in global metallurgical markets will improve and sanctions against Russia will be lifted off. Acknowledgments. The article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation (project № 14-28-00097 “The optimization of Russian foreign investment ties in the context of deteriorating relations with the EU”).
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Mameshin, V., and S. Zhuravlova. "Modern condition and development prospects of alternative processes of the ferrous metallurgy." Theory and practice of metallurgy, no. 6 (November 20, 2018): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.6.2018.09.
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Nowadays a significant number of alternative processes of ferrous metals production have been developed, it differs in the principles of operation, as well as the design arrangement of the aggregates. In general, "alternative" processes of ferrous metals production can be divided into 4 groups. The processes of the first group (the production of sponge iron in direct reduction units with remelting in electric arc furnaces) are based on the use of reduction gases (CO, H2 or a mixture of them) or coal for the reduction. Depending on this, they have different principles of work and design. Shaft processes of direct reduction, based on the use of reduction gases, have the dominant positions in the global production of HBI. This is due to the design simplicity of these units, the reliability of their work and the low content of harmful impurities (S, P) in the products. The principle of the processes of the second group (production of carbon semi-products in smelting reduction units with blowing in BOF) involves the reduction of iron ore with power-generating coal at temperatures of 1400-1600 °C and obtaining hot metal. The processes of this group can use as a charge partially reduced iron ore materials (Corex processes, Finex, Tecnored, etc.), as well as raw iron ore (processes Hismelt, Romelt, Ausiron). More than forty processes in various countries have been developed and tested to substitute blast furnace process. Currently, there are 7 Corex units in the world (2 - China, 4 - India, 1 - South Africa) with a total annual productivity of about 7 million tons; 3 Finex units (2 in Korea, 1 in India) with an annual productivity of about 3.5 million tons. The development of processes for the direct production of steel from iron ore (the third group) is currently focused on the processing of iron-containing waste (sludge, scale, dust iron ore) to crude steel. Examples include: the process of jet-emulsion refining, production of high carbon steel in rotary inclined furnaces or perspective direct electrolysis processes of iron ore (MOE), the development of which is at the initial stages of laboratory research. Continuous processes for the production of crude steel from hot metal (the fourth group), due to difficulties in controlling a continuous process, high consumption of refractories, low economic indexes and, most importantly, the rapid growth of ladle treatment of steel, could not compete with the LD-process and are currently hardly used. It should be said about the prospects of the considered alternative processes for the ferrous metals production. The processes of direct reduction have proven their competitiveness, the prospects of their development is determined by the need of electric steelmaking in high-quality metal charge. At the moment smelting reduction processes of ferrous metals production are not the real competitors to BF process and so far they should be considered only as an addition to it. However, if the price of metallurgical coke continues to grow, then the further spread of smelting reduction processes is possible. The processes of the third group are directed to the utilization of iron-containing metallurgical wastes and dust iron ores, but the development of majority of these processes is on its initial stages, their prospects will be determined by economic efficiency. Continuous steelmaking processes with use of hot metal as a charge could not clearly prove their superiority to the well-known steelmaking processes, at this stage their prospects are rather doubtful.
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Luo, Siyi, Chen Ma, Lin Liu, Junzhi Wang, Zongliang Zuo, and Lan Xiang. "Direct Reduction Ironmaking by Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass Tar Model Compounds and Iron Ore Fines." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 14, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2020.1986.
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The low carbon metallurgy technology based on the high-value utilization of biomass is considered as the key development orientation of green ironmaking. In this paper, a pyrolysis coupling technology of biomass tar and iron ore powder is proposed for the reduction of iron ore. Tar is degraded efficiently due to the synergy effects respectively through oxidation of iron oxides and the catalytic action of reduced iron, and simultaneously the reduction of iron oxide to metallic iron. Representative tar components including vanillin, naphthalene, and catechol were selected as tar model compounds. The various reaction conditions on the reduction degree of iron ores was investigated, which include the type of tar component, the pyrolysis temperature, and the ratio of reactants. According to the results, the optimal relationship between tar degradation and reduction of iron ore was identified. It can be found that under the catalytic effects of iron ore fines, the degradation efficiency of the three model compounds followed the following order: naphthalene > vanillin > catechol. Naphthalene owned the better reduction ability. The highest reduction degree of the product reached to 78.5% at 800 °C for 30 min.
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Yao, Guangzheng, Yongli Li, Qiang Guo, Tao Qi, and Zhancheng Guo. "Preparation of reduced iron powder for powder metallurgy from magnetite concentrate by direct reduction and wet magnetic separation." Powder Technology 392 (November 2021): 344–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2021.07.023.
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Chen, Zhiyuan, Jie Dang, Xiaojun Hu, and Hongyan Yan. "Reduction Kinetics of Hematite Powder in Hydrogen Atmosphere at Moderate Temperatures." Metals 8, no. 10 (September 23, 2018): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8100751.
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Hydrogen has received much attention in the development of direct reduction of iron ores because hydrogen metallurgy is one of the effective methods to reduce CO2 emission in the iron and steel industry. In this study, the kinetic mechanism of reduction of hematite particles was studied in a hydrogen atmosphere. The phases and morphological transformation of hematite during the reduction were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. It was found that porous magnetite was formed, and the particles were degraded during the reduction. Finally, sintering of the reduced iron and wüstite retarded the reductive progress. The average activation energy was extracted to be 86.1 kJ/mol and 79.1 kJ/mol according to Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Starink methods, respectively. The reaction fraction dependent values of activation energy were suggested to be the result of multi-stage reactions during the reduction process. Furthermore, the variation of activation energy value was smoothed after heat treatment of hematite particles.
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Peter, William H., Wei Chen, Yukinori Yamamoto, R. Dehoff, T. Muth, Stephen D. Nunn, Jim O. Kiggans, et al. "Current Status of Ti PM: Progress, Opportunities and Challenges." Key Engineering Materials 520 (August 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.520.1.
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Utilization of titanium components made by powder metallurgy methods has had limited acceptance largely due to the high cost of titanium (Ti) powder. There has been renewed interest in lower cost economical powders and several Ti reduction methods that produce a particulate product show promise. This talk summarizes work done at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to consolidate these economical powders into mill products. Press and sinter consolidation, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and direct roll consolidation to make sheet have been explored. The characteristics of the consolidated products will be described as a function of the consolidation parameters.
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Goffin, Nicholas, John R. Tyrer, Lewis C. R. Jones, and Rebecca L. Higginson. "Simulated and experimental analysis of laser beam energy profiles to improve efficiency in wire-fed laser deposition." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 114, no. 9-10 (April 20, 2021): 3021–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07029-y.
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AbstractLaser cladding is a well-established technique, with the majority of prior numerical modelling work focused on delivery and melt pool behaviour of powder-based processes. This research presents new investigations into optimised laser beam shaping for the unique characteristics of wire-based processes, where direct substrate heating, as well as heat transfer between the wire and substrate, is important. The value of this subject is the improved deposition rates and dense metallic structures that can be achieved by wire-based deposition processes compared to powder-based material delivery. The within-wire temperature distribution (AISI 316 stainless steel), the heat transfer and direct heating of the substrate (mild steel) are modelled via heat transfer simulations, with three laser beam irradiance distributions. This analysis identified the removal of localised high-temperature regions typically associated to standard Gaussian distributions, and the improved substrate heating that a uniform square beam profile can provide. Experiments using pre-placed wire and a 1.2 kW CO2 laser were analysed using cross-sectional optical microscopy to provide model validation and evidence of improved wire-substrate wetting, while maintaining favourable austenitic metallurgy in the clad material. A key finding of this work is a reduction, from 480 to 190 W/mm2, in the required irradiance for effective melt pool formation when changing from a Gaussian distribution to a uniform square distribution. This also provided a 50% reduction in total energy. The potential improvements to energy efficiency, cost reductions and sustainability improvements are recognised and discussed.
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Rogov, V. "Modern views on promising areas for the deployment of ferrous metallurgy enterprises in Siberia." Transbaikal State University Journal 26, no. 7 (2020): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2020-26-7-132-139.
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The leading metallurgical company in Siberia is the United West Siberian metallurgical combine. The evolutionary development of the metallurgical complex in Siberia means strengthening the raw material base and developing the production of direct iron reduction products for the needs of large enterprises and mini-metallurgical enterprises that are being created in Eastern Siberia in the future. The main resource object of the West Siberian combine in the near future may be the iron ore birthplace of the Kodaro-Udokan ore district. At the next stage, the development of resources of the Beloretsk-Insko-Kharlovsky ore district is promising. The third stage is to develop the resources of the Bakchar Deposit of oolite ores as a project of national significance. The priority is to involve complex iron ores containing rare metals and rare earth elements in the turnover. The use of titanomagnetite ores, although promising, is limited by the possibilities of implementing titanium dioxide. In the Irkutsk region, the creation of metallurgical enterprises may be associated with the joint development of the Beloziminsky group of tantalum-niobium and rare earth deposits and adjacent manifestations of magnetite. In the south of the Transbaikal Region appropriate resuscitation of the Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky metallurgical plant, based on the resources of Berezovsky and other fields, is rational, including resources of the Lake group of deposits of the Republic of Buryatia
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Dong, Cuige, Richu Wang, and Suqing Guo. "Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Cu-Coated SiC Particles Reinforced AZ61 Alloy Composites." Coatings 9, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120820.
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The pure Cu coating was plated on the surface of silicon carbide particles (SiCP) by two different methods, hydrazine hydrate direct reduction method and hydrazine with glucose pre-reduction method. The hydrazine with glucose pre-reduction method is more suitable for Cu plating on the surface of SiCP in terms of morphology and microstructure. AZ61 composites reinforced with different volume fractions (3~15%) uncoated and Cu-coated SiCP were prepared by powder metallurgy followed by hot extrusion. The effect of Cu coating on the morphology of SiCP/AZ61 composite was analyzed by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), electronic probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The properties of the composite were characterized by Brinell hardness tester and mechanical testing machine. The effects of Cu coating on the micro-hardness, tensile strength and elongation of SiCP/AZ61 composite were analyzed. The tensile strength of AZ61 composite reinforced with Cu-coated SiCP increased by 3.5~6.3% and the elongation increased by 7.4~35.0% compared with AZ61 composite reinforced with uncoated SiCP. Therefore, the Cu coating can ameliorate the microstructure and properties of the SiCP/AZ61 composite effectively, reduce the defect rate in the composite, and improve the hardness, relative density, tensile strength, elongation of the composite.
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Chuayboon, Srirat, and Stéphane Abanades. "Solar Metallurgy for Sustainable Zn and Mg Production in a Vacuum Reactor Using Concentrated Sunlight." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 6709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176709.
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Solar carbothermal reduction of volatile metal oxides represents a promising pyro-metallurgical pathway for the sustainable conversion of both metal oxides and sunlight into metal commodities and fuels in a single process. Nevertheless, there are several scientific challenges in discovering suitable metal oxides candidates for the ease of oxygen extraction from metal oxides to enhance the reaction extent and in designing reactors for the efficient absorption of incident solar radiation to minimize losses. In this study, ZnO and MgO were considered as volatile metal oxides candidates, and their reaction behaviors were studied and compared through gas species production rate, metal oxides conversion, and yield. A solar reactor prototype was developed to facilitate solar carbothermal reduction of ZnO and MgO with different reducing agents comprising activated charcoal and carbon black. The process was operated in a batch operation mode under vacuum and atmospheric pressures to demonstrate the flexibility and reliability of this system for co-production of metals (Zn/Mg) and CO. As a result, decreasing total pressure enhanced conversion of ZnO and MgO, leading to increased Zn and Mg. However, in the case of ZnO, CO yield decreased with decreasing total pressure at the expense of favored CO2 as a result of the decrease of residence time. In contrast, CO2 formation was negligible in the case of MgO, and CO yield thus increased with decreasing pressure. Using activated charcoal as the reducing agent exhibited better conversion of both ZnO and MgO than carbon black thanks to the higher available specific surface area for chemical reactions. MgO and ZnO conversion above 97% and 78%, respectively, and high-purity Mg and Zn content were accomplished, as evidenced by the recovered products at the reactor outlet and filter containing pure metal. In addition, Mg product exhibited strong oxidation reactivity with air, thus requiring inert atmosphere for the handling of Mg-rich powders to avoid direct exposure to air.
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Rybenko, I. A., B. A. Edil’baev, O. I. Nokhrina, I. D. Rozhikhina, E. V. Protopopov, I. E. Khodosov, V. M. Strakhov, and M. A. Golodova. "Thermodynamic study of reduction process of Bapy deposit iron ore concentrate by coal of Karazhyra deposit." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 3 (March 28, 2021): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-3-262-271.
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In modern ferrous metallurgy, direct reduction of iron from iron ore materials is becoming increasingly common. In order to assess the feasibility of using a particular technology, it is necessary to obtain information on the reduction processes of iron oxides. Taking into consideration that experimental research is usually expensive, a computational experiment is optimal, which allows to draw conclusions about the behavior of the studied objects on the basis of modeling high-temperature processes in complex thermodynamic systems with physicochemical transformations under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions. As a modeling tool, the Terra software complex created at the Moscow State Technical University named after N. E. Bauman was used. As a result of thermodynamic studies boundaries of redox processes are identified and optimal temperature and consumption of reducing agent were determined, which provide maximum degree of iron reduction. The results of simulation of iron reduction process from iron ore concentrate obtained during concentration of iron ore of Bapy deposit, by coal of Karazhyra deposit (Kazakhstan) are presented. Dependencies of composition and volume of gas phase, formed as a result of volatile coal components emission in the process of heating, degree of iron reduction at various coal consumption rates on the temperature was established. It was found that the complete reduction of iron occurs at a coal consumption of 25 kg/100 kg of concentrate and a temperature of 1013 K, and the further increase in the consumption of the reducing agent leads only to a change in the ratio of CO and SO2 in the gas phase towards a decrease in the oxidative potential and an increase in the temperature of completion of the reducing process.
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Parucker, Moisés Luiz, César Edil da Costa, and Viviane Lilian Soethe. "Development of Ni/h-BN Self-Lubricating Composite Powder by High-Energy Ball Milling." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.277.
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Solid lubricants have had good acceptance when used in problem areas where the conventional lubricants cannot be applied: under extreme temperatures, high charges and in chemically reactive environments. In case of materials manufactured by powder metallurgy, particles of solid lubricants powders can be easily incorporated to the matrix volume at the mixing stage. In operation, this kind of material provides a thin layer of lubricant that prevents direct contact between the surfaces. The present study aimed at incorporating particles of second phase lubricant (h-BN) into a matrix of nickel by high-energy ball milling in order to obtain a self-lubricating composite with homogeneous phase distribution of lubricant in the matrix. Mixtures with 10 vol.% of h-BN varying the milling time of 5, 10, 15 and 20 hours and their relationship ball/powder of 20:1 were performed. The effect of milling time on the morphology and microstructure of the powders was studied by X-ray diffraction, SEM and EDS. The composite powders showed reduction in average particle size with increasing milling time and the milling higher than 5 hours resulted in equiaxial particles and the formation of nickel boride.
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Vurobi Jr., Selauco, Marcio Ferreira Hupalo, Ricardo Sanson Namur, Thiago Augustin Lucas Fernandes, and Osvaldo Mitsuyuki Cintho. "Influence of Grinding Media Size and Sintering Time in the Processing of AISI D2 Tool Steel by High-Energy Milling." Materials Science Forum 899 (July 2017): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.899.511.
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Tool steels are fundamental in the current production processes, as they are used in dies and molds, essential for the transformation of raw materials into the final product. The tool steels for cold work have a low hot hardness, so their use is limited to temperatures below 200° C. The D-X series of tool steels, high carbon and high chromium, have a high wear resistance and is much used in the manufacture of dies and molds. Despite the high hardness, these steels have a microstructure with coarse carbides, which affects the hardness of the material. An alternative to the processing tool steels is the high-energy milling and subsequent powder metallurgy, in order to refine the microstructure of the material. This work aimed to study the influence of the size of the grinding media in the refining of the microstructure of AISI D2 by high-energy milling and the microstructural changes with the increase in sintering temperature. The results indicated that grinding media of smaller diameters had higher efficiency in high-energy milling due to smaller mean particle size obtained by grinding and subsequent final reduction in the average size of carbides. The sintering time had a direct influence on the microstructure of the material, higher sintering times led to formation of lower bainite, after cooling from sintering temperature.
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Lierfeld, Thomas, Matthias Kolbe, Dieter M. Herlach, and Gunther F. Eggeler. "Embedding of Ceramic Particles in Metals Using Different Techniques for Undercooling of Metallic Melts." Materials Science Forum 508 (March 2006): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.508.307.
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Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) have great technical potential as they combine the ductility of metals with the hardness of ceramics: the reinforced material has improved mechanical properties. MMCs are interesting for the use in automotive or aerospace applications, e.g. in rolling bearings or turbine components. Recent manufacture is done by expensive methods like powder metallurgy to disperse the ceramic particles homogeneously in the metal matrix. In this contribution, we report on an approach to understand the basic mechanisms governing direct casting of MMCs. The basic problem is the particle-solid/liquid-interface interaction during dendritic solidification of metallic melts containing ceramic particles. The experimental idea is to deeply undercool the melt below its melting point. This results in a fast propagating solidification front when the solidification occurs. Due to the rapid solidification, the microstructure is frozen instantaneously and can be investigated post-mortem. It is expected that particles are incorporated in the material in the case of rapid solidification. Experimental techniques are electromagnetic levitation under terrestrial conditions and low gravity conditions during parabolic flight. With the electromagnetic levitation technique, samples were undercooled up to 150 K under its melting points despite the presence of particles. The experiments under low gravity show the importance of the reduction of melt convection on particle distribution within the rapidly solidified sample.
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Nikolsky, Alexey, Leonid Bezrukov, and Alexander Shupletsov. "«New Angarstroy» as a Project of Non-Raw Materials Integration of Economies of Russia and China." Известия Байкальского государственного университета 28, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 470–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2018.28(3).470-480.
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The article is dedicated to the project «New Angarstroy» (Baikal-Amur Superindustrial Complex) which is being developed, first of all, to meet the needs of the development of the Russian economy, as well as in the context of non-raw material cooperation of Russia, China, Mongolia and other countries. The authors explain the expediency of the transition from a raw-material model of economic integration of Russia and China to a non-raw material one. They outline the «New Angarstroy» project, a key part of which is the organization of the largest metallurgical production of national scale, including a high-quality full-cycle ferrous metallurgy (with iron direct reduction and electrometallurgy) and titanium-magnesium industry. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the transport component of the project as the railway transport plays an important role of in the functioning of the technological flow-stage scheme of the superindustrial complex, the enormous scale of the planned production and, accordingly, the transported cargoes, certain limited capacity of the main Siberian railways. It is planned to organize the transportation of products in the internal production cycle of the Baikal-Amur Superindustrial Complex according to the pendulum principle; the authors identified the need to implement large-scale programs for the radical modernization of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal-Amur Mainline and the entire Siberian railway system. They describe the benefits of constructing the railway connection of the Transsib and BAM by the Mogzon - Novy Uoyan line with the goal of ensuring effective transition of products of «New Angarstroy» across the external international pendulum - Central Russia - Northeast China.
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Holappa, Lauri. "A General Vision for Reduction of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions from the Steel Industry." Metals 10, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10091117.
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The 2018 IPCC (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s) report defined the goal to limit global warming to 1.5 °C by 2050. This will require “rapid and far-reaching transitions in land, energy, industry, buildings, transport, and cities”. The challenge falls on all sectors, especially energy production and industry. In this regard, the recent progress and future challenges of greenhouse gas emissions and energy supply are first briefly introduced. Then, the current situation of the steel industry is presented. Steel production is predicted to grow by 25–30% by 2050. The dominant iron-making route, blast furnace (BF), especially, is an energy-intensive process based on fossil fuel consumption; the steel sector is thus responsible for about 7% of all anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In order to take up the 2050 challenge, emissions should see significant cuts. Correspondingly, specific emissions (t CO2/t steel) should be radically decreased. Several large research programs in big steelmaking countries and the EU have been carried out over the last 10–15 years or are ongoing. All plausible measures to decrease CO2 emissions were explored here based on the published literature. The essential results are discussed and concluded. The specific emissions of “world steel” are currently at 1.8 t CO2/t steel. Improved energy efficiency by modernizing plants and adopting best available technologies in all process stages could decrease the emissions by 15–20%. Further reductions towards 1.0 t CO2/t steel level are achievable via novel technologies like top gas recycling in BF, oxygen BF, and maximal replacement of coke by biomass. These processes are, however, waiting for substantive industrialization. Generally, substituting hydrogen for carbon in reductants and fuels like natural gas and coke gas can decrease CO2 emissions remarkably. The same holds for direct reduction processes (DR), which have spread recently, exceeding 100 Mt annual capacity. More radical cut is possible via CO2 capture and storage (CCS). The technology is well-known in the oil industry; and potential applications in other sectors, including the steel industry, are being explored. While this might be a real solution in propitious circumstances, it is hardly universally applicable in the long run. More auspicious is the concept that aims at utilizing captured carbon in the production of chemicals, food, or fuels e.g., methanol (CCU, CCUS). The basic idea is smart, but in the early phase of its application, the high energy-consumption and costs are disincentives. The potential of hydrogen as a fuel and reductant is well-known, but it has a supporting role in iron metallurgy. In the current fight against climate warming, H2 has come into the “limelight” as a reductant, fuel, and energy storage. The hydrogen economy concept contains both production, storage, distribution, and uses. In ironmaking, several research programs have been launched for hydrogen production and reduction of iron oxides. Another global trend is the transfer from fossil fuel to electricity. “Green” electricity generation and hydrogen will be firmly linked together. The electrification of steel production is emphasized upon in this paper as the recycled scrap is estimated to grow from the 30% level to 50% by 2050. Finally, in this review, all means to reduce specific CO2 emissions have been summarized. By thorough modernization of production facilities and energy systems and by adopting new pioneering methods, “world steel” could reach the level of 0.4–0.5 t CO2/t steel and thus reduce two-thirds of current annual emissions.
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Zhyhuts, Yurii, Vasyl Lazar, and Bohdan Khomiak. "FEATURES OF DETERMINING ECONOMIC EFFECT FROM USE OF PROGRESSIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN FOUNDRY PRODUCTION." Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics” 1(13) (2020): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31339/2313-8114-2020-1(13)-80-85.
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The economic effect of the introduction of progressive technologies into production is one of the most important indicators for assessing innovation activities of enterprises. Each type of production has its own characteristics, which are manifested not only in the organization of the technological process, but also the calculations associated with determining the economic indicators of feasibility of new technologies implementation. It is obvious that foundry production, and especially special casting technologies, such as, for example, the use of thermite foundry applications of high temperature gradient to save the alloy poured into the mold leave an imprint on the algorithm for determining the economic effect. First of all, this is due not only to the establishment of direct costs in making changes to the standard process, namely the cost of metal-thermal mixture, changing the mold, ferroalloys, the use of light-separating casting plates, but also the possibility of reusing foundry, foundry, sump, riser, etc. elements for remelting. The purpose of the proposed work was to establish the features of the calculation of the economic effect of the introduction advanced technologies in production, such as technologies associated with the reduction of foundry applications. Statistical methods have been used to conduct research and process the results, namely the method of quantitative analysis, methods of comparison and grouping, which revealed that the research problem is typical for industrial production. In addition, the comparison of economic indicators with the actual quantitative characteristics of industrial technology by the method of comprehensive assessment, made it possible to analyze the results and draw conclusions to the work. The main results of the work have been determined by the proposed method of establishing the economic effect, which, in contrast to the existing one, takes into account renewable resources and the possibility of obtaining an environmental effect. This makes it possible to reasonably and rationally use renewable resources derived from industrial waste, to promote environmental protection. The results of the work that also determine its practical significance are research and identification of ways to improve the efficiency of natural resources in the country. Areas of further research are primarily related to the identification and evaluation of technical and economic indicators of related technologies for foundry production, namely the production of ferroalloys, molding, non-ferrous metallurgy, etc. In the long run, this will make it possible to establish the conditions for the most effective use of innovative technologies and obtain the maximum economic effect from their implementation. Keywords: economic effect, progressive technology, environmental effect, restoration resources, direct costs, organization of production, technical and economic indicators.
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Makarenko, P. "THE ECONOMIC CRISIS AS A PREREQUISITE FOR REGIONAL SHIFTS IN THE ECONOMY OF JAPAN." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 66-67 (2017): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2017.66.21.
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In article analyzed the signs and consequences of the economic crisis in Japan, revealed a system of anti-crisis government measures to stimulate economic growth, the stock market and real estate market, public policy and social programs. Successful anti-crisis measures and the negative effects of regulatory policy in the fall of domestic and foreign markets were considered. We were analyzed three major economic crises: the post-war crisis, the crisis of the 90s, the 2008 financial crisis. The economic crisis of the early 90s had a very specific background; analysis and reflection of them are allowed to reduce the crisis of 2008. The first crisis was caused mainly by internal economic factors, and the second – the global financial crisis. Pre-crisis economic had certain market conditions. During export economy Japan generated industrial growth, increase a foreign production, results of direct investment. Japanese companies had pursued a policy of active promotion in Asian markets. Over the years 2002-2007 decline the consumer demand, and in 2008 there were the first signs of recession. Textile and chemical industry, general engineering, ferrous metallurgy, information and communication electronic equipment had reduced production and profits. After analyzing the current situation in the world markets, the Japanese government approved the “Complex strategic measures to overcome the crisis.” The government executed the following major steps: 1. Increase local and regional regulation; 2. Reduction of taxes; 3. Exchange and stock markets regulation; 4. Reduce military spending; 5. The increase in exports, business building in regional market centers; 6. Promote small and medium enterprises (SMEs); 7. Formation of innovative markets; 8. Development of logistics infrastructure; 9. Reduce energy dependence, changing sources of energy; 10. The reform of social policy; 11. The reform of regional policy and investment; 12. The development of tourism projects. The experience of Japan can be adapted a series of reforms: decentralization, solving demographic problems, increasing regional and international business, scientific and technological development, investment in infrastructure and trade logistics, tourism development. Successfully reforms and strategic location was allowed Japan to survive the economic crisis and achieve economic growth.
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Shaposhnykov, Kostiantyn, and Kateryna Okayanyuk. "ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF THE INVESTMENT CLIMATE IN THE PROCESS OF ENSURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE." Green, Blue and Digital Economy Journal 1, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5169/2020-2-15.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the article is a systemic economic analysis of the investment climate in the process of ensuring sustainable development of Ukraine. European integration strategy of Ukraine necessitates the formation of an investment climate in order to adapt to European requirements, create a development strategy to integrate with developed countries, harmonize economic trade and environmental processes. Methodology. In the course of this analysis, the investment climate was considered as a complex open system with the application in the study of the methodology of systemic analysis, which allowed to emphasize certain aspects of the specific nature of its operation. Results. It is established that in modern conditions of acceleration of transformation processes the mechanisms of expansion of investment opportunities and overcoming of investment restrictions at all levels of hierarchy of taxonomic systems are characterized by any importance and intensity. At the global level, this affects the international movement of capital and the formation of world investment wealth through the internationalization of the economies of different countries. At the national level, this applies to regulatory and legal support, formation of institutional support for investment processes, diversification of ownership, sources and types of investment resources. At the local and territorial levels, it is especially important to ensure investment in human capital and the social sphere. The factors of negative influence on the development of Ukrainian industry are determined: reduction of world prices for ferrous metals; national gaps in the development of railway transport causing problems with logistics; the need to repair production facilities in the fields of metallurgy, electricity, gas and steam, carbonite and refining; low level of yield in agriculture (for the food industry); sanctions of the Russian Federation; inflation; reduction in use of electricity and gas due to global warming; market advantage of imports of competitive products. The priority tasks for the development of Ukrainian industry are also outlined: renewal of industrial production facilities; development of infrastructure and logistics; balancing of external and internal market conditions; providing the food industry by increasing the volume of agricultural production; ensuring the purchasing power of domestic consumers and expanding demand. It is established that the level of capital investments in the first half of 2020 lags significantly behind the previous year. In addition, with the development of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the situation with the inflow of foreign direct investment in Ukraine has also deteriorated significantly. According to preliminary results, the balance of FDI amounted to -112.6%. This was not the case even in the unfavorable economic development of 2014, which was characterized as a crisis period associated with the military conflict in the east and the annexation of Crimea. Practical implications. The analysis of the peculiarities of the investment climate and its goals allows to determine the role of investment in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, to identify key priorities in solving environmental problems, to form the potential for sustainable development. For Ukraine, these are components of the formation of the investment climate in a pandemic. Value/originality. The use of systems analysis allows to identify the main problems of formation of the investment climate in modern conditions.
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Koutsoupa, Sevasti, Stavroula Koutalidi, Evangelos Bourbos, Efthymios Balomenos, and Dimitrios Panias. "Electrolytic iron production from alkaline bauxite residue slurries at low temperatures." Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/205651320x15918757312944.
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The primary iron metallurgy is characterized by significant direct CO2 emissions, due to the carbothermic reduction of the iron ore. This paper deals with the electrification of primary iron production by developing a new and innovative process for the carbon-free production of metallic iron from Bauxite Residue (BR) which is a by-product of the alumina industry. It is based on the electroreduction of iron oxides from BR suspensions in concentrated sodium hydroxide solutions, at low temperature and normal pressure. The iron oxide source, used in the present study is bauxite residue provided by Mytilineos S.A., Metallurgy Business Unit-Aluminium of Greece. The research study is a preliminary screening of BR as a potential raw material for iron production by performing experiments in a small-scale electrolysis cell. The first results presented here, show that iron can be produced by the reduction of iron oxides in the bauxite residue with high Faradaic efficiency (>70%). Although significant optimization is needed, the novel process shows great promise.
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Konevsky, M. R., P. V. Kovalev, S. V. Ryaboshuk, and A. A. Kur. "On the issue of complex processing of phosphorous iron ores." Chernye Metally, March 31, 2021, 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17580/chm.2021.03.01.
Full textAbstract:
The reasons for the complete or partial rejection of the phosphorous iron ores (PIO) usage in ferrous metallurgy contrary to a shortage of iron ore raw materials are considered. Dephosphorization of metal from high-phosphorous cast irons leads to the complication of technology and deterioration of the production economics because of high intensity of the converter smelting and increasing requirements for the purity of steel. Limitation of PIO share in the blast furnace charge and decrease of phosphorus contents in cast irons led to a deterioration of the steel phosphate slag (PS) quality as fertilizers, which results in its disposal to the dump. Information on the opposite foreign practice of obtaining satisfactory phosphate slags is given, which is an increase in cast iron phosphorus contents by addition of ferrophosphorus. The reasons for abandoning this practice are analyzed. The authors studies aimed at increasing of phosphorus concentration in phosphate slags to bring PS conditions up to the requirements for specially produced by the chemical industry fused fertilizing phosphates and/or an intermediate product for the production of yellow phosphorus are described. On the basis of research and a technical and economic assessment, the feasibility of returning to the use of ferrophosphorus after making appropriate adjustments was substantiated. According to the proposed technology, phosphorous ferroalloy is used as a direct reagent in relation to substandard phosphate slags using their physical heat and exothermic reaction. The process is feasible outside the main metallurgical units and does not require the complication of steelmaking technology. It is possible to use ferrophosphorus as a by-product of the phosphorus industry due to its excess in the world market. It could also be obtained by reduction smelting of dump PS or current discharge slag. Phosphorous iron ores deep processing and the associated production of expensive chemical products will rise economic viability of “phosphorus-infected” iron ores usage.