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1

Taylor, Gerald G. "Perception and common sense : a study of twentieth-century direct realism." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26989.

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This thesis is a critical examination of the direct realist theory of perception. A common-sense analysis of perception is defended against arguments which are widely believed to rule out the direct realist's notion of a direct contact with external physical reality. I argue that a common-sense version of direct realism can adequately account for hallucinations, perceptual relativity, perceptual illusions, severe time-lags and the causal processes involved in perception. The views of prominent, twentieth-century direct realists are critically examined with the intention of identifying constraints on any plausible direct realist theory of perception. I maintain that there are representationalist tensions in the work of leading, twentieth-century direct realists, and that a principal source of these representationalist tensions is their adherence to the common element thesis, the notion that hallucinations and genuine perceptions are the very same experience. Appealing to recent cognitive science experiments on the imagination, I defend a disjunctivist analysis of experience, one which holds that hallucinations and genuine perceptions involve fundamentally different experience-types, rather than sharing a common, world-independent experience. The analysis which emerges is non-epistemic in its denial that perceptual experiences are essentially cognitive. A non-intentional and non-propositional species of perceptual representational content is proposed, one which recognises qualia of perceptual experience. Recent attempts by direct realists to apply Russellian acquaintance to the direct perception of external physical reality are rejected as inconsistent with the central ideas in Russellian acquaintance. Traditional Humean difficulties about the elusiveness of the self in introspection, and the question how we could know we perceive if we are never actually acquainted with the self, are addressed by appeal to Russell's largely overlooked notion of learning to be acquainted with objects.
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2

Griffiths, Paul H. "An argument against the conjunction of direct realism and the standard causal picture." Thesis, University of Essex, 2016. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/17859/.

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Recent work in defence of direct realism has concentrated on the representationalist and disjunctivist responses to the arguments from illusion and hallucination, whilst relatively little attention has been given to the argument from causation which has been dismissed lightly as irrelevant or confused. However such charges arise from an ambiguity in the thesis which is being defended and the failure to distinguish between metaphysical and epistemological issues and between factual and conceptual claims. The argument from causation, as an argument against the conjunction of metaphysical direct realism and an explanation of the perceptual process in terms of a naturalistically understood causal chain of events, has not been answered in the philosophical literature. Moreover when the process of perception is fleshed out in terms of contemporary cognitive science, the difficulties are compounded. Neither representation-friendly mainstream cognitive science, nor representation-averse radical embodied cognitive science, is compatible with a theory of perception which is at the same time both direct and robustly realist.
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Scarpa, Paulo Cesar Almeida. "Cinema e realismo: Frederick Wiseman." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-06122012-114423/.

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O presente trabalho investiga, a partir da sociologia do cinema, uma seleção de filmes documentais do cineasta americano Frederick Wiseman (1930-). Trata-se de um documentarista com grande importância para o que ficou conhecido como cinema direto ou cinema vérité, uma corrente cinematográfica que, através de determinados artifícios formais ausência de narração, entrevistas ou intertítulos , causa uma forte impressão de realismo. Com isso, pretendi não apenas melhor compreender a produção deste cineasta como também refletir sobre algumas das construções narrativas presentes em seus filmes e, a partir disso, sobre algumas das relações entre cinema e realismo. Buscando trazer para a discussão este diretor pouco comentado na literatura brasileira, analisei aqui oito de seus filmes, distribuídos em três blocos temáticos: hospitais, exército e lazer. A análise se deu através de uma sociologia do cinema que compreende que a análise deve partir do próprio filme, compreendendo-o enquanto obra e enquanto a principal fonte de informação. No caso deste trabalho, a maneira pela qual Wiseman construiu imagens e narrativas ao longo de sua filmografia é interpretada enquanto uma resposta a uma das questões que permeia o cinema documental, qual seja, de como retratar e detalhar o real. Tendo isso em mente, podemos dizer que a câmera observadora não apenas observa. Ela narra, ela fala e ela argumenta.
In this thesis I investigate, by means of a sociology of cinema, a selection of films by the American filmmaker Frederick Wiseman (1930-). Being a documentary filmmaker of great importance for what became known as direct cinema or cinema vérité, a cinematographic trend that, by means of certain formal devices the absence of voice-overs, interviews of inter-titles leads to a strong impression of realism. Thereby, I intended to not only better comprehend Wisemans production as well as some considerations on the narrative constructions in his films, but also to consider some of the relations between cinema and realism. While I aim to bring forth a debate regarding this rarely discussed director within the Brazilian literature, I here analyze eight of his films, divided in three different themed topics: hospitals, military and leisure. The analysis was done by means of a sociology of cinema, which understands that the investigation must begin with the film itself, understanding it as a piece of work and as the main source of information. In this thesis, the manner by which Wiseman crafted images and narrative over the course of his filmography is seen as an answer to one of the questions that permeates documentary cinema, namely, on how to depict and detail reality. With this in mind, we can say that the observational camera does not merely observe. It narrates, it speaks and it argues.
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4

Medlow, Sharon. "Mechanisms of mental causation an examination of the theories of Anomalous Monism and Direct Realism with regard to their proposals concerning the causal role of human mentality in the natural world /." Connect to full text, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/678.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2004.
Title from title screen (viewed 14 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Psychology, Faculty of Science. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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5

Medlow, Sharon Denise. "Mechanisms of mental causation: An examination of the theories of Anomalous Monism and Direct Realism with regard to their proposals concerning the causal role of human mentality in the natural world." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/678.

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One of the most interesting developments in recent psychological theorising has been a growing appreciation of the need for a viable theory of mental causation. Hitherto, the prospects for reconciling what seems to be the uniquely rational character of human thought and action with the non-rational mechanistic workings of the natural world have appeared to be limited or even illusory, and the pursuit of reconciliation of this sort has therefore formerly been dismissed as being either impossible of completion or inappropriate for contemplation. Much of the scepticism concerning the role of causal processes in human thought and action was dispelled, however, by the philosopher Donald Davidson, who argues that not only is human action capable of being caused by the actor's thoughts and desires, but that only when such action is so caused, can it be rational. Davidson's proposal for the reconciliation of human rationality with causal necessitation is articulated in his theory of Anomalous Monism. According to this theory, there exists what may be termed an ontological-conceptual distinction between events themselves and the characters or properties that are attributed to events by human observers, and it is through recognition of this distinction that one discovers how mental events, that is, events that are amenable to description in the psychological vocabulary, are causally efficacious yet free from the constraints typically associated with the necessity and sufficiency of causal laws. Anomalous Monism, if it were workable, would therefore resolve the paradox according to which human mentality is at once integrated in, and yet unconstrained by, the mechanistic natural world, by demonstrating the compatibility of the facts of causation with the intuitions of folk psychology. However, close examination of Anomalous Monism reveals it to rely on logically flawed anti-realist principles concerning the characters of events, properties and causation. It follows from this that the theory itself must be rejected, but the task that it was devised to undertake, the formulation of a viable theory of mental causation, need not be similarly discarded. Rather, what remains is the challenge of delineating an alternative theory, one that withstands logical scrutiny whilst addressing what is characteristic of human mental processes, and thereby what is characteristic of mental causation. The theory of Direct Realism that is derived from the broader philosophical realism of John Anderson provides the materials for meeting this challenge. According to Direct Realism, mental phenomena are relational situations obtaining between certain organisms (including humans) and their environments. As such, mental phenomena are included in the range of phenomena occurring in the natural world and they are therefore subject to all of its ways of working, including its deterministic mechanisms. The particular challenge that a Direct Realist theory of mental causation faces, that of demonstrating that relational situations can be causal, is revealed upon examination of the character of causation to be unproblematic. Furthermore, the seeming incompatibility between human rationality and natural necessitation is resolved when it is acknowledged that, rather than be an inherent feature of thought and action, logical structure is a characteristic of the natural environment that organisms are at times sensitive to, as revealed by its effects on the characters of their thoughts and actions. Far from being remote or illusory, the prospects for reconciling human mentality with the causal mechanisms of the natural world are discovered in the present thesis to be favourable when a realist approach to the characters of both mental events and causation is adopted.
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6

Medlow, Sharon Denise. "Mechanisms of mental causation: An examination of the theories of Anomalous Monism and Direct Realism with regard to their proposals concerning the causal role of human mentality in the natural world." University of Sydney. Psychology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/678.

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One of the most interesting developments in recent psychological theorising has been a growing appreciation of the need for a viable theory of mental causation. Hitherto, the prospects for reconciling what seems to be the uniquely rational character of human thought and action with the non-rational mechanistic workings of the natural world have appeared to be limited or even illusory, and the pursuit of reconciliation of this sort has therefore formerly been dismissed as being either impossible of completion or inappropriate for contemplation. Much of the scepticism concerning the role of causal processes in human thought and action was dispelled, however, by the philosopher Donald Davidson, who argues that not only is human action capable of being caused by the actor�s thoughts and desires, but that only when such action is so caused, can it be rational. Davidson�s proposal for the reconciliation of human rationality with causal necessitation is articulated in his theory of Anomalous Monism. According to this theory, there exists what may be termed an ontological-conceptual distinction between events themselves and the characters or properties that are attributed to events by human observers, and it is through recognition of this distinction that one discovers how mental events, that is, events that are amenable to description in the psychological vocabulary, are causally efficacious yet free from the constraints typically associated with the necessity and sufficiency of causal laws. Anomalous Monism, if it were workable, would therefore resolve the paradox according to which human mentality is at once integrated in, and yet unconstrained by, the mechanistic natural world, by demonstrating the compatibility of the facts of causation with the intuitions of folk psychology. However, close examination of Anomalous Monism reveals it to rely on logically flawed anti-realist principles concerning the characters of events, properties and causation. It follows from this that the theory itself must be rejected, but the task that it was devised to undertake, the formulation of a viable theory of mental causation, need not be similarly discarded. Rather, what remains is the challenge of delineating an alternative theory, one that withstands logical scrutiny whilst addressing what is characteristic of human mental processes, and thereby what is characteristic of mental causation. The theory of Direct Realism that is derived from the broader philosophical realism of John Anderson provides the materials for meeting this challenge. According to Direct Realism, mental phenomena are relational situations obtaining between certain organisms (including humans) and their environments. As such, mental phenomena are included in the range of phenomena occurring in the natural world and they are therefore subject to all of its ways of working, including its deterministic mechanisms. The particular challenge that a Direct Realist theory of mental causation faces, that of demonstrating that relational situations can be causal, is revealed upon examination of the character of causation to be unproblematic. Furthermore, the seeming incompatibility between human rationality and natural necessitation is resolved when it is acknowledged that, rather than be an inherent feature of thought and action, logical structure is a characteristic of the natural environment that organisms are at times sensitive to, as revealed by its effects on the characters of their thoughts and actions. Far from being remote or illusory, the prospects for reconciling human mentality with the causal mechanisms of the natural world are discovered in the present thesis to be favourable when a realist approach to the characters of both mental events and causation is adopted.
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7

FREITAS, Lorena de Melo. "O realismo jurídico como pragmatismo: a retórica da tese realista de que direito é o que os juízes dizem que é direito." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2009. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/3681.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:16:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo1059_1.pdf: 687833 bytes, checksum: 060ac51975602040a44d0b3fda37fc38 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Universidade Federal da Paraíba
A tese tem como tema o realismo jurídico norte-americano. Defende-se que esta corrente se insere no pensamento jurídico como representante do pragmatismo filosófico ao considerar que direito é o que os juízes dizem que é direito. Esta tese do realismo é o objeto de estudo no presente trabalho a ser estudado com o recurso metodológico da retórica. Por meio da retórica material ou existencial se identificará o ambiente do Clube metafísico de Boston com vistas a se investigar as bases do realismo jurídico norte-americano no pragmatismo filosófico. Na segunda parte o trabalho analisa retoricamente o realismo norte-americano elegendo Benjamin Nathan Cardozo e sua principal obra The nature of the judicial process como referencial teórico. A questão central é identificar como os argumentos do realismo jurídico norte-americano presentes em Cardozo expressam o pragmatismo. Para testar o modelo realista e fundamentar a tese foram analisados dois institutos do ordenamento pátrio, coisa julgada e embargos de declaração. A partir destes é que se apresenta a conclusão, isto é a retórica analítica, como terceiro nível retórico, refletindo a tese da autora acerca da tese do realismo
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8

Neto, Paulo Macedo Garcia. "A influência do realismo jurídico norte-americano no direito constitucional brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2139/tde-27022012-165826/.

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O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é analisar a assimilação antropofágica (Utilizarei, nesta dissertação a metáfora da expressão Antropofagia realizada pelo Movimento Modernista brasileiro. Assim como os índios canibais devoravam seus inimigos, acreditando que assim assimilavam as suas qualidades, os artistas Modernistas propunham uma devoração simbólica da cultura estrangeira, aproveitando suas inovações artísticas sem perder a identidade cultural brasileira.) do debate jurídico norte-americano produzido em torno da questão social durante a Era Roosevelt por parte do pensamento jurídico brasileiro da Era Vargas. Desse modo, estudar-se-á a forma como os autores norte-americanos da Sociological Jurisprudence e do Realismo Jurídico foram utilizados pela doutrina jurídica brasileira do período entre guerras na formação de um pensamento jurídico antiliberal e anticonceitualista. No centro da crise do capitalismo mundial, as universidades (Roscoe Pound, 1870-1964, e Karl Nickerson Llewellyn, 1893-1962), a Suprema Corte (Benjamin Nathan Cardozo, 1870-1938, e Louis Dembitz Brandeis, 1856-1941) e o corpo burocrático do governo (1933-1945) Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) (James MacCauley Landis, 1899-1964) produziam alternativas ao mecanicismo judicial e ao modelo liberal. Na periferia do capitalismo mundial, o corpo burocrático de Vargas (Oliveira Vianna, Francisco Campos e Francisco Sá Filho) e as revistas e debates jurídicos (João Mangabeira e Alípio Silveira) questionavam o liberalismo da República Velha (1889-1930) e buscavam, no mercado global de idéias, modelos institucionais que pudessem ser antropofagizados, substituindo as idéias fora do lugar implantadas pelo bacharelismo utópico da República Velha. Era o momento de explicar o Brasil, encontrar o desenho institucional mais adequado à realidade nacional, construir uma opinião pública e descobrir as soluções para converter o atraso em modernização. Assim, nos principais palcos do debate jurídico dos dois países e, em especial, na Suprema Corte norte-americana e na doutrina jurídica brasileira, percebia-se essa tentativa de revisão do método jurídico, como uma forma de se adequar o direito a um novo quadro de relações do capitalismo industrial. Desse modo, não só se via a necessidade de implantação de um aparato jurídico apto a tratar a questão social (como a regulação das relações do trabalho), como também se observava a necessidade de se reconstruir a forma como se aplicava o direito. O modelo formalista e conceitualista que havia se consolidado sob uma perspectiva privatista e liberal durante o século XIX, mostrava-se ineficiente para atender as novas demandas da sociedade. Esse aspecto de integração entre a questão social e o antiformalismo é essencial para compreender o paralelo entre o pensamento jurídico norte-americano e brasileiro durante o período entre guerras, uma vez que é por meio desse eixo comum que se estabeleceram os principais canais de leitura antropofágica do pensamento jurídico norte-americano pelo pensamento jurídico brasileiro.
The objective of this Master\'s Degree dissertation is to analyze the \"anthropophagical\" (I will use, in this dissertation, the metaphor of the word Anthropophagy made by the Brazilian Modernist Movement. Like the cannibal Indians used to devour their enemies, with the belief that, as such, they would assimilate their qualities, the Modernist artists used to propose a symbolic devouring of the foreign culture, taking advantage of their artistic innovations without losing the Brazilian cultural identity) assimilation of the North-American legal debate, arising from the social issue during the Age of Roosevelt, by the Brazilian legal thought of the Age of Vargas. Therefore, one will study the way how the North-American authors of the Sociological Jurisprudence and of the Legal Realism have been used by the Brazilian legal doctrine of the interwar period, in the formation of an anti-liberal and anti-conceptualist legal thought. In the core crisis of the worldwide capitalism, Universities (Roscoe Pound, 1870-1964, and Karl Nickerson Llewellyn, 1893-1962), Supreme Court (Benjamin Nathan Cardozo, 1870-1938, and Louis Dembitz Brandeis, 1856-1941) and bureaucratic body of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) government (1933-1945) (James MacCauley Landis, 1899-1964) produced alternatives to the legal mechanicism and to the liberal model. At the periphery of the world capitalism, the bureaucratic body of Vargas (Oliveira Vianna, Francisco Campos and Francisco Sá Filho) and the legal magazines and debates (João Mangabeira e Alípio Silveira) questioned the liberalism of the Old Republic (1889-1930) and searched, in the global market of ideas, for institutional models that could be anthropophagized, replacing the out-of-place ideas implemented by the utopic bachelorism of the Old Republic. That was the time of explaining Brazil, finding the institutional drawing that is the most proper to the national reality, building a public opinion and discovering the solutions to convert the delay into modernization. Thus, in the main background legal debate of the two countries legal debate, and especially in the United States Supreme Court and in the Brazilian legal doctrine could be perceive such attempt of review of the legal method, as a way of fitting the law to a new picture of relations of the industrial capitalism. Therefore, it would be seen not only the need of implementation of a legal apparatus proper to treat the social issue (such as the regulation of the work relations), as well as one would observe the need of rebuilding the way how the law was applied. The formalist and conceptualist model that would be consolidated under a privativistic and liberal perspective during the 19th Century showed to be ineffective to deal with the new demands of the society. This aspect of integration between the social issue and the anti-formalism is essential to understand the parallel between the North-American and Brazilian legal thought during the interwar period, since the main channels of anthropophagic reading of the North-American legal thought by the Brazilian one have been established by means of this common axis.
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9

Nguyen, Long. "DIRECT MANIPULATION OF VIRTUAL OBJECTS." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2898.

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Interacting with a Virtual Environment (VE) generally requires the user to correctly perceive the relative position and orientation of virtual objects. For applications requiring interaction in personal space, the user may also need to accurately judge the position of the virtual object relative to that of a real object, for example, a virtual button and the user's real hand. This is difficult since VEs generally only provide a subset of the cues experienced in the real world. Complicating matters further, VEs presented by currently available visual displays may be inaccurate or distorted due to technological limitations. Fundamental physiological and psychological aspects of vision as they pertain to the task of object manipulation were thoroughly reviewed. Other sensory modalities--proprioception, haptics, and audition--and their cross-interactions with each other and with vision are briefly discussed. Visual display technologies, the primary component of any VE, were canvassed and compared. Current applications and research were gathered and categorized by different VE types and object interaction techniques. While object interaction research abounds in the literature, pockets of research gaps remain. Direct, dexterous, manual interaction with virtual objects in Mixed Reality (MR), where the real, seen hand accurately and effectively interacts with virtual objects, has not yet been fully quantified. An experimental test bed was designed to provide the highest accuracy attainable for salient visual cues in personal space. Optical alignment and user calibration were carefully performed. The test bed accommodated the full continuum of VE types and sensory modalities for comprehensive comparison studies. Experimental designs included two sets, each measuring depth perception and object interaction. The first set addressed the extreme end points of the Reality-Virtuality (R-V) continuum--Immersive Virtual Environment (IVE) and Reality Environment (RE). This validated, linked, and extended several previous research findings, using one common test bed and participant pool. The results provided a proven method and solid reference points for further research. The second set of experiments leveraged the first to explore the full R-V spectrum and included additional, relevant sensory modalities. It consisted of two full-factorial experiments providing for rich data and key insights into the effect of each type of environment and each modality on accuracy and timeliness of virtual object interaction. The empirical results clearly showed that mean depth perception error in personal space was less than four millimeters whether the stimuli presented were real, virtual, or mixed. Likewise, mean error for the simple task of pushing a button was less than four millimeters whether the button was real or virtual. Mean task completion time was less than one second. Key to the high accuracy and quick task performance time observed was the correct presentation of the visual cues, including occlusion, stereoscopy, accommodation, and convergence. With performance results already near optimal level with accurate visual cues presented, adding proprioception, audio, and haptic cues did not significantly improve performance. Recommendations for future research include enhancement of the visual display and further experiments with more complex tasks and additional control variables.
Ph.D.
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
Industrial Engineering PhD
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10

Waldman, Ricardo Libel. "Fundamentos epistemológicos para uma teoria da justiça internacional ambiental : uma análise a partir do conflito entre comércio e meio ambiente." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/14802.

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A presente tese visa discutir os fundamentos epistemológicos necessários para uma teoria da Justiça do Direito Internacional Ambiental que possa orientar a ação humana diante da atual crise. A realização desse objetivo passa pela definição do método utilizado, o dialético, no sentido aristotélico. Tal método consiste na solução de um problema pelo diálogo entre teorias que se apresentam com alternativas para tanto. O problema que se põe objetivo da tese, é se é possível encontrar a orientação que se procura com uma teoria que considera que uma ordem natural não pode ter reflexos normativos para a comunidade política (ou seja, que nega que a reflexão metafísica pode contribuir na definição dos padrões de Justiça ao menos no âmbito político) ou se é necessária uma teoria que considera que a ordem natural apresenta reflexos normativos para a comunidade política (ou seja, que entende que a reflexão metafísica pode contribuir na descoberta dos padrões de Justiça corretos). Para demonstrar que este problema existe na prática do debate sobre o Direito Internacional Ambiental, são analisados, através do princípio da proporcionalidade, conflitos de justiça entre proteção do meio ambiente e do livre comércio internacional; além disso, indica-se que, sem uma discussão profunda sobre fundamentos epistemológicos e de Moralidade Política, não é possível solucioná-los. São, então, analisadas uma tese cética, quanto à reflexão metafísica no âmbito político, especificamente a teoria de JOHN RAWLS, e uma teoria realista quanto à reflexão metafísica no âmbito político, a de ARISTÓTELES. Chega-se à conclusão de que a solução da crise ambiental passa pela resposta à pergunta sobre o efeito para a Moralidade Política da ordem natural e que então teorias céticas não podem colaborar na busca desta resposta, já que consideram esta pergunta descabida no universo do político.
This thesis aims to discuss the epistemological principles needed for a theory of justice of international environmental law which can guide human action related to the present day crisis The accomplishment of this goal requires the definition of the applied method, the dialectics in Aristotelian sense. This method amounts to the solution of a problem through the dialogue between theories which presents themselves as alternatives for such goal. The problem to deal with, given the thesis’ goal is if it’s possible to find the guidance searched with a theory that considers that a natural order can’t have normative effects on the political community (i.e. which denies that metaphysical inquiries can contribute to the inter-subjective definition of justice patterns at least at the political level) or if it’s necessary a theory which considers that a natural order has normative effects for the political community (i.e. which comprehends that metaphysical enquiries can contribute to discovering the right justice patterns). To prove that this problem is a real issue in the actual debate on international environmental law, justice problems, related to conflicts between environmental protection and international free-trade protection are analyzed (through the proportionality principle) and it’s concluded that without a deep discussion on epistemological and political morality principles it’s not possible to find a solution. Then, a skeptical thesis as to the metaphysical enquiry at the political level, specifically JOHN RAWLS’ and a realist thesis as to the metaphysical enquiry at the political level are discuss, specifically ARISTOTLE’S. It’s concluded that the solution of the environmental crises requires an answer to the question about the effect in political morality of the natural order and that skeptical theories can’t cooperate in the search for this answer because they consider this question unfitted to political level.
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Arruda, Thais Nunes de. "Direito e objetividade: a viabilidade do projeto de naturalização do direito por Brian Leiter." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2139/tde-30092015-114611/.

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Esta tese busca analisar a viabilidade do projeto de naturalização da teoria do direito defendido por Brian Leiter. No primeiro capítulo, apresenta-se o esforço da filosofia desde o fundacionismo de Descartes até Carnap para a solução da dúvida cética sobre o que é conhecimento e que conduziram ao que foi denominado fisicalismo, evidenciado nas obras de Kelsen e dos Realistas Escandinavos e Norte-Americanos. A virada linguística foi determinante para a reconstrução dos parâmetros cartesianos, sendo notável a influência de Wittgenstein e Quine. Com Quine, a proposta de naturalização da epistemologia ganhou corpo, tendo conduzido, entretanto, ao abandono do desafio cético e ao cientismo. O behaviorismo já apresentava sinais no Realismo Jurídico Norte-Americano e foi criticado por H.L.A. Hart. Hart se apropriou de elementos do naturalismo quineano e de Wittgenstein, estabelecendo uma nova objetividade para o direito. O projeto de Leiter, apresentado no segundo capítulo, nasce da discordância dessa crítica hartiana. Dois são seus objetivos: (i) resgatar o Realismo Norte-Americano, reconstruindo-o à luz do pragmatismo e do naturalismo quineano, ancorado no antifundacionismo e na substituição das teorias normativas por descrições causais-nomológicas das decisões judiciais para fins de previsibilidade do direito. Cabe ao dogma do positivismo estabelecer o critério de legalidade, excluindo a moral como parte do que é juridicamente objetivo; (ii) adotar uma postura cética externa, numa tentativa de minar o interpretativismo de Ronald Dworkin. É no terceiro capítulo discute a viabilidade do projeto de Leiter propriamente. É possível verificar que Leiter não consegue mostrar o naturalismo na teoria do direito sob sua melhor luz, uma vez que é incapaz de lidar com as questões normativas inerentes ao direito e, por conseguinte, de justificar as decisões judiciais sem recorrer a uma teoria substantiva, algo que Dworkin consegue realizar com maior proveito, especialmente no que tange ao tema da objetividade. Leiter aponta para um futuro em que a investigação empírica pode aumentar a confiança no direito, mas seu projeto teórico limitado à descrição causal-nomológica das decisões é inviável para os fins propostos por uma teoria do direito de sucesso.
This thesis aims to analyze the viability of the project of naturalization of jurisprudence championed by Brian Leiter. The first chapter presents the effort of philosophy from Descartes foundationalism to Carnap for the solution of skeptical doubt about what is knowledge and that led to what was called physicalism, evidenced in the works of Kelsen and Scandinavian and Americans Legal Realists. The linguistic turn was decisive for the reconstruction of Cartesian parameters, being remarkable the influence of Wittgenstein and Quine. With Quine, the naturalization of epistemology proposal gained momentum and led, however, to abandon the skeptical challenge and scientism. Behaviorism already showed signs in american legal realism and was criticized by H.L.A. Hart. Hart appropriated elements of Quinean naturalism and Wittgenstein, establishing a new objectivity to law. Leiters project, presented in the second chapter, was born of the disagreement with hartian criticism. Two are his goals: (i) redeem American Legal Realism, reconstructing it in the light of pragmatism and Quinean naturalism, supported by antifoundationalism and replacement of normative theories by causal-nomological descriptions of judicial decisions for predictability purposes. The dogma of positivism will establish the criteria of legality, excluding the moral as part of what is legally objective; (ii) adopt an external skeptical position in an attempt to undermine the interpretativismo of Ronald Dworkin. The third chapter discusses the feasibility of Leiters project properly. Leiter cannot show the naturalism in theory of law in its best light, since it is incapable of dealing with normative questions related to law and, therefore, to justify judicial decisions without resorting to a substantive theory, something that Dworkin can make more profit, especially with regard to the issue of objectivity. Leiters project points to a future in which empirical research can increase laws confidence, but its limitation to a theoretical project of causal-nomological description of decisions is not feasible for the purposes proposed by a successful theory of law.
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12

Andaku, Juliana Almenara. "Análise jurídica da teoria de Alf Ross." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2005. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6394.

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This paper analyzes Alf Ross´s thought (1899 1979), based in some of his works, specially the articles published in the book celebrating the centenary of his birthday, as well as the influence he suffered from Hägerström, Lundstedt and Olivecrona, also trying to study his work in the historical period which he had lived. The main idea of this paper is to study the law concept in Alf Ross´s thought. In some cases, it will be the way law is expressed and studied in Alf Ross´s works and how this subject is analyzed in his books and articles, trying to see if there were changes in the way he treated this subject in time and which were the influences he suffered this period (doctrinarian, historical or personal). In the first chapter we analyze the historical period he has lived and the changes that happened in his personal and professional life, to understand the way his thought was influenced by these facts. In the second chapter, we turn back to the sources of Alf Ross´s thought, studying the three Swedish jurists that preceded him in the Scandinavian Realism theory. In the third chapter, we make a bibliographic revision of Ross´s works, emphasizing his works in Danish. The objective of this research is to deep our knowledge of Alf Ross´s works, presented in his books and articles, some of them unpublished in Brazil. This paper tries to recover the essence of Alf Ross´s thought, analyzing thoroughly his works, as well as the doctrinarian and personal influences, to make possible to draw the largest prospect of his works.
O presente trabalho em filosofia do direito busca analisar o pensamento de Alf Ross (1899 1979), baseando-se na análise de algumas de suas obras, em especial os artigos compilados no livro em comemoração aos 100 anos de nascimento do autor, bem como a influência exercida por Hägerström, Lundstedt e Olivecrona em seu pensamento e buscando também enquadrar sua obra no contexto histórico em que viveu. A idéia principal do trabalho é o estudo do próprio conceito de Direito, em alguns casos, da maneira como o Direito se manifesta e é estudado na obra de Alf Ross e como esse assunto é tratado nos diferentes livros e artigos lidos, analisando eventuais mudanças de posicionamento ou tratamento do tema no decorrer do tempo e quais as influências sofridas nestes períodos (doutrinárias, históricas ou pessoais). No primeiro capítulo, analisa-se o período histórico em que Alf Ross viveu e as mudanças ocorridas na sua vida pessoal e profissional, para que se compreenda até que ponto seu pensamento foi influenciado por estes fatos. No segundo capítulo, volta-se às origens do pensamento de Alf Ross, com o estudo dos três juristas suecos que o precederam na corrente do Realismo Escandinavo, Axel Hägerström, Vilheim Lundstedt e Karl Olivecrona. Já no terceiro capítulo, faz-se um revisão bibliográfica das obras de Ross, com ênfase em suas obras originais em dinamarquês. O objetivo desta pesquisa é realizar um estudo aprofundado dos trabalhos de Alf Ross, representados por seus livros e artigos, alguns inéditos no Brasil. A dissertação busca resgatar a essência do pensamento de Alf Ross, com a análise exaustiva de suas obras, além do estudo de suas influências doutrinárias e pessoais, para que seja possível traçar um panorama o mais amplo possível de seus trabalhos.
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13

Darcie, Jonathan Doering. "A interpretação jurídica na perspectiva do realismo filosófico crítico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/130536.

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Sendo mais do que as partes que o compõem, o direito histórico – expressão que designa o direito efetivo de um povo, localizado no espaço e no tempo – constitui uma unidade existencial própria, inserindo-se na realidade da mesma forma que outros tantos entes, como os objetos cotidianos. O direito histórico é, assim, um ente espiritual. Trata-se de uma consequência inexorável de uma visão crítica da realidade. A interpretação jurídica deve, com isso, respeitar a contingencialidade do direito histórico, ou seja, o modo como esse é construído e ganha a sua existência. Sempre ou naquilo em que construído com uma pretensão de independência daqueles responsáveis institucionalmente pela sua aplicação, o direito histórico há de receber do intérprete um esforço para a descoberta do seu verdadeiro conteúdo, tal como determinado pelas condições prévias da sua existência.
Being more than its component parts, the historical law - an expression that designates the effective law of one people located both in space and time - consists in an existential unit which is inserted in the reality the same way many other ordinary entities do. With its characteristics, the historical law consists in an spiritual being. This is an inexorable consequence of a critical view of reality. The legal interpretation shall therefore respect the contingent nature of the historical law, that is, the way it is built and gains its own existence. Whenever or in which it is built to be independent of those responsible for its institutional aplication, historical law must receive from the interpreter an effort in order to discover its true content, as determined by the preconditions of its existence.
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Günther, Tobias, Erich Querner, and Rainer Groh. "A head-in-hand metaphor for user-centric direct camera control in virtual reality." ACM, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A74888.

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The explorative examination of constructed 3D models in immersive environments requires suitable user-centric interaction methods. Especially novel concepts for virtual camera control can offer advantages, e.g. for the analysis of model details. We extend the known concept of the camera-in-hand metaphor and implement a multidimensional viewport control technique that can be used with common head-mounted displays and VR-controllers. With our head-in-hand view the user is able to control the virtual camera directly by hand without losing the flexibility of head movements. To ensure convenient operation, the method restricts special rotation parameters and smoothes jerky gestures of the user hand. Inaddition, we discuss implications and improvement potential of the proposed concept as well as adverse effects on the user, such as motion sickness.
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Soligo, Daniele Sandri. "Direito e espaço público no Mercosul: uma utopia realista?" Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2010. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3502.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Por volta dos anos oitenta, como resposta aos desafios da crescente globalização e pelas dificuldades que enfrentam as economias nacionais em desenvolvimento, para enquadrarem-se ao novo cenário econômico internacional, produziu-se processos de integração regional na América Latina. Em 1991, criou-se o Mercado Comum do Sul (MERCOSUL), atualmente composto por Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai como membros plenos - República Bolivariana da Venezuela em fase final de adesão ao Bloco -, mais Bolívia, Chile, Colômbia, Equador e Peru como membros associados. Este projeto de integração regional tem sido na, sua maioria, processos intergovernamentais com objetivos essencialmente econômicos: uns pretendem acordos de livre comércio enquanto outros planejam alcançar níveis mais profundos de integração, como uniões aduaneiras ou mercados comuns. Ocorre que, com o tempo, os grupos, organizações e redes da sociedade civil foram se multiplicando e adquirindo lugar no processo de integração regional MERCOSULino. Em resposta a essas pressões da sociedade civil, criaram-se mecanismos consultivos com a finalidade de possibilitar uma maior participação das organizações e das redes sociais. Prima-se por alavancar esse processo de desenvolvimento, porém precisa-se não só o acelerar das questões de mercado, mas que este processo se desenvolva com justiça social, e para isso precisa, cada vez mais, democratizar-se, legitimar o processo através da participação da sociedade civil. No MERCOSUL existe o Foro Consultivo Econômico e Social (FCES), que abre espaço de forma direta para a participação social. Este órgão será analisado no presente trabalho, verificando-se, por conseguinte, suas deficiências e também a sua contribuição para a formação de uma esfera pública no MERCOSUL. Essa esfera pública regional seria acessada por meio da legitimação e representação social, ampliação e democratização dos fóruns (como esse o FCES) de decisão política, instituindo uma cultura pública que supere o poder burocrático do Estado, o autoritarismo social e a cultura privatista de apropriação do público pelo privado. Com o trabalho, conclui-se que é preciso a continuidade dos esforços na criação desta esfera pública, de uma maneira discursiva/reflexiva, mesmo no interior das mídias, aliando princípios reconstruídos da modernidade em crise, tais como o princípio da publicidade e da transparência pública das decisões e, também, com pressupostos de criação de um espaço público regional, utópico realista.
Around the eighties and as an answer to the challenges of the growing globalization and for the difficulties that face the national economies in development and for being framed to the new international economical scenery, they were produced processes of regional integration in Latin America. In 1991 the market common of the South MERCOSUL was grown up the Market Common of the South (MERCOSUL), now composed by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay as full members and Republic Bolivariana of Venezuela in finaly process to agree at the group, more Bolivia, Chile, Equador, Colombian and Peruvian as associated member’s. This project of regional integration has been in its majority, processes intergovernmental with objectives essentially economical: some of them intend free trade agreements while others plan to reach deeper levels of integration, as union’s custom or common markets. Along the time the groups, organizations and nets of the civil society were multiplying themselves and acquiring place in the process of regional integration in MERCOSUL. As a response to those pressures of the civil society advisory mechanisms where grown up with the purpose of making possible a larger participation of the organizations and social nets. They excel for going ahead the process of development, however it is not necessary just accelerating of the market subjects but that this process grows with social justice, and for that it needs more and more to be democratized, for legitimating the process through the participation of the civil society. In MERCOSUL there is the Economical Advisory Forum and Social (FCES) that opens space in a direct way for the social participation. This organ will be analyzed in the present work, being verified your deficiencies consequently and also your contribution for the formation of a public sphere in MERCOSUL. That regional public sphere would be accessed through the legitimation and social representation, amplification and democratization of the forums (as that FCES) of political decision, instituting a public culture that overcomes the bureaucratic power of the State, the social authoritarianism and the privates culture ofthe public's appropriation for the private. With the work, it is concluded that is necessary the continuity of the efforts in the creation of this public sphere, with manner discursive/reflexive , even in medias adding reconstructed principles of the modernity incrisis, such as the Principle of the Publicity and of the public transparency of the decisions and also with presupposed of creation of a public regional utopian realist space
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Cavalcanti, Rodrigo de Camargo. "Perspectiva tridimensional no realismo jurídico." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5377.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This work aims to bring a perspective about law that underlies smoldering in life itself, lived by the sentient ever-changing beings, entering, mainly, in the lessons of García Maynez and his three circles theory, that will alow us to evoque the integrity fo law in all its strands privileging, in this work, the reading of Gunther Teubner and his legal realism, with the critical conception of compassionate view of Theodor Adorno, and Deleuze and his ritornello, aways with the solid and capital ground of the Humanistic Capitalism´s Theory, essencialy in its jushumanistic principality, according was brilliantly conceived by Ricardo Hasson Sayeg. For this, the Triad makes presence in the whole text in many ways: validity, applicability and effectiveness, freedom, equality and fraternity, text, metatext and intratext; territorialization, deterritorialization, and reterritorialization; past, present and future. Aways for the densification, Walking in a spiral, away from a linear historical meaning of law, but in order of consideration of the "minor literature" that permeates society and that is urgent in the relevance of the application of law and its role as a promoter of a creative freedom, overly human
Este trabalho visa, por si só, pois toma vida a partir do momento em que se imprime do ato criativo do pensar, trazer uma perspectiva sobre o direito que subjaz latente na própria vida, vivida pelos seres sensíveis e em eterna mutação, adentrando, principalmente, nas lições de García Maynez e sua teoria dos três círculos, que nos permitirá evocar a integralidade do direito em todas as suas vertentes privilegiando nós, no presente trabalho, a leitura de Gunther Teubner e o seu realismo jurídico, adensada à concepção crítica da ótica compassiva de Theodor Adorno e de Deleuze e o seu ritornelo, sempre com a base sólida e primordial da Teoria do Capitalismo Humanista, essencialmente no principado jushumanista, consoante brilhantemente concebido por Ricardo Hasson Sayeg. Para tanto, a Tríade se faz presente em todo texto de diversas formas: validade, vigência e eficácia; liberdade, igualdade e fraternidade; texto, metatexto e intratexto; territorialização, desterritorialização e reterritorialização; passado, presente e futuro. Sempre pelo adensamento, num caminhar em espiral, longe de uma acepção linear histórica do direito, mas, sim, afim da consideração da ―literatura menor que permeia a sociedade e que se faz urgente na consideração da aplicação do direito e do seu papel enquanto promotor de uma liberdade criadora, demasiadamente humana
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17

Niney, François. "L'epreuve du reel a l'ecran essai sur le principe de realite documentaire." Paris 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA030122.

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Depuis l'invention des freres lumiere, actualites, documentaires, reportages nous convient a des visions toujours plus "immediates", plus proches, plus "vraies" de la realite "sur le vif". Que valent ces miroirs argentiques et electroniques des evenements ? que nous donnent-elles a voir et croire ces doublures auxquelles nous confions la tache paradoxale de nous demontrer le monde et d'en produire la verite ? a travers l'evolution historique des formes du documentaire, ce travail questionne nos manieres de representer et voir la realite a travers le discours des images, ainsi que les regimes de croyance que suscite la soi-disant "objectivite" des prises de vues. Croire a l'adequation de l'image au reel "tel quel", du commentaire aux "evenements" comme s'il y avait des vues sans point de vue, des faits sans interpretation - n'est-ce pas couper dans toutes les propagandes audiovisuelles qui ont en commun de promettre la verite a ciel ouvert ? en contrepoint de cette critique de fond, l'ouvrage explore les figures du langage cinematographique comme manieres de decouper, traduire, reflechir le monde, de decouvrir de nouvelles relations sujet/objet, reel/fiction, voir/savoir, ou au contraire de reproduire des cliches vraisemblables. Tableau vivant du cinema primitif, invention du montage, documentarisme social et propagandiste d'avant-guerre, nouvelle-vague de l'apres-guerre, documentaire joue a l'americaine et neo-realisme italien, cinema-verite et cinema direct, dogme de l'objectivite tv et preuve par l'image, camera subjective et machines de vision, archives, reconstitutions: telles sont les entrees dans ce parcours critique ou realite et fiction, vrai et faux jouent a cache-cache. Andre bazin ne disait-il pas que "le cadre est un cache ?".
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18

Pérez, Mejías Carlos. "Design of a telepresence interfacefor direct teleoperation of robots : The synergy between Virtual Reality and FreeLook Control." Thesis, KTH, Datorseende och robotik, CVAP, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187750.

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In direct teleoperation the interface is vital to control a robot. Often it is reduced to a simple controller and the feedback provided by a camera stream in a monitor which leads to poor results. A telepresence system combined with a Free Look Control is proposed to increase the result in terms of situational awareness, usability and comfort. The telepresence system provides the sense of depth to the operatorin several manners. Free Look Control replaces Tank Control as control mode, in which the robot can be driven in any direction and the operator takes the control of the camera. A synergy is found when both features are implemented together as their advantages are increased. In addition a multi-camera setup is created, in order to build the 3D environment shown to the operator, which is calibrated in an automatic way. The two different control modes are tested and compared by several people. The outcome shows how the inclusion of these characteristics improve the result of the teleoperation in a visible way.
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Mašek, Jiří. "Detektor Uniform Marker Fields pro Windows Phone." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-235413.

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This thesis deals with the detection of Uniform Marker Fields and the position of a camera in a space. The steps of the UMF detection, the Windows Phone 8 platform, DirectX working and the concept of augmented reality are described in the thesis. Implementation and design of the demo application together with the whole architecture of the project is described in the thesis. The result of the thesis is an application using the UMF detector and plotting a 3D object into a scene. Finally the application is tested and evaluated.
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Rehnberg, Andrée. "Virtual prototyping of physical space - The value of presence, place and direct communication in prototyping." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22511.

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This thesis explores the use of virtual reality as a prototyping tool for designpractitioners to utilize when designing artifacts situated in physical places.Methods used in the study are qualitative and derive from the field ofinteraction design. The topic is explored through literature review on theattributes of virtual reality and sense of place, presented in the theorychapter, and is connected to the empirical research throughout the designprocess chapter. The theories presented strongly indicate that places affecthuman behavior, making them a substantial part of the user experience wheninteracting with designed artifacts in specific locations, which is echoedthough the target audience who voice the need to prototype design conceptsin the context of place. The study culminates in two kinds of virtual realityprototypes, dubbed contextual prototypes, that are suggested to havedifferent use cases depending on what the purpose for prototyping is.
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Franzin, André Vinícius Seleghini. "Direito, verdade e senso comum: por uma teoria realista do conhecimento jurídico." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19766.

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The aim of this work is to present common sense as a fundamental category of knowledge and as an epistemological criterion of legal thinking. We start by presenting some of the key meanings that the expression "common sense" has assumed in the history of philosophy, and then delineates the fundamental notes of a concept that recognizes the alethic value of common sense, in accordance with the investigation of the Italian philosopher Antonio Livi. We analyse, then, from the same philosophical context, the structure of legal knowledge, seeking to discern its formal object and its own purpose. Finally, we examine how – and to what extent – the common sense thus conceived can offer an adequate epistemic foundation to legal knowledge
O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o senso comum como categoria fundamental do saber e como critério epistemológico do conhecimento jurídico. Partiremos da apresentação de alguns dos principais sentidos que a expressão “senso comum” assumiu na história da filosofia, delineando, em seguida, as notas fundamentais de um conceito que reconheça o valor alético do senso comum, inserindo-o em um contexto metafísico e gnosiológico realista, com esteio nas investigações do filósofo italiano Antonio Livi. Analisaremos, em seguida, a partir desse mesmo contexto filosófico, a estrutura do conhecimento jurídico, buscando discernir o seu objeto formal e a sua finalidade própria. Finalmente, ponderaremos de que maneira – e em que extensão – o senso comum assim concebido pode oferecer uma adequada fundação epistêmica ao conhecimento jurídico.
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Almeida, Danilo dos Santos. "Uma Crítica ao interpretativismo de Ronald Dworkin a partir do realismo pragmático de Hilary Putnam." Florianópolis, SC, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/94793.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas, Programa de Pos-Graduação em Direito, Florianópolis, 2011
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O presente trabalho se ocupa da concepção de teoria do direito de Ronald Dworkin e das razões que o levam a rejeitar o positivismo jurídico enquanto abordagem viável para o conhecimento do conceito de direito. A posição de Dworkin - objeto do primeiro capítulo - é que, dado o seu núcleo valorativo, o conceito de direito deve ser submetido à mesma disciplina teórica do pensamento moral. Assim como a filosofia moral, a filosofia jurídica é produto do caráter reflexivo das práticas a que ela se propõe a estudar. Ela não é uma forma de investigação qualitativamente distinta daquela promovida pelos participantes do discurso jurídico. Para defender isso, ele dedicou grande parte de seu livro Justice for Hedgehogsa apresentar as premissas de sua epistemologia moral. Dentre elas, destacam-se o princípio segundo o qual juízos de fato são fundamentalmente diferentes de juízos de valor e a ideia de que a compreensão de conceitos ligados a valores só pode ser obtida através da vinculação entre significado e propósito - a que Dworkin denomina de interpretação. Este trabalho se propõe a criticar a posição de Dworkin quanto à teoria do direito, questionando suas premissas morais. Para tanto, no segundo capítulo são estudados os trabalhos de Hilary Putnam sobre o realismo pragmático - a posição segundo a qual toda a realidade a ser conhecida, não só a moral, depende em alguma medida de pressuposições teóricas e juízos de valor. Para este autor, como mesmo as ciências exatas estão fundadas em noções obtidas interpretativamente - nos casos onde ocorre a chamada relatividade conceitual - o tradicional modelo lógico-positivista de distinção entre proposições verificáveis e não verificáveis deve ser rejeitado. A comparação entre os juízos relativos aos fundamentos das ciências com os juízos morais permite pensar que os conceitos de valores podem ser tão objetivos quanto os conceitos disputados nos casos de relatividade conceitual. Deste forma, Putnam oferece um argumento pela objetividade dos julgamentos morais segundo o qual podem haver semelhanças metodológicas importantes entre campos do conhecimento, mesmo entre disciplinas descritivas e normativas. As conclusões de Putnam indicam uma necessidade de uma revisão em algumas concepções de Dworkin, especialmente nas de interpretação e de conceito. O terceiro capítulo conclui que as objeções de Dworkin quanto a possibilidade de uma ciência do direito depende de uma caracterização insustentável das manifestações da experiência humana.
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23

Gain, James Edward. "Virtual sculpting : an investigation of directly manipulated free-form deformation in a virtual environment." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006661.

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This thesis presents a Virtual Sculpting system, which addresses the problem of Free-Form Solid Modelling. The disparate elements of a Polygon-Mesh representation, a Directly Manipulated Free-Form Deformation sculpting tool, and a Virtual Environment are drawn into a cohesive whole under the mantle of a clay-sculpting metaphor. This enables a user to mould and manipulate a synthetic solid interactively as if it were composed of malleable clay. The focus of this study is on the interactivity, intuitivity and versatility of such a system. To this end, a range of improvements is investigated which significantly enhances the efficiency and correctness of Directly Manipulated Free-Form Deformation, both separately and as a seamless component of the Virtual Sculpting system.
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24

Gabaret, Jim. "La permanence de l'objet : une analyse de l'identité spatio-temporelle et intersubjective des objets." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H220.

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Ce travail participe aux recherches contemporaines qui s'attachent à améliorer notre compréhension de ce que nous appelons les « objets d'expérience », et en particulier des objets ordinaires. Il s'arrête sur une dimension qui leur apparaît propre, leur permanence, c'est-à-dire leur continuité spatio-temporelle, telle que nous pouvons la constater et en faire usage dans l'expérience perceptive ou le discours, et leur identité intersubjective – en dépit des différentes visées qu'autrui et moi pouvons avoir sur eux. L'objet est pluriel, son identité, qui n'est pas simplement logique, manque de critères nets, mais cela ne peut remettre en question son existence, comme le voudraient les éliminativistes que nous affrontons. Mais les universalistes, les intellectualistes et tous les idéalistes sémantiques qui, à l'inverse, voient des objets partout, par notre seul pouvoir de les penser, confondent objet réel et objet de pensée. Nous défendons un réalisme contextualiste de l'objet ordinaire qui en précise l'existence dans les contextes où il fait sens d'en parler, et d'abord le contexte perceptif, puisqu'il semble définitoire des normes d'objectification et d'objectivation les plus courantes dans nos pratiques identificatoires, réidentificatoires et catégorisantes, de s'inscrire au sein de la perception et de l'action. Ce sont des processus plus ou moins simples cognitivement et plus ou moins répandus éthologiquement qui sont enjeu selon les cas. Cette pluralité implique d'en explorer les terrains, en particulier dans le plus jeune âge lorsque beaucoup des normes réglant notre saisie cognitive du réel sont en formation. C'est pourquoi notre investigation choisit rapidement de se faire philosophie de la connaissance afin de comprendre la genèse des objets ordinaires dont nous parlons, plutôt que d'essayer de dresser de façon abstraite une liste exhaustive de leurs critères d'identité. Nous défendons que la permanence de l'objet peut être comprise à trois niveaux, perceptif, social et logicolinguistique. Le bébé atteint ces niveaux d'objectivité par des concepts naturels (concepts affordantiels et modules innés, qui ont une inscription corporelle et un développement social), des concepts expérientiels (prototypiques et essentialisants, aidés par nos activités humaines de socialisation et d'attention partagée, qu'on trouve aussi dans le monde animal), et des concepts lexicaux, hérités de notre langue. C'est l'occasion de remettre en cause l'opposition trop facile entre l'inné et l'acquis, ou le nativisme et le constructivisme. À chacun de ces niveaux, il y a des raisons d'utiliser, en un sens non mentaliste mais naturaliste et fonctionnaliste, la notion de représentation, pour comprendre ce qui fait la transcendance de ces objets distaux, traités à partir des stimuli proximaux mais différents d'eux. On peut user d'un discours réaliste à leur sujet, sans présupposer que celui-ci se fonde sur des capacités cognitives rationnelles propositionnelles, synthétiques, inférentielles ou judicatives de haut niveau et nécessairement spécifiques à l'humain, mais sans céder non plus aux oppositions classiques entre réalisme indirect et réalisme direct, ou conceptualisme et non-conceptualisme. De même, on défendra, au-delà des débats entre continuisme et discontinuisme sur l'humain et l'animal, un émergentisme qui pense à la fois la continuité des espèces et leurs différences chaque fois propres dans leur rapport aux objets de leur environnement, tels qu'ils sont visés dans des normes naturelles et sociales
The understanding of the ordinary objects of our daily experience implies a definition of spatiotemporal and intersubjective levels of permanence. This is due to the fact that these objects, whose existence we defend against eliminativism and mereological nihilism, can be said to endure or perdure, at least in our experiences and our discourses about them. This existence in time and space and between subjects of experience cannot be defined by mere logical features. That is why we choose a contextualist approach of objects, and study perceptual situations where identifications and categorizations occur, especially at the early stages of objectification and objectivation which babies are able to achieve. The newborn and the young child indeed need to gain object permanence, a phenomenon first described by Gestalt psychologists like Michotte and Piaget's school of developmental psychology, and which has been even more accurately studied by cognitive psychologists such as Elizabeth Spelke, Dominique Baillargeon, Susan Carey or Susan Gelman. We defend the thesis that three types of object permanence can be distinguished (perceptual, social and logical-linguistic). Object transcendence can be described as an emergent feature of these stages. Babies acquire these levels of objectivity through normal and universal phases of development, even though different cultural environments can influence rhythms of maturation and the intentional behaviors relating to objects, which children develop. To access ordinary objects, infants need natural concepts (affordantial concepts and innate modular abilities - quite common among animals -, which are embodied and developed through social stimulations), experiential concepts (prototypical and essentialist tendencies, stimulated by joint attention and social phenomena that also occur in the animal world), and inherited lexical concepts. Nativism and constructivism work together and a realist, naturalist and emergentist approach of our cognitions of objects and their representations (understood only as a functional ability to register distal objects from proximal stimuli) enables us to overcome classical oppositions between direct and indirect realism, conceptualism and anti-conceptualism, as well as the continuity-thesis and the discontinuity-thesis between human and non-human beings
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Passos, Raphael Ricardo de Faro. "Do evento ao fato: o realismo peirceano como intersecção entre o real, o signo e o direito." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19877.

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The present study refers to event and/or fact as the phenomenological basis for an intersection between reality, sign and the law. The study arises firmly grounded on Peirce’s realism alongside introspections on diverse schools of realism, passing through antiquity, the Middle Ages, modern and contemporary periods. The philosophical model is instigated, equally, by the ideas of Merleau-Ponty and Lacan, principally in reference to the gaze that is the interrelationship between man and nature. From there emerges a symbiotic relationship between the sign and the sensitive world in a shuffling of layers relating to Peirce’s ceno-pythagorean categories of firstness, secondness, thirdness. As such, the philosophical parameter appears in order to show that, in terms of sign, there is a sort of imprinting phenomenon of the object onto the subject, deriving from it, an imprinting process that goes on ad infinitum from one sign to the other. That entails two types of signs: imprinting signs and imprinted signs and also two sorts of reality: semeiotic reality (reality of the sign) and summa reality (reality where the events are). The philosophical model is then applied to the law seen as language – a collection of signs (legal signs), which are viewed as imprinting legal signs over the imprinted signs of the ordinary language. In such a context, as the conclusion is that ordinary language extends to the object of summa reality as a result of a continuum of investigation in the sensitive experience, which will be the foundation that will allow legal communication between those who are subject to the law, the findings were that a more adequate theory to describe the legal phenomenon is a so-called “semeiotical↔esthesiological legal theory”. As a reslt of it, the work’s hypothesis is that the law is an esthesiological-semeiotical phenomenon, from which signs tend, in a continuum, to be interrelated to the summa reality, allowing legal communication to be efficiant and, ultimately, the survival of the law in a symbiotic manner to be seen as a social ingredient
Trata-se de estudo referente a evento e/ou fato como ponto de partida para interseção entre realidade, signo e direito. O estudo se erige com pés firmes no realismo peirceano para encontrar confluências em diversas escolas realistas, passando pela Antiguidade, Idade Média, Idade Moderna e Idade Contemporânea. O modelo filosófico é instigado, igualmente, pelas ideias de Merleau-Ponty e Lacan, máxime, no que se refere ao olhar que é o entrelaçamento entre o homem e a natureza, donde também surge uma correlação simbiótica do signo com o mundo sensível num embaralhamento de camadas na perspectiva das categorias ceno-pitagóricas peirceanas da primeiridade, segundidade e terceiridade. Disso eclode o parâmetro filosófico de que, no palco do signo, há uma espécie de gravação que nele resta do objeto da realidade, o que desencadeia um processo de gravação semeiótico ad infinitum de signo para signo, implicando, para fins de um dualismo meramente dogmático-pedagógico, a contemplação de signos gravadores e signos gravados e, igualmente, de uma realidade semeiótica (que é uma realidade do signo) e de uma summa realidade (que é uma realidade na qual estão os eventos do mundo). O modelo filosófico é aplicado ao fenômeno jurídico visualizado na perspectiva do signo ou aglomerado de signos (signos jurídicos), em um panorama de signo gravador (jurídico) e signo gravado (da linguagem cotidiana). Nesse contexto, tendo em vista a tendência, pela qual se conclui, de a linguagem cotidiana se prolongar ao objeto da summa realidade, por conta de um continuum de investigação na experiência objetivo-multidimensional, que é o expediente que permite a comunicação do jurídico aos sujeitos de direito na sociedade de direito, tem-se que uma mais adequada teoria a gravar o fenômeno jurídico seria aquela que se designa “teoria semeiótico↔estesiológica do direito”. Dela exsurge que o direito é um fenômeno semeiótico↔estesiológico donde signos jurídicos tendem, em um continuum, a um entrelaçamento com a summa realidade, o que autoriza uma comunicação jurídica eficaz socialmente, sobrevivendo o direito simbioticamente como ingrediente social e, como consequência, possibilitando-se a perseguição do ideal de uma justiça convencionada
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26

Cestari, Roberto Tagliari. "Decisão judicial e realismo jurídico: evolução das pesquisas sobre o comportamento judicial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/107/107131/tde-01092017-094644/.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo traçar um perfil da evolução das pesquisas sobre decisão judicial. Foi dada certa ênfase àquelas teorias e modelos influenciados pela teoria da decisão proposta pelo Realismo Jurídico Americano, ou seja, teorias e modelos que consideram fatores extrajurídicos que influenciam a decisão judicial e/ou que consideram que juízes decidem os casos primeiro com sua intuição, para somente depois racionalizar e fundamentar a decisão com argumentos jurídicos. O trabalho, em primeiro lugar, busca detalhar o pensamento realista, em seus aspectos históricos - como reação a formalismos existentes até então - e em seus aspectos teóricos - propondo (i.) uma teoria do direito; (ii.) instrumentalismo jurídico; e, especialmente (iii.) uma teoria da decisão judicial. Após a retomada do pensamento realista, o trabalho debate três modelos (ou teorias) modernos da decisão judicial: o modelo atitudinal, o modelo estratégico e o modelo psicológico. Posteriormente, e como último capítulo teórico, o trabalho aborda as novas possibilidades de estudo do comportamento judicial, especialmente trabalhos e experiências que utilizam a tecnologia e modelos computadorizados e algoritmos para a previsão de decisões. Alguns modelos computacionais serão examinados bem como alguns aspectos sobre base de dados e dados estruturados e não estruturados no direito, além de experiências com Mercados de Previsão e com a \"Sabedoria das Multidões\". Após toda as abordagens teóricas, o trabalho adentra em um capítulo prático e empírico, sobre o estudo da decisão judicial no Brasil. Foram analisados alguns elementos de todas as dissertações e teses de mestrado e doutorado em direito defendidas nos anos de 2011 a 2014, para que se pudesse entender como a matéria do comportamento judicial é abordada na academia jurídica brasileira. Conclui-se, com os dados, que a pesquisa sobre decisão judicial no Brasil ainda é incipiente, predominantemente normativa e quase nada se debate a respeito de teorias ou modelos descritivos ou preditivos, tais quais as que foram examinadas nos capítulos anteriores.
This dissertation aims to study the evolution of research on judicial decision. Special emphasis was placed on those theories and models influenced by the decision theory proposed by the American Legal Realism, which means those theories and models that consider extralegal factors that influence the judicial decision and/or theories and models that believe that judges decide cases first with their intuition, to only then rationalize and justify the decision using legal arguments. The dissertation first aims to break down the legal realist thought into two aspects: into its historical aspects, as being a reaction to existing formalisms, and into its theoretical aspects - as proposing (i.) a theory of law; (ii.) legal instrumentalism; and, finally (iii.) a theory of adjudication. After the analysis of the legal realism, the dissertation studies three modern models of judicial decision: the attitudinal model, the strategic model and the psychological model. Later, in the last theoretical chapter, this dissertation discusses new possibilities in the study of judicial decision, especially addressing works and experiences that uses technology, computer models and algorithms for predicting decisions. Some models will be examined in addition to some aspects of structured and unstructured data and databases in law, as well as experiences with Prediction Markets and with the \"Wisdom of the Crowds\". After this theoretical approach, this dissertation enters into a practical and empirical chapter on the research of judicial decision in Brazil. All masters and doctoral thesis and dissertations in Law defended in the years 2011-2014 were analyzed, so that one could understand how the matter of judicial behavior is addressed in the Brazilian legal academy. The empirical research concludes that the research on judicial decision in Brazil is still incipient, predominantly normative and there is almost nothing regarding descriptive or forecasting theories or models such as those examined in the previous chapters.
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27

Lothe, Abhijit V. "Virtual Cadaver Navigation System: Using Virtual Reality For Learning Human Anatomy." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001288.

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Coelho, Roberta Werlang. "A influência do realismo de esquerda na política de segurança pública do brasil." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/7385.

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The present dissertation, developed within the field of Criminology and Social Control, aims at examining the extent to which the discourses of fear and insecurity mould the reactive and repressing policies adopted to respond to the problem of crime. Contemporary crime control theories are identified and analyzed, particularly Left Realism and its emphasis on the adoption of prevention policies, so as to evaluate the impact, limits and possibilities of this movement on public security policies in Brazil during President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva’s tenures from 2002 on. Following the analysis of the contemporary political-criminal and socioeconomic scenario, the research reflects upon the problem of public security and the fear of crime incorporated by society, in order to examine the responses to crime and the crime policy movements underlying such responses. Next, contemporary crime policy movements are identified and their proposals and most significant aspects are analyzed. Among the crime policy movements stands Left Realism, which supports the articulation of preventive policies as possible alternatives to punitivism. Thus, after the analysis of the public security programs adopted in Brazil, the study investigates the influence of Left Realism on the current public security policy in Brazil, its limits and possibilities of preventing crime.
A presente dissertação, desenvolvida na linha de pesquisa Criminologia e Controle Social, busca averiguar o impacto do movimento do Realismo de Esquerda, seus limites e suas possibilidades frente às políticas criminais brasileiras de segurança pública no combate à criminalidade durante os dois mandatos do Presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, desde o ano de 2002. A pesquisa parte da apresentação e análise do cenário político-criminal e socioeconômico contemporâneo, para, refletindo sobre o problema da segurança pública e do medo do crime incorporado pela sociedade, analisar as respostas à demanda do crime no âmbito da segurança pública e os movimentos de política criminal que estão por trás destas respostas. Em seguida, são identificados os movimentos de política criminal contemporânea, são analisados os seus aspectos mais relevantes e as suas propostas de política criminal. Dentre os movimentos de política criminal destaca-se o Realismo de Esquerda, que apresenta possíveis alternativas às políticas puramente punitivistas com a articulação de políticas preventivas. Assim, após a análise dos programas de segurança pública adotados no Brasil, procura-se fazer o exame proposto.
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Monteiro, Antonio Tavares. "O processo de anexação do Acre ao Brasil sob a ótica do direito dos tratados e do paradigma do realismo político das relações internacionais." Florianópolis, SC, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/92025.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-graduação em Direito
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A presente Dissertação O Processo de Anexação do Acre ao Brasil sob a Ótica do Direito dos Tratados e do Paradigma do realismo político das Relações Internacionais, visa refletir e analisar toda a questão diplomática, resgatando o contexto histórico que envolveu o Tratado de Petrópolis e todo o processo que redundou a anexação do Acre ao Brasil. A Dissertação também, investiga o que estava por trás do interesse pelo Acre; como, e em que circunstâncias foram realizados os acordos e quais os compromissos assumidos e as conseqüências que decorreram deste tratado. Esta dissertação visa, portanto, analisar o processo de negociação diplomática com base em uma política das relações internacionais à qual será desenvolvida sob a ótica do direito dos Tratados e do paradigma do realismo político considerado como um dos principais aportes teóricos das relações internacionais em que focaliza o aspecto da conquista e manutenção do poder, consubstanciado no pensamento de Maquiavel e Morgenthau considerados como exponenciais da doutrina realista. This presente work does have maim gool the compositiom, an alynig and reflection about diplomatic question which involred crze hefore heing itate of brazilian federation; Bezides it rescues all complescity of Tratado de Petrópolisand its problematic in concerming to attacichig of Acre in Brail, finally, it hos mode e historiel viem and thei agumente and consequences that las been ocurrad from signature of theat a treaty .This thesis therefore seeks to examine the process of diplomatic negotiations based on a policy of international relations which will be developed from the perspective of the Law of Treaties and the paradigm of political realism considered as a major theoretical contributions of international relations that focuses on the aspect the achievement and maintenance of power, embodied in the thought of Machiavelli and Morgenthau considered exponentials the doctrine realistic.
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Galia, Rodrigo Wasem. "Os interesses difusos nas dispensas coletivas no Brasil em prol da realiza??o dos direitos fundamentais sociais no Direito do Trabalho." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2016. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6606.

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The thesis deals with the presence of diffuse interests in the collective layoffs in Brazil as a means of realization of fundamental rights and guarantees, especially of third dimension (solidarity rights), in the reality of the Democratic Rule of Law. First, shows up the overcoming of man as an isolated subject and the emergence of diffuse interests, third gender between the purely individual interests and the purely collective interests, with indeterminacy of the affected holders. Such mass layoffs, related not only with the workers involved, but society in general, have become global problems of postmodernity, where reigns the complexity, where reigns the complexity, on the which there is inadequacy increasingly broad, deep and severe between the separate knowledge, fragmented and partitioned between disciplines, including legal, and on the other hand, realities or problems increasingly global and multidimensional. The impact of multiple terminations of employment contracts by homogeneous causes reaches certain percentage of the workers of the company and end up generating a collective loss of jobs, by reducing the consumption capacity of many families, which may cause the downturn of an entire region, even of the country, less tax revenue for the state, and excludes thousands of workers from the labor market by pulling out of them and of their families the source of livelihood and dignity. Becomes the unemployed person the "dirt" of the postmodern world, as evidenced in the theory developed by Zygmunt Bauman, theoretical framework of the thesis. The unemployed person is out of the globalized capitalist system, with no place of belonging in the world. One effect linked to the originality of the thesis is precisely to overcome the understanding of the phenomenon of the collective demission linked strictly to the labor collective sphere and put it in a more appropriate legal realm: the of diffuse interests, with the right to legal protection legal more correct than that proposed by the brazilian jurisprudence, who preaches the need for collective negociation front to mass layoffs. There is, therefore, the effectuation of the principle of social solidarity, unfulfilled promise of the modernity.
A tese versa sobre a presen?a dos interesses difusos nas dispensas coletivas no Brasil como meio de efetiva??o dos direitos e garantias fundamentais, sobretudo, de terceira dimens?o (direitos de solidariedade), na realidade do Estado Democr?tico de Direito. Primeiramente, demonstra-se a supera??o do homem como sujeito isolado e o surgimento dos interesses difusos, terceiro g?nero entre os interesses puramente individuais e os interesses puramente coletivos, com indetermina??o dos titulares atingidos. Tais despedidas em massa, afeitas n?o somente aos trabalhadores envolvidos, mas a sociedade em geral, tornaram-se problemas mundiais da p?s-modernidade, em que impera a complexidade, na qual existe inadequa??o cada vez mais ampla, profunda e grave entre os saberes separados, fragmentados e compartimentados entre as disciplinas, inclusive as jur?dicas, e, por outro lado, realidades ou problemas cada vez mais multidimensionais e globais. O impacto de m?ltiplas rescis?es de contratos de trabalho por causas homog?neas atingem certa porcentagem dos obreiros de determinada empresa e acabam gerando uma perda coletiva dos postos de trabalho, com a redu??o da capacidade de consumo de in?meras fam?lias, podendo ocasionar a retra??o econ?mica de toda uma regi?o, at? mesmo de um pa?s, menor arrecada??o de impostos por parte do Estado, al?m de excluir milhares de trabalhadores do mercado de trabalho, retirando deles e de suas fam?lias a fonte de sobreviv?ncia e dignidade. Torna-se o desempregado a ?sujeira? do mundo p?s-moderno, conforme se verifica na teoria desenvolvida por Zygmunt Bauman, referencial te?rico da tese. O desempregado fica fora do sistema capitalista globalizado, sem lugar de perten?a no mundo. Um dos efeitos vinculados ? originalidade da tese ? justamente superar o entendimento do fen?meno da dispensa coletiva vinculado estritamente ? seara coletiva laboral para coloc?-la numa esfera jur?dica mais apropriada: a dos interesses difusos, com tutela jur?dica mais acertada do que a proposta pela jurisprud?ncia brasileira, que prega a necessidade de negocia??o coletiva pr?via frente ?s dispensas em massa. Tem-se, assim, a efetiva??o do princ?pio da solidariedade social, promessa n?o cumprida da modernidade.
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Fernandes, Manuela Braga. "Uma análise do princípio da segurança jurídica através do realismo de jerome frank: a aceitação da incerteza no direito." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8342.

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The legal certainty principle is the expression of certainty and order in judicial affairs. The principle can be a synonym of stability, foreseeability and immutability of written legislation and decisions taken by judiciary power. It is through the respect towards the law and the sentences that the State maintains social order. With the respect of the law or, in another word, legal certainty, the State can assure life security and individual liberties to its citizens. Therefore, legal certainty is as assuring element of one of the main goals of the State – public security. In that manner it is justified the preoccupation of the law in maintaining and promoting the legal certainty principle. However, is it possible to verify that it exists in such terms of immutability and foreseeability? The initial response of this work agrees with the theoretical reference of Jerome Frank, to who law id ruled by uncertainty. The insistence on the idea of legal certainty has trained the experienced jurist to deal with the flexibility of reality using rational constructions that allow to ratify legal certainty so he corroborates it, and legal certainty helps maintaining social order itself.
O princípio da segurança jurídica é a expressão de certeza e ordem nas relações jurídicas. O princípio pode ser sinônimo de estabilidade, previsibilidade ou imutabilidade da legislação escrita e das decisões tomadas pelo poder judiciário. É através desse respeito às leis e decisões que o Estado mantem a ordem social. Com o respeito à norma ou, em outras palavras, a segurança jurídica, o Estado consegue garantir a segurança da vida e liberdades individuais dos cidadãos. Assim, a segurança jurídica é elemento assegurador de um dos principais objetivos do Estado – a segurança pública. Dessa forma, justifica-se a preocupação do direito em manter e promover o princípio da segurança jurídica. No entanto, é possível constatar que ele existe nesses termos de imutabilidade e previsibilidade? A resposta inicial deste trabalho concorda com o referencial teórico de Jerome Frank, para quem o direito é regido pela incerteza. A insistência na ideia de certeza jurídica treinou o jurista experiente para lidar com a flexibilidade da realidade usando locuções e construções racionais que permitem ratificar a segurança jurídica, de modo que ele corrobora a segurança e essa, por sua vez, mantem a própria ordem social.
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32

Coelho, Roberta Werlang. "A influ?ncia do realismo de esquerda na pol?tica de seguran?a p?blica do brasil." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2012. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6134.

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The present dissertation, developed within the field of Criminology and Social Control, aims at examining the extent to which the discourses of fear and insecurity mould the reactive and repressing policies adopted to respond to the problem of crime. Contemporary crime control theories are identified and analyzed, particularly Left Realism and its emphasis on the adoption of prevention policies, so as to evaluate the impact, limits and possibilities of this movement on public security policies in Brazil during President Luiz In?cio Lula da Silva?s tenures from 2002 on. Following the analysis of the contemporary political-criminal and socioeconomic scenario, the research reflects upon the problem of public security and the fear of crime incorporated by society, in order to examine the responses to crime and the crime policy movements underlying such responses. Next, contemporary crime policy movements are identified and their proposals and most significant aspects are analyzed. Among the crime policy movements stands Left Realism, which supports the articulation of preventive policies as possible alternatives to punitivism. Thus, after the analysis of the public security programs adopted in Brazil, the study investigates the influence of Left Realism on the current public security policy in Brazil, its limits and possibilities of preventing crime.
A presente disserta??o, desenvolvida na linha de pesquisa Criminologia e Controle Social, busca averiguar o impacto do movimento do Realismo de Esquerda, seus limites e suas possibilidades frente ?s pol?ticas criminais brasileiras de seguran?a p?blica no combate ? criminalidade durante os dois mandatos do Presidente Luiz In?cio Lula da Silva, desde o ano de 2002. A pesquisa parte da apresenta??o e an?lise do cen?rio pol?tico-criminal e socioecon?mico contempor?neo, para, refletindo sobre o problema da seguran?a p?blica e do medo do crime incorporado pela sociedade, analisar as respostas ? demanda do crime no ?mbito da seguran?a p?blica e os movimentos de pol?tica criminal que est?o por tr?s destas respostas. Em seguida, s?o identificados os movimentos de pol?tica criminal contempor?nea, s?o analisados os seus aspectos mais relevantes e as suas propostas de pol?tica criminal. Dentre os movimentos de pol?tica criminal destaca-se o Realismo de Esquerda, que apresenta poss?veis alternativas ?s pol?ticas puramente punitivistas com a articula??o de pol?ticas preventivas. Assim, ap?s a an?lise dos programas de seguran?a p?blica adotados no Brasil, procura-se fazer o exame proposto.
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33

Bae, Hyojoon. "Fast and Scalable Structure-from-Motion for High-precision Mobile Augmented Reality Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/47679.

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A key problem in mobile computing is providing people access to necessary cyber-information associated with their surrounding physical objects. Mobile augmented reality is one of the emerging techniques that address this key problem by allowing users to see the cyber-information associated with real-world physical objects by overlaying that cyber-information on the physical objects's imagery. As a consequence, many mobile augmented reality approaches have been proposed to identify and visualize relevant cyber-information on users' mobile devices by intelligently interpreting users' positions and orientations in 3D and their associated surroundings. However, existing approaches for mobile augmented reality primarily rely on Radio Frequency (RF) based location tracking technologies (e.g., Global Positioning Systems or Wireless Local Area Networks), which typically do not provide sufficient precision in RF-denied areas or require additional hardware and custom mobile devices. To remove the dependency on external location tracking technologies, this dissertation presents a new vision-based context-aware approach for mobile augmented reality that allows users to query and access semantically-rich 3D cyber-information related to real-world physical objects and see it precisely overlaid on top of imagery of the associated physical objects. The approach does not require any RF-based location tracking modules, external hardware attachments on the mobile devices, and/or optical/fiducial markers for localizing a user's position. Rather, the user's 3D location and orientation are automatically and purely derived by comparing images from the user's mobile device to a 3D point cloud model generated from a set of pre-collected photographs. A further challenge of mobile augmented reality is creating 3D cyber-information and associating it with real-world physical objects, especially using the limited 2D user interfaces in standard mobile devices. To address this challenge, this research provides a new image-based 3D cyber-physical content authoring method designed specifically for the limited screen sizes and capabilities of commodity mobile devices. This new approach does not only provide a method for creating 3D cyber-information with standard mobile devices, but also provides an automatic association of user-driven cyber-information with real-world physical objects in 3D. Finally, a key challenge of scalability for mobile augmented reality is addressed in this dissertation. In general, mobile augmented reality is required to work regardless of users' location and environment, in terms of physical scale, such as size of objects, and in terms of cyber-information scale, such as total number of cyber-information entities associated with physical objects. However, many existing approaches for mobile augmented reality have mainly tested their approaches on limited real-world use-cases and have challenges in scaling their approaches. By designing fast direct 2D-to-3D matching algorithms for localization, as well as applying caching scheme, the proposed research consistently supports near real-time localization and information association regardless of users' location, size of physical objects, and number of cyber-physical information items. To realize all of these research objectives, five research methods are developed and validated: 1) Hybrid 4-Dimensional Augmented Reality (HD4AR), 2) Plane transformation based 3D cyber-physical content authoring from a single 2D image, 3) Cached k-d tree generation for fast direct 2D-to-3D matching, 4) double-stage matching algorithm with a single indexed k-d tree, and 5) K-means Clustering of 3D physical models with geo-information. After discussing each solution with technical details, the perceived benefits and limitations of the research are discussed with validation results.
Ph. D.
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34

Reinhardt, Janina [Verfasser]. "Regularity and Variation in French Direct Interrogatives : The Morphosyntax and Intonation of Question Forms in Reality TV Shows, Audio Books and Teaching Materials / Janina Reinhardt." Konstanz : KOPS Universität Konstanz, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188202723/34.

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35

Moi, Fernanda de Paula Ferreira. "Direito e justiça durante o reinado dos Reis Católicos: análise à luz das Ordenanzas Reales de Castilla." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7855.

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This thesis brings in its speech the concepts of law and justice prevailing during the reign of the Catholic Kings, as well as the current law at the time, in particular the Ordenanzas Reales de Castilla. Isabel of Castile and Fernando of Aragon, also known as the Catholic Monarchs, joined in marriage in the year 1469, unified the kingdoms and implemented reforms in the legal system and existing institutions, but Castile fit the central role of this new political unit. Given this reality, although the sovereign power was exercised by both monarchs, the common form, the basic elements of each kingdom - territories Fueros and Cortes - were kept. It can be inferred that, with that union, Isabel and Fernando developed a centralized project on concepts of law and Justice, with the fundamentals the Aristotelian-Thomistic principles, acting thus as judges and legislators, in order to strengthen the system legal and to apply and distribute Justice to inflows from their territories. Thus, both restored the political and social order and the reformed institutions of government and Justice in Castile, promoting the centralization of power. In this context, were highlighted the concepts of law and Justice prevailing at the time of the Catholic Kings, the way legislating and thought, as well as the legal system, in particular the Ordenanzas Reales de Castilla.
Este trabalho traz à baila os conceitos de Direito e de Justiça vigentes durante o reinado dos Reis Católicos, bem como o ordenamento jurídico vigente na época, em específico as Ordenanzas Reales de Castilla. Isabel de Castela e Fernando de Aragão, também conhecidos como Reis Católicos, uniram-se em matrimônio no ano de 1469, unificaram seus reinos e implementaram reformas no sistema jurídico e nas instituições existentes, mas a Castela coube o papel central dessa nova unidade política. Diante dessa realidade, embora o poder soberano fosse exercido por ambos os monarcas, de forma comum, os elementos básicos de cada reino – territórios, Fueros e Cortes – foram mantidos. Pode-se inferir que, com referida união, Isabel e Fernando desenvolveram um projeto centralizador pautado nos conceitos de Direito e de Justiça, tendo como fundamentos os preceitos aristotélico-tomistas, atuando, deste modo, enquanto juízes e legisladores, a fim de fortalecerem o sistema jurídico e de aplicarem e distribuírem a Justiça às afluências de seus territórios. Assim, ambos restauraram a ordem política e social e reformaram as instituições de governo e de Justiça em Castela, promovendo a centralização do poder. Nesse contexto, são ressaltados os conceitos de Direito e de Justiça vigentes à época dos Reis Católicos, a forma como legislavam e julgavam, bem como o ordenamento jurídico, em específico as Ordenanzas Reales de Castilla.
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36

Queiroz, Ari Ferreira de. "Eficácia das normas constitucionais definidoras de direitos e garantias fundamentais: Interpretação realista art. 5º, § 1º, da Constituição Federal de 1988." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2006. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7413.

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étant donne que les constitutions ecrites ne sont pas des oeuvres completes, elle ne contiennent que le fondamental et laissent le travail complementaire aux lois, qui s occuperont des details et permettront l adaptation aux progres sociaux. mais une constitution qui laisse trop de matieres em attente de complement legislatif court le risque de devenir lettre morte, par omission du legislateur, qui n elabore pas les lois necessaires pour lui donner sa pleine efficacite, frustrant par la-meme tous ceux qui crurent en elle. pour eviter que les droits et garanties fondamentaux ne subissent pareil sort, on a insere a l article 5, § 1º de la constitution federale de 1988 une regle selon laquelle les normes qui les definissent sont d application immediate, ce qui les place dans une position de super-droits, si on les compare aux autres. la premiere constitution a contenir une norme semblable fut la loi fondamentale de bonn de 1949, suivie, dans la decennie de 60, par les constitutions du venezuela (1961), du paraguay et de l uruguay (1967), du portugal (1976) et d espagne (1978). dans la decennie de 90, une norme semblable est apparue dans les constitutions de slovenie (1991), de russie (1993), d ukraine (1996) et de pologne (1997). certaines constitutions provinciales, comme celles e neuquen et de la terre de feu en argentine, contiennent egalement une regle semblable. du fait qu ils constituent l essence de la constitution, les droits et garanties fondamentaux jouissent d un status superieur aux autres. la signification reelle de ce dispositif a fait l objet de controverses, surtout autour de son application aux droits fondamentaux de prestation, qui figurent particulierement au rang des droits sociaux, non seulement pour les ouvriers (art. 7 a 11), mais aussi pour les autres personnes, mentionnes a l art. 6 mais renvoyes a d autres chapitres, comme les droits a la sante, a l education, a la securite sociale, entre autres. la controverse concerne deux points essentiels: le premier est du au fait que, malgre l utilisation expresse de l expression "droits fondamentaux" au lieu de "droits individuels", la norme figure dans un paragraphe de l art. 5, qui ne liste pas tous les droits fondamentaux, mais uniquement "des droits et devoirs individuels et collectifs" ; le second est independant du locus constitutionnel, mais considere l existence de droits fondamentaux qui se realisent par la simple imposition d un comportement negatif vis-a-vis de la partie opposee état ou particuliers -, tandis que d autres, sans nier ces droits, exigent la realisation d actes materiels, comme la construction d ecoles ou de centres de sante ou la disponibilite d argent pour couvrir les depenses de la securite sociale. pour eclaircir le dispositif et trouver sa signification reelle et ses implications par rapport aux destinataires des droits fondamentaux et a ceux qui doivent les rendre effectifs, nous avons cherche, dans le present travail, a etablir une distinction entre droits et garanties fondamentaux, droits individuels et droits collectifs et entre ceux-ci et les droits sociau x. à la fin, nous avons conclu que la norme analysee ne prete pas efficacite juridique a celles qui, par disposition constitutionnelle expresse ou par simple impossibilite de preciser leur portee, dependent d une mediation legislative reglementatrice ou d une intervention administrative de type patrimonial, comme il arrive generalement dans le cas des droits a prestations positives. nous avons egalement conclu que les normes constitutionnelles qui definissent des garanties, du fait qu elles traduisent des droits de la defense, ne sont jamais dependantes, meme si elles admettent une reglementation; aussi jouissent-elles toujours de l efficacite la plus large, mais elles peuvent voir leur portee reduite
Não sendo obras completas, é normal que as constituições escritas contenham apenas o fundamental, deixando a complementação para as leis, as quais a detalharão e possibilitarão a adaptação aos avanços sociais. Mas, uma constituição que deixa demasiado número de matérias a espera de complementação legislativa corre o risco de se tornar letra morta, por omissão do legislador, que não elabora as leis necessárias para lhe dar a plena eficácia, frustrando todos os que nela acreditaram. Para evitar isso quanto aos direitos e garantias fundamentais, inseriu-se no art. 5º, § 1º, da Constituição Federal de 1988, regra de que as normas que os definem têm aplicação imediata, o que os colocando em posição de superdireitos, se comparados com os demais. A primeira Constituição a conter norma semelhante foi a Lei Fundamental de Bonn, de 1949, seguindo-se, na década de 60, as constituições venezuelana (1961), paraguaia e uruguaia (1967), portuguesa (1976) e espanhola (1978). Na década de 90, norma semelhante apareceu nas constituições eslovena (1991), russa (1993), ucraniana (1996) e polonesa (1997). Algumas constituições provinciais, como as de Neuquen e Terra do Fogo, na Argentina, também contêm regra semelhante. Por constituir a essência da constituição, os direitos e garantias fundamentais gozam de status superior em relação aos demais. O real significado desse dispositivo tem sido objeto de controvérsias, especialmente acerca de sua aplicação quanto aos direitos fundamentais prestacionais, particularmente encontradiços no rol dos direitos sociais, não somente quanto aos trabalhadores (arts. 7º a 11), mas também quanto aos demais, mencionados no art. 6º, porém remetidos para outros capítulos, como os direitos à saúde, educação, previdência social, entre outros. A controvérsia reside em dois pontos básicos: o primeiro, porque, a despeito da expressa utilização da expressão "direitos fundamentais", em lugar de "direitos individuais", a norma consta de um parágrafo do art. 5º, que não veicula todos os direitos fundamentais, mas apenas "direitos e deveres individuais e coletivos"; o segundo independe do locus constitucional, mas considera a existência de direitos fundamentais que se realizam pela simples imposição de comportamento negativo em face da parte contrária Estado ou particulares -, enquanto outros, sem negar esses, exigem a realização de atos materiais, como a construção de escolas ou centros de saúde ou a disponibilidade de dinheiro para custear a previdência social. Para aclarar o dispositivo e encontrar seu real significado e implicações frente aos destinatários dos direitos fundamentais e àqueles que devem efetivá-los, buscou-se, neste trabalho, distinguir entre direitos e garantias fundamentais, direitos individuais e direitos fundamentais, direitos individuais e direitos coletivos e entre estes e direitos sociais. Ao final, concluiu-se que a norma analisada não empresta eficácia jurídica às que, por expressa disposição constitucional ou por simples impossibilidade de se precisar seu alcance, dependem de intermediação legislativa regulamentadora ou intervenção administrativa de cunho patrimonial, como geralmente ocorre com os direitos a prestações positivas. Concluiu-se também que as normas constitucionais que definem garantias, por traduzirem direitos de defesa, nunca dependem, embora admitem regulamentação, por isso sempre gozam da máxima eficácia, mas podem ter o alcance reduzido
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37

Souza, Miriam Elisabeth Mibielli dos Santos. "A relação entre sensação e percepção na teoria do conhecimento empírico de Thomas Reid: uma análise do realismo direto em epistemologia." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/3416.

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The objective of this study is to establish the relationship between sensation and perception in the theory of empirical knowledge of Thomas Reid, making an analysis of direct realism in epistemology. The topic is discussed based mainly on two of her major works, An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense and Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, but without leave to present the ideas of major contemporary philosophers, interpreters of Reid as well as John Greco, James van Cleve, among others. At first, he was critical of Reid to the theory of ideas, setting up a distinction between sensation and perception. The theory of sensation and the theory of perception are treated separately, as the methodology adopted by Reid suggests. To finish up, the last chapter deals with the direct realism of Thomas Reid, where he attempts to demonstrate, through his theory of perception, human mind’s ability to relate directly with the world, without need of any other element, as the "idea" itself.
O objetivo do presente trabalho é estabelecer a relação entre sensação e percepção na teoria do conhecimento empírico de Thomas Reid, efetuando uma análise do realismo direto em epistemologia. O tema é abordado com base, principalmente, em duas de suas grandes obras, An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense e Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, mas sem deixar de apresentar as ideias de grandes filósofos contemporâneos, intérpretes de Reid como John Greco, James van Cleve, entre outros. No primeiro momento, ressalta-se a crítica de Reid à teoria das ideias, estabelecendo-se em seguida uma distinção preliminar entre sensação e percepção. A teoria da sensação e a teoria da percepção são então tratadas separadamente, conforme a metodologia adotada por Reid. Para finalizar, o último capítulo trata do realismo direto de Thomas Reid, que, na teoria da percepção, demonstra a capacidade que a mente possui de se conectar diretamente com o mundo, sem precisar de qualquer outro elemento, como a própria "ideia".
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38

Chapoulie, Emmanuelle. "Gestes et manipulation directe pour la réalité virtuelle immersive." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01070736.

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La réalité virtuelle est une technologie qui voit ses applications s'étendre à de nombreux domaines (médical, automobile, etc.). Cette thèse se place dans le contexte des espaces virtuels complètement immersifs, et a pour but d'étudier les effets des deux principaux types d'interfaces proposés (manette avec 6 degrés de liberté, et système de suivi de doigts) sur l'expérience des utilisateurs, dans le cadre de la manipulation d'objets 3D. Nous nous intéressons à des paramètres tels que la facilité d'utilisation, la sensation d'immersion, la rapidité et la précision offertes... Pour cela, nous proposons des expériences évaluant ces paramètres à travers des tâches dont le succès est mesurable, et qui ne sont pas spécifiques à un domaine. Dans une première étude, nous nous intéressons aux tâches complexes d'ordre général, faisant appel à des compétences requises dans les manipulations quotidiennes, telles que le fait d'attraper, de relâcher, de translater, de tourner et de maintenir en équilibre des objets tout en se déplaçant. Nous affinons ensuite notre étude en observant les effets de ces interfaces sur les mouvements eux-mêmes, en les décomposant en degrés de liberté individuels et groupés. Enfin, nous testons l'applicabilité de notre système de manipulation directe dans le cadre d'une étude préliminaire sur l'utilisation de la réalité virtuelle pour le traitement de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Ces études analysent les propriétés de ces interfaces dans le but de fournir des indications aidant au choix de l'interface la plus appropriée pour des applications futures.
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39

Nilsson, Daniel. "The Ratio of Reality : A study of the gyromagnetic ratio in theories ranging from classical mechanics to string theory." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teoretisk fysik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448767.

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In this project a theoretical study of the so called gyromagnetic ratio was done by investigating classical mechanics, Dirac theory and string theory. The gyromagnetic ratio is a constant term appearing in the coupling between angular momentum and magnetic moment for a particle. A universality in quantum field theory claiming g = 2 regardless of spin is known to exist which also agrees with the found values (g = 2) of the Dirac and string theory. The proof of the aforementioned universality in quantum field theory was sketched in the project by showing that the W-boson Lagrangian is well behaved in the massless limit. Furthermore it is shown that the spin equations of motion for a particle is greatly reduced if g = 2 regardless of spin.
I det här projektet utfördes en teoretisk studie av den så kallade gyromagnetsika kvoten genom att undersöka klassisk mekanik, Dirac-teori och strängteori. Den gyromagnetiska kvoten är en konstant term som visar sig i kopplingen mellan rörelsemängsmoment och magnetiskt moment för en partikel. I kvantfältsteori existerar en universalitet som hävdar att g = 2 oberoende av spin. Denna universalitet stämmer överens med de funna värden på g från Dirac-teori och strängtoeri. Beviset för denna universalitet testades genom ett exempel där Lagrangianen för W-bosonen i kvantfältsteori visades bete sig som förväntat när massan för partikeln tilläts gå mot noll. Vidare undersöktes rörelseekvationerna för ett system helt bestämt av dess spin. I dessa kan det visas att ett universellt värde på g oavsett spin reducerar dessa ekvationer avsevärt.
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40

Tonetto, Maria Cristina. "CULTURA E IMAGEM: O CINEMA NEO-REALISTA NO MERCOSUL 1955 A 1962." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2006. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9720.

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This paper of the Latin American Integration Master has approached the imaginary construction of a specific region in the MERCOSUL, through the films neorealists in the cinematography of Brazil and Argentina, in the period of 1955 the 1962. The answer for what we were looking for if the neo-realistic school had brought near to Brazil and Argentina movies and through which prism this similarity had happened. To answer these investigations we carry out a study, which emphasizes the relation between history, cinema and its ramifications, using some readings on the new concepts of historical inquiry, which opened the way for definitions of representation and imaginary. To complement this analysis an inquiry bibliography happened in Brazil and in Argentina, in Theories, Scientific Articles and movies of the analysed time, in Brazil, Rio, 40 Degrees, in Argentina, The flooded and in Italy, Thieves of Bicycle. The investigation of the selected material provided the knowledge of collective and individual data of the communities from the MERCOSUR and its cultural approximations. It showed a cinematographic approximation between Brazil and Argentina in the neo-realistic movies and its regional approach, which revealed the habits, customs and political and social inquiries from these countries. Our study revealed also the importance of the cinema as one more alternative in the creation of a cultural politicy into the MERCOSUR.
Esta dissertação do Mestrado de Integração Latino Americana abordou a construção de um imaginário regional no MERCOSUL, através dos filmes neorealistas na cinematografia do Brasil e da Argentina, no período de 1955 a 1962. A resposta que buscávamos era se a escola neo-realista tinha aproximado os cinemas do Brasil e da Argentina e sob que prisma aconteceu esta semelhança. Para responder estas indagações realizamos um estudo, que enfatiza a relação entre história e cinema e seus desdobramentos, utilizando como auxílio as leituras sobre novos conceitos de pesquisa histórica, que abriram o caminho para definições de representação e imaginário. Para complementar esta análise realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliografia no Brasil e na Argentina, em Teses, Artigos Científicos e filmes da época analisada, no Brasil, Rio, 40 Graus, na Argentina, Los inundados e na Itália Ladrões de Bicicleta. A investigação do material selecionado proporcionou o conhecimento de dados coletivos e individuais das comunidades do MERCOSUL e suas aproximações culturais. Mostrou uma aproximação cinematográfica entre o Brasil e a Argentina nos filmes neo-realistas e sua abordagem regional, que revelou os hábitos, costumes e questionamentos políticos e sociais destes países. Nosso estudo revelou também a importância do cinema como mais uma alternativa na criação de uma política cultural no MERCOSUL.
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41

Toledo, Cláudia Mansani Queda de. "O ensino jurídico no Brasil e o estado democrático de direito: análise crítica do ensino do direito penal." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8407.

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The Masters dissertation under the title The Legal Education in Brazil and the democratic rule of law - critical analysis of teaching criminal law, is an analysis of the disparity observed between the teaching of criminal law and social reality as it is part and indicates the need for a new look to the teaching of criminal law, consistent with the expectations of modern society. The work shows a crisis in legal education, disclosed the meeting between what is taking place within the faculties of law and that perpetrators of Education considered modern feel as ideal way to a training committed to social dialectics. To locate the subject, presents a historical review of the Brazilian legal education in order to verify the remote reflected in the current model adopted and point to existing legislation that regulates. The objectives are at identifying what the expected profile for graduates of colleges of law and whether or not they are being considered qualified to confront this new moment of the social teaching of criminal law in the face of the guiding principles of democratic rule of law. Another goal is to uncover what role the university in the democratic rule of law as an appropriate forum to bring the work practices of a pipeline and processing dialectically adjusted to the clamor of social reality. The study also puts the science of law and guided always by an ideology and shows the importance of attending the university education together with research and extension, a prospect inseparable
A dissertação de mestrado sob o título O Ensino Jurídico no Brasil e o Estado Democrático de Direito análise crítica do ensino do Direito Penal, é uma análise do descompasso observado entre o ensino do Direito Penal e a realidade social em que se insere e indica para a necessidade de um novo olhar para o ensino do Direito Penal, condizente com as expectativas da sociedade moderna. O trabalho evidencia uma crise no ensino jurídico, revelada a partir do confronto entre o que se realiza no âmbito das faculdades de direito e o que os autores de Educação considerados modernos consideram como caminho ideal para uma formação comprometida com a dialética social. Para situar o tema, apresenta uma resenha histórica do ensino jurídico brasileiro com a finalidade de verificar quais os reflexos remotos no modelo atual adotado e de apontar para a legislação vigente que o regulamenta. Os objetivos situam-se em identificar qual o perfil esperado para os egressos das faculdades de direito e se estão ou não sendo considerados capacitados ao enfrentamento deste novo momento social do ensino do Direito Penal diante dos princípios norteadores do Estado Democrático de Direito. Outro objetivo é o desvelar qual o papel da universidade no Estado Democrático de Direito como instância adequada para aproximar as práticas profissionais de uma conduta transformadora e dialeticamente ajustada ao clamor da realidade social. O estudo insere ainda a ciência do direito como norteada sempre por uma ideologia e revela a importância do atendimento universitário ao ensino acompanhado da pesquisa e da extensão, numa perspectiva indissociável
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42

Barnabé, Gabriel Ribeiro. "A guerra externa em Hobbes, Locke e Grotius : realismo e racionalismo na teoria das relações internacionais." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278705.

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Orientador: Jose Oscar de Almeida Marques
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: O realismo e o racionalismo são dois paradigmas que refletem os eixos que orientam as relações internacionais; a cooperação e o conflito. O pensamento de Hobbes, que se aproxima do realismo, entende o cenário internacional como predominante de conflito devido aos Estados buscarem a acumulação indefinida de poder e possuírem o direito natural sobre todas as coisas. Os pensamentos de Locke e Grotius se aproximam do paradigma do racionalismo, pois acreditam que os Estados podem ser racionalmente induzidos à cooperação. Para Locke, o cenário internacional é de paz enquanto a lei natural for cumprida. A violação da lei natural autoriza uma guerra justa. De acordo com Grotius, o homem possui naturalmente o desejo de viver em sociedade ordenada segundo sua reta razão. Grotius conjuga realistas e racionalistas ao argumentar pelo estabelecimento de regras mínimas para o mínimo de sociabilidade. A violação dessas regras mínimas autoriza uma guerra justa. Concluiremos que os pensamentos dos três filósofos são complementares para uma visão unificada dos fenômenos internacionais
Abstract: Realism and rationalism are two paradigms which reflect the main lines guiding international relations: cooperation and conflict. Hobbes' ideas, which approach realism, envision the international scene as predominantly conflictuous due to a quest of States to reach indefinite accumulation of power and to possess the natural right over all things. The thoughts of Locke and Grotius approach the paradigm of rationalism, for their belief in that the States can rationally be induced into cooperation. For Locke, the international scene is of peace as long as there is a fulfillment of natural law - the breaking of which would authorize a fair war. According to Grotius, man naturally possesses the desire of living in a society ordained according to his right reason. Grotius conjugates realists and rationalists when arguing for the establishment of a minimum of rules for a minimum of sociability. The breaking of these minimum rules authorizes a fair war. We shall conclude that the thoughts of the three philosophers are complementary for a unified vision of the international phenomena
Mestrado
Mestre em Filosofia
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43

Batmaz, Anil Ufuk. "Speed, precision and grip force analysis of human manual operations with and without direct visual input." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ056/document.

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Le système perceptif d’un chirurgien doit s’adapter aux contraintes multisensorielles liées à la chirurgie guidée par l’image. Trois expériences sont conçues pour explorer ces contraintes visuelles et haptiques pour l’apprentissage guidé par l’image. Les résultats montrent que les sujets sont plus rapides et plus précis avec une vision directe. La stéréoscopie 3D n’améliore pas les performances des débutants complets. En réalité virtuelle, la variation de la longueur, largeur, position et complexité de l'objet affecte les performances motrices. La force de préhension appliquée sur un système robotique chirurgical dépend de l'expérience de l'utilisateur. En conclusion, le temps et la précision sont importants, mais la précision doit rester une priorité pour un apprenti. L'homogénéité des groupes d'étude est important pour la recherche sur la formation chirurgicale. Les résultats ont un impact direct sur le suivi des compétences individuelles pour les applications guidées par l'image
Perceptual system of a surgeon must adapt to conditions of multisensorial constrains regard to planning, control, and execution of the image-guided surgical operations. Three experimental setups are designed to explore these visual and haptic constraints in the image-guided training. Results show that subjects are faster and more precise with direct vision compared to image guidance. Stereoscopic 3D viewing does not represent a performance advantage for complete beginners. In virtual reality, variation in object length, width, position, and complexity affect the motor performance. Applied grip force on a surgical robot system depends on the user experience level. In conclusion, both time and precision matter critically, but trainee gets as precise as possible before getting faster should be a priority. Study group homogeneity and background play key role in surgical training research. The findings have direct implications for individual skill monitoring for image-guided applications
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Guedes, Jefferson Gomes Teixeira. "Formas de produção da \"Realidade\" no modo de representação observacional: uma análise do cinema direto norte-americano dos anos 1960 e de filmes brasileiros dos anos 2000." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-25052012-134958/.

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O presente trabalho busca analisar como certos filmes do modo de representação observacional são capazes de incitar no espectador a impressão de vislumbrar a própria realidade na tela, dividindo-se a pesquisa em dois períodos e contextos particulares: nos anos 60, quando surgiu o Cinema Direto nos Estados Unidos em torno da Drew Associates, e nos anos 2000 a partir de dois documentários brasileiros.
This work analyzes as certain films of the observational mode of representation are capable of provoking in the spectator the impression of glimpsing the reality itself on the screen in two periods and particular contexts: in the 60s, when the Direct Cinema appeared in the United States around the Drew Associates, and in the years 2000, through two Brazilian documentaries.
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45

Sabeuya, Betbeui Carine. "Jeux et enjeux des discours rapportés dans cinq romans de Guy de Maupassant : le cas des discours directs dans Bel-Ami, Une vie, Pierre et Jean, Fort comme la mort et Notre cœur." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CERG0985/document.

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Ce travail examine le mode de fonctionnement du système des discours directs dans cinq romans de Maupassant. Il est alimenté par les fondements théoriques de Bakhtine et les développements épistémologiques de Bres qui débouchent sur un cadre opératoire élaboré par Authier-Revuz : l’hétérogénéité montrée. Parmi les modalités de cette hétérogénéité, nous avons ciblé le discours direct qui forme un système avec le discours narratorial. Nous avons scruté ce système sous le prisme de la démarche stylistique quantitative, assortie des analyses qualitatives présentées. Nous avons scruté les mécanismes syntaxiques des segments introducteurs du discours direct, en insistant sur leur construction, les catégories sémantiques et énonciatives des verbes. Ces indicateurs ont été réinvestis par la suite pour analyser les fonctions des discours narratoriaux et des discours directs. Au bout du compte, nous avons tiré plusieurs conclusions. Nous avons vu que le segment introducteur est doté des valeurs narrativo-descriptives, illocutoires et perlocutoires, tributaires des ressources langagières en présence. Quant aux discours directs, ils ont des fonctions langagières et énonciatives. La première repose sur des usages de la langue qui révèlent non seulement les affects des personnages, mais aussi certaines situations de communication. La fonction énonciative repose essentiellement sur les valeurs impressive, expressive et interlocutive des personnages. La prégnance des phénomènes observés permet de dire que toutes ces fonctions concourent à la recherche de l’illusion référentielle par Maupassant au travers du système de discours direct intégré dans la trame du récit
This work discusses how the system of direct speeches in five novels of Maupassant functions. It is rooted in the theoretical works of Bakhtin and on the epistemological developments of Bres which are developed on an operating framework elaborated by Authier-Revuz: the heterogeneity shown. Of the modalities of this heterogeneity, we have targeted direct and narrative discourses. We have analysed this system using the quantitative stylistic approach alongside the qualitative analyses presented. We have scrutinised the syntactic mechanisms of the introductory segments of direct speech, emphasizing their construction, semantic categories, and verb initiatives. These indicators were subsequently reinvested to analyse the functions of narrative discourses and direct speeches. At the end of the day, we made a number of conclusions. We have already seen the segment presenting narrative descriptive, illocutionary and perlocutory values dependent on the linguistic resources involved. As for direct speeches, they have linguistic and enunciative functions. The linguistic function involves language use with at the same time the feelings of the characters and also certain situations of communication. The enunciative function is essentially based on the impressive, expressive and interlocative values of the characters. The representation of the phenomena observed allows all the concurrent functions to search for the referential illusion by Maupassant through the system of speech integrated into the plot of the story
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46

Souza, Miriam Elisabeth Mibielli dos Santos. "A rela??o entre sensa??o e percep??o na teoria do conhecimento emp?rico de Thomas Reid : uma an?lise do realismo direto em epistemologia." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/2820.

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O objetivo do presente trabalho ? estabelecer a rela??o entre sensa??o e percep??o na teoria do conhecimento emp?rico de Thomas Reid, efetuando uma an?lise do realismo direto em epistemologia. O tema ? abordado com base, principalmente, em duas de suas grandes obras, An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense e Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, mas sem deixar de apresentar as ideias de grandes fil?sofos contempor?neos, int?rpretes de Reid como John Greco, James van Cleve, entre outros. No primeiro momento, ressalta-se a cr?tica de Reid ? teoria das ideias, estabelecendo-se em seguida uma distin??o preliminar entre sensa??o e percep??o. A teoria da sensa??o e a teoria da percep??o s?o ent?o tratadas separadamente, conforme a metodologia adotada por Reid. Para finalizar, o ?ltimo cap?tulo trata do realismo direto de Thomas Reid, que, na teoria da percep??o, demonstra a capacidade que a mente possui de se conectar diretamente com o mundo, sem precisar de qualquer outro elemento, como a pr?pria "ideia".
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47

Aguiar, Tatiana. "A superposição de discursos vencedores: análise pragmática das transformações jurisprudenciais em matéria tributária sob uma visão retórica realista." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6353.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In this study, we will examine, pragmatically, the decisions of the Superior Courts, more precisely, the positioning of these bodies´ changes in judgment, regarding tax matters, under the perspective of the Realistic Rhetoric Theory. Therefore, the first part will be devoted to the study of this theory: what it is, what its basic premises are, in which cases it distinguishes it self from the other rhetorical theories. Moreover, we will focus on issues considered important to its understanding, such as, language, truth and speech. In the second part, we will try to apply these rhetorical ideas to Tax Law, facing it as a communication system: the legal reality in its linguistic nature and legal rules in speech. We will tackle the Higher Courts as winning speech issuers, as well as analyze the phenomenon of the superposition of these speeches. To conclude, we face some legal cases in tax matters. We chose three themes that were subject to review by the Higher Courts at different times, which received two distinct placements by the same bodies which, for us, reaffirm the ideas defended in this work
No presente trabalho, analisaremos, pragmaticamente, as decisões das cortes superioras, mais precisamente, a mudança de posicionamento desses órgãos julgadores, em matéria tributária, sob a ótica da Teoria Retórica Realista. Para tanto, dedicaremos a primeira parte ao estudo desta teoria:em que consiste, quais suas premissas básicas, em que se distingue das demais teorias retóricas, além disso, cuidaremos de temas que são importantes para sua compreensão, tais como, linguagem, verdade e discurso. Na segunda parte, buscaremos aplicar essas ideias retóricas ao Direito Tributário, enxergando-o como um sistema comunicacional: a realidade jurídica em sua natureza linguística e a norma como discurso. Encararemos os Tribunais Superiores como emissores de discursos vencedores, assim como analisaremos o fenômeno da superposição dos discursos daqueles emanados. Para finalizar este trabalho, enfrentaremos alguns casos jurisprudenciais em matéria tributária. Escolhemos três temas que foram objeto de análise pelas Cortes Superioras, sendo que todas eles, em diferentes momentos, receberam dois posicionamentos distintos pelos mesmos órgãos julgadores, o que, para nós, reitera as ideias defendidas neste trabalho
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48

Popelka, Karel. "Aplikace s vkládáním virtuálních předmětů do záběru kamery." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-255339.

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The aim of this project is to design an application for mobile platform which can insert virtual objects to camera shots without disturbing the scene. The application is implemented on Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 platforms. The scene rendering is done in DirectX with C++ programming language and the user interface is created in XAML. This text describes the relevant fundamentals of augmented reality and the selected platform and it describes advanced programming techniques such as asynchronous resources loading or advanced post processing rendering techniques. The result of this project is a mobile application for inserting a virtual object with its shadow to camera shot. It is possible to set some aspects of the light and take a picture with the virtual object in high resolution.
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49

Varjão, Alan Jefferson Santos. "Culpabilidade no direito penal: a ilusão do poder agir de outro modo a partir do problema do livre-arbítrio." Pós-Graduação em Direito, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4350.

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We have here a theoretical research that intends to question the concept of culpability, in other words, the idea of being able to act otherwise considering the problem of free will. We argue that the concept of culpability is legitimized by a libertarian sense of free will in the common sense that has no empirical basis. Thus, given the impossibility of proving the existence of free will, we affirm that the criminal law cannot justify punishment on desert. Despite the compatibilist appearance, the idea of being able to do otherwise is supported implicitly by a libertarian point of view. In other words, the judgment of disapproval is justified by an untenable notion of freedom. The idea is to demonstrate that the way people see free will is an illusion because the assumptions that sustain it are false. In support, we use arguments of some philosophers and discoveries of neuroscience. From them, we demonstrated that the only way out of culpability is the normative presumption based on an a priori concept of average man. Besides false free will, the culpability brings a sense of moral realism that cannot be sustained in the face of some discoveries of neuroscience. In the background, we showed the evolution of criminal law as a systematic construction and the role played by culpability in the criminal dogmatic system. With the denial of the normative concept, we analyzed the functionalism of Claus Roxin and Gunther Jakobs, and also the theory of utilitarianism by deterrence.
Trata-se de pesquisa teórica que procura questionar a ideia do poder agir de outro modo da culpabilidade a partir do problema do livre-arbítrio. Defendemos que a culpabilidade é legitimada por uma sensação libertista de livre-arbítrio no senso comum que não tem fundamento empírico. Assim, diante da impossibilidade de comprovação da vontade livre, afirmamos que o Direito penal não pode fundamentar a pena no merecimento. Apesar da aparência compatibilista, o poder agir de outro modo se baseia, implicitamente, no libertismo. Em outras palavras, o juízo de reprovação é justificado por uma noção insustentável de liberdade. A ideia é demonstrar que o modo como as pessoas enxergam o livre-arbítrio representa uma ilusão, pois os pressupostos que o sustentam são falsos. Como fundamentação, utilizamos argumentos de alguns filósofos e descobertas da neurociência. A partir deles, demonstramos que a única saída para a culpabilidade é a presunção normativa com base em um conceito a priori de homem médio. Além do falso livrearbítrio, a culpabilidade traz uma noção de realismo moral que não pode ser sustentada diante de algumas descobertas da neurociência. Em segundo plano, demonstramos a evolução do Direito penal como construção sistemática e o papel ocupado pela culpabilidade no sistema da dogmática penal. Com a negação do conceito normativo, analisamos as propostas funcionalistas de Claus Roxin e Gunther Jakobs, e também a teoria do utilitarismo por dissuasão.
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50

Fran?a, Phillip Gil. "A adequada tutela jurisdicional do ato administrativo discricion?rio como instrumento de promo??o e realiza??o dos objetivos fundamentais da rep?blica brasileira fundamentos e contornos da a??o direta de ilegalidade da discricionariedade administrativa de interesse nacional." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2012. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/4184.

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The present thesis pursues to indicate the new, or renewed, legal techniques including comprising legal procedural to enable better control of discretionary administrative activities of the State, in order to promote a practical and concrete effectiveness of the goals of the Republic of Brazil printed on Article 3rd of the Brazilian Constitution 1988. The purposes to present as part of discretionary administrative act, also, the full scope of jurisdictional mastery (sindicabilidade), being that, it represents the expression of the public onus established in the current Democratic Republican State of Law, as diction of the Federal Constitution of 1988. Therefore, it is analyzed the role of Public Administration in the State duty of the concretization and to implement realization of public interest, through a concatenated and harmonious juridical administrative system, made possible by the exercise of prerogatives (powers) and constraints (principles) of the administrative activity of the State. In this scenario, it is unblemished the structure and operation of administrative acts, with highlights to those who have some legal margin of governance, known as discretionary. It is made known, also, the current tendency of jurisprudence of the Superior Courts on judicial review of discretionary administrative act, indicating to the heterogeneity of decisions on the subject, a fact that demands the establishment of a new "North" to be followed to provide adequate protection of Constitutional state's judicial administrative activity. Thus, this work analyzes the necessity to adapt old techniques of interpretation of the administrative discretionary act, and indicates ways to overcome practices that no longer maintain the current Constitutional context, such as, among others: the shield of administrative merit against the respective judicial control and review, the shallow interpretation of the Theory of Tripartition of Powers the absence of democratic legitimacy of the State Judge. Consequently, there are appropriate ways to assist the maintenance and sustainability of the system as a legitimate form of protecting the lives of citizens: the consequentialist interpretation, the rational weighing of the values involved, and the inclusion of the criterion of administrative act demonstration of a causal nexus between the production of the act and the public interest to be achieved. In conclusion, the Thesis suggests a technique of Law, judicial-procedural, able to deal with intimidations and battering on rights arising from discretionary administrative activities unreached that undermine the state system legitimately established, bringing systemic instability, generating event of negative consequences for the development intersubjective for the participants of the State. It follows then that there are state administrative activities outside the scope of the constitutional principle of judicial protection of inseparability thus creating shadow areas of administrative activity of the State, misshapen republican and democratic values printed in the Constitution. Therefore, such discretionary activities need to be reincorporated into the Constitutional legal contexture, necessary in relation to their sustainability, through the techniques suggested in order to objectification, to extent maximum is possible, the mastery(sindicabilidade) of the administrative merit, especially those that bring relevant national systemic astonishment as evidence that any public act must be under the aegis of Constitutional Republican system of responsibility and control of public activity.
A tese ora apresentada consiste na formula??o de novas, ou renovadas, t?cnicas jur?dicas inclusive, processuais-judiciais para viabilizar um melhor controle da atividade administrativa discricion?ria do Estado, com a finalidade de promover uma concreta efetividade dos objetivos da Rep?blica do Brasil estampados no art. 3.o da CF/88. Visa apresentar o ato administrativo discricion?rio como parte, tamb?m, do ?mbito de plena sindicabilidade jurisdicional, visto que representa a express?o do ?nus p?blico estabelecido no atual Estado republicano democr?tico de Direito, conforme dic??o constitucional. Para tanto, faz-se an?lise do papel da Administra??o P?blica no dever estatal de concretiza??o e realiza??o do interesse p?blico, por meio de um concatenado e harm?nico regime jur?dico administrativo, viabilizado pelo exerc?cio de prerrogativas (poderes) e sujei??es (princ?pios) da atividade administrativa do Estado. Nesse cen?rio, evidencia-se a estrutura??o e operacionaliza??o dos atos administrativos, com destaques aos que possuem determinada margem legal de gest?o p?blica, denominados discricion?rios. Demonstra-se, tamb?m, a atual tend?ncia jurisprudencial dos Tribunais Superiores sobre a tutela jurisdicional do ato administrativo discricion?rio, apontando a heterogeneidade de decis?es sobre o tema, fato que demanda o estabelecimento de um novo norte a ser seguido para a presta??o da constitucional adequada tutela judicial da atividade administrativa estatal. Assim, analisa-se a necessidade de se adaptar antigas t?cnicas de interpreta??o do ato administrativo discricion?rio e indicam-se caminhos para a supera??o de pr?ticas que n?o mais se sustentam no atual contexto constitucional, tais como: a blindagem do m?rito administrativo ante o respectivo controle judicial; a rasa interpreta??o da teoria da triparti??o dos poderes; a falta de legitima??o democr?tica do Estado-Juiz. Desse modo, tem-se como caminhos adequados para auxiliar a manuten??o e a sustentabilidade do sistema, a interpreta??o consequencialista, a pondera??o racional dos valores envolvidos e a inclus?o do crit?rio do ato administrativo de demonstra??o do nexo causal entre a produ??o do ato e o interesse p?blico a ser concretizado. Finalmente, a tese sugere t?cnica de Direito, processual-judicial, apta a tratar de amea?as e agress?es a direitos provenientes de atos administrativos discricion?rios de interesse nacional que abalam o sistema estatal, trazendo instabilidade sist?mica, fato gerador de consequ?ncias negativas para o desenvolvimento intersubjetivo dos part?cipes do Estado. Conclui-se, ent?o, que existem atividades administrativas estatais fora do alcance do princ?pio constitucional da inafastabilidade da tutela jurisdicional, criando, assim, zonas de sombra da atividade administrativa do Estado, disforme aos valores republicanos e democr?ticos estampados na Constitui??o. Isso posto, tais atividades discricion?rias precisam ser reincorporadas ao constitucional tecido jur?dico, em respeito ? sua necess?ria sustentabilidade, por meio das t?cnicas sugeridas, visando ? objetiva??o, ao m?ximo poss?vel, da sindicabilidade do m?rito administrativo, com destaque ?quelas que tragam relevante abalo sist?mico nacional, como demonstra??o de que todo e qualquer ato p?blico precisa estar sob a ?gide do constitucional regime republicano de responsabilidade e de controle da atividade p?blica.
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