Academic literature on the topic 'Direct realism'
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Journal articles on the topic "Direct realism"
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Brown, Harold I. "Direct Realism, Indirect Realism, and Epistemology." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 52, no. 2 (June 1992): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2107939.
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Robinson, Howard. "SEMANTIC DIRECT REALISM." American Philosophical Quarterly 57, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/48570645.
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Abstract The most common form of direct realism is Phenomenological Direct Realism (PDR). PDR is the theory that direct realism consists in unmediated awareness of the external object in the form of unmediated awareness of its relevant properties. I contrast this with Semantic Direct Realism (SDR), the theory that perceptual experience puts you in direct cognitive contact with external objects but does so without the unmediated awareness of the objects’ intrinsic properties invoked by PDR. PDR is what most understand by direct realism. My argument is that, under pressure from the arguments from illusion and hallucination, defenders of intentionalist theories, and even of relational theories, in fact retreat to SDR. I also argue briefly that the sense-datum theory is compatible with SDR and so nothing is gained by adopting either of the more fashionable theories.
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Costa, Claudio. "Non-naïve direct realism." Revista Perspectiva Filosófica - ISSN: 2357-9986 49, no. 2 (May 3, 2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.51359/2357-9986.2022.253881.
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This paper aims to answer some main arguments against direct realism. It is based on two theses: that of the Janus face of perceptual experience, and that of the cognitive primacy of sensory content (sense data). Together they help us give better answers to the old arguments of illusion and of science against direct realism.
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Butchvarov, Panayot. "Direct Realism without Materialism." Midwest Studies in Philosophy 19 (1994): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4975.1994.tb00276.x.
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윤보석. "Direct Realism and Illusion." CHUL HAK SA SANG - Journal of Philosophical Ideas ll, no. 49 (August 2013): 177–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.15750/chss..49.201308.007.
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Brewer, Bill. "Attention and Direct Realism." Analytic Philosophy 54, no. 4 (December 2013): 421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phib.12031.
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Aydede, Murat. "Naturalism, introspection, and direct realism about pain." Consciousness & Emotion 2, no. 1 (October 12, 2001): 29–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ce.2.1.03ayd.
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This paper examines pain states (and other intransitive bodily sensations) from the perspective of the problems they pose for pure informational/representational approaches to naturalizing qualia. I start with a comprehensive critical and quasi-historical discussion of so-called Perceptual Theories of Pain (e.g., Armstrong, Pitcher), as these were the natural predecessors of the more modern direct realist views. I describe the theoretical backdrop (indirect realism, sense-data theories) against which the perceptual theories were developed. The conclusion drawn is that pure representationalism about pain in the tradition of direct realist perceptual theories (e.g., Dretske, Tye) leaves out something crucial about the phenomenology of pain experiences, namely, their affective character. I touch upon the role that introspection plays in such representationalist views, and indicate how it contributes to the source of their trouble vis-à-vis bodily sensations. The paper ends by briefly commenting on the relation between the affective/evaluative component of pain and the hedonic valence of emotions.
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Fumerton, Richard. "Externalism and Epistemological Direct Realism." Monist 81, no. 3 (1998): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/monist199881320.
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Hodes, Greg. "Lonergan and Perceptual Direct Realism." International Philosophical Quarterly 47, no. 2 (2007): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ipq200747243.
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Peterson, John. "DIRECT REALISM, SKEPTICISM AND TRUTH." Grazer Philosophische studien 31, no. 1 (August 13, 1988): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-90000353.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Direct realism"
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Taylor, Gerald G. "Perception and common sense : a study of twentieth-century direct realism." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26989.
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This thesis is a critical examination of the direct realist theory of perception. A common-sense analysis of perception is defended against arguments which are widely believed to rule out the direct realist's notion of a direct contact with external physical reality. I argue that a common-sense version of direct realism can adequately account for hallucinations, perceptual relativity, perceptual illusions, severe time-lags and the causal processes involved in perception. The views of prominent, twentieth-century direct realists are critically examined with the intention of identifying constraints on any plausible direct realist theory of perception. I maintain that there are representationalist tensions in the work of leading, twentieth-century direct realists, and that a principal source of these representationalist tensions is their adherence to the common element thesis, the notion that hallucinations and genuine perceptions are the very same experience. Appealing to recent cognitive science experiments on the imagination, I defend a disjunctivist analysis of experience, one which holds that hallucinations and genuine perceptions involve fundamentally different experience-types, rather than sharing a common, world-independent experience. The analysis which emerges is non-epistemic in its denial that perceptual experiences are essentially cognitive. A non-intentional and non-propositional species of perceptual representational content is proposed, one which recognises qualia of perceptual experience. Recent attempts by direct realists to apply Russellian acquaintance to the direct perception of external physical reality are rejected as inconsistent with the central ideas in Russellian acquaintance. Traditional Humean difficulties about the elusiveness of the self in introspection, and the question how we could know we perceive if we are never actually acquainted with the self, are addressed by appeal to Russell's largely overlooked notion of learning to be acquainted with objects.
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Griffiths, Paul H. "An argument against the conjunction of direct realism and the standard causal picture." Thesis, University of Essex, 2016. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/17859/.
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Recent work in defence of direct realism has concentrated on the representationalist and disjunctivist responses to the arguments from illusion and hallucination, whilst relatively little attention has been given to the argument from causation which has been dismissed lightly as irrelevant or confused. However such charges arise from an ambiguity in the thesis which is being defended and the failure to distinguish between metaphysical and epistemological issues and between factual and conceptual claims. The argument from causation, as an argument against the conjunction of metaphysical direct realism and an explanation of the perceptual process in terms of a naturalistically understood causal chain of events, has not been answered in the philosophical literature. Moreover when the process of perception is fleshed out in terms of contemporary cognitive science, the difficulties are compounded. Neither representation-friendly mainstream cognitive science, nor representation-averse radical embodied cognitive science, is compatible with a theory of perception which is at the same time both direct and robustly realist.
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Scarpa, Paulo Cesar Almeida. "Cinema e realismo: Frederick Wiseman." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-06122012-114423/.
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O presente trabalho investiga, a partir da sociologia do cinema, uma seleção de filmes documentais do cineasta americano Frederick Wiseman (1930-). Trata-se de um documentarista com grande importância para o que ficou conhecido como cinema direto ou cinema vérité, uma corrente cinematográfica que, através de determinados artifícios formais ausência de narração, entrevistas ou intertítulos , causa uma forte impressão de realismo. Com isso, pretendi não apenas melhor compreender a produção deste cineasta como também refletir sobre algumas das construções narrativas presentes em seus filmes e, a partir disso, sobre algumas das relações entre cinema e realismo. Buscando trazer para a discussão este diretor pouco comentado na literatura brasileira, analisei aqui oito de seus filmes, distribuídos em três blocos temáticos: hospitais, exército e lazer. A análise se deu através de uma sociologia do cinema que compreende que a análise deve partir do próprio filme, compreendendo-o enquanto obra e enquanto a principal fonte de informação. No caso deste trabalho, a maneira pela qual Wiseman construiu imagens e narrativas ao longo de sua filmografia é interpretada enquanto uma resposta a uma das questões que permeia o cinema documental, qual seja, de como retratar e detalhar o real. Tendo isso em mente, podemos dizer que a câmera observadora não apenas observa. Ela narra, ela fala e ela argumenta.In this thesis I investigate, by means of a sociology of cinema, a selection of films by the American filmmaker Frederick Wiseman (1930-). Being a documentary filmmaker of great importance for what became known as direct cinema or cinema vérité, a cinematographic trend that, by means of certain formal devices the absence of voice-overs, interviews of inter-titles leads to a strong impression of realism. Thereby, I intended to not only better comprehend Wisemans production as well as some considerations on the narrative constructions in his films, but also to consider some of the relations between cinema and realism. While I aim to bring forth a debate regarding this rarely discussed director within the Brazilian literature, I here analyze eight of his films, divided in three different themed topics: hospitals, military and leisure. The analysis was done by means of a sociology of cinema, which understands that the investigation must begin with the film itself, understanding it as a piece of work and as the main source of information. In this thesis, the manner by which Wiseman crafted images and narrative over the course of his filmography is seen as an answer to one of the questions that permeates documentary cinema, namely, on how to depict and detail reality. With this in mind, we can say that the observational camera does not merely observe. It narrates, it speaks and it argues.
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Medlow, Sharon. "Mechanisms of mental causation an examination of the theories of Anomalous Monism and Direct Realism with regard to their proposals concerning the causal role of human mentality in the natural world /." Connect to full text, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/678.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2004.Title from title screen (viewed 14 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Psychology, Faculty of Science. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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Medlow, Sharon Denise. "Mechanisms of mental causation: An examination of the theories of Anomalous Monism and Direct Realism with regard to their proposals concerning the causal role of human mentality in the natural world." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/678.
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One of the most interesting developments in recent psychological theorising has been a growing appreciation of the need for a viable theory of mental causation. Hitherto, the prospects for reconciling what seems to be the uniquely rational character of human thought and action with the non-rational mechanistic workings of the natural world have appeared to be limited or even illusory, and the pursuit of reconciliation of this sort has therefore formerly been dismissed as being either impossible of completion or inappropriate for contemplation. Much of the scepticism concerning the role of causal processes in human thought and action was dispelled, however, by the philosopher Donald Davidson, who argues that not only is human action capable of being caused by the actor's thoughts and desires, but that only when such action is so caused, can it be rational. Davidson's proposal for the reconciliation of human rationality with causal necessitation is articulated in his theory of Anomalous Monism. According to this theory, there exists what may be termed an ontological-conceptual distinction between events themselves and the characters or properties that are attributed to events by human observers, and it is through recognition of this distinction that one discovers how mental events, that is, events that are amenable to description in the psychological vocabulary, are causally efficacious yet free from the constraints typically associated with the necessity and sufficiency of causal laws. Anomalous Monism, if it were workable, would therefore resolve the paradox according to which human mentality is at once integrated in, and yet unconstrained by, the mechanistic natural world, by demonstrating the compatibility of the facts of causation with the intuitions of folk psychology. However, close examination of Anomalous Monism reveals it to rely on logically flawed anti-realist principles concerning the characters of events, properties and causation. It follows from this that the theory itself must be rejected, but the task that it was devised to undertake, the formulation of a viable theory of mental causation, need not be similarly discarded. Rather, what remains is the challenge of delineating an alternative theory, one that withstands logical scrutiny whilst addressing what is characteristic of human mental processes, and thereby what is characteristic of mental causation. The theory of Direct Realism that is derived from the broader philosophical realism of John Anderson provides the materials for meeting this challenge. According to Direct Realism, mental phenomena are relational situations obtaining between certain organisms (including humans) and their environments. As such, mental phenomena are included in the range of phenomena occurring in the natural world and they are therefore subject to all of its ways of working, including its deterministic mechanisms. The particular challenge that a Direct Realist theory of mental causation faces, that of demonstrating that relational situations can be causal, is revealed upon examination of the character of causation to be unproblematic. Furthermore, the seeming incompatibility between human rationality and natural necessitation is resolved when it is acknowledged that, rather than be an inherent feature of thought and action, logical structure is a characteristic of the natural environment that organisms are at times sensitive to, as revealed by its effects on the characters of their thoughts and actions. Far from being remote or illusory, the prospects for reconciling human mentality with the causal mechanisms of the natural world are discovered in the present thesis to be favourable when a realist approach to the characters of both mental events and causation is adopted.
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Medlow, Sharon Denise. "Mechanisms of mental causation: An examination of the theories of Anomalous Monism and Direct Realism with regard to their proposals concerning the causal role of human mentality in the natural world." University of Sydney. Psychology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/678.
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One of the most interesting developments in recent psychological theorising has been a growing appreciation of the need for a viable theory of mental causation. Hitherto, the prospects for reconciling what seems to be the uniquely rational character of human thought and action with the non-rational mechanistic workings of the natural world have appeared to be limited or even illusory, and the pursuit of reconciliation of this sort has therefore formerly been dismissed as being either impossible of completion or inappropriate for contemplation. Much of the scepticism concerning the role of causal processes in human thought and action was dispelled, however, by the philosopher Donald Davidson, who argues that not only is human action capable of being caused by the actor�s thoughts and desires, but that only when such action is so caused, can it be rational. Davidson�s proposal for the reconciliation of human rationality with causal necessitation is articulated in his theory of Anomalous Monism. According to this theory, there exists what may be termed an ontological-conceptual distinction between events themselves and the characters or properties that are attributed to events by human observers, and it is through recognition of this distinction that one discovers how mental events, that is, events that are amenable to description in the psychological vocabulary, are causally efficacious yet free from the constraints typically associated with the necessity and sufficiency of causal laws. Anomalous Monism, if it were workable, would therefore resolve the paradox according to which human mentality is at once integrated in, and yet unconstrained by, the mechanistic natural world, by demonstrating the compatibility of the facts of causation with the intuitions of folk psychology. However, close examination of Anomalous Monism reveals it to rely on logically flawed anti-realist principles concerning the characters of events, properties and causation. It follows from this that the theory itself must be rejected, but the task that it was devised to undertake, the formulation of a viable theory of mental causation, need not be similarly discarded. Rather, what remains is the challenge of delineating an alternative theory, one that withstands logical scrutiny whilst addressing what is characteristic of human mental processes, and thereby what is characteristic of mental causation. The theory of Direct Realism that is derived from the broader philosophical realism of John Anderson provides the materials for meeting this challenge. According to Direct Realism, mental phenomena are relational situations obtaining between certain organisms (including humans) and their environments. As such, mental phenomena are included in the range of phenomena occurring in the natural world and they are therefore subject to all of its ways of working, including its deterministic mechanisms. The particular challenge that a Direct Realist theory of mental causation faces, that of demonstrating that relational situations can be causal, is revealed upon examination of the character of causation to be unproblematic. Furthermore, the seeming incompatibility between human rationality and natural necessitation is resolved when it is acknowledged that, rather than be an inherent feature of thought and action, logical structure is a characteristic of the natural environment that organisms are at times sensitive to, as revealed by its effects on the characters of their thoughts and actions. Far from being remote or illusory, the prospects for reconciling human mentality with the causal mechanisms of the natural world are discovered in the present thesis to be favourable when a realist approach to the characters of both mental events and causation is adopted.
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FREITAS, Lorena de Melo. "O realismo jurídico como pragmatismo: a retórica da tese realista de que direito é o que os juízes dizem que é direito." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2009. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/3681.
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Previous issue date: 2009Universidade Federal da Paraíba
A tese tem como tema o realismo jurídico norte-americano. Defende-se que esta corrente se insere no pensamento jurídico como representante do pragmatismo filosófico ao considerar que direito é o que os juízes dizem que é direito. Esta tese do realismo é o objeto de estudo no presente trabalho a ser estudado com o recurso metodológico da retórica. Por meio da retórica material ou existencial se identificará o ambiente do Clube metafísico de Boston com vistas a se investigar as bases do realismo jurídico norte-americano no pragmatismo filosófico. Na segunda parte o trabalho analisa retoricamente o realismo norte-americano elegendo Benjamin Nathan Cardozo e sua principal obra The nature of the judicial process como referencial teórico. A questão central é identificar como os argumentos do realismo jurídico norte-americano presentes em Cardozo expressam o pragmatismo. Para testar o modelo realista e fundamentar a tese foram analisados dois institutos do ordenamento pátrio, coisa julgada e embargos de declaração. A partir destes é que se apresenta a conclusão, isto é a retórica analítica, como terceiro nível retórico, refletindo a tese da autora acerca da tese do realismo
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Neto, Paulo Macedo Garcia. "A influência do realismo jurídico norte-americano no direito constitucional brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2139/tde-27022012-165826/.
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O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é analisar a assimilação antropofágica (Utilizarei, nesta dissertação a metáfora da expressão Antropofagia realizada pelo Movimento Modernista brasileiro. Assim como os índios canibais devoravam seus inimigos, acreditando que assim assimilavam as suas qualidades, os artistas Modernistas propunham uma devoração simbólica da cultura estrangeira, aproveitando suas inovações artísticas sem perder a identidade cultural brasileira.) do debate jurídico norte-americano produzido em torno da questão social durante a Era Roosevelt por parte do pensamento jurídico brasileiro da Era Vargas. Desse modo, estudar-se-á a forma como os autores norte-americanos da Sociological Jurisprudence e do Realismo Jurídico foram utilizados pela doutrina jurídica brasileira do período entre guerras na formação de um pensamento jurídico antiliberal e anticonceitualista. No centro da crise do capitalismo mundial, as universidades (Roscoe Pound, 1870-1964, e Karl Nickerson Llewellyn, 1893-1962), a Suprema Corte (Benjamin Nathan Cardozo, 1870-1938, e Louis Dembitz Brandeis, 1856-1941) e o corpo burocrático do governo (1933-1945) Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) (James MacCauley Landis, 1899-1964) produziam alternativas ao mecanicismo judicial e ao modelo liberal. Na periferia do capitalismo mundial, o corpo burocrático de Vargas (Oliveira Vianna, Francisco Campos e Francisco Sá Filho) e as revistas e debates jurídicos (João Mangabeira e Alípio Silveira) questionavam o liberalismo da República Velha (1889-1930) e buscavam, no mercado global de idéias, modelos institucionais que pudessem ser antropofagizados, substituindo as idéias fora do lugar implantadas pelo bacharelismo utópico da República Velha. Era o momento de explicar o Brasil, encontrar o desenho institucional mais adequado à realidade nacional, construir uma opinião pública e descobrir as soluções para converter o atraso em modernização. Assim, nos principais palcos do debate jurídico dos dois países e, em especial, na Suprema Corte norte-americana e na doutrina jurídica brasileira, percebia-se essa tentativa de revisão do método jurídico, como uma forma de se adequar o direito a um novo quadro de relações do capitalismo industrial. Desse modo, não só se via a necessidade de implantação de um aparato jurídico apto a tratar a questão social (como a regulação das relações do trabalho), como também se observava a necessidade de se reconstruir a forma como se aplicava o direito. O modelo formalista e conceitualista que havia se consolidado sob uma perspectiva privatista e liberal durante o século XIX, mostrava-se ineficiente para atender as novas demandas da sociedade. Esse aspecto de integração entre a questão social e o antiformalismo é essencial para compreender o paralelo entre o pensamento jurídico norte-americano e brasileiro durante o período entre guerras, uma vez que é por meio desse eixo comum que se estabeleceram os principais canais de leitura antropofágica do pensamento jurídico norte-americano pelo pensamento jurídico brasileiro.The objective of this Master\'s Degree dissertation is to analyze the \"anthropophagical\" (I will use, in this dissertation, the metaphor of the word Anthropophagy made by the Brazilian Modernist Movement. Like the cannibal Indians used to devour their enemies, with the belief that, as such, they would assimilate their qualities, the Modernist artists used to propose a symbolic devouring of the foreign culture, taking advantage of their artistic innovations without losing the Brazilian cultural identity) assimilation of the North-American legal debate, arising from the social issue during the Age of Roosevelt, by the Brazilian legal thought of the Age of Vargas. Therefore, one will study the way how the North-American authors of the Sociological Jurisprudence and of the Legal Realism have been used by the Brazilian legal doctrine of the interwar period, in the formation of an anti-liberal and anti-conceptualist legal thought. In the core crisis of the worldwide capitalism, Universities (Roscoe Pound, 1870-1964, and Karl Nickerson Llewellyn, 1893-1962), Supreme Court (Benjamin Nathan Cardozo, 1870-1938, and Louis Dembitz Brandeis, 1856-1941) and bureaucratic body of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) government (1933-1945) (James MacCauley Landis, 1899-1964) produced alternatives to the legal mechanicism and to the liberal model. At the periphery of the world capitalism, the bureaucratic body of Vargas (Oliveira Vianna, Francisco Campos and Francisco Sá Filho) and the legal magazines and debates (João Mangabeira e Alípio Silveira) questioned the liberalism of the Old Republic (1889-1930) and searched, in the global market of ideas, for institutional models that could be anthropophagized, replacing the out-of-place ideas implemented by the utopic bachelorism of the Old Republic. That was the time of explaining Brazil, finding the institutional drawing that is the most proper to the national reality, building a public opinion and discovering the solutions to convert the delay into modernization. Thus, in the main background legal debate of the two countries legal debate, and especially in the United States Supreme Court and in the Brazilian legal doctrine could be perceive such attempt of review of the legal method, as a way of fitting the law to a new picture of relations of the industrial capitalism. Therefore, it would be seen not only the need of implementation of a legal apparatus proper to treat the social issue (such as the regulation of the work relations), as well as one would observe the need of rebuilding the way how the law was applied. The formalist and conceptualist model that would be consolidated under a privativistic and liberal perspective during the 19th Century showed to be ineffective to deal with the new demands of the society. This aspect of integration between the social issue and the anti-formalism is essential to understand the parallel between the North-American and Brazilian legal thought during the interwar period, since the main channels of anthropophagic reading of the North-American legal thought by the Brazilian one have been established by means of this common axis.
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Nguyen, Long. "DIRECT MANIPULATION OF VIRTUAL OBJECTS." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2898.
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Interacting with a Virtual Environment (VE) generally requires the user to correctly perceive the relative position and orientation of virtual objects. For applications requiring interaction in personal space, the user may also need to accurately judge the position of the virtual object relative to that of a real object, for example, a virtual button and the user's real hand. This is difficult since VEs generally only provide a subset of the cues experienced in the real world. Complicating matters further, VEs presented by currently available visual displays may be inaccurate or distorted due to technological limitations. Fundamental physiological and psychological aspects of vision as they pertain to the task of object manipulation were thoroughly reviewed. Other sensory modalities--proprioception, haptics, and audition--and their cross-interactions with each other and with vision are briefly discussed. Visual display technologies, the primary component of any VE, were canvassed and compared. Current applications and research were gathered and categorized by different VE types and object interaction techniques. While object interaction research abounds in the literature, pockets of research gaps remain. Direct, dexterous, manual interaction with virtual objects in Mixed Reality (MR), where the real, seen hand accurately and effectively interacts with virtual objects, has not yet been fully quantified. An experimental test bed was designed to provide the highest accuracy attainable for salient visual cues in personal space. Optical alignment and user calibration were carefully performed. The test bed accommodated the full continuum of VE types and sensory modalities for comprehensive comparison studies. Experimental designs included two sets, each measuring depth perception and object interaction.
The first set addressed the extreme end points of the Reality-Virtuality (R-V) continuum--Immersive Virtual Environment (IVE) and Reality Environment (RE). This validated, linked, and extended several previous research findings, using one common test bed and participant pool. The results provided a proven method and solid reference points for further research. The second set of experiments leveraged the first to explore the full R-V spectrum and included additional, relevant sensory modalities. It consisted of two full-factorial experiments providing for rich data and key insights into the effect of each type of environment and each modality on accuracy and timeliness of virtual object interaction. The empirical results clearly showed that mean depth perception error in personal space was less than four millimeters whether the stimuli presented were real, virtual, or mixed. Likewise, mean error for the simple task of pushing a button was less than four millimeters whether the button was real or virtual. Mean task completion time was less than one second. Key to the high accuracy and quick task performance time observed was the correct presentation of the visual cues, including occlusion, stereoscopy, accommodation, and convergence. With performance results already near optimal level with accurate visual cues presented, adding proprioception, audio, and haptic cues did not significantly improve performance. Recommendations for future research include enhancement of the visual display and further experiments with more complex tasks and additional control variables.Ph.D.
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
Industrial Engineering PhD
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Waldman, Ricardo Libel. "Fundamentos epistemológicos para uma teoria da justiça internacional ambiental : uma análise a partir do conflito entre comércio e meio ambiente." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/14802.
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A presente tese visa discutir os fundamentos epistemológicos necessários para uma teoria da Justiça do Direito Internacional Ambiental que possa orientar a ação humana diante da atual crise. A realização desse objetivo passa pela definição do método utilizado, o dialético, no sentido aristotélico. Tal método consiste na solução de um problema pelo diálogo entre teorias que se apresentam com alternativas para tanto. O problema que se põe objetivo da tese, é se é possível encontrar a orientação que se procura com uma teoria que considera que uma ordem natural não pode ter reflexos normativos para a comunidade política (ou seja, que nega que a reflexão metafísica pode contribuir na definição dos padrões de Justiça ao menos no âmbito político) ou se é necessária uma teoria que considera que a ordem natural apresenta reflexos normativos para a comunidade política (ou seja, que entende que a reflexão metafísica pode contribuir na descoberta dos padrões de Justiça corretos). Para demonstrar que este problema existe na prática do debate sobre o Direito Internacional Ambiental, são analisados, através do princípio da proporcionalidade, conflitos de justiça entre proteção do meio ambiente e do livre comércio internacional; além disso, indica-se que, sem uma discussão profunda sobre fundamentos epistemológicos e de Moralidade Política, não é possível solucioná-los. São, então, analisadas uma tese cética, quanto à reflexão metafísica no âmbito político, especificamente a teoria de JOHN RAWLS, e uma teoria realista quanto à reflexão metafísica no âmbito político, a de ARISTÓTELES. Chega-se à conclusão de que a solução da crise ambiental passa pela resposta à pergunta sobre o efeito para a Moralidade Política da ordem natural e que então teorias céticas não podem colaborar na busca desta resposta, já que consideram esta pergunta descabida no universo do político.This thesis aims to discuss the epistemological principles needed for a theory of justice of international environmental law which can guide human action related to the present day crisis The accomplishment of this goal requires the definition of the applied method, the dialectics in Aristotelian sense. This method amounts to the solution of a problem through the dialogue between theories which presents themselves as alternatives for such goal. The problem to deal with, given the thesis’ goal is if it’s possible to find the guidance searched with a theory that considers that a natural order can’t have normative effects on the political community (i.e. which denies that metaphysical inquiries can contribute to the inter-subjective definition of justice patterns at least at the political level) or if it’s necessary a theory which considers that a natural order has normative effects for the political community (i.e. which comprehends that metaphysical enquiries can contribute to discovering the right justice patterns). To prove that this problem is a real issue in the actual debate on international environmental law, justice problems, related to conflicts between environmental protection and international free-trade protection are analyzed (through the proportionality principle) and it’s concluded that without a deep discussion on epistemological and political morality principles it’s not possible to find a solution. Then, a skeptical thesis as to the metaphysical enquiry at the political level, specifically JOHN RAWLS’ and a realist thesis as to the metaphysical enquiry at the political level are discuss, specifically ARISTOTLE’S. It’s concluded that the solution of the environmental crises requires an answer to the question about the effect in political morality of the natural order and that skeptical theories can’t cooperate in the search for this answer because they consider this question unfitted to political level.
Books on the topic "Direct realism"
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Radical realism: Direct knowing in science and philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992.
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Hammond, Albert L. Theory of knowledge: A direct realist approach. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1996.
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Andonovski, Venko. Strukturata na makedonskiot realističen roman. Skopje: Detska radost, 1997.
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L' aventure du cinéma direct revisitée: Histoire, esthétique, méthodes, tendances, textes des cinéastes, repères chronologiques, glossaire, index. Laval, Québec: 400 coups, 1997.
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Erlebte Rede in der russischen Literature: Vom Sentimentalismus zum sozialistischen Realismus. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2001.
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Jorgensen, Charles C. Direct adaptive aircraft control using dynamic cell structure neural networks. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1997.
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Keidan, Artemij, and Luca Alfieri, eds. Deissi, riferimento, metafora. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-744-7.
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This collection of essays by young specialists in linguistic disciplines addresses the oldest – and yet still topical – issues in the debate on language. It also includes a contribution by the famous Russian semiologist Boris Uspenskij (pupil, friend and collaborator of L. Hjelmslev, R. Jakobson and M. Lotman). Valentina Martina explores the relation between the plane of linguistic meanings and reality through an analysis of the concept of "system". The article by Artemij Keidan addresses the problem of the definition of deixis and its role in the disambiguation of proposition, with special reference to structuralism and contemporary theories on direct reference. The work of Luca Alfieri takes its cue from recent studies on cognition to demonstrate the unsustainability of the Jacobsonian dichotomy of metaphor and metonymy. Rounding off the book is an essay by Boris Uspenskij on the role of personal pronouns in the structure of language, in semiotics and in human communication, lavishly illustrated with examples and historical curiosities.
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Direct versus Indirect Realism. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2015-0-06974-x.
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Maloney, J. Christopher. Direct Realism and Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854751.003.0008.
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The supposed problem of perceptual error, including illusion and hallucination, has led most theories of perception to deny formulations of direct realism. The standard response to this apparent problem adopts the mistaken presupposition that perception is indeed liable to error. However, the prevailing conditions of observation are themselves elements of perceptual representation, functioning in the manner of predicate modifiers. They ensure that the predicates applied in perceptual representations do indeed correctly attribute properties that perceived physical objects actually instantiate. Thus, perceptual representations are immune to misrepresentation of the sort misguidedly supposed by the spurious problem of perceptual misrepresentation. Granted the possibility that perceptual attribution admits of predicate modification, it is quite possible that perceptual experience permits both rudimentary and sophisticated conceptualization. Moreover, such treatment of perceptual predication rewards by providing an account of aspect alteration exemplified by perception of ambiguous stimuli.
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Maloney, J. Christopher. Direct Realism and Hallucination. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854751.003.0009.
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Perception provides direct acquaintance with existent physical objects, if direct realism is true. However, hallucination involves perceptual experience of what does not exist. How should a direct realist rendition of perception confront hallucination? Fictivism proposes that the creation of objects of perception is secured by a person’s perception of them. Disjunctivism differentiates hallucination from perception while mistakenly insisting that hallucination is not in the brief of any genuinely coherent theory of perception. Direct realism rejects both fictivism and disjunctivism. Perception only detects and discovers—never creates nor concocts—when it represents its objects. Perception is cognition’s grip on the objectively real. If so, then accounts may be ready at hand to accommodate the likes of perception of the past, inverted and absent phenomenal character, as well as blindsight.
Book chapters on the topic "Direct realism"
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Allais, Lucy. "Direct Realism and Transcendental Idealism." In Law and Peace in Kant’s Philosophy, 73–84. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110210347.2.73.
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Jansen, Julia. "Taking a Transcendental Stance: Anti-Representationalism and Direct Realism in Kant and Husserl." In Husserl und die klassische deutsche Philosophie, 79–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01710-5_6.
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Hartman, Peter John. "Durand of St.-Pourçain and John Buridan on Species: Direct Realism with and without Representation." In Historical-Analytical Studies on Nature, Mind and Action, 107–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51763-6_7.
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Allday, Jonathan. "Dirac." In Quantum Reality, 275–81. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003225997-24.
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Park, Hanhoon, Moon-Hyun Lee, Sang-Jun Kim, and Jong-Il Park. "Surface-Independent Direct-Projected Augmented Reality." In Computer Vision – ACCV 2006, 892–901. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11612704_89.
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Scholl, Ingrid, Sebastian Suder, and Stefan Schiffer. "Direct Volume Rendering in Virtual Reality." In Bildverarbeitung für die Medizin 2018, 297–302. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56537-7_79.
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Park, Hanhoon, Moon-Hyun Lee, Byung-Kuk Seo, Yoonjong Jin, and Jong-Il Park. "Content Adaptive Embedding of Complementary Patterns for Nonintrusive Direct-Projected Augmented Reality." In Virtual Reality, 132–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73335-5_15.
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Guo, Jie, and Jingui Pan. "Direct Lighting under Dynamic Local Area Light Sources." In Edutainment Technologies. Educational Games and Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality Applications, 537–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23456-9_97.
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DeRose, Keith. "Direct Warrant Realism." In God and the Ethics of Belief, 150–72. Cambridge University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511499166.008.
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Strawson, Galen. "Real Direct Realism." In Phenomenal Qualities, 214–53. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198712718.003.0008.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Direct realism"
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Stefanova, Milena, Margherita Pillan, and Alberto Gallace. "Influence of Realistic Virtual Environments and Humanlike Avatars on Patients With Social Phobia." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-70265.
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Abstract The practice of treating phobias with Virtual Reality-based therapies is a well-established field. Understanding the level of realism required by the therapy to be most effective is an essential matter of study. This research aims to explore the effects of visual realism on the emotional response in subjects with social phobia when exposed to VR-based applications. Social phobias are triggered by the presence of other people, which translated into virtual environments, refers to avatars. Our hypothesis is that patients with social phobia experience different emotional response to humanlike avatars compared to people without social phobia. To try the hypothesis, a prototype-based survey is conducted. Three types of avatars are implemented with different levels of human likeness: low, medium, and high. The analysis of the collected data suggests that for people with social phobias the anxiety is lowest for avatars with high levels of human likeness. This result is in direct contrast with the uncanny valley effect theory. The research explores how we should design virtual environments to make them more effective in the treatment of phobias. Moreover, the research produces new knowledge about the perception of humanlike avatars in virtual reality.
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Tu, Yi-Ting, and Shana Smith. "Real-Time Face Tracking System for Augmented Reality." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87684.
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In this paper, we apply augmented reality technology to make human computer interface more technically advanced and interesting. We present a real-time face tracking system for augmented reality, which will be used in electronic commerce, to help shoppers acquire a more direct interaction with the products they purchase. A real-time face tracking mechanism can enhance the realism of online shopping. In order to emphasize the convenience and practicability of our system, we used plug-in functions and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to conduct real-time face tracking and Neural Networks (NN) to reduce training time and achieve valid recognition. Convenience and uniqueness are the other main parts of this system.
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Mennicke, Sebastian, Richard W. Longman, Meng-Sang Chew, and Hans Georg Bock. "High Speed Automotive Cam Design Using Direct Multiple-Shooting Optimal Control Techniques." In ASME 2004 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2004-57415.
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Prior investigations have presented the use of optimal control theory in the design of high-speed cam follower systems. These investigations were constrained by the difficulty of numerical solutions of optimal control problems, and this limited the types of criteria investigated, the state inequality constraints considered, and the realism of the models used. In recent years numerical solution techniques based on direct multiple shooting and using specially structured sequential quadratic programming have become available. These are capable of handling complex optimization criteria and imposing state and control in-equality constraints. This paper investigates and illustrates the potential of such methods in revolutionizing high speed automotive cam design. Cam design is complicated by the number of partially competing criteria one is interested in. This work synthesizes an optimal cam design approach, considering a range of speeds, the area under the lift curve, Hertzian contact stress, vibrations and residual vibrations, energy loss, cam curvature, follower force, and contact stress. The paper illustrates how all of these criteria can be integrated into the optimization in the design stage. Since the polydyne method is not an optimization procedure, the resulting design is superior to polydyne design in all aspects considered.
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Medyanik, S. N., and E. Guleryuz. "Multiple Time-Scale Molecular Simulations: Modeling Realistic Loading Rates." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41286.
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The vast gap between the molecular dynamics (MD) and experimental time scales poses serious problems to direct comparison between the MD simulation and experimental results. The inability of the traditional MD simulation methods to model long enough time scales also results in modeling unrealistically high loading rates and strain rates that are usually at least six or seven orders of magnitude higher than the corresponding experimental values. This may have a tremendous effect on the realism and quality of the simulation results.
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Lu, Zhang. "THE INTERTEXTUALITY OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE AND RUSSIAN PAINTING IN THE 19TH CENTURY." In INNOVATIONS IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL SPACE. Amur State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/iss.2020.21.
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The background color of Russian literature and Russian painting art in the 19th century is gloomy and heavy, and there exists text intertextuality between them, which is different from single text and single painting. Literary words and painting invisible words quote, permeate, insinuate and rewrite each other. Literature is the writing of painting, and painting is the color of literature. The main line of literature development and the main line of painting development seem to be twisted together like a rope, presenting spiral development, closely linked, complementary and inseparable.The same value orientation and aesthetic purpose have intertextuality, mutual influence, mutual interaction and mutual transformation, no matter in creation method, theme, artistic style or creation background. Direct description or sharp pen, or by the protagonist of indirect irony, using realistic and critical realism creation method, revealing the tsarist autocracy savage, dissatisfaction with the reality in protest of rebellion, as well as being bullied and oppressed pain and struggle, at the same time reflects the immortality of the Russian national literature and art achievement.
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Narayanan, Madusudanan Sathia, Puneet Singla, Sudha Garimella, Wayne Waz, and Venkat Krovi. "Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) Approximation of Finite Element Models for Real-Time Simulation." In ASME 2011 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference and Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2011-6154.
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Nonlinearities inherent in soft-tissue interactions create roadblocks to realization of high-fidelity real-time haptics-based medical simulations. While finite element (FE) formulations offer greater accuracy over conventional spring-mass-network models, computational-complexity limits achievable simulation-update rates. Direct interaction with sensorized physical surrogates, in offline or online modes, allows a temporary sidestepping of computational issues but hinders parametric analysis and true exploitation of a simulation-based testing paradigm. Hence, in this paper, we develop Radial-Basis Neural-Network approximations, to FE-model data within a Modified Resource Allocating Network (MRAN) framework. Real-time simulation of the reduced order neural-network approximations at high temporal resolution provided the haptic-feedback. Validation studies are being conducted to evaluate the kinesthetic realism of these models with medical experts.
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Cave, P. "Best Practices to realise the full potential of Remote Powering." In Low Voltage, Direct Current. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2015.0040.
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Park, Hanhoon, Moon-hyun Lee, Sang-jun Kim, and Jong-il Park. "Contrast Enhancement in Direct-Projected Augmented Reality." In 2006 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icme.2006.262780.
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Canizares, Galo. "Stranger than Fiction: Artificial Intelligence, Media, and the Domestic Realm." In 105th ACSA Annual Meeting Paper Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.105.76.
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Alan Kay’s famous soundbite from a 1971 Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) meeting presents a bizarre chicken and egg paradox. It goes like this: which came first, the science fiction representation of the objector the desire for specific objects themselves? In other words, is the plethora of technological advancements a direct result of anthropomorphic inevitabilities or are we simply trying to realize objects, vehicles, and environments we saw in science fiction representations in the mid-twentieth century? In this paper, I will argue that media and literature are equally as responsible as engineering for our current architectural reality. With the rise of Web 2.0, advances in graphics visualization, and their attendant cultural shifts, aspects of contemporary urban life increasingly resemble a science fiction. The pervasiveness of app culture and recent factual and fictional examples of artificial intelligence augmenting the built environment suggest that engineering advancements exist as part of a tight feedback loop between consumer expectations—largely influenced by Hollywood—and scientific discoveries. Therefore, in order to fully understand, historicise, or speculate on the future of interactions between humans and machines, we must first unpack the cycle of fiction-to-fact that typically occurs. Taking the domestic realm as an example, we can identify a series of uncanny, artificially intelligent, technologies which reflect human desires for subservience, assistance, and interconnectedness. Here, AI will serve as a case study through which to analyze the effect of fiction on scientific advancements and their subsequent dissemination into the consumer world, ultimately constituting a history based less on fact and more on media, image, and variable levels of reality.
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Umakatsu, Atsushi, Tomohiro Mashita, Kiyoshi Kiyokawa, and Haruo Takernura. "Pinch-n-Paste: Direct texture transfer interaction in augmented reality." In 2013 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vr.2013.6549369.
Full textReports on the topic "Direct realism"
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Brummel, Lars. Referendums, for Populists Only? Why Populist Parties Favour Referendums and How Other Parties Respond. Association Inter-University Centre Dubrovnik, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53099/ntkd4302.
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Populists are generally known as supporters of referendums and several populist parties have promoted direct democracy in recent years. To deepen our understanding of the populism referendum link, this study analyses how populist parties in Austria, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands defend a greater use of referendums and how their non-populist counterparts respond to this populist call for referendums. An analysis of election manifestos shows that populist parties justify their referendum support by characterizing referendums as a purely democratic ideal, by presenting it as an alternative to decision-making by ‘bad’ political elites or by promoting referendums as a tool to realise their preferred policy decisions. Populist referendum support is thus related to people-centrism and ant-elitism, as elements of a populist ideology, but also to strategic considerations. These lines of argument are used by both populists on the right and the left, but anti-elitism is particularly prominent in manifestos of radical rightwing populist parties. Populists are not the only supporters of direct democracy – however, there is no evidence that non-populist parties did become more favourable towards referendums to adapt to the populist call for a greater referendum use.
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LI, Zhendong, Hangjian Qiu, xiaoqian Wang, chengcheng Zhang, and Yuejuan Zhang. Comparative Efficacy of 5 non-pharmaceutical Therapies For Adults With Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment: Protocol For A Bayesian Network Analysis Based on 55 Randomized Controlled Trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0036.
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Review question / Objective: This study will provide evidence-based references for the efficacy of 5 different non-pharmaceutical therapies in the treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairment(PSCI). 1. Types of studies. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation(TMS), Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation(tDCS), Acupuncture, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy(VR) and Computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation(CA) for PSCI will be recruited. Additionally, Studies should be available in full papers as well as peer reviewed and the original data should be clear and adequate. 2. Types of participants. All adults with a recent or previous history of ischaemic or hemorrhagic stroke and diagnosed according to clearly defined or internationally recognized diagnostic criteria, regardless of nationality, race, sex, age, or educational background. 3.Types of interventions and controls. The control group takes non-acupuncture treatment, including conventional rehabilitation or in combination with symptomatic support therapy. The experimental group should be treated with acupuncture on basis of the control group. 4.The interventions of the experimental groups were Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation(TMS), Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation(tDCS), Acupuncture, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy(VR) or Computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation(CA), and the interventions of the control group takes routine rehabilitation and cognition training or other therapies mentioned above that were different from the intervention group. 5.Types of outcomes. The primary outcomes are measured with The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and/or The Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), which have been widely used to evaluate the cognitive abilities. The secondary outcome indicator was the Barthel Index (BI) to assess independence in activities of daily living (ADLs).
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Vera, Cesar Allan, Ma Lourdes Brusola-Vera, Maria Rosario Felizco, and Janice Ian Manlutac. Local Humanitarian Leadership: The View from Local Actors. Oxfam, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7574.
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The global call for localization and locally led emergency response acknowledges the reality that the humanitarian system is currently organized around international actors. More than the limited access to direct funding, the core issue is the power imbalance between local and international actors. In the Philippines, national and local networks of humanitarian, faith-based, developmental organizations and private sector foundations have been conducting and leading small- and large-scale disaster responses for decades. However, the discourse and struggle for localization have grown in recent years due to the prominence and dominance of international humanitarian actors, especially during large-scale emergencies. Oxfam is one of several international organizations that have signed up to the Grand Bargain, Charter for Change and other agreements that push for localization, and Oxfam in the Philippines has embraced the local humanitarian leadership (LHL) approach holistically.
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Kiv, Arnold E., Vladyslav V. Bilous, Dmytro M. Bodnenko, Dmytro V. Horbatovskyi, Oksana S. Lytvyn, and Volodymyr V. Proshkin. The development and use of mobile app AR Physics in physics teaching at the university. [б. в.], July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4629.
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This paper outlines the importance of using Augmented Reality (AR) in physics education at the university as a valuable tool for visualization and increasing the attention and motivation of students to study, solving educational problems related to future professional activities, improving the interaction of teachers and students. Provided an analysis of the types of AR technology and software for developing AR apps. The sequences of actions for developing the mobile application AR Physics in the study of topics: “Direct electronic current”, “Fundamentals of the theory of electronic circuits”. The software tools for mobile application development (Android Studio, SDK, NDK, Google Sceneform, 3Ds MAX, Core Animation, Asset Media Recorder, Ashampoo Music Studio, Google Translate Plugin) are described. The bank of 3D models of elements of electrical circuits (sources of current, consumers, measuring devices, conductors) is created. Because of the students’ and teachers’ surveys, the advantages and disadvantages of using AR in the teaching process are discussed. Mann-Whitney U-test proved the effectiveness of the use of AR for laboratory works in physics by students majoring in “Mathematics”, “Computer Science”, and “Cybersecurity”.
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Ton, Giel, Keetie Roelen, Neil Howard, and Lopita Huq. Social Protection Intervention: Evaluation Research Design. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2022.004.
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This paper describes the research design for investigating and evaluating the Child Labour: Action-Research-Innovation in South and South-Eastern Asia (CLARISSA) social protection cash-plus intervention in a slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh. After an introductory section, the second section elaborates on contribution analysis – the methodological approach underpinning the research design. The third section provides an overview of the intervention, and the fourth explores the overall design of the evaluation, its guiding framework, and the timeline of the intervention rollout and data collection. The fifth and sixth sections address the project’s suite of quantitative and qualitative methods, and the approach to data analysis. Using four panel surveys, bi-monthly monitoring, in-depth interviews, group discussions and direct observations, the research will zoom in on specific behaviours. First, at the individual level, we want to learn how people adopt alternative livelihoods in response to the intervention. Second, at the household level, we consider how community mobilisation and cash transfers help households to resolve intra‑household problems. Third, at the group level, we consider how groups manage collective action in response to community mobilisation. For each of these behaviour change outcomes, we want to understand the realist evaluation question, ‘Why does the intervention work, for whom, and under what conditions?’ We also want to assess whether these new behaviours change the propensity for children to be involved in the worst forms of child labour.
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Dopfer, Jaqui. Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung bei diskursiven Konfliktlösungsverfahren auf regionaler Ebene. Potentielle Ansätze zur Nutzung von Risikokommunikation im Rahmen von e-Government. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.3933795605.
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Whereas at the end of the 20th century there were still high expectations associated with the use of new media in terms of a democratisation of social discourse and new potential for citizens to participate in political decision-making, disillusionment is now spreading. Even today, the internet is often seen only as a technical tool for the transmission of information and communication, which serves as a structural supplement to "real" discourse and decision-making processes. In fact, however, the use of new media can open up additional, previously non-existent possibilities for well-founded and substantial citizen participation, especially at regional and supra-regional level. According to the results of this study, the informal, mediative procedures for conflict resolution in the context of high-risk planning decisions, which are now also increasingly used at the regional level, have two main problem areas. Firstly, in the conception and design chosen so far, they do not offer citizens direct access to the procedure. Citizens are given almost no opportunities to exert substantial influence on the content and procedure of the process, or on the solutions found in the process. So far, this has not been remedied by the use of new media. On the other hand, it is becoming apparent that the results negotiated in the procedure are not, or only inadequately, reflected in the subsequent sovereign decision. This means that not only valuable resources for identifying the problem situation and for integrative problem-solving remain unused, but it is also not possible to realise the effects anticipated with the participation procedures within the framework of context or reflexive self-management. With the aim of advancing the development of institutionally oriented approaches at the practice level, this study discusses potential solutions at the procedural level. This takes into account legal implications as well as the action logics, motives and intentions of the actors involved and aims to improve e-government structures. It becomes evident that opening up informal participation procedures for citizen participation at the regional level can only be realised through the (targeted) use of new media. However, this requires a fundamentally new approach not only in the participation procedures carried out but also, for example, in the conception of information or communication offerings. Opportunities for improving the use of the results obtained from the informal procedures in the (sovereign) decision-making process as well as the development of potentials in the sense of stronger self-control of social subsystems are identified in a stronger interlinking of informal and sovereign procedures. The prerequisite for this is not only the establishment of suitable structures, but above all the willingness of decision-makers to allow citizens to participate in decision-making, as well as the granting of participation opportunities and rights that go beyond those previously granted in sovereign procedures.
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Kaffenberger, Michelle, Danielle Sobol, and Deborah Spindelman. The Role of Low Learning in Driving Dropout: A Longitudinal Mixed Methods Study in Four Countries. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/070.
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Using unique longitudinal quantitative and qualitative data, we examine the role that low learning plays in driving dropout in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. Regression analysis using IRT-linked test scores and data on schooling attainment and dropout shows a strong, significant association with one standard deviation higher test scores associated with 50 percent lower odds of dropping out between the ages of 8 and 12, and a similar association between the ages of 12 and 15. Qualitative analysis indicates a direct relationship between low learning and dropout, with children and parents choosing to discontinue school when they realize how little is being learned. Qualitative findings also show that low learning interacts with and exacerbates more proximate causes of dropout, with low learning often contributing to choices of early marriage (for girls) and of leaving school to work (for both genders), with families making practical decisions about which options will best provide for children in the long run. Finally, learning, work, and poverty often interact, as the need to work to help provide for the household reduces the opportunities to learn, and low learning tilts the opportunity cost of time in favor of working. These findings suggest that low learning may play a larger role in dropout decisions, by underlying and interacting with other causes, than has been typically recognized.
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Anayatova, Dilraba, Marina Basu, Saiarchana Darira, Andrew Freiband, Devynn Glanz, Atota Halkiyo, Setrag Hovsepian, et al. Turn it around! An education guide to climate futures. Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/oge-tia.
Full textAbstract:
Building on the scientific evidence and keeping in focus policy promises made over the decades, this report mobilizes the power of socially engaged art to bring together visions and voices of youth from across the globe in a collective effort to address the root causes of the climate crisis. It starts with the premise that education is directly implicated in the climate crisis and our failure to imagine alternatives. But it can also be the catalyst for radical change. Aiming to shift and shuffle the dominant knowledge systems and categories with the cards from the Turn It Around! deck, this report urges you to turn toward the reality of the climate crisis by capturing its devastating impacts from youth perspective in a way statistical data might not. It challenges existing education policies, practices, and patterns as no longer possible, tolerable, or even thinkable. With the powerful imagination and creativity of youth, the report activates a series of turning points — intergenerational, decolonial, methodological, and pedagogical — in order to turn around the environmental catastrophe, while reconfiguring the role of education toward ecologically just and sustainable futures.
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Mateo-Berganza Díaz, María Mercedes, JungKyu Rhys Lim, Carmen Pellicer Iborra, Esteve López, Henar Rodríguez, Rosa López, Carlos Margo Mazo, et al. El poder del currículo para transformar la educación: cómo los sistemas educativos incorporan las habilidades del siglo XXI para preparar a los estudiantes ante los desafíos actuales. Edited by María Mercedes Mateo-Berganza Díaz and JungKyu Rhys Lim. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004360.
Full textAbstract:
La reforma curricular ocupa hoy un lugar destacado en la agenda educativa. Las brechas de habilidades entre lo que la sociedad y el mercado laboral demandan y lo que los sistemas formales de educación y formación proporcionan son cada vez mayores. El currículo es el principal instrumento de los sistemas educativos para traducir a contenidos, competencias y habilidades específicas, lo que la sociedad necesita, en términos de capital humano. Refleja los estándares de lo que los estudiantes deben saber y ser capaces de hacer al final de sus años escolares y formativos. Sin embargo, independientemente del enfoque que adopten los sistemas educativos para diseñar sus currículos, no siempre existe una correspondencia directa entre los estándares previstos sobre el papel (esto es, el currículo previsto) y la enseñanza y el aprendizaje reales que se producen, efectivamente, en el aula (es decir, el currículo de facto). Este informe examina cómo diferentes sistemas educativos dentro y fuera de la región de América Latina y el Caribe han incorporado las competencias del siglo XXI en sus currículos, y las condiciones que permiten trasladar el plan de estudios previsto a un plan de estudios de facto en el aula. La forma en la que se eduque y forme a las personas hoy determinará si los países de la región podrán transformarse y ofrecer mayor prosperidad y oportunidades para todos.
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Arias Ortiz, Elena, Gregory Elacqua, Ángela López Sánchez, Jorge Téllez Fuentes, Rafael Peralta Castro, Magali Ojeda, Yudi Blanco Morales, Francesc Pedró, Daniele Vieira do Nascimento, and Jaime Félix Roser Chinchilla. Educación superior y COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe: financiamiento para los estudiantes. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003380.
Full textAbstract:
La irrupción del COVID 19 ha impactado la educación superior en América Latina. La crisis económica desatada por la pandemia tiene el potencial de afectar la matrícula universitaria en la región. De no contar con herramientas complementarias de subsidio y financiamiento, muchos estudiantes no podrán acceder o desertarán de la educación superior. Esta nota técnica recoge y analiza las medidas que los principales actores del financiamiento de la educación superior -Gobiernos, Instituciones de Crédito Educativo (ICE) e Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES)- tomaron para apoyar a los estudiantes durante el 2020, y explora diferentes alternativas y políticas para ayudar a los países a re-imaginar los sistemas de financiamiento. Para esto, se realizó una encuesta regional a Gobiernos, ICE e IES en 11 países de la región: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, México, Perú, República Dominicana y Uruguay. En la región fueron desplegadas diversas estrategias financieras y no financieras de ayuda a los estudiantes. Sin embargo, condiciones estructurales de los sistemas de educación superior, como altas tasas de matrícula privada con amplias restricciones de los gobiernos para el apoyo directo a las universidades privadas, y alta dependencia de las universidades públicas a las transferencias de los gobiernos y al pago de matrículas en las privadas en un contexto económico desfavorable, limitan las acciones e imponen riesgos a la sostenibilidad de muchas iniciativas y estrategias emprendidas. Son necesarios en la región más y mejores instrumentos de financiamiento para la educación superior, que incentiven la matricula, sean financieramente sostenibles y propendan por aumentar la calidad de los programas.