Journal articles: 'Direct human joint localization'

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Krithika, S. "Human Resource Practices In The Organised Retail Sectors." International Review of Business and Economics 4, no. 2 (2020): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2020.4.2.34.

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Indian organized retail market is growing at a fast pace due to the boom in the India retail industry. In 2005, the retail industry in India amounted to Rs 10,000 billion accounting for about 10% to the country’s GDP. The organized retail market in India out of this total market accounted for Rs 350 billion which is about 3.5% of the total revenues. Traditionally the retail industry in India was largely unorganized, comprising of drug stores, medium, and small grocery stores. Most of the organized retailing in India have started recently and is concentrating mainly in metropolitan cities. The growth in the Indian organized retail market is mainly due to the change in the consumer’s behavior. This change has come in the consumer due to increased income, changing lifestyles, and patterns of demography which are favorable. Now the consumer wants to shop at a place where he can get food, entertainment, and shopping all under one roof. This has given Indian organized retail market a major boost. Retail market in the organized sector in India is growing can be seen from the fact that 1500 supermarkets, 325 departmental stores, and 300 new malls are being built. Many Indian companies are entering the Indian retail market which is giving Indian organized retail market a boost. One such company is the Reliance Industries Limited. It plans to invest US$6billionintheIndianretailmarket by opening 1000 hypermarkets and 1500 supermarkets. Pantaloons are another Indian company which plans to increase its retail space to 30 million square feet with an investment of US$ 1 billion. Bharti Telecoms an Indian company is in talks with Tesco a global giant for a £ 750 million joint venture. A number of global retail giants such as Walmart, Carrefour, and Metro AG are also planning to set up shop in India. Indian organized retail market will definitely grow as a result of all this investments. Indian organized retail market is increasing and for this growth to continue the Indian retailers as well as government must make a combined effort. The Indian retail industry has emerged as one of the most dynamic and fast-paced industries due to the entry of several new players. Total consumption expenditure is expected to reach nearly US$ 3,600 billion by 2020 from US$ 1,824 billion in 2017. It accounts for over 10 per cent of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and around 8 per cent of the employment. India is the world’s fifth-largest global destination in the retail space. India’s retail market is expected to increase by 60 per cent to reach US$ 1.1 trillion by 2020, on the back of factors like rising incomes and lifestyle changes by middle class and increased digital connectivity. Online retail sales are forecasted to grow at the rate of 31 per cent year-on-year to reach US$ 32.70 billion in 2018. Indian market has high complexities in terms of a wide geographic spread and distinct consumer preferences varying by each region necessitating a need for localization even within the geographic zones. India has highest number of outlets per person (7 per thousand) Indian retail space per capita at 2 sq ft (0.19 m2)/ person is lowest in the world Indian retail density of 6 percent is highest in the world. 1.8 million Households in India have an annual income of over 4.5 million (US$62,615.70). While India presents a large market opportunity given the number and increasing purchasing power of consumers, there are significant challenges as well given that over90%oftradeisconductedthrough independent local stores. Challenges include: Geographically dispersed population, small ticket sizes, complex distribution network, and little use of IT systems, limitations of mass media and existence of counterfeit goods. India is expected to become the world’s fastest growing e-commerce market, driven by robust investment in the sector and rapid increase in the number of internet users. Various agencies have high expectations about growth of Indian e-commerce markets. Luxury market of India is expectedtogrowtoUS$30billionby the end of 2018 from US$ 23.8 billion 2017 supported by growing exposure of international brands amongst Indian youth and higher purchasing power of the upper class in tier 2 and 3 cities, according to Assoc ham. The Indian retail trading has received Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) equity inflows totaling US$ 1.42 billion during April 2000–June 2018, according to the Department of Industrial Policies and Promotion (DIPP). With the rising need for consumer goods in different sectors including consumer electronics and home appliances, many companies have invested in the Indian retail space in the past few months. Beckons, a South Korean designer brand is set to enter the Indian market with an investment of about Rs 1.00 billion (US$ 14.25 million) and open 50 stores by June 2019. Wal-Mart Investments Cooperative U.A has invested Rs 2.75 billion (US$ 37.68 million) in Wal-Mart India Pvt Ltd. The Government of India has taken various initiatives to improve the retail industry in India. The Government of India may change the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) rules in food processing, in a bid to permit e-commerce companies and foreign retailers to sell Made in India consumer products. Government of India has allowed 100 per cent Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in online retail of goods and services through the automatic route, thereby providing clarity on the existing businesses of e-commerce companies operating in India. E-commerce is expanding steadily in the country. Customers have the ever increasing choice of products at the lowest rates. E-commerce is probably creating the biggest revolution in the retail industry, and this trend would continue in the years to come. India’s e-commerce industry is forecasted to reach US$ 53 billion by 2018. Retailers should leverage the digital retail channels (e-commerce), which would enable them to spend less money on real estate while reaching out to more customers in tier-2 and tier-3 cities. It is projected that by 2021 traditional retail will hold a major share of 75 per cent, organized retail share will reach 18 per cent and e-commerce retail share will reach 7 per cent of the total retail market. Nevertheless, the long- term outlook for the industry is positive, supported by rising incomes, favorable demographics, entry of foreign players, and increasing urbanization.

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Bhamidipati, Sriramya, and Grace Xingxin Gao. "GPS Multireceiver Joint Direct Time Estimation and Spoofer Localization." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 55, no. 4 (August 2019): 1907–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2018.2879532.

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Mortari, Ana Carolina, Juliany Gomes Quitzan, Claudia Valéria Seullner Brandão, and Sheila Canevese Rahal. "Sciatic Nerve Injection Palsy in a Dog: Electrodiagnostic Testing and Microsurgical Treatment." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46 (April 22, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.86738.

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Background: Iatrogenic damage to the ischiatic nerve is considered uncommon and may cause dysfunction with variable clinical signs dependent on type and severity of injury. Due to important role of this nerve in locomotion and weightbearing limb, a poor prognosis for recovery may be observed in many cases. Electromyography analysis may suggest the neuroanatomic localization, diagnosis information, and severity of lesion to determine better therapeutic intervention. Therefore, the aim of this report is to describe the possible cause, diagnosis and treatment of a postinjection ischiatic nerve injury in a dog with complete recovery.Case: A 3-year-old neutered male dachshund dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to inability to weight support in the right hind limb after diminazene diaceturate intramuscular injection. The gait evaluation showed dropped-hock and knuckling into the digits of the right hind limb and neurologic examination revealed moderate muscle atrophy below tofemorotibial joint of the right hind limb with sensory analgesia (superficial and deep) on the lateral, dorsal, and plantar surfaces, absent patellar reflex, and proprioceptive deficit. Electrophysiologic testing was done under general anesthesia in a 2-channel Nicolet Compass Meridian apparatus. Absence of compound muscle action potentials after right fibular and tibial nerve stimulations, and abnormal spontaneous activity in cranial tibial, gastrocnemius and deep digital extensor muscles were observed. A diagnosis of moderate/severe axonotmesis of sciatic nerve was achieved. Under microscope magnification, all adherent adjacent tissue and epineural sheat were removed. Due this, a small epineural window was created. On neurological examination performed 30 days after surgery, complete recovery of sensitivity of the right hind limb, and normal proprioception were observed. The muscle atrophy was also noted to have improved.Discussion: The ischiatic nerve mechanisms of injury include direct needle trauma, the drug or vehicle used for injection, or secondary constriction by scar, factors that may be associated to damage nerve observed in the present case. During a sciatic nerve injection, the combination of intrafascicular placement of a needle and high-pressure injection may cause severe fascicular damage and persistent neurologic deficits. In the present case, damage to the nerve probably was not caused bythe injection needle, but due to injection agent. Chemical irritation or toxic reaction to the agent may cause different degrees of nerve injury. The electrophysiologic testing is an important tool for determining alteration of function and integrity of the axonal motor unit. In the present report, the electrophysiologic testing showed denervation potentials in the musclesinnervated by the sciatic nerve (positive waves and fibrillation potentials), and the absence of compound muscle action potentials was indicative of severe axonal damage of the right ischiatic nerve. In human patients with postinjection ischiatic nerve injury, early surgical treatment with neurolysis or resection and anastomosis are the procedures recommended. In the present report, external neurolysis and epineural window were used showing excellent functional results. The epineural window was performed due to adherence of tissue and scar surrounding the nerve, permitting neural decompression.Keywords: axonotmesis, neurophysiology, neurolysis, dogs.

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Yoshida, H., S. Fujita, M. Nishida, and T. Iizuka. "Localization of lymph capillaries and blood capillaries in human temporomandibular joint discs." Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 26, no. 7 (July 1999): 600–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.1999.00402.x.

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Abu, E. O., A. Horner, V. Kusec, J. T. Triffitt, and J. E. Compston. "The Localization of Androgen Receptors in Human Bone." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 82, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 3493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.10.4319.

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Abstract Androgens have important effects on the human skeleton, and deficiency has been associated with bone loss in both males and females. The skeletal actions of androgens may be mediated directly via the androgen receptor (AR) or indirectly via the estrogen receptor after aromatization to estrogens. The presence of androgen receptors has been demonstrated in bone cells and chondrocytes in vitro, but their presence in human bone in situ has not been reported. In order to provide further evidence for a direct action of androgens on bone via androgen receptors, we have used specific monoclonal antibodies to investigate the expression of human AR in normal developing and osteophytic bone of both sexes. In the growth plates from the developing bone, androgen receptors were predominantly expressed in hypertrophic chondrocytes and in osteoblasts at sites of bone formation. They were also observed in osteocytes in the bone, and in mononuclear cells and endothelial cells of blood vessels within the bone marrow. In the osteophytes, androgen receptors were widely distributed at sites of endochondral ossification in proliferating, mature, and hypertrophic chondrocytes and at sites of bone remodeling in osteoblasts. They were also expressed in osteocytes and mononuclear cells within the bone marrow. The pattern and number of cells expressing the receptor was similar in both sexes. Our results show for the first time the presence and distribution of androgen receptors in normal developing human and osteophytic bone in situ and further provide evidence for a direct action of androgens on bone and cartilage cells.

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Todorski, Inga, Till Lerch, Joseph Schwab, Jennifer Cullmann-Bastian, Moritz Tannast, and Florian Schmaranzer. "Intra-articular Lesions: Imaging and Surgical Correlation." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 21, no. 05 (October 12, 2017): 487–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1606133.

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AbstractThe past 2 decades have seen a substantial increase in hip joint preserving procedures, primarily secondary to not only hip dysplasia, but the recognition and description of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), and its association with chondral lesions, as a potentially pre-arthritic condition. Morphological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an essential role in the preoperative assessment of osseous deformities and in particular of the resulting joint degeneration. An accurate descriptive report of chondrolabral lesions is warranted describing the tear pattern, size, localization, and extension of the lesions. This is important because different damage patterns and localization of the lesions may determine the surgical approach. The current imaging standard is direct magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) with a small field of view, with acquisition of radial images in addition to the classic coronal, sagittal, and axial-oblique images. Early cartilage damage detected on direct MRA obtained with or without traction can predict long-term failure after FAI surgery.

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Wei, Ping, Yibiao Zhao, Nanning Zheng, and Song-Chun Zhu. "Modeling 4D Human-Object Interactions for Joint Event Segmentation, Recognition, and Object Localization." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 39, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 1165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2016.2574712.

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Leonardi, Rosalia, Carla Loreto, Ersilia Barbato, Rosario Caltabiano, Claudia Lombardo, Giuseppe Musumeci, and Lorenzo Lo Muzio. "MMP-13 (collagenase 3) localization in human temporomandibular joint discs with internal derangement." Acta Histochemica 110, no. 4 (July 2008): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2007.11.010.

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Tohyama, C. T., M. Yamakawa, A. Murasawa, K. Nakazono, and H. Ishikawa. "Localization of human glucocorticoid receptor in rheumatoid synovial tissue of the knee joint." Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 34, no. 6 (January 2005): 426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03009740510026850.

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Abdel-Malek, Karim, Zan Mi, Jingzhou Yang, and Kyle Nebel. "Optimization-based trajectory planning of the human upper body." Robotica 24, no. 6 (July 3, 2006): 683–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574706002852.

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This paper presents studies of the coordination of human upper body voluntary movement. A minimum-jerk 3D model is used to obtain the desired path in Cartesian space, which is widely used in the prediction of human reach movement. Instead of inverse kinematics, a direct optimization approach is used to predict each joint's profile (a spline curve). This optimization problem has four cost function terms: (1) Joint displacement function that evaluates displacement of each joint away from its neutral position; (2) Inconsistency function, which is the joint rate change (first derivative) and predicted overall trend from the initial target point to the final target point; (3) The non-smoothness function of the trajectory, which is the second derivative of the joint trajectory; (4) The non-continuity function, which consists of the amplitudes of joint angle rates at the initial and final target points, in order to emphasize smooth starting and ending conditions. This direct optimization technique can be used for potentially any number of degrees of freedom (DOF) system and it reduces the cost associated with certain inverse kinematics approaches for resolving joint profiles. This paper presents a high redundant upper-body modeling with 15 DOFs. Illustrative examples are presented and an interface is set up to visualize the results.

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Sanchez, V., P. C. Angeletti, J. A. Engler, and W. J. Britt. "Localization of Human Cytomegalovirus Structural Proteins to the Nuclear Matrix of Infected Human Fibroblasts." Journal of Virology 72, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 3321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.4.3321-3329.1998.

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ABSTRACT The intranuclear assembly of herpesvirus subviral particles remains an incompletely understood process. Previous studies have described the nuclear localization of capsid and tegument proteins as well as intranuclear tegumentation of capsid-like particles. The temporally and spatially regulated replication of viral DNA suggests that assembly may also be regulated by compartmentalization of structural proteins. We have investigated the intranuclear location of several structural and nonstructural proteins of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Tegument components including pp65 (ppUL83) and ppUL69 and capsid components including the major capsid protein (pUL86) and the small capsid protein (pUL48/49) were retained within the nuclear matrix (NM), whereas the immediate-early regulatory proteins IE-1 and IE-2 were present in the soluble nuclear fraction. The association of pp65 with the NM resisted washes with 1 M guanidine hydrochloride, and direct binding to the NM could be demonstrated by far-Western blotting. Furthermore, pp65 exhibited accumulation along the nuclear periphery and in far-Western analysis bound to proteins which comigrated with proteins of the size of nuclear lamins. A direct interaction between pp65 and lamins was demonstrated by coprecipitation of lamins in immune complexes containing pp65. Together, our findings provide evidence that major virion structural proteins localized to a nuclear compartment, the NM, during permissive infection of human fibroblasts.

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Yu, Lie, Jianbin Zheng, Yang Wang, Enqi Zhan, and Qiuzhi Song. "Direct force control for human-machine system with friction compensation." Kybernetes 45, no. 5 (May 3, 2016): 760–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-08-2015-0205.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a direct force control which uses two closed-loop controller for one-degree-of-freedom human-machine system to synchronize the human position and machine position, and minimize the human-machine force. In addition, the friction is compensated to promote the performance of the human-machine system. Design/methodology/approach – The dynamic of the human-machine system is mathematically modeled. The control strategy is designed using two closed-loop controllers, including a PID controller and a PI controller. The frictions, which exist in the rotary joint and the hydraulic wall, are compensated separately using the Friedland’s observer and Dahl’s observer. Findings – When human-machine system moves at low velocity, there exists a significant amount of static friction that hinders the system movements. The simulation results show that the system gives a better performance in human-machine position synchronization and human-machine force minimization when the friction is compensated. Research limitations/implications – The acquired results are based on simulation not experiment. Originality/value – This paper is the first to apply the electrohydraulic servo systems to both actuate the human-machine system, and use the direct force control strategy consisting of two closed-loop controllers. It is also the first to compensate the friction both in the robot joint and hydraulic wall.

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Aghili, Farhad, Martin Buehler, and John M. Hollerbach. "Development of a high-performance direct-drive joint." Advanced Robotics 16, no. 3 (January 2002): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156855302760121918.

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Keene, Douglas R., Lynn Y. Sakai, Robert E. Burgeson, and Hans Peter Bächinger. "IGM antibodies can be used as direct immunoelectron markers." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 764–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100128134.

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A mouse monoclonal IgM antibody has been used in this study as a direct ultrastructural marker to immunolocalize human Type III collagen at the level of the transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The method utilized involves the use of none of the electron dense conjugates such as colloidal gold, ferritin, or peroxidase: Hence ultrastructural immuno- localization relies exclusively on the size and electron density of the bound IgM complex after routine staining. As compared to similar immuno- localization studies utilizing the same monoclonal anti-Type III collagen IgM but with additional secondary antibody-gold conjugates, the direct “naked” IgM technique consistently gave results of higher specificity and greater sensitivity.

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Erdel, M., G. Trefz, E. Spiess, S. Habermaas, H. Spring, T. Lah, and W. Ebert. "Localization of cathepsin B in two human lung cancer cell lines." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 38, no. 9 (September 1990): 1313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/38.9.2201737.

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We demonstrated the cysteine proteinase cathepsin B in two human lung tumor cell lines by cytochemical and immunocytochemical methods. The cell lines were derived from a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (HS-24) and a metastasis to the adrenal gland from an adenocarcinoma of the lung (SB-3). For comparison and control, normal human lung fibroblasts cells (Wi-38) were also investigated. Intracellular cathepsin B activity was detected in all three cell lines. SB-3 and the normal fibroblast cells showed almost equal cathepsin B activity, which was considerably stronger than that in the HS-24 cells. Specific inhibitors for cathepsin B (E64, leupeptin, antipain) suppressed its activity completely. Stefin A, the physiological cathepsin B inhibitor, was less effective; this might depend on its limited penetrability into living cells. Localization of the cathepsin B was performed by conventional immunofluorescence microscopy and laser scanning microscopy. With specific anti-cathepsin B antibodies, the enzyme was localized in HS-24, SB-3, and Wi-38 fibroblast cells within perinuclear granules representing the lysosomal compartment. In the SB-3 cells, we additionally localized a minor fraction of the enzyme bound to the plasma membrane in a speckled distribution, accessible to the antibodies from the outside. This direct demonstration of cathepsin B distribution supports biochemical data about the dual localization of the enzyme in tumor cells. It also supports the possibility of a direct involvement of cathepsin B in the degradation of the extracellular matrix, and thus a contribution of the enzyme in invasion and metastasis.

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Strafun, S. S., and R. A. Sergienko. "The impact of glenoid labrum damages on condition of the cartilage of the shoulder joint." Biomedical and Biosocial Anthropology, no. 35 (May 5, 2019): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/bba35-2019-10.

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The joint labrum is an anatomical structure of the shoulder joint, one of the functions of which is to ensure the stability of the shoulder. It has been proven that instability, direct trauma and surgery of any joint eventually lead to cartilage damage and osteoarthritis. It is still unknown whether and how the damage to the joint labrum affect the condition of the cartilage of the shoulder joint. Aim of study – investigation of impact of glenoid labrum damages on condition of the cartilage of the shoulder joint. For the period from 2006 to 2016, on the basis of State Institution “Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of AMS of Ukraine”, MC “Modern Orthopedics”, Kyiv, a study was conducted on an array of 467 patients. Used clinical diagnostics, MRI diagnostics, arthroscopic diagnostics. Fact verification and localization of joint damage was performed during arthroscopic examination. Localization of cartilage damage was divided into separate areas on the articular surfaces of the shoulder scapula and head. The degree of cartilage damage was classified by Outerbridge. Quantitative analysis of the results was performed using Microsoft Excel in the summary tables. It has been found that damage to the shoulder labrum is the cause of cartilage defects in the joint surfaces of the shoulder. The incidence and severity of cartilage defects increase over time since the injury. The worst prognosis for the development of damage to the articular cartilage is characteristic of patients with damage to the posterior part of the labrum. Thus, damage to the joint labrum is a significant factor in the occurrence of defects in the articular cartilage of the shoulder. Early active surgical tactics for the treatment of damage to the joint labrum are necessary to prevent deterioration of the condition of the joint surfaces and the prevention of osteoarthrosis.

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Wang, Mei Ling, Min Zhou Luo, and Xin Lin. "Inverse Solution and Optimal Concept Rethink from Human Operation to Industrial Redundant Manipulator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 1140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.1140.

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More and more dual arm robots with redundant manipulator are introduced in industrial fields. Here we focus on this special structure with 7-DOF redundant manipulator, an exhibit analytical and optimal concept was proposed. The formula derivations of inverse kinematics showed that when the redundant joint angle has been obtained, the remaining six joint angles can be derived analytically, and there are eight sets of inverse solution for one giving redundant joint angle. Reversed thinking the joint movement habits, patterns, and frequency of human arm operations, an optimal concept was presented to gain a real time computational efficiency of a direct inverse solution while also achieving the purpose of application.

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Parazynski, S. E., B. J. Tucker, M. Aratow, A. Crenshaw, and A. R. Hargens. "Direct measurement of capillary blood pressure in the human lip." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.946.

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In this study, we developed and tested a new procedure for measuring microcirculatory blood pressures above heart level in humans. Capillary and postcapillary venule blood pressures were measured directly in 13 human subjects by use of the servo-nulling micropressure technique adapted for micropuncture of lip capillaries. Pressure waveforms were recorded in 40 separate capillary vessels and 14 separate postcapillary venules over periods ranging from 5 to 64 s. Localization and determination of capillary and postcapillary vessels were ascertained anatomically before pressure measurements. Capillary pressure was 33.2 +/- 1.5 (SE) mmHg in lips of subjects seated upright. Repeated micropunctures of the same vessel gave an average coefficient of variation of 0.072. Postcapillary venule pressure was 18.9 +/- 1.6 mmHg. This procedure produces a direct and reproducible means of measuring microvascular blood pressures in a vascular bed above heart level in humans.

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Jorgensen, J. C., S. P. Sheikh, A. Forman, M. Norgard, T. W. Schwartz, and B. Ottesen. "Neuropeptide Y in the human female genital tract: localization and biological action." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 257, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): E220—E227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1989.257.2.e220.

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The distribution, localization, and smooth muscle effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) were studied in the human female genital tract. High concentrations of NPY immunoreactivity were demonstrated in the uterine artery, the ovary, the fallopian tube, cervix, and the vagina. The NPY immunoreactivity was confined to nerve fibers. The highest density of nerve fibers was observed in relation to blood vessels, although some NPY-immunoreactive nerves were also seen close to nonvascular smooth muscle. The NPY-immunoreactive material throughout the genital tract was identical to synthetic amidated human NPY with regard to size, hydrophobicity, and charge as evaluated by gel filtration, high-performance liquid chromatography, and isoelectric focusing. NPY (10(-10) to 10(-6) M) exerted a direct vasoconstrictory effect on small arteries dissected from the cervix and an additive effect of NPY and norepinephrine responses was observed. Exogenous NPY did not have a direct effect on nonvascular smooth muscle specimens from the fallopian tube or the myometrium. The close relation between NPY-immunoreactive nerves and blood vessels, the presence of NPY-immunoreactive material identical to amidated synthetic human NPY, and the vasoconstrictory effects of NPY indicate that NPY is involved in the regulation of the blood flow in the human female genital tract.

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Lu, Yuan, and Ingmar Bjorkman. "HRM practices in China-Western joint ventures: MNC standardization versus localization." International Journal of Human Resource Management 8, no. 5 (January 1997): 614–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095851997341414.

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Zrinzo, L., L. V. Zrinzo, S. Tisch, P. D. Limousin, T. A. Yousry, F. Afshar, and M. I. Hariz. "Stereotactic localization of the human pedunculopontine nucleus: atlas-based coordinates and validation of a magnetic resonance imaging protocol for direct localization." Brain 131, no. 6 (January 29, 2008): 1588–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn075.

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Chen, Kenny, Brett T. Lopez, Ali-akbar Agha-mohammadi, and Ankur Mehta. "Direct LiDAR Odometry: Fast Localization With Dense Point Clouds." IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 7, no. 2 (April 2022): 2000–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lra.2022.3142739.

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Htun, Han, Laurel T. Holth, Dawn Walker, James R. Davie, and Gordon L. Hager. "Direct Visualization of the Human Estrogen Receptor α Reveals a Role for Ligand in the Nuclear Distribution of the Receptor." Molecular Biology of the Cell 10, no. 2 (February 1999): 471–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.10.2.471.

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The human estrogen receptor α (ER α) has been tagged at its amino terminus with the S65T variant of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), allowing subcellular trafficking and localization to be observed in living cells by fluorescence microscopy. The tagged receptor, GFP-ER, is functional as a ligand-dependent transcription factor, responds to both agonist and antagonist ligands, and can associate with the nuclear matrix. Its cellular localization was analyzed in four human breast cancer epithelial cell lines, two ER+ (MCF7 and T47D) and two ER− (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435A), under a variety of ligand conditions. In all cell lines, GFP-ER is observed only in the nucleus in the absence of ligand. Upon the addition of agonist or antagonist ligand, a dramatic redistribution of GFP-ER from a reticular to punctate pattern occurs within the nucleus. In addition, the full antagonist ICI 182780 alters the nucleocytoplasmic compartmentalization of the receptor and causes partial accumulation in the cytoplasm in a process requiring continued protein synthesis. GFP-ER localization varies between cells, despite being cultured and treated in a similar manner. Analysis of the nuclear fluorescence intensity for variation in its frequency distribution helped establish localization patterns characteristic of cell line and ligand. During the course of this study, localization of GFP-ER to the nucleolar region is observed for ER− but not ER+ human breast cancer epithelial cell lines. Finally, our work provides a visual description of the “unoccupied” and ligand-bound receptor and is discussed in the context of the role of ligand in modulating receptor activity.

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Rezgui, M. A., X. Wang, J. P. Verriest, J. Sabot, and F. Sidoroff. "Determination of rotation matrix for 3D movement and localization of the center of rotation of a human joint: Case of gleno-humeral joint." Journal of Biomechanics 27, no. 6 (January 1994): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(94)91371-4.

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Ashtiani, Mohammed N., Mahmood-reza Azghani, and Mohamad Parnianpour. "Initial balance in human standing postures: Roles of the joint mechanisms." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 232, no. 12 (November 20, 2018): 1255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411918811858.

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The static initial postures of standing before applying perturbations may affect the maintenance of postural balance. The goal of this article was to find the stable set of postures and then determine the roles of joint mechanisms. The set of posture was defined in a biomechanical model based on three joint angles of the lower limbs. Optimized inverse dynamics method was used to solve for muscle forces in a precise model of the human musculoskeletal system posed in 4096 static sets of posture using AnyBody software. Results showed that the overall body muscular activity in standing is reduced by knee flexion. Moderate knee angles between 20° and 60° provided safer postures against possible perturbations because of higher collaboration levels of the joint mechanisms. About 36% of the overall postural infeasibilities were attributed to the inability of the ankle muscles to more sustain the exerted loads. Although the roles of the joint mechanisms were closely dependent on the postures, there was no direct relation between the joint kinematics and activation levels of their supporting muscles. Lower extremity muscle groups collaborate to maintain the balance in a considerable number of static postures.

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Liu, Peixin, Xianfeng Yuan, Chengjin Zhang, Yong Song, Chuanzheng Liu, and Ziyan Li. "Real-Time Photometric Calibrated Monocular Direct Visual SLAM." Sensors 19, no. 16 (August 19, 2019): 3604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163604.

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To solve the illumination sensitivity problems of mobile ground equipment, an enhanced visual SLAM algorithm based on the sparse direct method was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the vignette and response functions of the input sequences were optimized based on the photometric formation of the camera. Secondly, the Shi–Tomasi corners of the input sequence were tracked, and optimization equations were established using the pixel tracking of sparse direct visual odometry (VO). Thirdly, the Levenberg–Marquardt (L–M) method was applied to solve the joint optimization equation, and the photometric calibration parameters in the VO were updated to realize the real-time dynamic compensation of the exposure of the input sequences, which reduced the effects of the light variations on SLAM’s (simultaneous localization and mapping) accuracy and robustness. Finally, a Shi–Tomasi corner filtered strategy was designed to reduce the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm, and the loop closure detection was realized based on the oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF (ORB) features. The proposed algorithm was tested using TUM, KITTI, EuRoC, and an actual environment, and the experimental results show that the positioning and mapping performance of the proposed algorithm is promising.

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Liu, Cuiwei, Xinxiao Wu, and Yunde Jia. "Transfer Latent SVM for Joint Recognition and Localization of Actions in Videos." IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics 46, no. 11 (November 2016): 2596–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2015.2482970.

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Adams, D., and S. A. Swanson. "Direct measurement of local pressures in the cadaveric human hip joint during simulated level walking." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 44, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 658–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.44.10.658.

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von Eisenhart-Rothe, Rüdiger, Felix Eckstein, Magdalena Müller-Gerbl, Johannes Landgraf, Clemens Rock, and Reinhard Putz. "Direct comparison of contact areas, contact stress and subchondral mineralization in human hip joint specimens." Anatomy and Embryology 195, no. 3 (February 24, 1997): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050047.

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Saadaoui, Mehdi, Mickaël Machicoane, Florencia di Pietro, Fred Etoc, Arnaud Echard, and Xavier Morin. "Dlg1 controls planar spindle orientation in the neuroepithelium through direct interaction with LGN." Journal of Cell Biology 206, no. 6 (September 8, 2014): 707–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201405060.

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Oriented cell divisions are necessary for the development of epithelial structures. Mitotic spindle orientation requires the precise localization of force generators at the cell cortex via the evolutionarily conserved LGN complex. However, polarity cues acting upstream of this complex in vivo in the vertebrate epithelia remain unknown. In this paper, we show that Dlg1 is localized at the basolateral cell cortex during mitosis and is necessary for planar spindle orientation in the chick neuroepithelium. Live imaging revealed that Dlg1 is required for directed spindle movements during metaphase. Mechanistically, we show that direct interaction between Dlg1 and LGN promotes cortical localization of the LGN complex. Furthermore, in human cells dividing on adhesive micropatterns, homogenously localized Dlg1 recruited LGN to the mitotic cortex and was also necessary for proper spindle orientation. We propose that Dlg1 acts primarily to recruit LGN to the cortex and that Dlg1 localization may additionally provide instructive cues for spindle orientation.

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Hessing, M., R. A. Vlooswijk, T. M. Hackeng, D. Kanters, and B. N. Bouma. "The localization of heparin-binding fragments on human C4b-binding protein." Journal of Immunology 144, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.144.1.204.

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Abstract C4b-binding protein (C4BP) is a multimeric plasma protein, which regulates the classical pathway of the C system. C4BP interacts with C C4b on a domain located in a 48-kDa chymotryptic fragment. We now demonstrate that C4BP contains heparin-binding fragments, which are located within the C4b binding domain. We have used an assay using heparin coupled to Sepharose CL-6B to show that 125I-C4BP binds to heparin in a time-dependent, saturable, and reversible manner. Binding could be inhibited by purified 48-kDa fragments and direct binding on the 48-kDa fragments to heparin-Sepharose was demonstrated by SDS-PAGE. mAb against native C4BP and the isolated 160-kDa central core fragment were evaluated for their ability to block the binding of 125I-C4BP to heparin and C4b. The relative efficacy of mAb against intact C4BP in blocking C4BP binding to heparin-Sepharose was similar to that for blocking 125I-C4BP binding to C4b. In addition, heparin blocked the binding of 125I-C4BP to C4b and vice versa. It is therefore likely that the heparin-binding fragments are localized on or close to the C4b-binding site of C4BP.

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Zhang, Xianan, Lieke Chen, Mingjie Feng, and Tao Jiang. "Toward Reliable Non-Line-of-Sight Localization Using Multipath Reflections." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3517244.

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The past decade's research in RF indoor localization has led to technologies with decimeter-level accuracy under controlled experimental settings. However, existing solutions are not reliable in challenging environments with rich multipath and various occlusions. The errors can be 3-5 times compared to settings with clear LoS paths. In addition, when the direct path is completely blocked, such approaches would generate wrong location estimates. In this paper, we present NLoc, a reliable non-line-of-sight localization system that overcomes the above limitations. The key innovation of NLoc is to convert multipath reflections to virtual direct paths to enhance the localization performance. To this end, NLoc first extracts reliable multi-dimensional parameters by characterizing phase variations. Then, it models the relation between the target location and the geometric features of multipath reflections to obtain virtual direct paths. Finally, it incorporates novel algorithms to remove random ToF offsets due to lack of synchronization and compensate target orientation that determines the geometric features, for accurate location estimates. We implement NLoc on commercial off-the-shelf WiFi devices. Our experiments in multipath challenged environments with dozens of obstacles and occlusions demonstrate that NLoc outperforms state-of-the-art approaches by 44% at the median and 200% at 90% percentile.

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Boderke, Peter, Hans P. Merkle, Christopher Cullander, Maria Ponec, and Harry E. Boddé. "Localization of Aminopeptidase Activity in Freshly Excised Human Skin: Direct Visualization by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 108, no. 1 (January 1997): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12285642.

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GONZALEZ, FRANK J., BALTHAZAR J. SCHMID, MORIO UMENO, O. WESLEY MCBRIDE, JAMES P. HARDWICK, URS A. MEYER, HARRY V. GELBOIN, and JEFFREY R. IDLE. "Human P450PCN1: Sequence, Chromosome Localization, and Direct Evidence through cDNA Expression That P450PCN1 Is Nifedipine Oxidase." DNA 7, no. 2 (March 1988): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/dna.1988.7.79.

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Debicki, D. B., and P. L. Gribble. "Inter-Joint Coupling Strategy During Adaptation to Novel Viscous Loads in Human Arm Movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 2 (August 2004): 754–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00119.2004.

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When arm movements are perturbed by a load, how does the nervous system adjust control signals to reduce error? While it has been shown that the nervous system is capable of compensating for the effects of limb dynamics and external forces, the strategies used to adapt to novel loads are not well understood. We used a robotic exoskeleton [kinesiological instrument for normal and altered reaching movements (KINARM)] to apply novel loads to the arm during single-joint elbow flexions in the horizontal plane (shoulder rotation was allowed). Loads varied in magnitude with the instantaneous velocity of elbow flexion, and were applied to the shoulder in experiment 1 (interaction loads) and the elbow in experiment 2 (direct loads). Initial exposure to both interaction and direct loads resulted in perturbations at both joints, even though the load was applied to only a single joint. Subjects tended to correct for the kinematics of the elbow joint while perturbations at the shoulder persisted. Electromyograms (EMGs) and computed muscle torque showed that subjects modified muscle activity at the elbow to reduce elbow positional deviations. Shoulder muscle activity was also modified; however, these changes were always in the same direction as those at the elbow. Current models of motor control based on inverse-dynamics calculations and force-control, as well as models based on positional control, predict an uncoupling of shoulder and elbow muscle torques for adaptation to these loads. In contrast, subjects in this study adopted a simple strategy of modulating the natural coupling that exists between elbow and shoulder muscle torque during single-joint elbow movements.

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Mignolet, M. P., and W. Hu. "Direct Prediction of the Effects of Mistuning on the Forced Response of Bladed Disks." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 120, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818192.

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In this paper, a novel approach to determine reliable estimates of the moments of the steady-state resonant response of a randomly mistuned bladed disk is presented, and the use of these moments to accurately predict the corresponding distribution of the amplitude of blade vibration is described. The estimation of the moments of the response is accomplished first by relying on a “joint cumulant closure” strategy that expresses higher order moments in terms of lower order ones. A simple modeling of the error terms of these approximations is also suggested that allows the determination of an improved, or accelerated, estimate of the required moments. The evaluation of the distribution of the amplitude of blade response is then accomplished by matching the moments computed by the cumulant closure with those derived from a three-parameter model recently derived. A first order approximation of the moments obtained for a simple structural model of a bladed disk yields a new parameter that can be used as a measure of the localization of the forced response. Then, numerical results demonstrate that the method provides extremely accurate estimates of the moments for all levels of structural coupling which in turn lead to a description of the amplitude of blade response that closely matches simulation results. Finally, a comparison with existing perturbation techniques clearly shows the increased accuracy obtained with the proposed joint cumulant closure formulation.

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Dean, M. F., and J. C. Martin. "Intracellular localization of β-glucuronidase in fibroblasts after direct transfer from macrophages." Biochemical Journal 256, no. 2 (December 1, 1988): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2560335.

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The subcellular distribution of beta-glucuronidase acquired by deficient human fibroblasts during co-culture with peritoneal macrophages was compared with that taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Labelled enzyme taken up via receptors was located initially in a low-density endosomal fraction and was transferred to lysosomes within a few minutes. The beta-glucuronidase acquired during 24 h of co-culture was present almost entirely within lysosomes and had a distribution profile identical with that of endogenous beta-hexosaminidase. Monensin prevented transfer of radiolabelled enzyme from endosomes to lysosomes and had a similar effect on the distribution of enzyme acquired by direct transfer, causing beta-glucuronidase to accumulate within endosomes. When the temperature was lowered from 37 degrees C to 19 degrees C, the rate of transfer of enzyme from endosomes to lysosomes was decreased during both direct transfer and indirect receptor-mediated endocytosis. These results show that a lysosomal enzyme acquired by direct transfer during cell-to-cell contact follows a similar intracellular route and has a similar distribution to that of enzymes taken up via cell-surface receptors.

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GAO, YONGSHENG, SHENGXIN WANG, FEIYUN XIAO, and JIE ZHAO. "AN ANGLE-EMG BIOMECHANICAL MODEL OF THE HUMAN ELBOW JOINT." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 16, no. 06 (September 2016): 1650078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519416500780.

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The biomechanical model of the human elbow joint is extensively studied. In the model, the surface electromyography (sEMG) is used as the input signal, whereas the muscle force or muscle torque is commonly considered as the output signal. The estimation of the actual muscle force or torque is important to effectively modulate the tremor suppression. However, the measurement of the muscle force or torque in vivo is difficult. In this paper, a new angle-to-EMG biomechanical model of the elbow joint was developed and evaluated by comparing the measured sEMG with the calculated sEMG. Three sources of the sEMG signal, namely, the central nervous system (CNS), the Golgi tendon and the muscle spindle were considered in this model. Furthermore, a local PID algorithm was proposed to describe the impact of the CNS on the motor neuron and the Golgi tendon model was used to transform muscle forces to stimulus signals. The model was calibrated by an improved search procedure combining the Powell search and the direct search to determine optimal model parameters. In the experiment, an sEMG signal acquisition system was established to measure the sEMG signal and the elbow joint angle. The experimental results, the predicted sEMG signal well following the measured sEMG, demonstrated that the calibrated model could be used to estimate in vivo sEMG signals and is beneficial to explore the peripheral neural system and the pathogenesis of tremor.

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Liu, Kuan-Lin, Chen-Chie Wang, Ing-Ho Chen, Chia-Ming Chang, Wen-Tien Wu, and Kuang-Ting Yeh. "Radiographic Morphology and Method for Localization of the Adductor Tubercle on Anterior–Posterior Knee Radiographs." Journal of Knee Surgery 31, no. 08 (December 7, 2017): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608872.

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AbstractThe adductor tubercle (AT) is a landmark for joint line identification in knee arthroplasty. Up to now, there has not been a dedicated study to define its morphology on an anterior–posterior (AP) radiograph. As a result, radiographic localization of the AT has been inconsistent and confusing. Ten bone specimens, each with the AT labeled with a metal marker, were radiographed to demonstrate the AT appearance on AP radiographs. Based on this knowledge, a method to locate the AT was developed. A total of 200 clinical radiographs were examined to further confirm the observed radiographic morphology with emphasis on the visibility of the AT and its association with the rotational status of the knee on radiographs. One hundred of them were used to test the reliability of this method of AT identification. Of the 200 ATs, 153 (76%) were clearly visible on radiographs as a faint pyramid-shaped shadow protruding outward from the inflexion point of the concave–convex silhouette over the femoral shaft-condylar junction, allowing direct identification. For invisible ATs (24%), this inflexion point was found to be a useful surrogate landmark for their identification. Locating the AT using this technique showed a good intra- and interobserver reliabilities. The proposed method may be valuable for the consistent use of this landmark in joint line identification on radiographs.

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Wang, Faan, Liwei Xu, Xianjian Jin, Guodong Yin, and Ying Liu. "A Cooperative Positioning Method of Connected and Automated Vehicles with Direction-of-Arrival and Relative Distance Fusion." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (January 5, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5340693.

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The rapid development of science and technology has created favorable conditions for Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs). Accurate localization is one of the fundamental functions of CAV to realize some advanced operations such as vehicle platooning. However, complicated urban traffic environments, such as the flyover, significantly influence vehicular positioning accuracy. The inability of CAV to accurately perceive self-localization information has become an urgent issue to be addressed. This paper proposed a novel cooperative localization method by introducing the relative Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) and Relative Distance (RD) into CAV to improve the localization accuracy of CAV in the multivehicle environment. First, the three-dimensional positioning error model of the host vehicle concerning adjacent vehicles in azimuth angle and pitch angle and intervehicle distances under the vehicle-to-vehicle communication was established. Second, two least-squares estimation algorithms, linear and nonlinear, are established to decrease the position errors by combining relative DOA and RD measurement information. To verify the proposed algorithm's effect, the PreScan-Simulink joint simulation is carried out. The results show that the host vehicle's localization accuracy by the proposed method can be improved by 25% compared with direct linearization. Besides, by combining relative DOA and relative RD measurement, the locating capability of the least-square-based nonlinear optimization method can be enhanced by 22%.

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Marrella, Stefano A., Kerene A. Brown, Farnaz Mansouri-Noori, Jennifer Porat, Derek J. Wilson, and Mark A. Bayfield. "An interdomain bridge influences RNA binding of the human La protein." Journal of Biological Chemistry 294, no. 5 (December 10, 2018): 1529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra118.003995.

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La proteins are RNA chaperones that perform various functions depending on distinct RNA-binding modes and their subcellular localization. In the nucleus, they help process UUU-3′OH–tailed nascent RNA polymerase III transcripts, such as pre-tRNAs, whereas in the cytoplasm they contribute to translation of poly(A)-tailed mRNAs. La accumulation in the nucleus and cytoplasm is controlled by several trafficking elements, including a canonical nuclear localization signal in the extreme C terminus and a nuclear retention element (NRE) in the RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) domain. Previous findings indicate that cytoplasmic export of La due to mutation of the NRE can be suppressed by mutations in RRM1, but the mechanism by which the RRM1 and RRM2 domains functionally cooperate is poorly understood. In this work, we use electromobility shift assays (EMSA) to show that mutations in the NRE and RRM1 affect binding of human La to pre-tRNAs but not UUU-3′OH or poly(A) sequences, and we present compensatory mutagenesis data supporting a direct interaction between the RRM1 and RRM2 domains. Moreover, we use collision-induced unfolding and time-resolved hydrogen–deuterium exchange MS analyses to study the conformational dynamics that occur when this interaction is intact or disrupted. Our results suggest that the intracellular distribution of La may be linked to its RNA-binding modes and provide the first evidence for a direct protein–protein interdomain interaction in La proteins.

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Kotoku, Tetsuo, Erhard J. Hüsler, Kazuo Tanie, and Akio Fujikawa. "The Development of a Direct Drive Master Arm." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 2, no. 6 (December 20, 1990): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1990.p0463.

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This paper deals with the development of a 4 degree of freedom direct drive master manipulator system which has the ability of virtually adjusting its mechanical impedance. In the field of bilateral master-slave manipulation, there are some important points to be considered when a master manipulator is designed. One point is related to how to measure the human operator’s arm motion with high accuracy (which the operator produces to teach the trajectory of tasks). Another point is how to design an effective force/torque generator to make an operator feel the constraint forces the slave arm will receive from the environments during tasks. To satisfy these requirements, a manipulator with a variable mechanical impedance structure and joints equipped with high resolution angular displacement sensors is expected to be developed. The use of the variable impedance structure provides a capability of reflecting the constraint forces to an operator not only statically, but also dynamically. This is effective to present the constraints to an operator with high fidelity. In the research, joint mechanisms and joint sensors suitable for the impedance control were discussed, while the mechanical structure of the master manipulator which is effective to construct a simple impedance control law was investigated. With these considerations in mind, a master manipulator was designed and its impedance control law was formulated. The features of the manufactured manipulator are summarized as follows; (1) each joint is driven by a direct drive torque motor with less friction and has a high resolution angular encoder attached to a processor which can provide joint angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration. (2) the manipulator has the decoupled and configuration-invariant inertia structure in part which is effective to simplify impedance control law. In the paper, the design concept of the master manipulator is first discussed. Secondly, the details of the manufactured manipulator structure are explained. Finally, the results of the evaluation experiments are described and the fundamental characteristics of the system are confirmed.

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Maruyama, Tomoari, Chunquan Xu, Aiguo Ming, and Makoto Shimojo. "Motion Control of Ultra-High-Speed Manipulator with a Flexible Link Based on Dynamically Coupled Driving." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 18, no. 5 (October 20, 2006): 598–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2006.p0598.

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We have developed a golf robot whose swing simulates human motion. The design concept is to realize ultra-high-speed dynamic manipulation using a dexterous mechanism. The robot consists of a shoulder joint with a high-power direct-drive motor and a wrist joint with a low-power direct-drive motor. High-speed golf swings are realized by a sort of motion control, called dynamically-coupled driving which compensates for the lack of drive in the wrist joint. In this paper a new model accounting for golf club flexibility with all parameters identified in experiments was developed. Based on this, we generated and implemented trajectories for different criteria. Experimental results confirmed the high accuracy of motion control and the feasibility of golf club flexibility in ultra-high-speed manipulation.

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Jeffries, Shawn, and Anthony J. Capobianco. "Neoplastic Transformation by Notch Requires Nuclear Localization." Molecular and Cellular Biology 20, no. 11 (June 1, 2000): 3928–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.20.11.3928-3941.2000.

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ABSTRACT Notch proteins are plasma membrane-spanning receptors that mediate important cell fate decisions such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The mechanism of Notch signaling remains poorly understood. However, it is clear that the Notch signaling pathway mediates its effects through intercellular contact between neighboring cells. The prevailing model for Notch signaling suggests that ligand, presented on a neighboring cell, triggers proteolytic processing of Notch. Following proteolysis, it is thought that the intracellular portion of Notch (Nic) translocates to the nucleus, where it is involved in regulating gene expression. There is considerable debate concerning where in the cell Notch functions and what proteins serve as effectors of the Notch signal. Several Notch genes have clearly been shown to be proto-oncogenes in mammalian cells. Activation of Notch proto-oncogenes has been associated with tumorigenesis in several human and other mammalian cancers. Transforming alleles of Notch direct the expression of truncated proteins that primarily consist of Nic and are not tethered to the plasma membrane. However, the mechanism by which Notch oncoproteins (generically termed here as Nic) induce neoplastic transformation is not known. Previously we demonstrated that N1ic and N2iccould transform E1A immortalized baby rat kidney cells (RKE) in vitro. We now report direct evidence that N1ic must accumulate in the nucleus to induce transformation of RKE cells. In addition, we define the minimal domain of N1ic required to induce transformation and present evidence that transformation of RKE cells by N1ic is likely to be through a CBF1-independent pathway.

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Koffron, Alan J., Mary Hummel, Bruce K. Patterson, Shixian Yan, Dixon B. Kaufman, Jonathan P. Fryer, Frank P. Stuart, and Michael I. Abecassis. "Cellular Localization of Latent Murine Cytomegalovirus." Journal of Virology 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.1.95-103.1998.

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ABSTRACT Herpesviruses typically establish latent infection in their hosts. The cell(s) responsible for harboring latent virus, in most cases, is not known. Using immunofluorescence and PCR-in situ hybridization (PISH), a technique which combines the sensitivity of PCR with the localization and specificity of in situ hybridization, we provide the first direct evidence that endothelial cells are a major site of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) DNA in latently infected animals. These findings are consistent with existing knowledge of the biological behavior of CMV, in particular the transmission of latent CMV by solid organ and bone marrow transplantation, in both human and animal models. In addition, we have localized MCMV DNA in the lung alveolar macrophage and in bone marrow cells. Our findings confirm that bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells are a site of CMV latency and further suggest that bone marrow may be a reservoir of infected progeny capable of migrating into the circulation and establishing latency in various tissues. These findings provide clearly needed insight into the site of latent infection which is central to an understanding of the mechanisms of reactivation.

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Lee, Seungah, Joon Sig Choi, and Seong Ho Kang. "Combination of Differential Interference Contrast with Prism-Type Total Internal Fluorescence Microscope for Direct Observation of Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Nanoparticle as a Gene Delivery in Living Human Cells." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.007.

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A combined system of differential interference contrast (DIC) and total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) with a transmitted all-side polished dove prism was used for the direct monitoring of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer nanoparticles as a gene delivery in living human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells. The PAMAM dendrimer conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was used to form a fluorescent nanoparticle with the plasmid DNA (complexes) in order to directly monitor the entry of the complexes inside living cells. The DIC image provided precise information of the living HEK 293 cellular structures. Without moving the cell, the TIRFM images of the PAMAM nanoparticle-DNA complexes on the all-side polished dove prism provided precise information on the distance between the cell membrane and the complexes (<200 nm) as well as the real-time localization of the individual complexes in the cells. The complexes were observed in cytosol within 4 h after incubating the cells with the complexes in Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium. The localization data of the complexes inside the cell obtained by TIRFM were reconfirmed using 3D confocal microscopy images of the complexes at the subcellular localization. These results suggest that the combined system of DIC and all-side polished dove prism-type TIRFM is a powerful tool for the direct real-time monitoring of the internalization and subcellular localization of nanoparticles carrying genes through a nonviral approach for gene therapy.

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47

Lee, Seungah, Joon Sig Choi, and Seong Ho Kang. "Combination of Differential Interference Contrast with Prism-Type Total Internal Fluorescence Microscope for Direct Observation of Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Nanoparticle as a Gene Delivery in Living Human Cells." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.18055.

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A combined system of differential interference contrast (DIC) and total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) with a transmitted all-side polished dove prism was used for the direct monitoring of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer nanoparticles as a gene delivery in living human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells. The PAMAM dendrimer conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was used to form a fluorescent nanoparticle with the plasmid DNA (complexes) in order to directly monitor the entry of the complexes inside living cells. The DIC image provided precise information of the living HEK 293 cellular structures. Without moving the cell, the TIRFM images of the PAMAM nanoparticle-DNA complexes on the all-side polished dove prism provided precise information on the distance between the cell membrane and the complexes (<200 nm) as well as the real-time localization of the individual complexes in the cells. The complexes were observed in cytosol within 4 h after incubating the cells with the complexes in Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium. The localization data of the complexes inside the cell obtained by TIRFM were reconfirmed using 3D confocal microscopy images of the complexes at the subcellular localization. These results suggest that the combined system of DIC and all-side polished dove prism-type TIRFM is a powerful tool for the direct real-time monitoring of the internalization and subcellular localization of nanoparticles carrying genes through a nonviral approach for gene therapy.

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48

Hetland, O., A. B. Brovold, R. Holme, G. Gaudernack, and H. Prydz. "Thromboplastin (tissue factor) in plasma membranes of human monocytes." Biochemical Journal 228, no. 3 (June 15, 1985): 735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2280735.

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The synthesis of thromboplastin, a potent trigger of blood coagulation, can be induced in human peripheral blood monocytes. Indirect evidence suggests that newly synthesized thromboplastin becomes in part available on the cell surface. We have attempted to study the localization and availability of thromboplastin more directly by isolating plasma membranes from isolated human peripheral blood monocytes. The specific activities of the plasma membrane markers increased 16-22-fold in these preparations with a recovery of about 15%. The contamination by mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclei and endoplasmic reticulum was low as estimated by marker enzymes and electron microscopy. In both unstimulated and stimulated monocytes thromboplastin was largely recovered in this plasma membrane fraction, providing direct evidence for its membrane localization. Phospholipase C (E.C. 3.1.4.3) is a potent inactivator of thromboplastin through its hydrolysis of the phospholipids necessary for thromboplastin activity [Otnaess, Prydz, Bjørklid & Berre (1972) Eur. J. Biochem. 27, 238-243]. About 70% of the total membrane thromboplastin activity was inactivated when whole cells were treated with phospholipase C and the membranes subsequently isolated. Following stimulation to induce thromboplastin synthesis, the plasma membranes showed a shift in their relative content of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine consistent with a transmethylation process.

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Holland, T., R. Jones, A. Basford, T. Child, and A. Smith. "An intra-articular method for assessing topical application to a synovial joint." Laboratory Animals 34, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367700780384654.

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Intra-articular injection of drugs is increasingly used in human medicines. We report a method for the direct administration of a test substance to the synovial fluid of the canine stifle joint. This method caused little distress or pathology, making it suitable for pre-clinical assessment of new drugs in dogs and other species.

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García-Rodríguez, R., and V. Parra-Vega. "Cartesian sliding PID control schemes for tracking robots with uncertain Jacobian." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 34, no. 4 (April 21, 2011): 448–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331210394908.

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Abstract:

Owing to the fact that desired tasks are usually defined in operational coordinates, inverse and direct kinematics must be computed to obtain joint coordinates and Cartesian coordinates, respectively. However, in order to avoid the ill-posed nature of the inverse kinematics, Cartesian controllers have been proposed. Considering that Cartesian controllers are based on the assumption that the Jacobian is well known, an uncertain Jacobian will produce a non-exact localization of the end-effector. In this paper, we present an alternative approach to solve the problem of Cartesian tracking for free and constrained motion subject to Jacobian uncertainty. These Cartesian schemes are based on sliding PID controllers where the Cartesian errors are mapped into joint errors without any knowledge of robot dynamics. Sufficient conditions for feedback gains and stability properties of the estimate inverse Jacobian are presented to guarantee stability. Experimental results are provided to visualize the real-time stability properties of the Cartesian proposed schemes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Direct human joint localization'

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