Relevant bibliographies by topics / Direct-extrusion 3D-Printing

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Direct-extrusion 3D-Printing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Direct-extrusion 3D-Printing"

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Romanczuk-Ruszuk, Eliza, Bogna Sztorch, Daria Pakuła, Ewa Gabriel, Krzysztof Nowak, and Robert E. Przekop. "3D Printing Ceramics—Materials for Direct Extrusion Process." Ceramics 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 364–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010022.

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Additive manufacturing and 3D printing methods based on the extrusion of material have become very popular in recent years. There are many methods of printing ceramics, but the direct extrusion method gives the largest range of sizes of printed objects and enables scaling of processes also in large-scale applications. Additionally, the application of this method to ceramic materials is of particular importance due to its low cost, ease of use, and high material utilization. The paper presents the most important literature reports on ceramics printed by direct extrusion. The review includes articles written in English and published between 2017 and 2022. The aim of this literature review was to present the main groups of ceramic materials produced by extrusion-based 3D printing.
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Lee, Su-Yeon, Chang-Soo Kim, Jean-Ho Park, Jong Beom Lee, Su-Hee Kim, Yun-Sung Han, and Hee-Sung Lee. "Study on the Direct Melting Extrusion Metal 3D Printing Using Induction Heating." Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers 29, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7735/ksmte.2020.29.1.66.

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Vatani, Morteza, and Jae-Won Choi. "Direct-print photopolymerization for 3D printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 23, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2015-0172.

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Purpose This work aims to present a guideline for ink development used in extrusion-based direct-write (DW) (also referred to as direct-print [DP]) technique and combine the extrusion with instant photopolymerization to present a solvent-free DP photopolymerization (DPP) method to fill the gap between 3D printing and printing multi-functional 3D structures. Design/methodology/approach A DP process called DPP was developed by integration of a screw-driven micro-dispenser into XYZ translation stages. The process was equipped with direct photopolymerization to facilitate the creation of 3D structures. The required characteristics of inks used in this technique were simulated through dispersion of fumed silica particles into photocurable resins to transform them into viscoelastic inks. The characterization method of these inks and the required level of shear thinning and thixotropic properties is presented. Findings Shear thinning and thixotropic properties are necessary components of the inks used in DPP process and other DP techniques. These properties are desirable to facilitate printing and filament shape retention. Extrusion of viscoelastic inks out of a nozzle generates a filament capable of retaining its geometry. Likewise, instant photopolymerization of the dispensed filaments prevents deformation due to the weight of filaments or accumulated weight of layers. Originality/value The DPP process with material-reforming methods has been shown, where there remain many shortcomings in realizing a DP-based 3D printing process with instant photopolymerization in existing literature, as well as a standard guideline and material requirements. The suggested method can be extended to develop a new commercial 3D printing system and printable inks to create various functional 3D structures including sensors, actuators and electronics, where nanoparticles are involved for their functionalities. Particularly, an original contribution to the determination of a rheological property of an ink is provided.
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Azad, Mohammad A., Deborah Olawuni, Georgia Kimbell, Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza, Md Shahadat Hossain, and Tasnim Sultana. "Polymers for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Pharmaceuticals: A Holistic Materials–Process Perspective." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020124.

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Three dimensional (3D) printing as an advanced manufacturing technology is progressing to be established in the pharmaceutical industry to overcome the traditional manufacturing regime of 'one size fits for all'. Using 3D printing, it is possible to design and develop complex dosage forms that can be suitable for tuning drug release. Polymers are the key materials that are necessary for 3D printing. Among all 3D printing processes, extrusion-based (both fused deposition modeling (FDM) and pressure-assisted microsyringe (PAM)) 3D printing is well researched for pharmaceutical manufacturing. It is important to understand which polymers are suitable for extrusion-based 3D printing of pharmaceuticals and how their properties, as well as the behavior of polymer–active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) combinations, impact the printing process. Especially, understanding the rheology of the polymer and API–polymer mixtures is necessary for successful 3D printing of dosage forms or printed structures. This review has summarized a holistic materials–process perspective for polymers on extrusion-based 3D printing. The main focus herein will be both FDM and PAM 3D printing processes. It elaborates the discussion on the comparison of 3D printing with the traditional direct compression process, the necessity of rheology, and the characterization techniques required for the printed structure, drug, and excipients. The current technological challenges, regulatory aspects, and the direction toward which the technology is moving, especially for personalized pharmaceuticals and multi-drug printing, are also briefly discussed.
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Luis, Eric, Houwen Matthew Pan, Swee Leong Sing, Ram Bajpai, Juha Song, and Wai Yee Yeong. "3D Direct Printing of Silicone Meniscus Implant Using a Novel Heat-Cured Extrusion-Based Printer." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051031.

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The first successful direct 3D printing, or additive manufacturing (AM), of heat-cured silicone meniscal implants, using biocompatible and bio-implantable silicone resins is reported. Silicone implants have conventionally been manufactured by indirect silicone casting and molding methods which are expensive and time-consuming. A novel custom-made heat-curing extrusion-based silicone 3D printer which is capable of directly 3D printing medical silicone implants is introduced. The rheological study of silicone resins and the optimization of critical process parameters are described in detail. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies of the printed silicone meniscus implant were also included. A time-lapsed simulation study of the heated silicone resin within the nozzle using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was done and the results obtained closely resembled real time 3D printing. Solidworks one-convection model simulation, when compared to the on-off model, more closely correlated with the actual probed temperature. Finally, comparative mechanical study between 3D printed and heat-molded meniscus is conducted. The novel 3D printing process opens up the opportunities for rapid 3D printing of various customizable medical silicone implants and devices for patients and fills the current gap in the additive manufacturing industry.
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Petsiuk, Aliaksei, Bharath Lavu, Rachel Dick, and Joshua M. Pearce. "Waste Plastic Direct Extrusion Hangprinter." Inventions 7, no. 3 (August 19, 2022): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions7030070.

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As the additive manufacturing industry grows, it is compounding the global plastic waste problem. Distributed recycling and additive manufacturing (DRAM) offers an economic solution to this challenge, but it has been relegated to either small-volume 3D printers (limiting waste recycling throughput) or expensive industrial machines (limiting accessibility and lateral scaling). To overcome these challenges, this paper provides proof-of-concept for a novel, open-source hybrid 3D printer that combines a low-cost hanging printer design with a compression-screw-based end-effector that allows for the direct extrusion of recycled plastic waste in large expandable printing volumes. Mechanical testing of the resultant prints from 100% waste plastic, however, showed that combining the challenges of non-uniform feedstocks and a heavy printhead for a hangprinter reduced the strength of the parts compared to fused filament fabrication. The preliminary results are technologically promising, however, and provide opportunities to improve on the open-source design to help process the volumes of waste plastic needed for DRAM to address the negative environmental impacts of global plastic use.
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Kuźmińska, Magdalena, Beatriz C. Pereira, Rober Habashy, Matthew Peak, Mohammad Isreb, Tim D. Gough, Abdullah Isreb, and Mohamed A. Alhnan. "Solvent-free temperature-facilitated direct extrusion 3D printing for pharmaceuticals." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 598 (April 2021): 120305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120305.

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Cersoli, Trenton, Alexis Cresanto, Callan Herberger, Eric MacDonald, and Pedro Cortes. "3D Printed Shape Memory Polymers Produced via Direct Pellet Extrusion." Micromachines 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12010087.

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Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are materials capable of changing their structural configuration from a fixed shape to a temporary shape, and vice versa when subjected to a thermal stimulus. The present work has investigated the 3D printing process of a shape memory polymer (SMP)-based polyurethane using a material extrusion technology. Here, SMP pellets were fed into a printing unit, and actuating coupons were manufactured. In contrast to the conventional film-casting manufacturing processes of SMPs, the use of 3D printing allows the production of complex parts for smart electronics and morphing structures. In the present work, the memory performance of the actuating structure was investigated, and their fundamental recovery and mechanical properties were characterized. The preliminary results show that the assembled structures were able to recover their original conformation following a thermal input. The printed parts were also stamped with a QR code on the surface to include an unclonable pattern for addressing counterfeit features. The stamped coupons were subjected to a deformation-recovery shape process, and it was observed that the QR code was recognized after the parts returned to their original shape. The combination of shape memory effect with authentication features allows for a new dimension of counterfeit thwarting. The 3D-printed SMP parts in this work were also combined with shape memory alloys to create a smart actuator to act as a two-way switch to control data collection of a microcontroller.
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Jain, Tanmay, William Clay, Yen-Ming Tseng, Apoorva Vishwakarma, Amal Narayanan, Deliris Ortiz, Qianhui Liu, and Abraham Joy. "Role of pendant side-chain length in determining polymer 3D printability." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 40 (2019): 5543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py00879a.

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Revilla-Leon, Marta, Marina Olea-Vielba, Ana Esteso-Díaz, Iñaki Martinez-Klemm, Jose Manuel Reuss Rodriguez-Vilaboa, and Mutlu Özcan. "New fabrication method using additive manufacturing technologies for the pattern of pressed lithium disilicate onlay restorations." Brazilian Dental Science 20, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2017.v20i4.1364.

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<p>There are 7 categories for the additive manufacturing (AM) technologies and a wide variety of materials that can be used to build a computer aided designed (CAD) 3-Dimensional (3D) object. The present article reviews the main AM processes for polymers for dental applications: stereolithography (SLA), direct light processing (DLP), material jetting (MJ) and material extrusion (ME). The manufacturing process, accuracy and precision of these methods will be reviewed, as well as, their prosthodontic applications.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>3D printing; Additive manufacturing technologies; Direct light processing; Fused deposition modelling; Material extrusion; Material jetting; Multijet printing; Prosthodontics; Stereolitography.</p>
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Direct-extrusion 3D-Printing"

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Jain, Tanmay. "Design, Characterization, and Structure - Property Relationships of Multifunctional Polyesters for Extrusion-Based Direct-Write 3D Printing." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1586874036561737.

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Desai, Dhanashri Tejpal. "3D-Printing of Lunar Soil Simulant by Direct-Extrusion method." Thesis, 2023. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/6172.

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The extrusion-based additive manufacturing (EAM) technique is recently being widely employed for the 3D printing of complex-shaped components made of ceramic powder (containing irregular-shaped particles) when it is cast in the form of a slurry/ink. In this work, we utilize a direct extrusion method for printing structures from extra-terrestrial soil simulants using a piston-based extruder. Printing is demonstrated using a slurry composed of lunar soil simulant (LSS) variant ISAC-1 (avg. particle size ~ 90µm) mixed with biopolymer guar gum as a sustainable binding agent and DI water as a solvent. Parts were printed using a 2 mm diameter nozzle by optimizing print speed, nozzle height, inter-layer drying time, and build temperature, to ensure shape retention post-printing. The final green parts were dried in a hot air oven (50°C) for 48hrs, followed by sandpaper polishing. The strengths of the printed specimens were evaluated using compression and flexure tests and were found to be comparable to that of bio-consolidated structures. Unlike solid geometries, the well-known shell-infill type area-filling strategy generated several travels and re-tracings in the toolpath for cellular geometries. Owing to the yield stress of slurry, the travels and re-tracings resulted in discontinuous print and poor dimensional accuracy respectively. This necessitated a toolpath with increased continuity in the extrusion path. The customized toolpath is generated by defining a continuous nodal path over a lattice structure corresponding to the cellular frame. The extrusion flow rate is tuned according to the nodal path and the requirement of material deposition. Qualitatively the increased extrusion continuity in the customized toolpath resulted in continuous print with improved dimensional accuracy, whereas quantitatively a significant (~ 60%) reduction in print time is observed. These results show the potential for using the direct extrusion 3D printing method in remote extra-terrestrial environments to obtain lightweight load-bearing structures like cellular frames.
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Book chapters on the topic "Direct-extrusion 3D-Printing"

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Sole-Gras, Marc, Yong Huang, and Douglas B. Chrisey. "Laser-Induced Forward Transfer of Biomaterials." In Additive Manufacturing in Biomedical Applications, 252–65. ASM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v23a.a0006860.

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Abstract The use of 3D bioprinting techniques has contributed to the development of novel cellular patterns and constructs in vitro, ex vivo, and even in vivo. There are three main bioprinting techniques: inkjet printing, extrusion printing (also known as bioextrusion), laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) printing, which is also known as modified LIFT printing, matrix-assisted pulsed-laser evaporation direct write, and laser-based printing (laser-assisted bioprinting, or biological laser printing). This article provides an overview of the LIFT process, including the LIFT process introduction, different implementations, jetting dynamics, printability phase diagrams, and printing process simulations. Additionally, materials involved during LIFT are introduced in terms of bioink materials and energy-absorbing layer materials. Also, the printing of single cells and 2D and 3D constructs is introduced, showcasing the current state of the art with the ultimate goal for tissue- and organ-printing applications.
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Conference papers on the topic "Direct-extrusion 3D-Printing"

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Jin, Yifei, Patrick J. Antonelli, Christopher J. Long, Christopher W. McAleer, James J. Hickman, Ruitong Xiong, and Yong Huang. "Nanoclay Suspension-Enabled Extrusion Printing of 3D Soft Structures for Biomedical Applications." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8330.

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Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) extrusion printing of cellular/acellular structures with biocompatible materials has been widely investigated in recent years. However, the requirement of suitable solidification rate of printable ink materials constrains the utilization of extrusion-based 3D printing technique. In this study, the yield-stress nanoclay suspension-enabled extrusion-based 3D printing system has been investigated and demonstrated to overcome solidification rate constraints during printing. Utilizing the liquid-solid transition property of nanoclay suspension, two fabrication approaches, including nanoclay support bath-enabled printing and nanoclay-enabled direct printing, have been proposed. For the former approach, nanoclay (Laponite EP) has been used as a support bath material to fabricate alginate-based tympanic membrane patches. The constituents of alginate-based ink have been investigated to have the desired mechanical property of alginate-based tympanic membrane patches and facilitate the printing process. For the latter approach, nanoclay (Laponite XLG) has been used as an internal scaffold material to help print poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)-based neural chambers, which can be further cross-linked in air. Mechanical stress analysis has been performed to explore the geometric limitation of printable Laponite XLG-PEGDA neural chambers.
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Malinauskas, Mangirdas, Laurynas Lukoševičius, Dovilė Mackevičiūtė, Evaldas Balčiūnas, Sima Rekštytė, and Domas Paipulas. "Multiscale 3D manufacturing: combining thermal extrusion printing with additive and subtractive direct laser writing." In SPIE Photonics Europe, edited by Jacob I. Mackenzie, Helena JelÍnková, Takunori Taira, and Marwan Abdou Ahmed. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2051520.

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Habib, Md Ahasan, and Bashir Khoda. "Effect of Process Parameters on Cellulose Fiber Alignment in Bio-Printing." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-3011.

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Abstract Three dimensional (3D) bio-printing or direct writing technique has become a popular tool in tissue engineering applications that uses a computer-controlled process to deposit bio-ink for reproducing 3D tissue. Among multiple bio-printing modal, extrusion-based printing is capable of depositing diverse range of hydrogel materials and their compositions as bio-ink. Both acellular bio-ink and cell-laden bio-ink can be extruded by controlling the writing parameters to achieve high (&gt;80%) cell survivability and density along with spatial precision and accuracy in 3D space. To increase cell viability and improve mechanical properties, nano-materials are often added in the bio-ink. However, the interplay between 3D bio-printing process parameters, solid fiber content and deposited fiber orientation has not been investigated yet. A novel cellulose based nano-fiber filled bio-ink (i.e. TEMPO nano fibrillated cellulose fiber) is developed and used in this research. The distribution of fiber is explored with respect to the 3D bio-printing process parameters such as nozzle diameter, applied pressure, fiber content and, alginate content. We found, fiber alignments has a very strong correlation with the deposition direction and about 70% fiber falls within 20 degree of the deposition direction.
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Mondal, Anirban, Mrinal Saha, Kuntal Maity, M. Cengiz Altan, and Yingtao Liu. "Characterization of 3D Printed Single Filament Carbon Fiber Epoxy Composite." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94861.

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Abstract The conventional composite fabrication processes, such as hand lay-up, autoclave, vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, and filament winding, hinder the prospect of future development and application due to expensive mold fabrication, limited part geometries, and lack of repeatability. An extrusion-based additive manufacturing technique, such as direct-ink-writing (DIW), undermines the limitation of conventional manufacturing processes, which opens up the horizon of multi-material parts fabrication cost-effectively. This research investigates 3D printed single filament printing and characterization under tensile loading. In 3D printing, a single filament representative volume element (RVE), which upon stacking a series of RVE layer-by-layer in sequence, forms a 3D object. Thus, the deformation behavior of a single filament and the load transfer mechanisms to neighboring filament through the interface plays a critical role. An adequate understanding of single filament’s failure mechanisms and the contribution of interfaces in a 3D printed multi-filament object is yet to be understood. This research extensively focuses on developing a fundamental understanding of the behavior of a 3D printed single filament under tensile loading. The DIW ink composite sample comprises milled carbon fibers, two-part epoxy resin, silica fillers, and plastic additives.
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MONDAL, ANIRBAN, MRINAL C. SAHA, KUNTAL MAITY, M. CENGIZ ALTAN, and YINGTAO LIU. "CHARACTERIZATION AND IMPROVISATION OF DIRECT- INK-WRITING (DIW) TECHNIQUE WITH IN-SITU ELECTRIC FIELD TO PRINT HIGHLY ALIGNED CARBON FIBER/EPOXY COMPOSITE." In Proceedings for the American Society for Composites-Thirty Seventh Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc37/36434.

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An investigation is presented on direct-ink-writing (DIW) of carbon fiber epoxy composite with and without an electric field. Initial emphasis is focused on the importance of DIW and a common notion that DIW/3D printing aids in better alignment across a printed specimen. For this purpose, the DIW technique is utilized in printing a single filament dog bone specimen, and uniaxial tensile tests were performed on all printed specimens. Furthermore, the microstructure of the printed sample and the fracture surface of the specimens was performed using a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that the fibers adjacent to the surface of the printed specimens were highly aligned along the printing direction, whereas the fibers at the core remain mostly misaligned. This could be due to the high shear stress and higher change in velocity gradient of the ink at the inner nozzle wall, which leads to better alignment of the fibers along the print direction. However, very little or negligible change in shear stress and velocity gradient at the core of the ink filament at the nozzle leads to poor alignment of the fibers during extrusion. Thus, integrating DIW and the electric field was conceived, which could effectively be used to align fibers at the surface and the core of the ink filament during the extrusion of the ink. The in-situ electric field, in association with the direct ink writing fabrication (iEF-DIW) technique, effectively aids in controlling both in-plane and through-thickness properties of the composite by controlling the alignment of the carbon fibers. This fabrication technique could effectively replace most of the conventional as well as cumbersome methods that are used to orient/align fibers/fillers in the desired direction.
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Ghosh, Avishek. "3D Printing of Designed Ultra-Low Loss Microwave Dielectrics for Beyond 5G Applications." In ASME 2022 17th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2022-85805.

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Abstract Low-temperature sintering ceramics with high dielectric permittivity and low loss are highly valuable to the communication industry. Additive Manufacturing (AM) exhibits excellent potential to process a wide range of engineering materials and deliver complex three-dimensional structures in various scales, with several benefits over traditional manufacturing methods used in electronics manufacturing. Therefore, the advent of AM has offered a radically new way of designing and manufacturing electronic and communication components with tailored performance. In this work, a stable ink has been formulated from ultra-low loss dielectric bismuth molybdate (Bi2Mo2O9) ceramics. The formulated ink exhibited suitable rheological properties responsive to the direct ink writing technique. The 3D printed components with good structural integrity and spatial resolution were sintered at 670°C for 4 hours using the conventional heating method, achieving &gt; 94% density. A series of components with varying shapes and designed porosities were fabricated using the extrusion 3D printing method. The relative permittivity (εr) and loss tangent (tanδ) for the 3D printed and sintered Bi2Mo2O9 solid components were found to be 36.5 and 0.0005, respectively, at ∼8GHz, and the values can be tailored using designed porosity. The dielectric performance was found to be excellent and stable even at very high-frequency regimes (beyond 5G) between 70–90 GHz. Further, the addition of metallic infills in the designed pores of the ceramic scaffolds resulted in an increase in permittivity values. The preliminary investigation exhibited the potential to fabricate ceramic components for high-frequency applications via the design freedom offered by AM, that can enable further miniaturization of future communication devices.
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Fan, Jinsheng, Brittany Newell, Jose Garcia, Richard M. Voyles, and Robert A. Nawrocki. "Contact-Poling Enhanced, Fully 3D Printed PVdF Pressure Sensors: Towards 3D Printed Functional Materials." In ASME 2021 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2021-67832.

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Abstract This work presents a new process to print piezoelectric polymer-based sensors through additive manufacturing via three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. 3D printing has become an efficient method to fabricate devices with complex geometric structures and embedded functionalities. The motivation of this research was to explore a path towards fully 3D printed multifunctional thin and flexible sensing devices. The 3D printed methods used were Fused Deposition Modelling and Direct Ink Writing. A fully 3D printed sensor consisting of a (2.54 cm × 2.54 cm) poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) film with thickness in the range of ∼250 μm to 350 μm was sandwiched between two fast-drying silver paint printed electrodes with thickness ranging from ∼10 μm to 50 μm. The arithmetic average roughness, Ra, of typical printed PVdF profiles with and without printed silver electrodes was ∼12.9 μm and ∼7.3 μm, respectively. Silver electrodes were printed to facilitate contact poling and to collect charges generated due to piezoelectricity. The average piezoelectric activity of printed unpoled films was 7.13 pC/N. The polarization in the printed PVdF films was realized by conventional contact poling at elevated temperatures (100, 110, 120 and 130 °C, respectively) with step increased electric fields, which were varied from 0.4 MV/m to 14 MV/m at 1 MV/m increments. To perform contact poling, PVdF films were immersed in mineral oil and a controlled voltage was applied to electrodes on one side while electrodes on the opposite side were grounded. The extrusion process during 3D printing and the subsequent contact poling process enabled the phase transition from the thermally stable α-phase to the piezoelectric active β-phase and the rearranging of the dipole alignments. The efficiency of poling was evaluated through measurement of the average value of the charge generated by six poled PVdF films in response to mechanical input increasing from 0.29 N to 1.91 N with ∼0.27 N increments. The highest average piezoelectric activity obtained was 59.2 pC/N, and a single device of 96.44 pC/N, at step increased poling voltages up to 3.5 kV under a fixed temperature 120 °C. The results demonstrate that by increasing the poling voltages and time, a higher piezoelectric activity (about 8 times compared to unpoled films) was achieved, indicating improvement of the β-phase content. This study provides a new method for continuous and direct printing of piezoelectric devices from PVdF polymeric filament. This technology opens a new path towards fully 3D printed free-form structured functional materials for sensing applications.
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Tourlomousis, Filippos, Houzhu Ding, Antonio Dole, and Robert C. Chang. "Towards Resolution Enhancement and Process Repeatability With a Melt Electrospinning Writing Process: Design and Protocol Considerations." In ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8774.

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With recent advancements in the direct electrostatic printing of highly viscous thermoplastic polymers onto an automated collector, melt electrospinning writing technology (MEW) has shown great potential for addressing the fundamental effects of an engineered scaffold’s dimensional parameters (e.g. fiber diameter, apparent pore size, and pore shape) on cultured cell–scaffold interactions. The superior resolution obtainable with MEW compared to conventional extrusion-based 3D printing technologies and its ability for toolpath-controlled fiber printing can facilitate the creation of a complex cell microenvironment or niche. Such a cell niche would provide the microscale fiber diameter and pore size for a scaffold substrate to present dimensional cues that affect downstream cellular function. In this study, the authors present in detail the design of a custom MEW system that allows simultaneous thermal management in the material, spin-line, and collector regimes using a heat gun. The complex interplay of process and instrument-based parameters is clarified with respect to stable jet formation allowing the printing of scaffolds with various microstructural patterned cues and consistent fiber diameter in a reproducible manner. Current fabrication of high fidelity scaffolds requires that the ratio of inter-fiber distance to fiber diameter to be an approximate value of 10. Since this manufacturing challenge yields pore sizes that are prohibitively large for 3D cell culture studies, particular emphasis is given in this paper to address the underlying physical mechanisms that will enable the fabrication of pore sizes with MEW scaffolds at cellular-relevant fiber diameters (10 – 50 μm). The authors show that appropriate toolpath planning that takes into account the different modes of the process can improve the inter-fiber distance resolution and thus the scaffold’s apparent pore size.
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Boyle, Jacob, Kristi Petersen, and Karen Chang Yan. "Deposition Control of a FDM 3D Printer Based Direct Writing System for Hydrogel Molding in Microfluidic Devices Fabrication." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88267.

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Microfabrication-free methods such as wax printing and hydrogel molding have been developed in recent years for fabricating microfluidic devices to enable the applications of microfluidic devices to a broader range. A process has been developed to fabricate electrospun fiber embedded microfluidic devices by integrating hydrogel molding (HGM) and electrospinning (ES), and the feasibility of this integrated method has been demonstrated through our initial study. In particular, agarose gels with various concentrations have been used to generate the channel molds inside PDMS. Recently, a 3D printer kit based on Fuse-deposition method (FDM) was modified to directly deposit hydrogel mold. The current study focuses on how to control the dispensing rate and the extruder motion of the 3D printer for this application. The paper presents a characterization process for determining optimal work ranges in terms of dispensing rate and the moving rate of the x-y table. Specifically, for a given hydrogel material and needle gauge, consistent dispensing volume rate was determined via varying the flow rate of syringe pump and analyzing recorded images. The ranges of the moving rate of the x-y table and the extrusion rate were then determined to generate the previous determined volume rate based on the experimental measurements. As the printer kit is controlled via open source software, the developed method will be applicable to characterization of depositing different material system.
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