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Journal articles on the topic 'Direct Contact Evaporation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Hayder, Safaa, Suad Danook, and Hussein Sultan. "Direct-Contact Evaporation Using Different Refrigerants: A Review." Basrah journal for engineering science 20, no. 2 (2020): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33971/bjes.20.2.5.

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The direct-contact evaporation method is characterized by its effectiveness in applications of heat exchangers, especially in cooling systems, due to the absence of any heat resistors that prevent the transfer of heat between the cold and hot medium. The direct contact heat transfer depends mainly on how quickly the heat is taken by the bubbles of the evaporative refrigerant from the liquid and the increase in its volume up to the top of the heat exchanger, which is usually a cylindrical liquid column so that the temperature drop therein is uniform and even. There is much research on the method of heat transfer by direct contact. In this research, we collected and summarized most of the theoretical and practical researches that examined this method with the most important findings.

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2

Ribeiro, C. P., and P. L. C. Lage. "Gas-Liquid Direct-Contact Evaporation: A Review." Chemical Engineering & Technology 28, no. 10 (October 2005): 1081–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200500169.

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3

Sáenz, P. J., K. Sefiane, J. Kim, O. K. Matar, and P. Valluri. "Evaporation of sessile drops: a three-dimensional approach." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 772 (May 8, 2015): 705–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.224.

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The evaporation of non-axisymmetric sessile drops is studied by means of experiments and three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS). The emergence of azimuthal currents and pairs of counter-rotating vortices in the liquid bulk flow is reported in drops with non-circular contact area. These phenomena, especially the latter, which is also observed experimentally, are found to play a critical role in the transient flow dynamics and associated heat transfer. Non-circular drops exhibit variable wettability along the pinned contact line sensitive to the choice of system parameters, and inversely dependent on the local contact-line curvature, providing a simple criterion for estimating the approximate contact-angle distribution. The evaporation rate is found to vary in the same order of magnitude as the liquid–gas interfacial area. Furthermore, the more complex case of drops evaporating with a moving contact line (MCL) in the constant contact-angle mode is addressed. Interestingly, the numerical results demonstrate that the average interface temperature remains essentially constant as the drop evaporates in the constant-angle (CA) mode, while this increases in the constant-radius (CR) mode as the drops become thinner. It is therefore concluded that, for increasing substrate heating, the evaporation rate increases more rapidly in the CR mode than in the CA mode. In other words, the higher the temperature the larger the difference between the lifetimes of an evaporating drop in the CA mode with respect to that evaporating in the CR mode.

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4

Li, Huan, Huiyun Ren, and Youzhi Liu. "Construction of high gravity direct contact evaporation system and research of evaporation performance." Desalination 542 (November 2022): 116087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.116087.

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5

Jacobs, H. R. "Direct-Contact Heat Transfer for Process Technologies." Journal of Heat Transfer 110, no. 4b (November 1, 1988): 1259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250625.

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Direct-contact heat transfer processes between fluid streams are reviewed for situations that may be found in process technologies. While not all of the past work could be referenced in the space available, many current and review articles are cited that provide sources of detailed information. Included in this review are topics that relate to direct contact evaporation, condensation, and boiling as well as simple sensible heat transfer between the fluid streams.

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6

Celata, G. P., M. Cumo, F. D'Annibale, F. Gugliermetti, and G. Inguì. "Direct contact evaporation of nearly saturated R 114 in water." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 38, no. 8 (May 1995): 1495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(94)00255-t.

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7

Celata, G. "Direct contact evaporation of nearly saturated R 114 in water." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 22 (December 1996): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9322(97)88319-x.

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8

Madejski, Paweł, Tomasz Kuś, Piotr Michalak, Michał Karch, and Navaneethan Subramanian. "Direct Contact Condensers: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental and Numerical Investigations on Direct-Contact Condensation." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 9312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249312.

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Direct contact heat exchangers can be smaller, cheaper, and have simpler construction than the surface, shell, or tube heat exchangers of the same capacity and can operate in evaporation or condensation modes. For these reasons, they have many practical applications, such as water desalination, heat exchangers in power plants, or chemical engineering devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of experimental and numerical activities focused on the research about direct condensation processes and testing direct contact condensers on the laboratory scale. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods and CFD solvers are the most popular tools in the numerical analysis of direct contact condensers because of the phenomenon’s complexity as multiphase turbulent flow with heat transfer and phase change. The presented and developed numerical models must be carefully calibrated and physically validated by experimental results. Results of the experimental campaign in the laboratory scale with the test rig and properly designed measuring apparatus can give detailed qualitative and quantitative results about direct contact condensation processes. In this case, the combination of these two approaches, numerical and experimental investigation, is the comprehensive method to deeply understand the direct contact condensation process.

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9

Seetharamu, K. N., and P. Battya. "Direct Contact Evaporation Between Two Immiscible Liquids in a Spray Column." Journal of Heat Transfer 111, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250751.

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The present investigation deals with the direct contact evaporation of refrigerant 113 and n-pentane in a stagnant column of distilled water. The operational parameters investigated in the experimental study are the operating column height, the temperature difference, the dispersed phase flow rate, and the diameter and number of orifices in the distributor. The effects of these parameters on volumetric heat transfer coefficient, holdup, and agglomeration are investigated. A modified relation, based on the theoretical analysis of Smith et al. (1982), is also developed for predicting the theoretical volumetric heat transfer coefficient. Comparison with related works available in the literature shows reasonable agreement.

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10

Song, M., A. Steiff, and P. M. Weinspach. "Parametric analysis of direct contact evaporation process in a bubble column." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 41, no. 12 (June 1998): 1749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(97)00241-x.

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11

Alnaimat, Fadi, James F. Klausner, and Renwei Mei. "Transient analysis of direct contact evaporation and condensation within packed beds." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54, no. 15-16 (July 2011): 3381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.03.048.

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12

Hu, Runzhi, Yanchao Jin, Qunwu Huang, Yiping Wang, and Yong Cui. "The effect of packing on direct contact evaporation in spray column." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 95, no. 11 (May 4, 2017): 2209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.22856.

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13

Chhun, Sothyreak, Watsa Khongnakorn, and Wirote Youravong. "Energy Consumption for Brine Solution Recovery in Direct Contact Membrane Distillation." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.256.

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Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process was applied for brine solution recovery. The energy consumption of the process was evaluated as varying feed temperature and cross flow velocity (CFV). The evaporation efficiency and energy consumption were also studied. The experiments was carried out using a hollow fiber PVDF membrane with pore size of 0.1 μm and NaCl 3.5 %wt as feed solution. The operating feed temperature and CFV were in range of 40 °C-70 °C and 0.14-0.42 m/s (laminar and transition flow region), respectively. The temperature and CFV of permeate were fixed at 20 °C and 1.97 m/s respectively. It was found that the flux rate was in function with the temperature, CFV and temperature polarization coefficient (TPC). The best result in terms of energy consumption and evaporation efficiency were obtained at CFV and temperature of 0.28 m/s and 70 °C about 188.6 W and 41.1 %, respectively.

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14

Lipnicki, Zygmimt, Haima Lechów, and Kataizyna Pantoł. "Temperature Profiles in a Micro Processor Cooled by Direct Refrigerant Evaporation." Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2016-0040.

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Abstract Ail analytical solution to the equation for cooling of a unit, in the interior of which heat is generated, is presented. For that reason, a simplified non-stationary model for determination of the temperature distribution within the unit, temperature of the contact between unit and a liquid layer, and the evaporating layer thickness in the function of time, is elaborated. A theoretical analysis of the external cooling of the unit, by considering the phenomenon of the liquid evaporation with the use of the Fourier and Poisson’s equations, is given. Both, stationary- and non-stationary description of the cooling are shown. The obtained results of simulation seems to be useful in designing the similar cooling systems. A calculation mode for a cooling systems equipped with the compressor heat pump, as an effective cooling method, is also performed.

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15

AOKI, Kazuo, Kazuyoshi MORINAGA, Masaru SENMYOU, and Masatoshi AKAHORI. "Droplet behavior due to Direct Contact Heat Transfer with Evaporation and Freezing." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2003.13 (2003): 284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2003.13.284.

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16

Mori, Yasuhiko H., and Endo Shigeki. "An attempt at enhancing direct contact evaporation utilizing the surface dilational viscoelasticity." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 31, no. 9 (September 1988): 1835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(88)90197-4.

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17

AOKI, Kazuo, Masayuki SAWADA, Tetsuya TAKENOUCHI, and Nobuyuki IKEDA. "Freezing of Aqueous Solution due to Direct Contact Heat Transport Including Evaporation." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2000.10 (2000): 411–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2000.10.411.

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18

AOKI, Kazuo, Masayuki SAWADA, Nobuyuki IKEDA, Chikara SONE, and Masatoshi AKAHORI. "Evaporation and Solidification of Single Droplet due to Direct Contact Heat Transfer." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2001.11 (2001): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2001.11.447.

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19

Abbas Kendoush, Abdullah. "Theory of convective drop evaporation in direct contact with an immiscible liquid." Desalination 169, no. 1 (September 2004): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.08.005.

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20

Wanchoo, R. K. "Evaporation of drops in direct contact with an immiscible liquid : Bubble growth." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 20, no. 1 (January 1993): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(93)90006-h.

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21

Muhazihat, Mohd Syahray Izham, Nurrina Rosli, Radhiyah Abd. Aziz, and Abdul Aziz Jaafar. "Potential of direct evaporative cooling system under metal plate attachment to wetted pad application." Journal of Modern Manufacturing Systems and Technology 1, no. 1 (September 13, 2018): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmmst.v1i1.200.

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Direct evaporative cooling (DEC) system, even in the simpler configuration, is concerned with the wet pad design for improving system cooling performance. The performance measure is assessed by the evaporation of the pad liquid content and changes of mainstream flow properties. This article examined a potential DEC design in laboratory scale that incorporates a water-based wet pad with metal plate attachment. The proposed system is modelled by a low speed uniform air flowing over a heated wet pad. The influence of metal thermal conductivity and the surface contact on air temperature and humidity was evaluated. The results shows that efficiency increases nearly 50 % despite poor influence of metal property and contact area on mainflow properties. Increasing contact area of metal plate plays a major role to preserve the cooling efficiency. Since, base pad without metal plate shows superior performance than that of with metal plate due to the loss sensible heat, DEC system must be designed with consideration of providing more homogenous air mixture and preventing the loss sensible heat.

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22

FUJITA, Yasunobu, Kunio HIRAHAYA, and Kaneyasu NISHIKAWA. "Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Direct Contact Volume-Type Evaporation Process." JSME international journal. Ser. 2, Fluids engineering, heat transfer, power, combustion, thermophysical properties 31, no. 3 (1988): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeb1988.31.3_486.

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23

Yang, Chi, Miaomiao Tian, Yingming Xie, Xue-Mei Li, Baolong Zhao, Tao He, and Jindun Liu. "Effective evaporation of CF4 plasma modified PVDF membranes in direct contact membrane distillation." Journal of Membrane Science 482 (May 2015): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.01.059.

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24

Isobe, F., and Y. H. Mori. "Formation of gas hydrate or ice by direct-contact evaporation of CFC alternatives." International Journal of Refrigeration 15, no. 3 (January 1992): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(92)90003-d.

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25

Ribeiro, Cláudio P., Cristiano P. Borges, and Paulo L. C. Lage. "Sparger effects during the concentration of synthetic fruit juices by direct-contact evaporation." Journal of Food Engineering 79, no. 3 (April 2007): 979–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.03.019.

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26

Song, M., A. Steiff, and P. M. Weinspach. "The analytical solution for a model of direct contact evaporation in spray columns." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 23, no. 2 (March 1996): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(96)00011-5.

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27

Kim, Hyoungsoo, and Howard A. Stone. "Direct measurement of selective evaporation of binary mixture droplets by dissolving materials." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 850 (July 10, 2018): 769–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.472.

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We investigate experimentally and theoretically how a droplet of a binary mixture evaporates when placed on a solid substrate. Our focus is the limit at which the two liquid components have different vapour pressures. Using physicochemical effects, we directly visualize the selective evaporation of the more volatile component and so document the space and time dependence of the chemical distribution in the droplet. In particular, we observe that a mixture consisting of an organic solvent and deionized water dissolves suspended fluorescent polystyrene particles if the lower volatility organic solvent reaches a critical concentration. Consequently, we show that for a small contact angle ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}<\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/2$) the suspended polystyrene particles begin to disappear from near the contact line, which indicates that the volatile component, here water, evaporates rapidly compared to the other component(s). Finally, we show that a diffusion-dominated model for evaporation of a binary mixture can predict well the experimental results where convective and diffusive mixing effects are negligible, in which case there is significant chemical segregation in the drop.

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28

Divoux, Thibaut, Bosi Mao, and Patrick Snabre. "Syneresis and delayed detachment in agar plates." Soft Matter 11, no. 18 (2015): 3677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00433k.

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Gels in agar plates often lose contact with the dish sidewall as a result of syneresis and water evaporation. We rationalize such delayed and sudden detachment by means of direct observations and speckle correlation spectroscopy.

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29

Helesh, Andriy, and Victor Yavorskiy. "MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE SULFURIC ACID DROPS EVAPORATION." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 1 (January 29, 2016): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2016.00028.

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The evaporation process of sulfuric acid solution has been analyzed in the hollow apparatus of column type under direct contact between acid drops and hot gas. On the basis of the mathematical model the main parameters have been calculated: evaporation time, distance passed by a drop and its evaporation temperature. The mathematic dependencies of evaporation time of water and sulfuric acid drops on their initial diameters and air temperature have been developed. The drop diameter of ≤ 0.5∙10-3 m was found to be necessary to carry out the evaporation with the rate sufficient for the industrial columns. The obtained results are proposed to be used to determine the effect of intensifying parameters on the evaporation process of sulfuric acid waste solutions and development of their recycling technology.

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30

Ni, Weiming, Yongli Li, Juezhen Zhao, Gaoyuan Zhang, Xiaoze Du, and Yingchao Dong. "Simulation Study on Direct Contact Membrane Distillation Modules for High-Concentration NaCl Solution." Membranes 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10080179.

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Membrane distillation technology, as a new membrane-based water treatment technology that combines the membrane technology and evaporation process, has the advantages of using low-grade heat, working at atmospheric pressure with simple configuration, etc. In this study, heat and mass transfer were coupled at the membrane surfaces through the user-defined function program. The effects of feed temperature, feed velocity and permeate velocity on temperature polarization were mainly investigated for a high-concentration NaCl solution. The temperature polarization was increased with the increase of feed temperature and the decrease of feed and permeate velocity. The effects of temperature, inlet velocity and solution concentration on the evaporation efficiency of the membrane module for co- and counter-current operations were investigated in detail. The counter-current operation performed better than co-current operation in most cases, except for the condition where the NaCl concentration was relatively low or the module length was long enough. In addition, the optimal membrane thickness for both PVDF and PTFE was studied. The optimal membrane thickness was found in the range of 10 to 20 μm, which corresponded to the highest permeate flux for the selected materials, pore size distribution, and operation conditions. Membrane material with lower thermal conductivity and larger porosity was prone to get higher permeate flux and had larger optimal membrane thickness. Increasing feed velocity or feed temperature could decrease the optimal membrane thickness.

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31

Abdelkader, Sana, Ali Boubakri, Sven Uwe Geissen, and Latifa Bousselmi. "Direct contact membrane distillation applied to saline wastewater: parameter optimization." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 12 (June 18, 2018): 2823–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.274.

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Abstract Freshwater availability is increasingly under pressure from growing demand, resource depletion and environmental pollution. Desalination of saline wastewater is an option for supplying households, industry and agriculture with water, but technologies such as reverse osmosis, evaporation or electrodialysis are energy intensive. By contrast, membrane distillation (MD) is a competitive technology for water desalination. In our study, response surface methodology was applied to optimize the direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) treatment of synthetic saline wastewater. The aim was to enhance the process performance and the permeate flux Jp (L/m2·h) by optimizing the operating parameters: temperature difference ΔT, feed velocity Vf, salt concentration [NaCl], and glucose concentration [Gluc]. The results are a high permeate quality, with 99.9% electrical conductivity reduction and more than 99.9% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate. The predicted optimum permeate flux Jp was 34.1 L/m2·h at ΔT = 55.2 °C and Vf = 0.086 m/s, the two most significant parameters. The model created showed a high degree of correlation between the experimental and the predicted responses, with high statistical significance.

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32

Alrowais, Raid, Chen Qian, Muhammad Burhan, Doskhan Ybyraiymkul, Muhammad Wakil Shahzad, and Kim Choon Ng. "A greener seawater desalination method by direct-contact spray evaporation and condensation (DCSEC): Experiments." Applied Thermal Engineering 179 (October 2020): 115629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115629.

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33

Fu, Hailing, Yiping Wang, Qunwu Huang, Yong Cui, Yong Sun, and Lihong Jiang. "Direct contact evaporation heat transfer coefficient and drobble size distribution in a 2D column." Applied Thermal Engineering 96 (March 2016): 568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.11.109.

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34

Ribeiro, Cláudio P., and Paulo L. C. Lage. "Direct-contact evaporation in the homogeneous and heterogeneous bubbling regimes. Part II: dynamic simulation." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47, no. 17-18 (August 2004): 3841–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.03.017.

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35

Ribeiro, Cláudio P., and Paulo L. C. Lage. "Direct-contact evaporation in the homogeneous and heterogeneous bubbling regimes. Part I: experimental analysis." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47, no. 17-18 (August 2004): 3825–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.03.018.

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36

SONG, M., A. STEIFF, and P. M. WEINSPACH. "NUSSELT NUMBER FOR DIRECT CONTACT EVAPORATION OF A MOVING ELLIPSOIDAL DROP IN AN IMMISCIBLE LIQUID." Chemical Engineering Communications 145, no. 1 (March 1996): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986449608936469.

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37

Mahood, Hameed Balassim. "Direct-contact heat transfer of a single volatile liquid drop evaporation in an immiscible liquid." Desalination 222, no. 1-3 (March 2008): 656–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.188.

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38

Mori, Yasuhiko H., and Fumiho Isobe. "A model for gas hydrate formation accompanying direct-contact evaporation of refrigerant drops in water." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 18, no. 5 (September 1991): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(91)90073-d.

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39

Fu, Hailing. "Heat transfer and residence time distribution of liquid flow in direct contact evaporation heat exchanger." Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 149 (March 2020): 107829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2020.107829.

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40

Mahood, Hameed B., Adel O. Sharif, Seyed Ali Hosseini, and Rex B. Thorpe. "Analytical Modelling of a Spray Column Three-Phase Direct Contact Heat Exchanger." ISRN Chemical Engineering 2013 (March 3, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/457805.

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An analytical model for the temperature distribution of a spray column, three-phase direct contact heat exchanger is developed. So far there were only numerical models available for this process; however to understand the dynamic behaviour of these systems, characteristic models are required. In this work, using cell model configuration and irrotational potential flow approximation characteristic models has been developed for the relative velocity and the drag coefficient of the evaporation swarm of drops in an immiscible liquid, using a convective heat transfer coefficient of those drops included the drop interaction effect, which derived by authors already. Moreover, one-dimensional energy equation was formulated involving the direct contact heat transfer coefficient, the holdup ratio, the drop radius, the relative velocity, and the physical phases properties. In addition, time-dependent drops sizes were taken into account as a function of vaporization ratio inside the drops, while a constant holdup ratio along the column was assumed. Furthermore, the model correlated well against experimental data.

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41

Morozov, A. A., and V. A. Titarev. "Dynamics of planar gas expansion during nanosecond laser evaporation into a low-pressure background gas." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 9 (September 2022): 096101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0101119.

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A numerical study in a one-dimensional planar formulation of the dynamics of the neutral gas expansion during nanosecond laser evaporation into a low-pressure background gas is carried out using two different kinetic approaches: the direct simulation Monte Carlo method and direct numerical solution of the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook equation. Results were obtained for a wide range of parameters: the background gas pressure, masses of evaporated and background particles, temperature and pressure of saturated vapor on the evaporation surface, and evaporation duration. They are in good agreement with the analytical continuum solution for unsteady evaporation into the background gas. The dynamics of the expansion is analyzed, and the characteristic times and distances that determine the main stages of the expansion process are established. General regularities are obtained that describe the dynamics of the motion of external and internal shock waves and the contact surface as well as the maximum density of evaporated particles and the characteristic temperatures of evaporated and background particles in the compressed layer. The obtained results are important for understanding and describing the change in the mixing layer during nanosecond laser deposition in a low-pressure background gas.

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42

Kokornaczyk, Maria Olga, Stephan Baumgartner, and Lucietta Betti. "Preliminary study on force-like effects between As45x, water, and wheat seeds performed by means of the droplet evaporation method." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 14, no. 2 (August 27, 2021): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v14i2.775.

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Background: The droplet evaporation method (DEM) is based on pattern formation in evaporating droplets. It has been shown that the local connected fractal dimension (LCFD; a complexity measure) of crystalline structures grown in evaporating droplets of wheat seed leakages depended upon whether the seeds were treated with an ultra-high dilution (UHD) or water control.1, 2 In homeopathy it is usually assumed, that UHDâ€™s need to come in direct (physical) contact with the organism to be treated to exhibit their action; however, recently, it has been demonstrated on a wheat seed germination model that UHDâ€™s may influence organisms also at a distance, i.e. without any physical contact. 3 In this case the UHD's effectiveness decreases with increasing distance. Here we test whether DEM might serve also as a tool to study such force-like influences. In a series of three DEM experiments (E1-3) we studied (i) force-like effects occurring between As2O3 45x treatment (As45x) and undiluted, unsuccussed, ultrapure water (W), (ii) As45x and wheat seeds, as also (iii) whether force-like effects may be shielded by means of aluminum foil, commonly applied for such purposes in homeopathic research.

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43

Liu, R. J., L. L. Smith, M. J. Kim, R. W. Carpenter, and R. F. Davis. "Microstructure Of Au/Ti Ohmic Contacts On n-GaN." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 668–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600023461.

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GaN is a semiconductor with a direct band-gap of 3.4 eV which has a potential application in optoelectronic devices such as UV-emitting lasers and blue light emitting diodes. Extensive efforts have been made to develop low-resistance, thermally stable and uniform ohmic contacts on GaN. In this study, n-GaN films (Si-doped) with an intermediate A1N buffer layer were grown on 6H-SiC substrates via MOVPE. The contacts were formed by depositing Ti and then Au films on GaN by e-beam evaporation at room temperature. Current-voltage measurements as a function of temperature showed that the ohmicity of the Au/Ti contact improved upon annealing, corresponding to changes in the microstructure of the contact interfaces involving a redistribution of nitrogen and gold.Fig. 1 shows the microstructure of the as-deposited Au/Ti/GaN films. The nanocrystalline Ti film was about 50 nm thick. Au film was polycrystalline, containing many growth twins. The thickness of Au film varied from 260 to 350 nm.

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GE, YANG, and L. S. FAN. "Droplet–particle collision mechanics with film-boiling evaporation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 573 (February 2007): 311–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112006003922.

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A three-dimensional numerical model is developed to simulate the process of collision between an evaporative droplet and a high-temperature particle. This phenomenon is of direct relevance to many engineering process operations, such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), polyethylene synthesis, and electronic materials coating. In this study, the level-set method and the immersed-boundary method are combined to describe the droplet–particle contact dynamics in a fixed Eulerian grid. The droplet deformation is captured by one level-set function while the solid–fluid boundary condition is imposed on the particle surface through the immersed-boundary method involving another level-set function. A two-dimensional vapour-layer model is developed to simulate the vapour flow dynamics. Equations for the heat transfer characteristics are formulated for each of the solid, liquid and gas phases. The incompressible flow-governing equations are solved using the finite-volume method with the ALE (arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) technique. The simulation results are validated through comparisons with experimental data obtained from the new experimental set-up designed in this study. An important feature of the droplet impacting on a particle with film boiling is that the droplet undergoes a spreading, recoiling and rebounding process, which is reproduced by the numerical simulation based on the model. Details of the collision such as spread factor, contact time and temperature distribution are provided. Simulations are also conducted to examine the effects of the particle size and the collision velocity. Although the value for the maximum spread factor is larger for a higher impact velocity and for a smaller particle, the contact time is independent of the impact velocity and particle size. Both the normal collision and the oblique collision are considered in this study.

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Novikova, I. V., A. S. Muravev, G. V. Agafonov, E. A. Korotkih, O. Y. Malceva, and N. V. Zueva. "Technological measures to improve the environmental friendliness of alcohol industry enterprises." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1052, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1052/1/012092.

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Abstract The article concerns technological measures to improve the environmental friendliness of food industry enterprises: in particular, aspects of processing waste from the alcohol industry with further use in agriculture (in animal feed). It is important to use methods to optimize the feeding of farm animals, allowing one to involve feed resources that do not have a harmful effect on health and productivity, while significantly reducing the consumption of grain components. This resource is dry distillery grains, which is a waste product of distillery production. Technologies of distillery bard processing include its evaporation with further drying. The main waste at the ethanol plant is whole stillage. It is centrifuged to separate thin stillage from wet grains. Thin stillage contains 5-10% of solids. For reducing energy consumption during the concentration process, it is possible to use a direct contact evaporator (bubbling evaporator). In this article, the bubbling evaporator design was developed. To justify the size of the evaporator, the temperature difference profile along the column length was determined. It is less than 1 and remains constant, which determines the high efficiency of heat transfer. The most effective parameters of the evaporation process according to moisture removal are a gas flow rate of 1.3–1.5 m3/h, air temperature of 400±15. Work results can be used in the design of scalable systems for thin stillage processing and applicable in medium-sized ethanol plants.

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KOROTIN, Semyon Y., and Anatoliy I. SHCHELOKOV. "RESEARCH OF MULTI-COMPONENT HEAT CARRIERS AND DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL MEANS OF THEIR RECEIVING." Urban construction and architecture 8, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.04.22.

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The possibility and expediency of using multicomponent coolants in thermal technological processes, obtained by injection and subsequent evaporation of small water droplets by direct contact with the products of complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuel, is considered. The results of studies of the formation of gas-vapor mixture in the heat generator with the injection of superheated water into the stream of products of complete combustion of gas fuel are given.

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Kuo, K. K., W. H. Hsieh, K. C. Hsieh, and M. S. Miller. "Modeling of Hot Fragment Conductive Ignition of Solid Propellants With Applications to Melting and Evaporation of Solids." Journal of Heat Transfer 110, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 670–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250544.

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A comprehensive theoretical model has been formulated for studying the degree of vulnerability of various solid propellants being heated by hot spall fragments. The model simulates the hot fragment conductive ignition (HFCI) processes caused by direct contact of hot inert particles with solid propellant samples. The model describes the heat transfer and displacement of the hot particle, the generation of the melt (or foam) layer caused by the liquefaction, pyrolysis, and decomposition of the propellant, and the regression of the propellant as well as the time variation of its temperature distributions. To validate partially the theoretical model in the absence of the necessary chemical kinetic data, an ice melting and evaporation experiment was designed and conducted. These experiments provide features of the conductive heating, melting, and evaporating processes. Calculated results compare well with experimental data in temperature–time traces, spall particle sinking velocity, and displacement.

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Ribeiro, Cláudio P., Cristiano P. Borges, and Paulo L. C. Lage. "Modelling of direct-contact evaporation using a simultaneous heat and multicomponent mass-transfer model for superheated bubbles." Chemical Engineering Science 60, no. 6 (March 2005): 1761–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2004.08.049.

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Vigants, Edgars, Toms Prodanuks, Girts Vigants, Ivars Veidenbergs, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Modelling of Technological Solutions to 4th Generation DH Systems." Environmental and Climate Technologies 20, no. 1 (November 27, 2017): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rtuect-2017-0007.

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Abstract Flue gas evaporation and condensing processes are investigated in a direct contact heat exchanger - condensing unit, which is installed after a furnace. By using equations describing processes of heat and mass transfer, as well as correlation coherences for determining wet gas parameters, a model is formed to create a no-filling, direct contact heat exchanger. Results of heating equipment modelling and experimental research on the gas condensing unit show, that the capacity of the heat exchanger increases, when return temperature of the district heating network decreases. In order to explain these alterations in capacity, the character of the changes in water vapour partial pressure, in the propelling force of mass transfer, in gas and water temperatures and in the determining parameters of heat transfer are used in this article. The positive impact on the direct contact heat exchanger by the decreased district heating (DH) network return temperature shows that introduction of the 4th generation DH system increases the energy efficiency of the heat exchanger. In order to make an assessment, the methodology suggested in the paper can be used in each particular situation.

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Liu, R. J., R. W.Carpenter, and M. J. Kim. "Microstructure Of Tin Ohmic Contacts On N-Gan." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600013970.

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GaN is a direct, wide band -gap semiconductor (Eg =3.4 eV) which has a potential application in electronic and optical devices including UV-emitting lasers and bright p-n junction GaN light emitting diodes. In order to attain optimum device performance, it is necessary to develop lowresistance, thermally stable and uniform ohmic contacts.In this study, the TiN/GaN contact synthesis and examination of contact performance were conducted at North Carolina State University. Si-doped n-GaN films were grown on 6H-SiC substrates via MOVPE with an A1N buffer layer. The TiN films were deposited in an ion-beam assisted, UHV electron-beam evaporation system. TiN growth was performed at a substrate temperature of 350 °C and a nitrogen pressure of about 2×10-4 torr. The deposition rate was 1- 1.5 nm/min. The TiN contacts deposited on (0001) n-GaN were ohmic with high resistivity in the as-deposited condition, but the resistivity decreased sharply in response to annealing. The TiN/GaN interface was examined by transmission electron microscopy to provide correlations between changes in microstructure and electrical behavior.

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