Journal articles: 'Direct and indirect exposure to crime'

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Farrell, Chelsea, and Gregory M. Zimmerman. "Is Exposure to Violence a Persistent Risk Factor for Offending across the Life Course? Examining the Contemporaneous, Acute, Enduring, and Long-term Consequences of Exposure to Violence on Property Crime, Violent Offending, and Substance Use." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 55, no. 6 (July 5, 2018): 728–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427818785207.

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Objectives: To examine the contemporaneous (cross-sectional), acute (1 year), enduring (5–7 years), and long-term (12–13 years) effects of exposure to violence on offending behaviors. Methods: We analyze four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health ( N = 7,706). Exposure to violence captures direct (interpersonal victimization and violent threats) and indirect (witnessing violence) experiences with violence. Outcome measures include property crime, violent offending, and substance use. A series of logistic regression models examine the acute, enduring, and long-term effects of exposure to violence on the offending outcomes at each study wave, controlling for exposure to violence, lagged dependent variables, and baseline covariates at all previous waves. Results: The effects of exposure to violence on violent offending persist over time, with effects attenuating over time. However, exposure to violence only has contemporaneous and acute effects on property crime and drug use. Conclusions: Long-term effects of exposure to violence on violent offending are not an artifact of confounding with more recent experiences with violence. Both distal and proximate effects of exposure to violence should be addressed in order to adequately disrupt the overlap between exposure to violence and violent offending.

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Gerstner, Dominik, and Dietrich Oberwittler. "Who’s hanging out and what’s happening? A look at the interplay between unstructured socializing, crime propensity and delinquent peers using social network data." European Journal of Criminology 15, no. 1 (January 2018): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370817732194.

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One of the key observations of delinquency research – that adolescents are more likely to offend during the time spent in the company of peers and without adult supervision – has been supported by recent studies following Situational Action Theory (SAT). According to SAT, exposure to criminogenic settings may influence adolescent behaviour by presenting opportunities and frictions; however, the outcome is seen as conditional on individual crime propensities and the moral context in which opportunities and frictions are encountered. To what extent the behaviour of adolescents in these settings also depends on the delinquent inclinations of their peers is an additional question that has received less attention. In the current study, we use data from a recent German school survey, including network data and a direct measurement of delinquent friends, to test for interactions between unstructured socializing and the crime propensities of respondents, as well as of their friends, and find support for SAT. In this context the measurement of ‘delinquent friends’ becomes important because its association with an adolescent’s own delinquency is likely to be overestimated when respondents report on their friends’ behaviour. The novel contribution of this study is to analyse how the interplay between these factors changes if one moves from an indirect to a direct measurement of friends’ delinquency. We show that the influence of situations and opportunities is unduly diminished when using the indirect measurement.

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Stevkovic, Ljiljana. "When a victim becomes violent perpetrator: Violent victimization in childhood, violent criminal behavior in adulthood." Temida 16, no. 3-4 (2013): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1304005s.

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Numerous international research has identified that direct or indirect exposure to violent victimization in a familial context during childhood is a risk factor for violent criminal behavior of victimized children in adulthood. Studies of violent victimization of children in Serbia are rare, and are mostly directed at determining the prevalence, the main characteristics of or the immediate physical, psychological and behavioral consequences of victimization. Empirical analysis of the criminological consequences of early violent victimization in adulthood are an exception in scientific studies in Serbia. The aim of the paper is to present the results of research into the influence of early violent victimization on violent crime of adult men and women. After the introduction a brief overview of the worldwide research confirming the correlation between the experience of violent victimization and subsequent violent behavior is given. The results of the research conducted by the author will then be discussed. The results illustrate the possibility of predicting violent criminal behavior in adulthood based on indicators of direct and indirect victimization in childhood.

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Chua, Kristine J., Aaron W. Lukaszewski, DeMond M. Grant, and Oliver Sng. "Human Life History Strategies." Evolutionary Psychology 15, no. 1 (December 17, 2016): 147470491667734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704916677342.

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Human life history (LH) strategies are theoretically regulated by developmental exposure to environmental cues that ancestrally predicted LH-relevant world states (e.g., risk of morbidity–mortality). Recent modeling work has raised the question of whether the association of childhood family factors with adult LH variation arises via (i) direct sampling of external environmental cues during development and/or (ii) calibration of LH strategies to internal somatic condition (i.e., health), which itself reflects exposure to variably favorable environments. The present research tested between these possibilities through three online surveys involving a total of over 26,000 participants. Participants completed questionnaires assessing components of self-reported environmental harshness (i.e., socioeconomic status, family neglect, and neighborhood crime), health status, and various LH-related psychological and behavioral phenotypes (e.g., mating strategies, paranoia, and anxiety), modeled as a unidimensional latent variable. Structural equation models suggested that exposure to harsh ecologies had direct effects on latent LH strategy as well as indirect effects on latent LH strategy mediated via health status. These findings suggest that human LH strategies may be calibrated to both external and internal cues and that such calibrational effects manifest in a wide range of psychological and behavioral phenotypes.

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Pereda, Noemí, Judit Abad, and Georgina Guilera. "Victimization and Polyvictimization of Spanish Youth Involved in Juvenile Justice." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 21 (July 30, 2015): 3272–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515597440.

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Multiple victimization, or polyvictimization, is closely related to delinquency and crime, although few studies have studied these experiences in juvenile offenders. Therefore, the aim of this study is to present victimization rates in young offenders from a Southwestern European country. The sample consisted of 101 youth aged between 14 and 17 years, who were mainly recruited from detention centers (77.2%). From a lifetime perspective, the majority had suffered a criminal offense against the person (93.1%), exposure to community violence (95.0%), and peer victimization (86.1%). Prevalence rates for direct and indirect family violence were also high (63.4% and 43.6%). Electronic victimization reached a rate of 40.6% and sexual victimization of 15.8%. Past year experiences showed lower but similar patterns. Based on a community population criterion to define polyvictimization, 65.3% of the sample were considered lifetime polyvictims, while 41.6% were defined as past year polyvictims. Interventions to address multiple, concurrent forms of exposure to violence should be implemented in the justice system as polyvictimization has been revealed as a frequent reality in young offenders, which may result in antisocial behavior.

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Reimer, Jens, Nat Wright, Lorenzo Somaini, Carlos Roncero, Icro Maremmani, Neil McKeganey, Richard Littlewood, Peter Krajci, Hannu Alho, and Oscar D''Agnone. "The Impact of Misuse and Diversion of Opioid Substitution Treatment Medicines: Evidence Review and Expert Consensus." European Addiction Research 22, no. 2 (October 2, 2015): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000438988.

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Background/Aims: Opioid substitution treatment (OST) improves outcomes in opioid dependence. However, controlled drugs used in treatment may be misused or diverted, resulting in negative treatment outcomes. This review defines a framework to assess the impact of misuse and diversion. Methods: A systematic review of published studies of misuse and diversion of OST medicines was completed; this evidence was paired with expert real-world experience to better understand the impact of misuse and diversion on the individual and on society. Results: Direct impact to the individual includes failure to progress in recovery and negative effects on health (overdose, health risks associated with injecting behaviour). Diversion of OST has impacts on a community that is beyond the intended OST recipient. The direct impact includes risk to others (unsupervised use; unintended exposure of children to diverted medication) and drug-related criminal behavior. The indirect impact includes the economic costs of untreated opioid dependence, crime and loss of productivity. Conclusion: While treatment for opioid dependence is essential and must be supported, it is vital to reduce misuse and diversion while ensuring the best possible care. Understanding the impact of OST misuse and diversion is key to defining strategies to address these issues.

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Park, Yeonjae, and Lynne M. Vieraitis. "Level of Engagement with Social Networking Services and Fear of Online Victimization: The Role of Online Victimization Experiences." International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence and Cybercrime 4, no. 2 (August 19, 2021): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52306/04020421terz5728.

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Prior research indicates that fear of crime may lessen a person’s quality of life by leading them to avoid participating in social activities. The current study explores the relationship between fear of online victimization and participants’ levels of engagement with social networking services (SNS). Using data from a survey of 1,000 adolescents and adults aged 14 to 59 years, the direct relationship between the level of engagement on SNS and fear of online victimization and the indirect relationship through prior victimization were assessed. Findings show that the direct effect of the level of engagement on SNS on victimization experience was significant. In addition, the relationship between the level of engagement and the fear of victimization on SNS was significantly mediated through prior victimization experiences on SNS. These findings support the hypothesis that greater exposure on SNS increases online victimization, leading to a greater fear of victimization on SNS. Considering the large role SNS play in social activities and relationships, the findings are important for understanding how victimization impacts fear and may help inform policymakers how to help people stay engaged freely in socializing in a safer online environment.

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THRON, R. "Direct and indirect exposure to air pollution." Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 114, no. 2 (February 1996): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(96)70184-5.

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XIE, MIN, and DAVID MCDOWALL. "ESCAPING CRIME: THE EFFECTS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT VICTIMIZATION ON MOVING*." Criminology 46, no. 4 (November 2008): 809–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00133.x.

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Chamberlain, Alyssa W. "From Prison to the Community: Assessing the Direct, Reciprocal, and Indirect Effects of Parolees on Neighborhood Structure and Crime." Crime & Delinquency 64, no. 2 (November 15, 2016): 166–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128716678194.

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This study examines the direct, reciprocal, and indirect effects of parolees on neighborhoods, including residential vacancies, property sales, public assistance, and crime. Cross-lagged autoregressive models are estimated using a unique data set containing annual neighborhood information on parolees, crime rates, and neighborhood structure in the city of Cleveland, Ohio, between 2000 and 2008. Results suggest parolees degrade neighborhood structure, and these effects are direct, reciprocal, and indirect. Understanding how the presence of parolees can contribute to changes in neighborhood processes linked to crime will broaden our understanding of the effects that parolees have on communities and highlight additional areas for intervention.

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Choi, Jaeyong, Haneul Yim, and Randolph D. Hicks. "Direct and indirect effects of crime-related media consumption on public confidence in the police." International Journal of Police Science & Management 22, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355719880572.

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This study explores the potential links between crime-related media consumption and confidence in the police based on instrumental and expressive models. Drawing on data from a large sample of South Koreans, direct and indirect effects of crime-related media consumption on perceptions of the police are examined using regression-based multiple mediation analysis. Results showed that although there is no direct effect of media consumption on confidence in the police, crime-related media consumption is significantly and negatively associated with public confidence in the police via perceived incivilities and fear of crime. This study suggests that the police should make a constant effort to develop strategies to enhance communication with the public.

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McCoshum, Shaun M., Alicia M. Schlarb, and Kristen A. Baum. "Direct and indirect effects of sunscreen exposure for reef biota." Hydrobiologia 776, no. 1 (March 24, 2016): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-2746-2.

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Chen, Chun, and Ruoyu You. "Differentiating between direct and indirect exposure to exhaled particles in indoor environments with mechanical ventilation systems." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 04034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911104034.

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Exhaled contaminants transported in the air can result in the transmission of many airborne infectious diseases in indoor environments. When the exhaled air from the infected person directly enters the breathing zone of another person, direct exposure occurs. When the exhaled contaminants disperse in the room and then are inhaled by another person, indirect exposure occurs. This investigation developed a method for differentiating the direct and indirect exposure to exhaled contaminants in indoor environments with mechanical ventilation. A literature review was conducted to collect experimental data for 191 person-to-person contaminant transport cases. With the analysis of the database, a mathematical method was developed to differentiate direct and indirect exposure in rooms with mixing and displacement ventilation systems. The proposed method correctly differentiated direct and indirect exposure for 120 out of the 133 mixing ventilation cases and 47 out of the 58 displacement ventilation cases. It can be used at the early design stage to quickly assess whether there will be direct exposure to exhaled contaminants in a room with mechanical ventilation systems.

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Du, Fangye, Lin Liu, Chao Jiang, Dongping Long, and Minxuan Lan. "Discerning the Effects of Rural to Urban Migrants on Burglaries in ZG City with Structural Equation Modeling." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 22, 2019): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030561.

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Both rural to urban migration and urban crime are well researched topics in China. But few studies have attempted to explore the possible relationships between the two. Using calls for service data of ZG city in 2014, the Sixth Census data in 2010, this study examines relationships between migrants and crime by using structural equation models. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) the distribution of migrants has direct effects on the spatial distribution of burglaries, and (2) migrants also indirectly affect burglary rate through mediating variables such as residential mobility and socio-economic disadvantage of their resident communities. The results showed that migrants have significant direct and indirect effects contributing to burglaries, although the indirect effect is much larger than the direct effect, indicating that community characteristics play a more important role than the migrants themselves.

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Koffel, E., M. D. Kramer, P. A. Arbisi, C. R. Erbes, M. Kaler, and M. A. Polusny. "Personality traits and combat exposure as predictors of psychopathology over time." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 1 (September 8, 2015): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715001798.

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Background.Research suggests that personality traits have both direct and indirect effects on the development of psychological symptoms, with indirect effects mediated by stressful or traumatic events. This study models the direct influence of personality traits on residualized changes in internalizing and externalizing symptoms following a stressful and potentially traumatic deployment, as well as the indirect influence of personality on symptom levels mediated by combat exposure.Method.We utilized structural equation modeling with a longitudinal prospective study of 522 US National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Analyses were based on self-report measures of personality, combat exposure, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms.Results.Both pre-deployment Disconstraint and externalizing symptoms predicted combat exposure, which in turn predicted internalizing and externalizing symptoms. There was a significant indirect effect for pre-deployment externalizing symptoms on post-deployment externalizing via combat exposure (p< 0.01). Negative Emotionality and pre-deployment internalizing symptoms directly predicted post-deployment internalizing symptoms, but both were unrelated to combat exposure. No direct effects of personality on residualized changes in externalizing symptoms were found.Conclusions.Baseline symptom dimensions had significant direct and indirect effects on post-deployment symptoms. Controlling for both pre-exposure personality and symptoms, combat experiences remained positively related to both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Implications for diagnostic classification are discussed.

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Lee, Murray, Jonathan Jackson, and Justin R. Ellis. "Functional and dysfunctional fear of crime in inner Sydney: Findings from the quantitative component of a mixed-methods study." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 53, no. 3 (March 27, 2020): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865820911994.

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This article presents the quantitative findings from a mixed-method study of perceptions of crime in inner Sydney. A survey was deployed via Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview on a randomly selected sample of the inner Sydney population ( n = 409). We find that less than half of the participants worry about crime but that a sizable minority (13%) indicated that they have some worry about a category of crime every week of the year or more. Building on a recent conceptual advance, we differentiate between functional and dysfunctional fear of crime. We find that greater direct and indirect experience of victimisation, believing one’s neighbourhood to be disorderly, and believing that collective efficacy is low, all predict moving up the scale from no worry, to functional fear, to increasingly frequent dysfunctional fear. The findings suggest gender and age are largely unrelated to worry about crime, controlling for perceptions of community disorder, perceptions of collective efficacy, direct victimisation experience and indirect victimisation experience. We conclude with some thoughts on the role of environmental cues in shifting people’s functional response to perceived risk to dysfunctional patterning of emotions in people’s daily lives.

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Ohlander, Johan, Samuel Fuhrimann, Ioannis Basinas, John W. Cherrie, Karen S. Galea, Andrew C. Povey, Martie van Tongeren, et al. "Systematic review of methods used to assess exposure to pesticides in occupational epidemiology studies, 1993–2017." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 77, no. 6 (February 25, 2020): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-105880.

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ObjectiveNumerous exposure assessment methods (EAM) exist for investigating health effects of occupational exposure to pesticides. Direct (eg, biomonitoring) and indirect methods (eg, self-reported exposures) are however associated with degrees of exposure misclassification. We systematically reviewed EAM in studies of occupational pesticide exposure.MethodsWe searched for articles reporting observational epidemiological studies in MEDLINE and Embase published 1993 to 2017. The relative frequency of EAM was analysed according to EAM type (direct and indirect methods), health outcome, study design, study location (country) and specificity of assessment. Temporal trends in EAM were analysed.ResultsIn 1298 included articles 1521 EAM occurrences were documented. Indirect EAM (78.3%), primarily self-reported exposures (39.3%) and job titles assessments (9.5%), were mainly applied in case-control studies (95.0%), in high-income countries (85.0%) and in studies of doctor-diagnosed health outcomes (>85%). Direct EAM (20.8%), primarily biomonitoring of blood (15.6%) or urine (4.7%), were predominantly applied in cross-sectional studies (29.8%), in lower middle-income countries (40.9%) and in studies of neurological (50.0%) outcomes. Between 1993 to 2017 no distinct time trends regarding the ratio indirect to direct methods was seen. Within the category of indirect methods use of self-reported exposures and job exposure matrices increased while assessments by job titles and registers decreased. The use of algorithms showed no trend. The specificity of pesticide assessment increased since studies assessing exposure by using job title as a proxy declined. Assessments of type of pesticide increased.ConclusionOver the last 25 years, the ratio (5:1) of indirect to direct EAM applied in articles on occupational pesticide epidemiology stayed relatively constant; changes were mainly attributable to increasing use of self-reported exposures and job exposure matrices. This review, combined with studies assessing EAM validity, will inform on magnitudes of exposure misclassification and help improve the quality of studies on occupational pesticides exposure.

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Hidayati, Zakiah, and Mafazah Noviana. "KORELASI AKSES PERUMAHAN DAN KRIMINALITAS DI PERUMAHAN KOTA SAMARINDA." Jurnal Kreatif : Desain Produk Industri dan Arsitektur 1, no. 1 (October 15, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46964/jkdpia.v1i1.113.

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This research proposes to examine the correlation between access of housing and crime in Samarinda. The findings of this research: the most associated with access of housing to crime was form of access (direct and indirect access from main entrance of housing to a house) and the depths of space (topological distance). Direct access and shorter distance increased crime. While form of access(direct/indirect access) from main street to a house didn’t influenced crime significantly. Less correlated factors were open access (mostly found on housing and zones access). Keywords: access, crime, housingPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari hubungan antara faktor akses dengan kriminalitas di perumahan di kota Samarinda. Hasil penelitian adalah faktor akses yang paling berhubungan dengan kriminalitas adalah bentuk hubungan akses dan kedalaman ruang. Hubungan akses langsung dari rumah menuju entrance keluar masuk perumnas akan meningkatkan kerawanan kriminalitas dibandingkan dengan akses tidak langsung. Semakin dangkal kedalaman ruang dari akses keluar masuk perumnas menuju rumah maka semakin meningkatkan angka kriminalitas.Sedangkanbentuk pencapaian (langsung/tidak langsung) antara rumah dengan jalan utama (bukan akses utama) adalah faktor yang sedikit berhubungan dengan kriminalitas (pencurian). Artinya bahwa rumah berpagar tertutup atau tidak berpagar memiliki sedikit hubungan dengan faktor kriminalitas. Hal yang tidak berhubungan mengenai variabel akses adalah bentuk akses yang terbuka ke Perumnas Air Putih dan zona 1-4. Tidak ditemukan kaitan antara keseragaman bentuk akses ini dengan pola sebaran kriminalitas.

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Krapl, Alain, and Thomas J. O'Brien. "Direct versus indirect regression estimates of foreign exchange cash flow exposure." International Review of Financial Analysis 37 (January 2015): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2014.11.018.

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Mano, Quintino R., and Julia M. Guerin. "Direct and indirect effects of print exposure on silent reading fluency." Reading and Writing 31, no. 2 (October 27, 2017): 483–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11145-017-9794-5.

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Liccardi, Gennaro, Gunnel Emenius, Anne-Sophie Merritt, Antonello Salzillo, Maria D’Amato, and Gennaro D’Amato. "Direct and Indirect Exposure to Horse: Risk for Sensitization and Asthma." Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 12, no. 5 (June 21, 2012): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-012-0280-5.

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Lojk, Jasna, Lea Babič, Petra Sušjan, Vladimir Boštjan Bregar, Mojca Pavlin, Iva Hafner-Bratkovič, and Peter Veranič. "Analysis of the Direct and Indirect Effects of Nanoparticle Exposure on Microglial and Neuronal Cells In Vitro." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (September 24, 2020): 7030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197030.

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Environmental or biomedical exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) can results in translocation and accumulation of NPs in the brain, which can lead to health-related problems. NPs have been shown to induce toxicity to neuronal cells through several direct mechanisms, but only a few studies have also explored the indirect effects of NPs, through consequences due to the exposure of neighboring cells to NPs. In this study, we analysed possible direct and indirect effects of NPs (polyacrylic acid (PAA) coated cobalt ferrite NP, TiO2 P25 and maghemite NPs) on immortalized mouse microglial cells and differentiated CAD mouse neuronal cells in monoculture (direct toxicity) or in transwell co-culture system (indirect toxicity). We showed that although the low NP concentrations (2–25 µg/mL) did not induce changes in cell viability, cytokine secretion or NF-κB activation of microglial cells, even low NP concentrations of 10 µg/mL can affect the cells and change their secretion of protein stress mediators. These can in turn influence neuronal cells in indirect exposure model. Indirect toxicity of NPs is an important and not adequately assessed mechanism of NP toxicity, since it not only affects cells on the exposure sites, but through secretion of signaling mediators, can also affect cells that do not come in direct contact with NPs.

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Richter-White, Holly. "The direct and indirect impacts of organized crime on youth, as offenders and victims." Trends in Organized Crime 7, no. 4 (June 2002): 79–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12117-002-1006-1.

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Singer, Alexa J., Cecilia Chouhy, Peter S. Lehmann, Jessica N. Walzak, Marc Gertz, and Sophia Biglin. "Victimization, Fear of Crime, and Trust in Criminal Justice Institutions: A Cross-National Analysis." Crime & Delinquency 65, no. 6 (July 22, 2018): 822–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128718787513.

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Prior studies demonstrate that victimization and fear of crime independently affect criminal justice attitudes, but few have examined trust in criminal justice institutions. In addition, research has been primarily confined to the United States. Using data from the AmericasBarometer survey collected in the United States, Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, the current study investigates the direct and indirect effects of criminal victimization and fear of crime on (a) perceived fairness of the courts, (b) trust in the police, and (c) overall trust in the criminal justice system. Results show that while the direct effects of victimization are mixed across countries and outcomes, fear of crime consistently mediates the effects of victimization on trust in criminal justice institutions.

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Vidal, Arnau, Nabila Bouzaghnane, Sarah De Saeger, and Marthe De Boevre. "Human Mycotoxin Biomonitoring: Conclusive Remarks on Direct or Indirect Assessment of Urinary Deoxynivalenol." Toxins 12, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020139.

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Deoxynivalenol is one of the most ubiquitous mycotoxins in the Western diet through its presence in cereals and cereal products. A vast amount of studies indicate the worrying level of exposure to this toxin, while even high percentages of the population exceed the tolerable daily intake. To evaluate and assess dietary exposure, analysis of urinary levels of deoxynivalenol and its glucuronides has been proposed as a reliable methodology. An indirect preliminary method was used based on the cleavage of deoxynivalenol glucuronides through the use of enzymes (β-glucuronidase) and subsequent determination of "total deoxynivalenol" (sum of free and released mycotoxins by hydrolysis). Next, a direct procedure for quantification of deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide and deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide was developed. As deoxynivalenol glucuronides reference standards are not commercially available, the indirect method is widely applied. However, to not underestimate the total deoxynivalenol exposure in urine, the direct and indirect methodologies need to be compared. Urinary samples (n = 96) with a confirmed presence of deoxynivalenol and/or deoxynivalenol glucuronides were analysed using both approaches. The indirect method clarified that not all deoxynivalenol glucuronides were transformed to free deoxynivalenol during enzymatic treatment, causing an underestimation of total deoxynivalenol. This short communication concludes on the application of direct or indirect assessment of urinary deoxynivalenol.

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Havaei, Farinaz. "Does the Type of Exposure to Workplace Violence Matter to Nurses’ Mental Health?" Healthcare 9, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010041.

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Workplace violence is a prevalent phenomenon in healthcare, particularly among nursing professionals. Exposure to workplace violence may be direct through firsthand involvement, indirect through secondhand witnessing, or both. Even though implications for victims of workplace violence have been well-studied, less is known about the various types of exposure and their effects on nurse mental health. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of workplace-violence exposure types on the mental health of nurses, while accounting for the intensity of the incident/s. This study employs an exploratory correlational design with survey methods. Nurses from British Columbia (BC), Canada, were invited by the provincial nurses’ union to complete an electronic survey in Fall 2019. A total of 2958 responses from direct-care nurses in acute-care settings were analyzed using logistic regression. The results showed that mental-health problems increased with cumulative exposure; even though nurses with solely indirect exposure to workplace violence did not report greater mental-health problems, those experiencing solely direct exposure, or both direct and indirect exposure, were two to four times more likely to report high levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression and burnout compared to their counterparts with no exposure. There is an urgent need for better mental-health support, prevention policies and practices that take into account the type of workplace-violence exposure.

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주정현 and Kyong-Mee Chung. "Effect of Direct and Indirect Visual Exposure to Increase Toddlers’ Vegetable Eating." Korean Journal of Health Psychology 18, no. 4 (December 2013): 687–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2013.18.4.006.

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HASHIMOTO, Koji, Kavas H. THUNTHY, Kazuo IWAI, Ken-ichiro EJIMA, and Roger WEINBERG. "Sensitometric Comparison of Direct-and Indirect-Exposure Films used in Intraoral Radiography." Journal of Nihon University School of Dentistry 34, no. 2 (1992): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2334/josnusd1959.34.106.

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Fleckman, Julia M., Stacy S. Drury, Catherine A. Taylor, and Katherine P. Theall. "Role of Direct and Indirect Violence Exposure on Externalizing Behavior in Children." Journal of Urban Health 93, no. 3 (May 16, 2016): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0052-y.

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De Genna, Natacha, Lidush Goldschmidt, and Gale A. Richardson. "Prenatal cocaine exposure and age of sexual initiation: Direct and indirect effects." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 145 (December 2014): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.011.

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Willems, Sylvie, and Martial Van der Linden. "Mere exposure effect: A consequence of direct and indirect fluency–preference links." Consciousness and Cognition 15, no. 2 (June 2006): 323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.008.

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Kang, Su Jin, and Wonseok Seo. "The Effects of Multilayered Disorder Characteristics on Fear of Crime in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 9174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249174.

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Fear of crime has a negative impact on the mental health of individuals, limiting their physical and social abilities. Moreover, the prevalence of such fear in the neighborhood weakens the bonds between neighbors and the overall community network, thereby undermining social capital and impeding the city’s sustainability. Disorder is a multilayered process shaped by type and spatial level and has a complex effect on fear of crime. Using a multilevel ordered logistic model, this study determines a more comprehensive cause of fear of crime by verifying the multilayered effects of disorder in Korea. The results include four main findings. First, people are relatively unaware of disorder occurring at the neighborhood level, and more sensitive to disorder at the city level. Second, social disorder has a more significant effect on fear of crime than physical disorder. Third, fear of crime is more affected by indirect factors than by direct factors and actual crimes. Finally, the impact of disorder on fear of crime is discriminatory, depending on the type and spatial structure. This study suggests that urban policy efforts focus more on indirect and macroscopic aspects in dealing with the decline of cities and managing issues related to social disorder.

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Wood, Mark A., Briony Anderson, and Imogen Richards. "Breaking Down the Pseudo-Pacification Process: Eight Critiques of Ultra-Realist Crime Causation Theory." British Journal of Criminology 60, no. 3 (November 3, 2019): 642–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz069.

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Abstract This paper critically examines ultra-realist criminology’s two central crime causation theories: the breakdown of the pseudo-pacification process and special liberty. We identify a number of shortcomings in these theories pertaining to (1) their explanation of gender-related disparities in criminal offending; (2) their explanation of violence reduction through Freudian notions of drives, libidinal energy, and sublimation; and (3) their explication of crime as an expression of capitalist values. Fundamentally, we suggest that in treating political economy as the underlying source of all causative power in society, both theories engage in what Margaret Archer terms ‘downwards conflationism’. To this end, ultra-realism offers what we term a ‘direct expression theory of crime’, in which crime is a synecdoche and direct unmediated expression of political-economic conditions alone. Drawing on Margaret Archer’s realist social theory, we conclude by sketching out several potential principles of an ‘indirect expression theory’ that avoid the shortcomings of ultra-realism in explaining the complicated relationship between political economy and crime.

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Lee, Seong-Sik, Kyung-shick Choi, Sinyong Choi, and Elizabeth Englander. "A Test of Structural Model for Fear of Crime in Social Networking Sites." International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence and Cybercrime 2, no. 2 (September 6, 2019): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52306/02020219svzl9707.

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This study constructed a structural model which consists of social demographic factors, experience of victimization, opportunity factors, and social context factors to explain the public’s fear of crime on social networking sites (SNS). The model is based on the risk interpretation model, which predicts that these factors influence users’ fear of crime victimization. Using data from 486 university students in South Korea, an empirically-tested model suggests that sex and age have direct and significant effects on fear of victimization, supporting the vulnerability hypothesis. Among opportunity factors, the level of personal information and the number of offending peers have significant effects on fear of victimization through the medium of the perceived victimization risk, although the effect of SNS usage time is not significant. In addition, it was revealed that experience of victimization has a direct effect on fear of victimization. Furthermore, findings indicate that bridging social network has a direct and indirect positive effect on fear of victimization, and collective efficacy has an indirect effect on fear of victimization. Results show that incidents in SNS have the strongest effect on fear of victimization among various factors in this model without being mediated by the perceived victimization risk. Overall, this study supports a structural model for the fear of victimization.

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Vakhitova, Zarina, Julianne Webster, Clair Alston-Knox, Danielle Reynald, and Michael Townsley. "Offender–victim relationship and offender motivation in the context of indirect cyber abuse." International Review of Victimology 24, no. 3 (January 21, 2018): 347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758017743073.

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Cyber abuse can be executed directly (e.g. by sending derogatory emails or text messages addressed to the victim) or indirectly (e.g. by posting derogatory, private or false information, documents, images or videos about the victim online). This exploratory, mixed-method triangulated study examines cyber abuse crime events with the goal of identifying factors associated with the increased risk of personal victimization from both direct and indirect methods of cyber abuse. First, in-depth qualitative interviews with cyber abuse victims ( n = 12) were conducted. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis to generate hypotheses. These hypotheses were then tested using content analysis of newspaper reports ( n = 110) and victims’ posts on online forums ( n = 91) describing incidents of cyber abuse. Logistic regression using Bayesian Model Averaging analysis revealed that the combination of a prior offender–victim relationship and expressive motivation best predicts the use of indirect methods of cyber abuse, while direct methods of cyber abuse are more likely to occur when the offender does not know the victim and is motivated by instrumental ends. Implications for crime prevention are also discussed.

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Fantuzzo, John W., and Rachel A. Fusco. "Children’s Direct Exposure to Types of Domestic Violence Crime: A Population-based Investigation." Journal of Family Violence 22, no. 7 (July 11, 2007): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10896-007-9105-z.

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Becker, Anne E., Kristen E. Fay, Jessica Agnew-Blais, A. Nisha Khan, Ruth H. Striegel-Moore, and Stephen E. Gilman. "Social network media exposure and adolescent eating pathology in Fiji." British Journal of Psychiatry 198, no. 1 (January 2011): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.078675.

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BackgroundMass media exposure has been associated with an increased risk of eating pathology. It is unknown whether indirect media exposure – such as the proliferation of media exposure in an individual's social network – is also associated with eating disorders.AimsTo test hypotheses that both individual (direct) and social network (indirect) mass media exposures were associated with eating pathology in Fiji.MethodWe assessed several kinds of mass media exposure, media influence, cultural orientation and eating pathology by self-report among adolescent female ethnic Fijians (n = 523). We fitted a series of multiple regression models of eating pathology, assessed by the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE–Q), in which mass media exposures, sociodemographic characteristics and body mass index were entered as predictors.ResultsBoth direct and indirect mass media exposures were associated with eating pathology in unadjusted analyses, whereas in adjusted analyses only social network media exposure was associated with eating pathology. This result was similar when eating pathology was operationalised as either a continuous or a categorical dependent variable (e.g. odds ratio OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.15–2.23 relating social network media exposure to upper-quartile EDE–Q scores). Subsequent analyses pointed to individual media influence as an important explanatory variable in this association.ConclusionsSocial network media exposure was associated with eating pathology in this Fijian study sample, independent of direct media exposure and other cultural exposures. Findings warrant further investigation of its health impact in other populations.

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BERNBURG, JON GUNNAR, and MARVIN D. KROHN. "LABELING, LIFE CHANCES, AND ADULT CRIME: THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF OFFICIAL INTERVENTION IN ADOLESCENCE ON CRIME IN EARLY ADULTHOOD*." Criminology 41, no. 4 (November 2003): 1287–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb01020.x.

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Wilson, Theodore, Ray Paternoster, and Thomas Loughran. "Direct and Indirect Experiential Effects in an Updating Model of Deterrence." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 54, no. 1 (August 20, 2016): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427816664119.

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Objectives: Sanction risk perceptions are a central element of deterrence theory, but the process by which an offender’s direct and indirect criminal experiences contribute to future risk perceptions has been understudied. This note seeks to address this domain through an extension of updating model of Anwar and Loughran to account for two distinct information signals obtained by an offender through (1) their personal criminal experiences and (2) the criminal experiences of their family members. Further, this model is extended to assess for any differential updating according to the presence of low impulse control. Methods: Data for this analysis were obtained from the Pathways to Desistance study. Random effects models were employed to model the updating process directly. Results: Having criminal family members who did not get arrested during the current period had the most criminogenic effect upon one’s personal perception of sanction risk, but simply having family members commit crime, regardless of sanction status, appears to be criminogenic. Those with low impulse control place greater weight upon their personal information than vicarious information obtained from their family members. Conclusions: These findings offer some insight into a mechanism that may underlay the delinquent peer effect and warrants future inquiry.

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Pournourmohammadi, S., P. Khazaeli, S. Eslamizad, A. Tajvar, A. Mohammadirad, and M. Abdollahi. "Study on the oxidative stress status among cement plant workers." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 6 (June 2008): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327108094956.

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The cement industry is considered as a major pollution problem because of dust and particulate matter emitted at various steps of cement production. In the present study, volunteer male workers from a cement factory were studied for oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers in relation to their serum levels of aluminum (Al) and chromium (Cr). The subjects were divided into two groups of direct and indirect exposure. Subject who worked in production steps were considered as direct exposure group, and those who worked in administration building were considered as indirect exposure group. For comparison, healthy subjects at the same age and socioeconomic status were tested as a control group. Serum levels of lipid peroxidation (LP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total thiol molecules (TTM), and nitric oxide (NO) as well as Al and Cr were measured. The results indicated a significant increase in Al ( P = 0.001) and Cr ( P = 0.009) levels in direct-exposed workers in comparison to healthy control group. Further, a significant increase in Al ( P = 0.002) and Cr ( P = 0.009) levels was observed in direct-exposed workers as compared to indirect-exposed one. Serum levels of TTM and TAC were significantly lower in both direct- and indirect-exposed groups in comparison to healthy control group ( P = 0.00). Serum TTM and TAC were significantly lower in direct-exposed workers as compared to indirect-exposed ones ( P = 0.00 and P = 0.024, respectively). There was no significant difference on the level of LP and NO among groups. A correlation was found between serum level of Cr, TAC, and platelets between direct- and indirect-exposed groups ( P < 0.05). Further correlation was found among serum level of Cr and those of TTM, platelets, and chronic disease ( P < 0.05). Chronic disease had a significant influence adjusted to other predictor variables on the post-shift values of Al ( P < 0.05). Although plasma levels of Al and Cr were found in normal ranges, analyses confirm their role in impairment of TMM and TAC.

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Zimmerman, Gregory M., and Chad Posick. "Risk Factors for and Behavioral Consequences of Direct Versus Indirect Exposure to Violence." American Journal of Public Health 106, no. 1 (January 2016): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2015.302920.

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Toledano, Manuel, Raquel Osorio, Estrella Osorio, Fátima S. Aguilera, Monica Yamauti, David H. Pashley, and Franklin Tay. "Durability of resin–dentin bonds: Effects of direct/indirect exposure and storage media." Dental Materials 23, no. 7 (July 2007): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2006.06.030.

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Weiss, Dustin J., Iraklis I. Pipinos, G. Mathew Longo, Thomas G. Lynch, Frank J. Rutar, and Jason M. Johanning. "Direct and Indirect Measurement of Patient Radiation Exposure during Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair." Annals of Vascular Surgery 22, no. 6 (November 2008): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2008.06.008.

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Warner, Tara D., and Raymond R. Swisher. "The Effect of Direct and Indirect Exposure to Violence on Youth Survival Expectations." Journal of Adolescent Health 55, no. 6 (December 2014): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.019.

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Shukla, Kathan Dushyant, and Margit Wiesner. "Direct and Indirect Violence Exposure: Relations to Depression for Economically Disadvantaged Ethnic Minority Mid-Adolescents." Violence and Victims 30, no. 1 (2015): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00042.

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Exposure to violence remains a considerable public health problem for adolescents in the United States. This cross-sectional study examined relative associations between exposure to violence in 3 different contexts (home, school, community) and depressive symptoms, using data from 233 11th-graders (predominantly economically disadvantaged Hispanic and African American students). Analyses examined the effects of victimization and witnessing violence in each context and those of cumulative violence exposure across contexts on depression, controlling for other risk factors. Both victimization and witnessing violence at home significantly predicted depression. Violence exposure in school and neighborhood was unrelated to the outcome. Witnessing violence was slightly more effective in predicting depression than victimization. Cumulative violence exposure was significantly related to depression in a linear fashion.

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Brunk, Ingo, Thomas Sobczyk, and Mechthild Roth. "Pest control in German forests: General patterns of biodiversity and possible impacts of Btk, diflubenzuron and lambda-Cyhalothrin on non-target arthropods, birds and bats – a literature review." Journal of Forest and Landscape Research 4, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jflr.v4i1.1005.

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This review focuses on direct and indirect impacts of three insecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, Diflubenzuron, lambda-Cyhalothrin) on arthropods, bats and birds. General patterns of ecology, diversity, distribution and aspects of nature conservation of these three non-target animal taxa in Germany were examined, as well as their specific exposure and possible direct and indirect effects of the insecticides after application. We conclude, that a) the knowledge of direct and indirect effects of the above mentioned insecticides is still very scarce, b) there is an urgent need for more in detail studies in field in general, especially on indirect effects on vertebrates (including amphibians and reptilians), and for further ecotoxicological laboratory studies especially on sublethal effects on vertebrates.

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Gorr, Matthew W., Dane J. Youtz, Clayton M. Eichenseer, Korbin E. Smith, Timothy D. Nelin, Estelle Cormet-Boyaka, and Loren E. Wold. "In vitro particulate matter exposure causes direct and lung-mediated indirect effects on cardiomyocyte function." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 309, no. 1 (July 1, 2015): H53—H62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00162.2015.

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Particulate matter (PM) exposure induces a pathological response from both the lungs and the cardiovascular system. PM is capable of both manifestation into the lung epithelium and entrance into the bloodstream. Therefore, PM has the capacity for both direct and lung-mediated indirect effects on the heart. In the present studies, we exposed isolated rat cardiomyocytes to ultrafine particulate matter (diesel exhaust particles, DEP) and examined their contractile function and calcium handling ability. In another set of experiments, lung epithelial cells (16HBE14o- or Calu-3) were cultured on permeable supports that allowed access to both the basal (serosal) and apical (mucosal) media; the basal media was used to culture cardiomyocytes to model the indirect, lung-mediated effects of PM on the heart. Both the direct and indirect treatments caused a reduction in contractility as evidenced by reduced percent sarcomere shortening and reduced calcium handling ability measured in field-stimulated cardiomyocytes. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with various anti-oxidants before culture with DEP was able to partially prevent the contractile dysfunction. The basal media from lung epithelial cells treated with PM contained several inflammatory cytokines, and we found that monocyte chemotactic protein-1 was a key trigger for cardiomyocyte dysfunction. These results indicate the presence of both direct and indirect effects of PM on cardiomyocyte function in vitro. Future work will focus on elucidating the mechanisms involved in these separate pathways using in vivo models of air pollution exposure.

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Basnet, Ram Manohar, Daniela Zizioli, Alessia Muscò, Dario Finazzi, Sandra Sigala, Elisa Rossini, Chiara Tobia, Jessica Guerra, Marco Presta, and Maurizio Memo. "Caffeine Inhibits Direct and Indirect Angiogenesis in Zebrafish Embryos." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (May 3, 2021): 4856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094856.

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In this study, we report the effects of caffeine on angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos both during normal development and after exposure to Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2). As markers of angiogenesis, we measured the length and width of intersegmental vessels (ISVs), performed whole-mount in situ hybridization with fli1 and cadh5 vascular markers, and counted the number of interconnecting vessels (ICVs) in sub-intestinal venous plexus (SIVP). In addition, we measured angiogenesis after performing zebrafish yolk membrane (ZFYM) assay with microinjection of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and perivitelline tumor xenograft assay with microinjection of tumorigenic FGF2-overexpressing endothelial (FGF2-T-MAE) cells. The results showed that caffeine treatment causes a shortening and thinning of ISVs along with a decreased expression of the vascular marker genes and a decrease in the number of ICVs in the SIVP. Caffeine was also able to block angiogenesis induced by exogenous FGF2 or FGF2-producing cells. Overall, our results are suggestive of the inhibitory effect of caffeine in both direct and indirect angiogenesis.

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Okada, Hitoshi, Kou Kawada, Susumu Itoh, Miyo Ozaki, Isami Kakutani, Takeshi Arai, Kosuke Koyano, et al. "Effects of bilirubin photoisomers on the measurement of direct bilirubin by the bilirubin oxidase method." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 55, no. 2 (July 17, 2017): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004563217716474.

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Background We occasionally encounter increases in direct bilirubin value on reanalysis of the surplus serum collected in the past from a neonate with indirect hyperbilirubinemia. But the details of this phenomenon are unclear. We evaluated the change of direct bilirubin and the relation of bilirubin photoisomer of the serum exposed to room light. Methods Surplus serum samples from neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia were exposed to room light for 24 h. The bilirubin fraction assay of samples was performed by the bilirubin oxidase method (Nescauto and Aqua-auto Kainos reagent) and high-performance liquid chromatography. Results Direct bilirubin increased significantly from 0.61 to 2.36 mg/dL. The respective ratios of bilirubin photoisomers before and after exposure were as follows: cyclobilirubin (0.007 to 0.29) and (EZ)-bilirubin (0.018 to 0.041) increased significantly, (ZZ)-bilirubin decreased 0.84 to 0.55 significantly. The difference of the cyclobilirubin concentration was most closely associated with those of the direct bilirubin concentration. Conclusion Direct bilirubin value was increased after exposure to the room light, and increase in direct bilirubin was significantly correlated by cyclobilirubin increase in the serum samples from neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia.

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Grubb, Jonathan A., and Leana A. Bouffard. "The Influence of Direct and Indirect Juvenile Victimization Experiences on Adult Victimization and Fear of Crime." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 30, no. 18 (October 29, 2014): 3151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514554423.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Direct and indirect exposure to crime'

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