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1
Godwin, R. Kenneth. One billion dollars of influence: The direct marketing of politics. Chatham, N.J: Chatham House Publishers, 1988.
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2
Rouillan, Jean-Marc. Infinitif présent. Paris: Editions de la Différence, 2010.
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3
Swords Into Plowshares: Nonviolent Direct Action for Disarmament. Harper Perennial, 1987.
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4
Direct Action: Memoirs of an Urban Guerrilla. Between the Lines, 2001.
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5
Direct Action: Memoirs of an urban guerrilla. Toronto: Between the Lines, 2001.
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6
Direct Action: Memoirs of an Urban Guerrilla. AK Press, 2002.
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7
Direct Action: Memoirs of an Urban Guerrilla. Between the Lines, 2022.
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8
(Editor), Arthur J. Laffin, and Anne Montgomery (Editor), eds. Swords Into Plowshares: Nonviolent Direct Action for Disarmament. Harper Perennial, 1987.
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9
Fleming, Jennie, Audrey Mullender, and Dave Ward. Empowerment in Action: Self-Directed Groupwork. Palgrave, 2013.
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10
Organizing for Policy Influence: Comparing Parties, Interest Groups, and Direct Action. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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11
Organizing for Policy Influence: Comparing Parties, Interest Groups, and Direct Action. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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12
Dartnell, Michael Y. Action Directe: Ultra Left Terrorism in France 1979-1987. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.
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13
Action Directe: Ultra Left Terrorism in France 1979-1987. Routledge, 2013.
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14
Dartnell, Michael Y. Action Directe: Ultra Left Terrorism in France 1979-1987. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.
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15
Action directe: Ultra-left terrorism in France, 1979-1987. London: Frank Cass, 1995.
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16
Mullender, A., and D. Ward. Self-Directed Groupwork: Users take action for empowerment. Whiting & Birch Ltd, 1991.
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17
Erne, Roland. 14. Interest groups. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737421.003.0016.
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This chapter examines the role that interest groups play in political systems across time and space. Many scholars define interest groups as voluntary organizations that appeal to government but do not participate in elections. In a comparative context, however, this formal definition is problematic as the form of interest representation varies across countries. An alternative suggestion is to distinguish ‘public’ and ‘private interest groups’, but the term ‘public interest’ is problematic because of its contentious nature. The chapter begins with a review of different definitions of interest groups and the problems associated with each. It then considers the legacies of competing theoretical traditions in the field, namely republicanism, pluralism, and neocorporatism. It also discusses the role of interest associations in practice, distinguishing different types of action that are available to different groups, including direct lobbying, political exchange, contentious politics, and private interest government.
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La vie clandestine: Roman. Paris]: Gallimard, 2022.
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19
Haugeberg, Karissa. Women and Lethal Violence in the Antiabortion Movement. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040962.003.0006.
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The chapter traces the career of Shelley Shannon, whose work in the far right wing of the prolife movement reached its apex when she shot Dr. George Tiller in 1993, outside his Wichita clinic. Like many women who joined grassroots antiabortion groups, Shannon was energized by the immediacy of direct action protest. But Shannon’s particular circumstances, including her troubled childhood, her proximity to white supremacists activists near Grants Pass, Oregon, and her membership in conservative evangelical Christian Church framed her choice of tactics. While the Reagan and Bush administrations had refused to authorize the FBI to investigate whether anti-abortion extremists were part of an organized effort to terrorize abortion providers, President Clinton authorized Attorney General Janet Reno to protect the nation’s abortion clinics. But Shannon’s plan to shoot Dr. Tiller, designed with the assistance of the cryptic prolife extremist group Army of God, had been carefully planned before Clinton took office.
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Keating, Elizabeth. Challenges of Conducting Interaction with Technologically Mediated Bodies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190210465.003.0012.
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Technologically mediated interaction challenges people’s habitual ways of acting interdependently and intercorporeally with others. This chapter discusses strategies observed in two different groups, computer gamers playing Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs), and engineers, as each group collaborates in goal-directed activities where technology significantly alters the reciprocal sharing of body experience. The gamers and engineers are challenged to render their bodies meaningful through interactive digital environments in order to effectively coordinate actions. As bodies are able to be extended through space, the technology which makes this possible also reduces key aspects of visual and sensory fields, including the arrangement of bodies in space and movement. This in turn affects the achievement of focused interaction, the transfer of skills, and the understanding of checks and alignment.
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Ludwig, Kirk. Plural Agency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789994.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 reviews the multiple agents analysis of plural action and the account of shared intention and we-intentions of participants in joint intentional action developed in From Individual to Plural Agency (OUP 2016). It shows how to project the event analysis of individual action sentences to plural action sentences in light of their ambiguity between a plural and collective reading so as to show that only individual agents are involved. For a group of people to do something is for each of them to contribute to bringing something about. Shared intention, on the account, is a matter of each member of a group having a we-intention directed at the group bringing something about in accordance with a shared plan. The chapter reviews what joint intentional action comes to give this account of shared intention. Finally, it reviews the nature of conditional intentions, which play a role in the account of conventions and status functions.
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Retour d'exil d'une femme recherchée. Paris: Seuil, 2009.
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23
Yesil, Bilge. Gezi Park Protests, Corruption Investigation, and the Control of the Online Public Sphere. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040177.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on the online sphere. Through the prism of two developments in 2013—the Gezi Park protests and the corruption scandal—it discusses the possibilities and limits of online communications and the AKP's authoritarian reflex toward the burgeoning networked public sphere. It shows that the AKP's regulation and control of the online public sphere along the axes of nationalism, statism, and religious conservatism are not new, and that it has used three types of controls. These are first-generation controls that consist of Internet filtering and blocking, second-generation controls that involve passing legal restrictions, content removal requests, the technical shutdown of websites, and computer-network attacks; and third-generation controls that include warrantless surveillance, the creation of “national cyber-zones,” state-sponsored information campaigns, and direct physical action to silence individuals or group.
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Penner, Louis A., Sean M. Phelan, Valerie Earnshaw, Terrance L. Albrecht, and John F. Dovidio. Patient Stigma, Medical Interactions, and Health Care Disparities: A Selective Review. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.12.
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Healthcare disparities represent differences in the quality of healthcare received by different racial/ethnic or social groups that are the result of inequitable economic, political, social, and psychological processes. This chapter examines enacted stigma (negative feelings, thoughts, and actions) among health care providers and felt stigma among their patients (awareness of the biases and discrimination directed toward them because of their stigmatized condition), each of which can produce disparities in healthcare for stigmatized patients. These processes are considered for individuals from four stigmatized groups: racial minority group members, people who have above average weight or are considered obese, individuals living with HIV, and people with certain cancers. Stronger enacted stigma and felt stigma make communication in interactions with healthcare providers less productive, informative, and positive for members of all four groups. Ultimately, poorer quality communication can contribute to poorer outcomes from these interactions, and thus disparities in health status.
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Benvegnú, Carlotta, Bettina Haidinger, and Devi Sacchetto. Restructuring Labour Relations and Employment in the European Logistics Sector. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791843.003.0004.
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This chapter compares union responses and the emergence of workers’ struggles in two segments of the European logistics sector: warehousing in Italy and parcel delivery in Austria. The two case studies show striking similarities both in the management of the supply chain, resulting in highly segmented labour markets, and in the two sub-industries’ exposure to workers’ positional power. Unions’ success and failure to organize workers in logistics supply chains and in the effective adoption of strategies to contest casualization and fragmentation are related to differences in the dominant or competing union structures to incorporate precarious workforce groups, and in building upon inclusive worker solidarity and direct action. In Italy, rank-and-file unions approach workers directly, providing labour law knowledge and militant experiences. In Austria, unions stick to their old recipes of corporatist inclusion, act defensively, and leave precarious workers to their own devices in their struggles.
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Bussel, Robert. “A Bunch of Fellows Who Have Taken the Declaration of Independence Seriously”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039492.003.0005.
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This chapter examines how Harold Gibbons gained credibility as a union leader in St. Louis and discovered a group of workers with whom he could begin to implement his emerging vision of total person unionism, as well as how Ernest Calloway's odyssey took a more dramatic turn with his refusal to serve in a Jim Crow military during World War II. The chapter first considers Gibbons's leadership of St. Louis's warehouse workers and his conflict with the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU). It then discusses accusations that Gibbons was a member of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) due in part to his denunciations of the wartime labor relations regime, insistence on the need for direct action, and attacks on the Communist Party (CP). It also describes how Calloway became one of the first African Americans to seek conscientious objector status solely on the basis of racial discrimination, and how he actively red-baited Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers Union Local 22.
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Cullity, Garrett. Consumption. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807841.003.0012.
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What are our moral responsibilities as consumers? The morally relevant reasons you have not to buy something may be participatory reasons, which you possess as an actual or potential member of some group, or individual reasons, which are not possessed in that way. Individual reasons are generated through the direct application of concern- and respect-derived norms to your actions as an individual consumer; participatory reasons, from norms of cooperation. Various distinguishable reasons of these two broad types can be derived in different ways from the foundations of morality. The importance of these distinctions is illustrated by applying them to three important kinds of consumption activity: retail purchases, share ownership, and the actions through which we contribute to climate change.
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Farb, Benson, and Dan Margalit. A Primer on Mapping Class Groups (PMS-49). Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147949.001.0001.
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The study of the mapping class group Mod(S) is a classical topic that is experiencing a renaissance. It lies at the juncture of geometry, topology, and group theory. This book explains as many important theorems, examples, and techniques as possible, quickly and directly, while at the same time giving full details and keeping the text nearly self-contained. The book is suitable for graduate students. It begins by explaining the main group-theoretical properties of Mod(S), from finite generation by Dehn twists and low-dimensional homology to the Dehn–Nielsen–Baer–theorem. Along the way, central objects and tools are introduced, such as the Birman exact sequence, the complex of curves, the braid group, the symplectic representation, and the Torelli group. The book then introduces Teichmüller space and its geometry, and uses the action of Mod(S) on it to prove the Nielsen-Thurston classification of surface homeomorphisms. Topics include the topology of the moduli space of Riemann surfaces, the connection with surface bundles, pseudo-Anosov theory, and Thurston's approach to the classification.
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Balleck, Barry J., ed. Hate Groups and Extremist Organizations in America. ABC-CLIO, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400661983.
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This expansive collection of A-Z entries offers a compelling look into hate groups in America. Focusing on organizations in operation today, this resource book for student and general audiences covers numerous hot-button issues in politics and culture. The Southern Poverty Law Center lists nearly 900 hate groups active in the United States today. Some of these, such as the KKK, have deep roots in American history. Others are newer, formed in response to policies and shifts in our cultural landscape. Often these organizations imply defense of America and political ideals in their names, such as "Council of Conservative Citizens" and "American Family Association." Some, such as "White Aryan Resistance" and "Supreme White Alliance," are more direct in their associations. Nearly all posit an erosion of rights and values; a way of life that is becoming lost to immigrants; a diffusion or integration of population; and government overstep. Many of these groups preach a necessity for violence, through either outright or thinly veiled language. Membership in these organizations poses another topic for investigation, as their ranks are not just anti-government or pro-gun rights types who seek to defend the Constitution. Many are simply citizens who see their ideal for America as under threat by various groups—whether ethnic, racial, or religious. This unique reference will allow readers to explore the underlying issues central to understanding them. How do these hate groups get started, and why do people join?
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Farrell, Justin. Buffalo Crusaders: The Sacred Struggle for America’s Last Wild and Pure Herd. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164342.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the bitter, long-lasting, and sometimes violent dispute over the Yellowstone bison herd—America's only remaining genetically pure and free-roaming herd, which once numbered more than 30 million but was exterminated down to a mere 23 single animals. This intractable issue hinges on current scientific disagreements about the biology and ecology of the disease brucellosis (Brucella abortus). But in recent years, a more radical, grassroots, and direct action activist group called the Buffalo Field Campaign (BFC) has found success by shifting the focus of the debate away from science, toward the deeper religious dimensions of the issue. The chapter shows how the infusion of the conflict with moral and spiritual feeling has brought to the fore deeper questions that ultimately needed to be answered, thus making this a public religious conflict as much as a scientific one, sidestepping rabbit holes of intractability. It observes the ways in which BFC activists engaged in a phenomenon called moral and religious “muting.” This has theoretical implications for understanding how certain elements of culture (e.g., individualism and moral relativism) can organize and pattern others—especially in post hoc explanations of religiously motivated activism.
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Colameco, Stephen. Self-Directed Non-Pharmacological Management of Chronic Pain (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0017.
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This chapter supplements Chapter 16 by emphasizing non-medication pain management techniques that have no need of a facilitator or intercessor beyond education and initiation. The successful management of chronic pain most often requires comprehensive approaches that include self-care and psychological, functional-restorative, and alternative-integrative approaches to complement medical treatments. Many patients with chronic pain lack access to integrated multidisciplinary care; under these circumstances, patient education and pain self-management may play a critical role in recovery, especially in the context of substance use disorders. Self-management or self-directed approaches may include psychological self-help, behavioral approaches, online support, group support, nutrition, graded exercise, the use of OTC devices (e.g., TENS), self-guided movement therapies, and other approaches. Sections on spirituality, sleep, and nutrition complete the foundation of self-directed therapies. The authors note that it is crucial to motivate patients and their families to become active participants in their own treatment process.
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McCammon, Holly J., Allison McGrath, David J. Hess, and Minyoung Moon. Women, Leadership, and the U.S. Environmental Movement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265144.003.0014.
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This chapter discusses modes of women’s leadership in the US environmental movement over the past one hundred years, expanding the definition of leadership beyond simply the formal head of large environmental organizations. During the early and mid-twentieth century, women-only organizations contributed to broadening the conservation movement, and a diverse set of women’s groups engaged in creating healthier environments in urban areas. Women’s leadership in contemporary environmentalism helped expand the movement by pushing gender, racial, ethnic, and class boundaries. Women became leaders of mainstream environmental groups, led efforts for environmental justice, developed ecofeminism, and participated in direct-action environmentalism. The chapter concludes that examining women’s environmental leadership reveals similarities and differences in women’s leadership over time, women’s ongoing struggles against traditional gender norms, the broad diversity of women leading in the movement, and women’s significant influence on the environmentalism and the environment itself.
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Schmidt, Christopher A., ed. Bürgerbegehren und Bürgerentscheid in Freiberg - 1999 bis 2008. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748905707.
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Saxony is one of Germany’s pioneering states when it comes to direct democracy, introducing public petitions and referendums as early as during the Weimar Republic. After 1990, there was another spate of citizens’ initiatives in a vast number of towns, cities and local communities. Between 1990 and 2008, the university town of Freiberg had vastly differing experiences of a number of public petitions which related to a diverse range of subjects. The groups that initiated these petitions were also equally as diverse: political parties, groups of voters with no strong ties to one political party, lobby groups and citizens’ action groups. In some instances, the petitions were initiated by ordinary citizens and market traders, but in others also by local politicians. Under the guidance of Prof. Dr Christopher Schmidt, students from the University of Esslingen have now embarked on in-depth research into this fascinating chapter in Freiberg’s history, the results of which are published in this book. In addition to depicting the individual public petitions that were initiated, it examines the legal foundations of citizens’ initiatives and referendums in Saxony. With contributions by Christopher A. Schmidt, Juliane de Pay, Janine Lebküchner, Vanessa Mayer and Hanife Tozman
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La violence révolutionnaire. Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 2008.
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35
Palmer, Stephen. Deliberate release of zoonotic agents. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0002.
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Since 9/11 2001, international attention has once again focused on the risks to human and animal health from the deliberate release of infectious or toxic chemical agents. In theory any agent could be used by terrorists and disaffected people, but the most serious risk for infectious agents are mainly zoonotic (Franz et al. 1997). Three modes of exposure may be anticipated, inhalation of powder or spray or dust from explosives, direct contact or inoculation from an explosion, and ingestion. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) list 19 bioterrorism agents or groups of agents of which 14 are zoonotic. In Category A are 6 agents which can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person, that result in high mortality rates and have the potential for major public health impact, which might cause public panic and social disruption and which require special action from public health preparedness. Of these 6, four are zoonoses — Anthrax, Plague, Tularaemia and Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers. In Category B, are 12 groups of agents, which are moderately easy to disseminate and cause moderate morbidity. Of these 12 groups, 8 contain zoonoses: Brucellosis, Food Safety threats (e.g. Salmonella, E.coli 0157, Campylobacter), Meliodiosis, Psittacoccosis, Q Fever, Typhus, Viral encephalitis, Water safety threats (e.g. Cryptosporidium).
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Ferguson, Colin. Pathophysiology and management of hypothermia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0354.
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Accidental hypothermia is defined as a core temperature of <35°C and is uncommon. It may present in any age group at any time of the year. Hypothermia may be primary, where the cold injury is the major pathology, or secondary where patients develop hypothermia incidental to another illness. Since the severely cold patient may be in cardiac arrest, areflexic, and in coma, decision making regarding treatment, its initiation, and continuation, may be difficult. Hypothermia is classified into mild (33–35°C), moderate (28–33°C) and severe (<28°C), but these are not distinct clinical syndromes. A more recent classification into stages has emerged from alpine medicine along with a treatment algorithm based on it. Many pathophysiogical changes are due to reduced enzyme action. Clinical features include changes in higher cerebral functions with bizarre behaviour progressing to coma. In the circulation initial tachycardia and hypertension (‘cold stress’) are replaced, as the patient cools, with worsening hypotension and bradycardia and, eventually, ventricular fibrillation and asystole. Rewarming methods are classified as passive or active and the latter subdivided into external, core, and extracorporeal. Active warming should be considered for patients with a temperature of 32°C or lower. Peritoneal lavage has the advantage of warming the liver directly and also the heart through the diaphragm. Cardiopulmonary bypass is the extracorporeal method with most experience, but the advent of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has the advantage of portability.
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Latham, Gary P., and Silvia Dello Russo. The Influence of Organizational Politics on Performance Appraisal. Edited by Susan Cartwright and Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0017.
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Political behaviors in organizations consist of self-serving actions taken by an individual or group. They are directed toward the goal of furthering one's own self-interest without regard for the wellbeing of others in the organization. Such actions are informal and, as part of an organization's culture, regulate interpersonal relationships. The fact that the politics inherent in organizational behavior affect an employee's appraisal was noted more than a quarter of a century ago by behavioral scientists. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of systematic research on this subject. Thus, the purpose of this article is fourfold. First, the phenomenon of organizational politics is described. Second, studies on the relationship between political behavior and appraising employees are reviewed. Third, steps to minimizing its adverse effects on the appraisal of employees are outlined. Finally, a research agenda is suggested.
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Gordon, Gregory S. The Birth of Atrocity Speech Law Part 2. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190612689.003.0005.
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By the second half of the 1990s, the ad hoc tribunals started issuing judgments and providing invaluable insights into the relevant offenses. Regarding incitement, the foundational cases of Prosecutor v. Akayesu (1998) and Prosecutor v. Nahimana (the so-called Media Case) (2003) laid out the essential elements of the crime: (1) direct; (2) public; (3) incitement; and (4) mens rea. The jurisprudence clarified that persecution applied to a wide range of discriminatory actions, including use of hate speech perpetrated against a victim group when it effects a deprivation of fundamental rights. Building on this, an ICTR Trial Chamber in Prosecutor v. Ruggiu (2000) established that hate speech not calling for violence could qualify as persecution. Finally, jurisprudence also developed around the crimes of instigation (violence advocacy resulting in violence, wherein the advocacy made a contribution), and the comparable crime of ordering (instigation plus a superior-subordinate relationship between the speaker and listener).
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Owen, Jonathan. Eraser Drawings. University of Edinburgh, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ed.9781836450313.
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The output consists of a group of fifteen drawings. To make the works, Owen developed and applied a distinctive process involving the careful erasure of ink from found photographic images. Drawing usually involves making marks by adding and accumulating material (graphite, ink, etc.) on a surface. In contrast, Owen's drawings are made purely by erasure; a gradual, irreversible process of removing the ink of the printed image by hand. This series was made using illustrated pages from books on cinema, usually large, ‘coffee table’ publications focusing on a particular genre, director or actor. The books were found and bought online, in bookshops and secondhand shops. In each drawing the central figure, usually an actor or director, is erased. This disables the Focal point of the photograph, bringing a new importance and directing attention to the peripheral details of the image. Drawings from this series have been exhibited in solo exhibitions at:
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Aulino, Felicity. Rituals of Care. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739729.001.0001.
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End-of-life issues are increasingly central to discussions within medical anthropology, the anthropology of political action, and the study of Buddhist philosophy and practice. This book speaks directly to these important anthropological and existential conversations. Against the backdrop of global population aging and increased attention to care for the elderly, both personal and professional, the book challenges common presumptions about the universal nature of “caring.” The book shows an inseparable link between forms of social organization and forms of care. Unlike most accounts of the quotidian concerns of providing care in a rapidly aging society, the book brings attention to corporeal processes. Moving from vivid descriptions of the embodied routines at the heart of home caregiving to depictions of care practices in more general ways—care for one's group, care of the polity—it develops the argument that religious, social, and political structures are embodied, through habituated action, in practices of providing for others. Under the watchful treatment of the author, care becomes a powerful foil for understanding recent political turmoil and structural change in Thailand, proving embodied practice to be a vital vantage point for phenomenological and political analyses alike.
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Powell, Roger A., Stephen Ellwood, Roland Kays, and Tiit Maran. Stink or swim: techniques to meet the challenges for the study and conservation of small critters that hide, swim, or climb, and may otherwise make themselves unpleasant. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0008.
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The study of musteloids requires different perspectives and techniques than those needed for most mammals. Musteloids are generally small yet travel long distances and many live or forage underground or under water, limiting the use of telemetry and direct observation. Some are arboreal and nocturnal, facilitating telemetry but limiting observation, trapping, and many non-invasive techniques. Large sexual size dimorphism arguably doubles sample sizes for many research questions. Many musteloids defend themselves by expelling noxious chemicals. This obscure group does not attract funding, even when endangered, further reducing rate of knowledge gain. Nonetheless, passive and active radio frequency identification tags, magnetic-inductance tracking, accelerometers, mini-biologgers and some GPS tags are tiny enough for use with small musteloids. Environmental DNA can document presence of animals rarely seen. These technologies, coupled with creative research design that is well-grounded on the scientific method, form a multi-dimensional approach for advancing our understanding of these charismatic minifauna.
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Zepeda-Millán, Chris, and Sophia J. Wallace. Mobilizing for Immigrant and Latino Rights under Trump. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886172.003.0005.
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President Trump has targeted the immigrant community more openly, directly, and often than any other segment of the Resistance. Accordingly, this chapter examines some of the ways the 2016 election has impacted immigrant rights activism. Because nativist actions have a disparate effect on both US- and foreign-born Latinos, it pays particular attention to this racialized group’s current support for contentious politics on behalf of the foreign born. However, immigrants have not been the only group targeted by the Trump administration. Using survey data, this chapter also assesses the degree to which Latinos support the activism of other segments of the Resistance, specifically the Black Lives Matter and lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) rights movements. The chapter highlights some important examples of intersectional and cross-movement immigrant rights organizing that have taken place before and after Trump’s electoral victory.
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Schor, Paul. Ethnic Marketing of Population Statistics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917853.003.0021.
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This chapter discusses the Census Bureau’s external relations. It covers the publicity programs directed specifically toward ethnic groups; the agency’s use of marketing techniques for targeted campaigns and tools such as photography, films, and radio; the wide public outreach achieved by presidential proclamations announcing the date of each census; the positive experiences of census agents in the field; the agency’s provision of personal information to the FBI or to other government agencies despite the existence of confidentiality clauses; and the Census Bureau’s active participation in discrimination against and persecution of US residents via the deportation of Americans of Japanese origin after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
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Nothaft, C. Philipp E. The Consolidation of a Calendar-Reform Debate in the Thirteenth Century. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799559.003.0005.
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This chapter follows the story of calendar reform from the end of the twelfth to the end of the thirteenth century, showing how during this period the problem was popularized via two different categories of computus text: the pedagogically oriented ‘vulgar’ or ecclesiastical computus and the astronomically refined ‘philosophical’ computus. Authors whose contributions to the debate are looked at in greater detail include Alexander Neckam, John of Sacrobosco, Robert Grosseteste, Robert Holcot, Campanus of Novara, Giles of Lessines, and Roger Bacon, who is well known for having directed a reform appeal to Pope Clement IV (1265–8). Attention is also paid to an obscure group of Franciscan scholars active in the 1270s to 1290s, who are noteworthy for their knowledge of the Jewish calendar, and to an anonymous treatise of 1276, which contains the first fully developed proposal to restore the Roman calendar.
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Howard, Colin R. Arenaviruses. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0032.
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There are few groups of viral zoonoses that have attracted such widespread publicity as the arenaviruses, particularly during the 1960’s and 1970’s when Lassa emerged as a major cause of haemorrhagic disease in West Africa. More than any other zoonoses, members of the family are used extensively for the study of virus-host relationships. Thus the study of this unique group of enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses has been pursued for two quite separate reasons. First, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM) has been used as a model of persistent virus infections for over half a century; its study has contributed, and continues to contribute, a number of cardinal concepts to our present understanding of immunology. LCM virus remains the prototype of the Arenaviridae and is a common infection of laboratory mice, rats and hamsters. Once thought rare in humans there is now increasing evidence of LCM virus being implicated in renal disease and as a complication in organ transplantation. Second, certain arenaviruses cause severe haemorrhagic diseases in man, notably Lassa fever in Africa, Argentine and Bolivian haemorrhagic fevers in South America, Guaranito infection in Venezuela and Chaparé virus in Bolivia. The latter is a prime example for the need of ever-continuing vigilance for the emergence of new viral diseases; over the past few years several new arenaviruses have been reported as implicated with severe human disease and indeed the number of new arenaviruses discovered since the last edition of this book have increased the size of this virus family significantly.In common with LCM, the natural reservoir of these infections is a limited number of rodent species (Howard, 1986). Although the initial isolates from South America were at first erroneously designated as newly defined arboviruses, there is no evidence to implicate arthropod transmission for any arenavirus. However, similar methods of isolation and the necessity of trapping small animals have meant that the majority of arenaviruses have been isolated by workers in the arbovirus field. A good example of this is Guaranito virus that emerged during investigation of a dengue virus outbreak in Venezuela (Salas et al. 1991).There is an interesting spectrum of pathological processes among these viruses. All the evidence so far available suggests that the morbidity of Lassa fever and South American haemorrhagic fevers due to arenavirus infection results from the direct cytopathic action of these agents. This is in sharp contrast to the immunopathological basis of ‘classic’ lymphocytic choriomeningitis disease seen in adult mice infected with LCM virus and the use of this system for elucidating the phenomenon of H2-restriction of the host cytotoxic T cell response (Zinkernagel and Doherty 1979). Despite the utility of this experimental model for dissecting the nature of the immune response to virus infection and the growing interest in arenaviruses of rodents, there remains much to be done to elucidate the pathogenesis of these infections in humans.
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Webster, Wendy. 1940. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198735762.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses on the different groups that arrived in Britain in 1940—mainly from the British Empire and the European continent. Journeys to Britain were often daring, improvised, and dangerous. In mid-1940, when an imminent invasion of Britain was widely expected, there was a climate of intense hostility to foreigners. The British government introduced a policy of mass internment of people of enemy nationality, but hostility was often directed at all foreigners in Britain, regardless of nationality, with suspicions that they were acting as spies and fifth columnists. In contrast, there was often a warm welcome for those arriving in military uniform and they featured prominently in British propaganda which emphasized a war fought by allies, not Britain standing alone. The chapter argues that by the end of 1940, the climate of intense hostility to foreigners had begun to change.
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Williams, James S. Xala. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781839026010.
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Xala (1974) by the pioneering Senegalese director Ousmane Sembene, was acclaimed on its release for its scorching critique of postcolonial African society, and it cemented Sembene’s status as a wholly new kind of politically engaged, pan-African, auteur film-maker. Centring on the story of businessman El Hadji and the impotence that afflicts him on his marriage to a young third wife, Xala vividly captures the cultural and political upheaval of 1970s Senegal, while suggesting the radical potential of dissent, solidarity and collective action, embodied by El Hadji’s student daughter Rama and the group of urban ‘undesirables’ who act as a kind of raw chorus to the affairs of the neocolonial elite. James S. Williams’s lucid study traces Xala’s difficult production history and analyses its daring combination of political and domestic drama, oral narrative, social realism, symbolism, satire, documentary, mysticism and Marxist analysis. Yet from its dazzling extended opening sequence of revolution as performance to its suspended climax of redemption through ritualised spitting, Xala presents a series of conceptual and formal challenges that resist a simple reading of the film as allegory. Highlighting often overlooked elements of Sembene’s intricate, experimental film-making, including provocative shifts in mood and poetic, even subversively erotic, moments, Williams reveals Xala as a visionary work of both African cinema and Third Cinema that extended the parameters of postcolonial film practice and still resounds today with its searing inventive power.
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Deliso, Christopher. The Coming Balkan Caliphate. Praeger, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400628863.
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The Balkans—the gateway between East and West—are also Europe's soft underbelly, a rough neighborhood where organized crime and terrorism present a constant threat. This eye-opening book details how 15 years of misguided Western interventions, political scheming, and local mafia appeasement, compounded by a massive infusion of Arab cash, fundamentalist Islamic preaching and mosque-building have allowed radical Islamic groups to fill in the cracks between internal ethnic and religious schisms and take root in key areas of the Balkans. With all eyes currently focused on the widening conflict in the Middle East and the terrorist threat coming from the region, the West is in danger of overlooking a potent new battleground in the greater war on terror—the Balkans. This historically volatile region saw some of the worst violence of the late 20th century in the Yugoslav Wars of Secession. During these conflicts, stunningly shortsighted and politically motivated policies of the United States and its allies directly allowed Islamic mujahedin and terrorist-related entities to establish a foothold in the region—just as with the progenitors of the Taliban a decade earlier in Afghanistan. Although the 9/11 attacks caused a partial reassessment of Western policy, it may already be too late for a region still largely ignored. The proliferation of foreign fundamentalist groups has had a cancerous effect on traditional Balkan Islamic communities, challenging their legitimacy in unprecedented and often violent ways. Well-funded groups like the Saudi-backed Wahabbis continue to exploit internal schisms within local communities, while the international administrations in Bosnia and Kosovo have actually strengthened the grip of local mafia groups—business partners of terrorists. Worst of all, the Western peacekeepers' chronic don't rock the boat mentality has allowed extremist groups to operate unchallenged. Nevertheless, regional demographic and cultural trends, coinciding with an increasingly hostile attitude in the larger Muslim world over Western military actions and perceived symbolic provocations, indicate that the lawless Balkans will become increasingly valuable as a strategic base for Islamic radicals over the next two decades. Utilizing the post-al-Qaeda tactics of a decentralized jihad carried out through small, independent cells (leaderless resistance) while seeking to fundamentally and violently remold Muslim societies, such Balkan-based extremists pose a unique and tangible threat to Western security.
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Tosun, Jale. Energy Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.174.
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Energy policy comprises rules concerning energy sources; energy efficiency; energy prices; energy from abroad; energy infrastructure; and climate and environmental aspects of energy production, utilization, and transit. The main theme in energy policy concerns the trade-offs between affordable, secure, and clean energy. Energy policy is a cross-sectoral—or boundary-spanning—policy area, which means that energy policy has implications for or is affected by decisions taken in adjacent policy areas such as those addressing agriculture, climate, development, economy, environment, external relations, and public health. The cross-sectoral character of energy policy is reflected in how it is proposed, adopted, implemented, and evaluated. Putting an energy policy issue on the political agenda can be attained easily, while the diversity of interests of the actor groups that are potentially affected by the proposal can complicate the policy process. The implementation depends on whether the energy policy measure in question is of a local, national, or international nature; and to what extent the implementation entails joint efforts by state and non-state actors. As with policy instruments adopted in any other policy area, the evaluation of an energy policy’s success is likely to vary across the different actor groups involved.The analytical perspectives on energy policy depend on the energy source of interest. Research concentrating on fossil energy sources (i.e., coal, oil, and natural gas) has traditionally adopted the analytical lens of international relations and international political economy. A similar research interest can be observed for studies of unconventional fossil energy sources (i.e., oil shale, oil sands, and shale gas) and nuclear power, although the centrality of risk and uncertainty in the analytical frameworks adopted help to connect these topics more directly with the public policy literature. The energy policy issue that has been on the research agendas of all political science subfields—including comparative politics—is renewable energy. Questions concerning the supply and management of energy infrastructure have received attention from public administration scholars.
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Lema Vélez, Luisa Fernanda, Daniel Hermelin, María Margarita Fontecha, and Dunia H. Urrego. Climate Change Communication in Colombia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.598.
Full textAbstract:
Colombia is in a privileged position to take advantage of international climate agreements to finance sustainable development initiatives. The country is a signatory of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreements. As a non-Annex I party to the UNFCCC, Colombia produces low emissions in relation to global numbers (0.46% of total global emissions for 2010) and exhibits biogeographical conditions that are ideal for mitigation of climate change through greenhouse gas sequestration and emission reductions. Simultaneously, recent extreme climatic events have harshly compromised the country’s economy, making Colombia’s vulnerability to climate change evident.While these conditions should justify a strong approach to climate change communication that motivates decision making and leads to mitigation and adaptation, the majority of sectors still fall short of effectively communicating their climate change messages. Official information about climate change is often too technical and rarely includes a call for action. However, a few exceptions exist, including environmental education materials for children and a noteworthy recent strategy to deliver the Third Communication to the UNFCCC in a form that is more palatable to the general public. Despite strong research on climate change, particularly related to agricultural, environmental, and earth sciences, academic products are rarely communicated in a way that is easily understood by decision makers and has a clear impact on public policy. Messages from the mass media frequently confuse rather than inform the public. For instance, television news refers to weather-related disasters, climate variability, and climate change indiscriminately. This shapes an erroneous idea of climate change among the public and weakens the effectiveness of communications on the issue.The authors contrast the practices of these sectors with those of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) working in Colombia to show how they address the specific climate communication needs facing the country. These NGOs directly face the challenge of working with diverse population groups in this multicultural, multiethnic, and megadiverse country. NGOs customize languages, channels, and messages for different audiences and contexts, with the ultimate goal of building capacity in local communities, influencing policymakers, and sensitizing the private sector. Strategies that result from the work of interdisciplinary groups, involve feedback from the audiences, and incorporate adaptive management have proven to be particularly effective.