Journal articles on the topic 'Diplomatic codex'
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Michal Brandl, Naida, and Zrinka Podhraški Čizmek. "Codex Diplomaticus Maritimus Croatiae/Croatian Diplomatic Maritime Codex and the Croatian Maritime Regesta, vol. 4: Emerging project." Journal of Maritime & Transportation Science 58, no. 1 (June 2020): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/2020.58.12.
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This paper presents an outline and announces the continuation of the Codex Diplomaticus Maritimus Croatiae (Croatian Diplomatic Maritime Codex), consisting of a total of 100,000 documents on Croatia’s presence in the Adriatic and the Mediterranean. Nikola Čolak had started this project in 1956 in Zadar and was developing it for the next 40 years, exploring all the relevant archives on both coasts of the Adriatic that were relevant for not only Croatian history but for everyone else participating in this trade (Italians, Jews, and many others). After the 3rd volume of the Croatian Maritime Regesta was published in 2017, two historians decided to continue, in collaboration with other Croatian and foreign researchers, the publication of the aforementioned series by publishing the 4th volume of this series. The project introduces, as the innovation to the original project, the use of modern technologies related to the processing of digitized data as to allow everyone free access to hitherto unpublished archival sources in regesto as well as in extenso, depending on the importance of the document.
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Krotz, Elke. "A new fragment of Stricker poems in Helsinki Ein neues Stricker-Fragment in Helsinki." Zeitschrift fuer deutsches Altertum und Literatur 149, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/zfda-2020-0008.
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Two hitherto unidentified leaves within the Fragmenta membranea collection at the National Library of Finland in Helsinki turned out to be fragments of a manuscript with works of the poet called Der Stricker. The article provides an inventory of the verses and a linguistical analysis of the codex discissus as well as a collation and diplomatic edition of the two new leaves. Zwei bisher unidentifizierte Blätter der Fragmentensammlung der Nationalbibliothek in Helsinki lassen sich einer schon bekannten Stricker-Handschrift zuordnen. Der Artikel bietet eine Liste des Textbestands und eine sprachgeographische Analyse des Codex discissus sowie eine Kollation und einen diplomatischen Abdruck der beiden neuen Blätter.
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Afrita, Eni. "HIKAYAT TABUT (Suatu Tinjauan Filologi dan Sintaksis)." Humanus 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jh.v11i2.2168.
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Codex as heritage, full of life values, is only useful once it is researched, particularly philologically. The tradition of text duplicating of the codices that only relied on intuitive or diplomatic method will practically help the reader the least.In general this research aims to give opportunity to broader society to recognize, study, and enjoy ancient writing. On the other hand, the target particularly is to reveal the digression of spelling and text characteristic, and the supposed form of the Tabut Saga text edition.Key words: evaluation philology and sintacsys, saga of tabut
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Grishchenko, Alexander I. "The Church Slavonic Song of Songs Translated from a Jewish Source in the Ruthenian Codex from the 1550s (RSL Mus. 8222)." Scrinium 15, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18177565-00151p08.
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Abstract This paper presents the new and actually the first diplomatic publication of the unique 16th-century copy of the Church Slavonic Song of Songs translated from a Jewish original, most likely not the proper Masoretic Text but apparently its Old Yiddish translation. This Slavonic translation is extremely important for Judaic-Slavic relations in the context of literature and language contacts between Jews and Slavs in medieval Slavia Orthodoxa.
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King, Timothy B. "THE CASE FOR THE AZTEC GOLDSMITH." Ancient Mesoamerica 26, no. 2 (2015): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095653611500022x.
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AbstractThere is compelling evidence to believe that some gold ornaments in the South Mexican International Style found outside the Basin of Mexico, or without provenience, were made by goldsmiths in the urban centers of the Aztec empire, rather than by the Mixtec artisans to whom they are commonly attributed. The weight of gold dust and bullion recorded as tribute to the Aztec rulers in the Codex Mendoza and other sources was sufficient to produce 22,000–27,000 small and medium-sized ornaments annually, implying a large number of goldworkers in these urban centers. Ethnohistorical documents indicate that many gold ornaments were given to provincial leaders by Aztec rulers who used gifts of luxury items as an important part of their diplomatic strategies, and political patronage system; many more were exported by means of long-distance trade.
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Shenton, Helen. "Virtual Reunification, Virtual Preservation and Enhanced Conservation." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 21, no. 2 (August 2009): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/alx.21.2.4.
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The digitization of dispersed collections offers the opportunity to do much more than simply image collections. The paper centres on major initiatives involving the British Library which are virtually reunifying significant collections dispersed around the world. Such virtual reconstruction of cultural heritage creates a different digital entity. The Codex Sinaiticus project has worked towards the July 2009 Web launch of the virtual reunification of all the leaves of one of the earliest extant Bibles. The approximately 400 leaves are physically located in St Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai, Leipzig University Library, the National Library of Russia, St Petersburg, and the British Library, London. The International Dunhuang Project is a very mature project that has been digitizing material from the Dunhuang caves and the Eastern Silk Road dispersed in London, Beijing, Dunhuang, St Petersburg, Berlin, Paris, Stockholm and Kyoto. These complex programmes have broad application to other cultural–historical projects, and some of the wider political, diplomatic and stewardship themes are developed.
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Cicėnienė, Rima. "Johannes Hevelius’s Selenographia Manuscript in Vilnius." Knygotyra 72 (July 9, 2019): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2019.72.20.
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The aim of this article is to investigate the history of the Cyrillic manuscript transcription of Selenographia (1647), which details Moon observation – the work of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth astronomer Johannes Hevelius (Jan Heweliusz, 1611–1687). The codex is relevant in two aspects: first, as an example of a late-17th century book, incorporating the characteristics of both a manuscript and a printed publication; and second – as an example of scientific literature in the Commonwealth. Hevelius is a well-known sciencist. The researcher is recognized as the first precise topographer of the Moon. He has composed a catalogue of 1564 stars, discovered four comets, and defined new boundaries of several constellations. In historiography, the manuscript translation of Selenographia has been known since the end of the 19th century. However, in the beginning of the 20th century, the transcript was equated to a piece owned by Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich (1661–1682), which was present in his library in 1682. The manuscript has been studied by multiple linguists, astronomers, and museologists from various countries; however, it is still yet to receive attention from Lithuanian scientists. This article aims to clarify the currently available scientific information regarding the manuscript version of J. Hevelius’s work Selenographia, which is presently kept in the Manuscript Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB). This study also seeks to answer the following questions: whether the scientists of the GDL were aware of the piece and its Slavic translation, if there is a possibility that the codex may have belonged to the library of Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich, and what are the history and the lifecycle of the codex. The object of this investigation is a manuscript codex (LMAVB RS F19–318) archived in the LMAVB. A digital copy of an exemplar archived in the Zurich ETH Library was used for comparative analysis. The history of astronomy in 17th century Europe and the GDL, as well as the placement of this work of Hevelius in that history, is shortly discussed and based on a literary analysis. This information was used to evaluate the scientific value of the manuscript codex under investigation and make conclusions regarding any possible demand for the translations of Selenographia in the GDL’s scientific environment of that time. Codicological and comparative analyses with the original print enabled to consider the circumstances of the translation and transcription of Selenographia and establish the characteristics of the manuscript codex. It was determined that the text is written in a hybrid Church Slavic language; it is written by several scribes in the Calligraphic Book Font with characteristics of the Chancellerie Font, distinctive to the cursives used in the 17th century in Kiev and Moscow. The transcription of the translation is illustrated with original copper engravings (17 of 140), hand-drawn copies of original drawings (17), and original (3) pictures. The majority of illustrations are missing, some blank gaps meant for tables are present, and several tables have been redacted completely. The contents of Selenographia were adapted to fit the environment of its purchaser: all dedications and celebratory texts dedicated to Hevelius were removed and supplementary texts were eliminated, an original preface created by the translator was added, and only an anonymous “ruler” is mentioned. The transcription of the text was intended to maintain the order of the text and illustrations as well as the exact glosses system present in the margins. All numbers and dates have been written in the Cyrillic alphabet; however a Western year numbering system was maintained, and the surnames of scientists were retained in their original Latin forms; objects named in schemes and diagrams were presented in the Latin alphabet. The coinciding fragments of an extant Selenographia translation (chapters 48, 51, 54, and 55) and texts of the codex kept in the LMAVB archives allow us to conclude that it is a translation made by S. Chizhinski during his service in Posol’skii prikaz (Moscow) in 1678–1681. Based on all the defined characteristics, as well as the unfinished appearance of the book and the variety of paper used, it may be concluded that it is a transcription meant for the diplomatic needs of Posol’skii prikaz rather than for the personal library of the Tsar.Efforts to find any evidence of the discussed Selenographia translation in the history of astronomy and book history in Lithuania were unsuccessful. It was not possible to clarify the history of the function of the codex as well. Nonetheless, the history of this book focuses one’s attention to another little-studied topic in Lithuania – the connections of literature and book culture in the 17th century that bridge the GDL and the Tsardom of Russia. To sum up, it may be concluded that access to new archival sources in Russia and Lithuania and a detailed chemical analysis of materials making up the codex (the ink in particular) would affirm or deny the conclusions reached in this study.
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Alvarez, David. "A PAPAL DIPLOMATIC CODE." Cryptologia 16, no. 2 (April 1992): 174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0161-119291866856.
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Vigil Montes, Néstor. "«Tractados de pazes, aliança e concordia entre as duas coroas de Portugal e Inglaterra», un cartulario realizado a comienzos del siglo XV para consolidar el Tratado de Windsor entre los reinos de Inglaterra y Portugal (1386), la alianza permanente más prolongada de la historia = «Tractados de pazes, aliança e concordia entre as Duas coroas de Portugal e Inglaterra», a Cartulary Made at the Onset of the Fifteenth Century to Consolidate the Treaty of Windsor between the Kingdoms of England and Portugal (1386), The Longest Permanent Alliance in ..." Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval, no. 32 (April 11, 2019): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfiii.32.2019.22403.
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El cartulario titulado Tractados de pazes, aliança e concordia entre as duas coroas de Portugal e Inglaterra y custodiado en el fondo Gavetas del Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo es el ejemplo más temprano conocido destinado a conservar los documentos referentes a las relaciones entre dos reinos, por lo que es importante explicar la evolución del concepto de cartulario. A través del análisis de sus elementos externos (estudio codicológico y paleográfico), de la estructura de su contenido (organización de los documentos en el códice y análisis de las tipologías documentales) y de la biografía de su redactor Antão Martins, hemos podido obtener conclusiones sobre el contexto de redacción. El cartulario fue elaborado en los años finales de la primera década del siglo XV, lo que coincide con un momento de gran intensidad en las relaciones anglo-lusas al producirse las primeras consecuencias inmediatas a la celebración de la alianza permanente del Tratado de Windsor de 1386.AbstractThe cartulary entitled Tractados de pazes, aliança e concordia entre as duas coroas de Portugal e Inglaterra and found in the Gavetas collection of the Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo is the earliest known example aimed at preserving documents concerning diplomatic relations between two kingdoms. For this reason, it is important to explain the evolution of the concept of cartulary. It is possible to draw conclusions about the context of its elaboration through the analysis of its external elements (a codicological and paleographical study), the structure of its contents (organization of documents in the codex and the analysis of document typologies), and the biography of its material author, Antão Martins. We can assert that the cartulary was elaborated in the final years of the first decade of the fifteenth century, coinciding with a moment of great proximity in relations between the monarchies of England and Portugal, due to the initial consequences of the celebration of the permanent alliance established in the Treaty of Windsor of 1386.
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Kiddle, Amelia M. "In Mexico’s Defense." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 31, no. 1 (2015): 22–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2015.31.1.22.
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This article examines Mexican diplomacy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and argues that a transnational code of honor rooted in the practice of dueling governed diplomats’ behavior. It demonstrates that, in spite of domestic reforms that exalted the incorporation of the masses and the empowerment of women in revolutionary Mexico, diplomats continued to participate in the diplomatic culture of dueling—both actual and journalistic—that feminized the nation and perpetuated patriarchy within the diplomatic corps. Este artículo examina la diplomacia mexicana a fines del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX y en el que se argumenta que un código transnacional de honor enraizado en la práctica de duelo gobernó el comportamiento de los diplomáticos. Demuestra que, además de las reformas domésticas que exaltaron la incorporación de las masas y el empoderamiento de las mujeres en México revolucionario, los diplomáticos siguieron participando en la cultura diplomática del duelo—tanto real como periodístico—que feminizó la nación y perpetuó el patriarcado dentro del cuerpo diplomático.
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Yair, Gad, and Sharona Odom-Weiss. "Israeli Diplomacy: The Effects of Cultural Trauma." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 9, no. 1 (2014): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-12341269.
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Summary Israeli politicians are diplomatic agents provocateurs. Presidents, prime ministers and foreign office executives craft diplomatic scenes that betray diplomatic protocol. This article exposes the deep cultural codes that explain the unique behaviour of Israeli diplomacy. It documents different occasions of Israeli exceptional diplomacy and suggests that they reflect the cultural traumas that underlie Israeli culture. The analyses apply a new theoretical framework that dwells on the cultural codes of ‘Israeliness’ while suggesting that the unique style of Israeli diplomacy reflects four such codes: existential anxiety; upright defiance; a dugri (frank) speech culture and a fear of seeming to be a sucker (‘fraier’). By interpreting prominent cases with a cultural lens, the authors provide new insights into Israeli unilateralism, its seeming ‘paranoid’ character, and the reason for Israeli ignorance of international diplomatic codes. Essentially, they suggest that: (a) there is a cultural mismatch between diplomatic protocol and the Israeli national habitus; (b) the more that Israel’s strategic interests are threatened, the more locked it becomes to its post-traumatic habitus and the further its politicians move away from protocol. Israel’s persistent cultural trauma is thus likely to maintain the deviation of Israeli diplomacy from diplomatic protocol.
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Fallah Nassiri, Reza Mir, Amir Hosein Monazami, Hamid Najaf Aghaei, and Meysam Rahimizadeh. "Strategies for the development of international sport diplomacy in the volleyball federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran." SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte 11 (January 2, 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/sportk.465871.
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In recent years, Iran's volleyball sport has made significant progress and the Iranian national team has been able to compete in the World Volleyball League. This situation has provided the Iranian Volleyball Federation with diplomatic opportunities. The purpose of this study was to develop strategies for the development of international sport diplomacy in the volleyball federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study was conducted qualitatively by interviewing Iranian volleyball officials (N = 4), academic experts in sport diplomacy (N = 4) and internationally experienced coaches and referees (N = 5). Data analysis with theme analysis techniques revealed that the five emerging themes included: challenges, principles of effective international sport diplomacy, international sport diplomacy success factors, international diplomacy development strategies in volleyball federation, and the implications of international sport diplomacy, including 18 sub-themes and 43 open codes. All these aspects are analyzed and discussed in the present study. En los últimos años, el deporte de voleibol ha logrado un progreso significativo en Irán y el equipo nacional iraní ha podido competir en la Liga Mundial de Voleibol. Esta situación ha brindado oportunidades diplomáticas a la Federación Iraní de Voleibol. El propósito de este estudio fue desarrollar estrategias para el desarrollo de la diplomacia deportiva internacional en la federación de voleibol de la República Islámica de Irán. Este estudio se realizó de forma cualitativa entrevistando a funcionarios de voleibol iraníes (N = 4), expertos académicos en diplomacia deportiva (N = 4) y entrenadores y árbitros con experiencia internacional (N = 5). El análisis de datos con técnicas de análisis temático reveló que los cinco temas emergentes incluían: desafíos, principios de la diplomacia deportiva internacional efectiva, factores de éxito de la diplomacia deportiva internacional, estrategias de desarrollo de la diplomacia internacional en la federación de voleibol y las implicaciones de la diplomacia deportiva internacional, incluyendo 18 subtemas y 43 códigos abiertos. Todos estos aspectos se analizan y discuten en el presente estudio.
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Sánchez González, Dolores del Mar. "PROTOCOLO Y DERECHO: JURIDICIDAD DEL PROTOCOLO PROTOCOL AND LAW: THE LEGALITY OF THE PROTOCOL." REVISTA ESTUDIOS INSTITUCIONALES 5, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/eeii.vol.5.n.8.2018.22186.
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Entre las ciencias jurídicas, el protocolo se concibe como buenas maneras, educación, código de conducta, ética, o como la ropa o los zapatos que uno debe ponerse para acudir a un acto que exige una determinada etiqueta. Como algo frívolo, sin importancia, que no atañe al común de la sociedad, propio de las clases elevadas y de los gobernantes y de la diplomacia. Por supuesto, cuando dices que eres protocolista, que eres especialista en protocolo y que te dedicas a investigar el protocolo, te preguntan "pero ¿eso es derecho?". En definitiva el protocolo es una disciplina despreciada por los juristas que la han ido dejando de lado, salvó en un sector: el diplomático. Los diplomáticos son los únicos conscientes de lo importante que es el ceremonial y el protocolo en las relaciones internacionales, y por ello los cursos de la Escuela Diplomática son referente ineludible a la hora de estudiar protocolo. Este estudio reivindica el protocolo desde su carácter de disciplina jurídica.______________________Among the legal sciences, protocol is considered to be good manners, courtesy, code of conduct, ethics, or the clothes and shoes one should wear to an event where dress code is required; something superficial, unimportant, not related to society at large, characteristic of the upper classes, rulers and diplomacy. Of course, when you say you are a protocol expert and that you do research in protocol, you will be asked “Is that law?” Ultimately, protocol is a discipline despised by jurists, who have gradually set it aside, with the exception of the diplomatic community. Diplomats are well aware of the importance of ceremonial and protocol in the international relations, and thus the Diplomatic School courses are essential when studying protocol. This study claims the protocol as a legal discipline.
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Kuromiya, Hiroaki, and Andrzej Pepłoński. "Kōzō Izumi and the Soviet Breach of Imperial Japanese Diplomatic Codes." Intelligence and National Security 28, no. 6 (December 2013): 769–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2012.701437.
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Pequignot, Stéphane. "With, Without or Against the King: Communities as Actors of Diplomacy, with a Special Focus on the Iberian Peninsula in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries." Scottish Historical Review 101, no. 3 (December 2022): 455–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2022.0578.
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This paper aims to analyse in a comparative perspective diplomatic exchanges involving the Christian realms of the Iberian peninsula, especially the crown of Aragon, during the later middle ages. In a framework of legal pluralism, two types of community—kingdoms and towns—were especially important in diplomatic practice. The diplomacies of kings, communities within kingdoms and towns interacted in complex entanglements. When kings were absent or became the enemy of communities, the diplomatic role of the latter could increase dramatically. This phenomenon is explored in two case-studies: the so-called ‘great division’ of the Mallorcan king’s lands (1324–26) and the Catalan civil war (1462–73). Some communities appear to have had an expert knowledge of diplomatic codes, practices and languages. The execution of diplomacy could be challenging and crucial for the resilience of communities but it could also reveal the fragility of their unity.
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Włodarczyk, Matylda, Joanna Kopaczyk, and Michał Kozak. "Multilingualism in Greater Poland court records (1386–1448): tagging discourse boundaries and code-switching." Corpora 15, no. 3 (November 2020): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2020.0200.
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This paper introduces the Electronic Repository of Greater Poland Oaths, eROThA (1386–1446), a digitisation project of a diplomatic edition of mediaeval land court oaths recorded in Latin and Old Polish, resulting in a small, lightly tagged specialised bilingual corpus. We present the background, aims, design and methodology of the project. We also discuss the problems and limitations entrenched in turning a printed diplomatic edition into a machine-readable diplomatic edition equipped with a new interpretative layer that is sensitive to the switches between Latin and Old Polish. In addition to the automatic annotation of code-switched items on the basis of typographic characteristics of the printed edition, flexible coding of recurrent language and discourse boundary phenomena has been introduced manually to account for linguistically ambiguous or neutral forms. The project offers a fully multilingual corpus, as well as customised Polish-only and Latin-only datasets, and enables filtered metadata searches in the online front-end. Overall, the report presents a methodology for constructing multilingual corpora in the context of legal cultures in medieval Central Europe that may be extrapolated to datasets originating in other periods and regions.
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Siewert, Ulrike. "Dresdner Urkundenbuch. Ein aktuelles Vorhaben im Rahmen des Codex diplomaticus Saxoniae." Neues Archiv für sächsische Geschichte 81 (January 1, 2011): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52411/nasg.bd.81.2010.s.263-267.
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Šimunjak, Maja, and Alessandro Caliandro. "Twiplomacy in the age of Donald Trump: Is the diplomatic code changing?" Information Society 35, no. 1 (January 2019): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2018.1542646.
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McCaffrey, Stephen C. "The Forty-First Session of the International Law Commission." American Journal of International Law 83, no. 4 (October 1989): 937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203386.
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The International Law Commission of the United Nations held its 41st session from May 2 to July 21, 1989, under the Chairmanship of Professor Bernhard Graefrath. The most noteworthy achievement of the session was the completion of work on the status of the diplomatic courier and the diplomatic bag not accompanied by diplomatic courier. The Commission referred this draft to the General Assembly with the recommendation that the Assembly convoke a diplomatic conference for the purpose of concluding a convention on the basis of the articles. Also at the 41st session, the Commission adopted three articles of the Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind and discussed reports on state responsibility, international liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law, jurisdictional immunities of states and their property, and the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses. A report on relations between states and international organizations was presented to the Commission but was not discussed for lack of time. Finally, the Commission once again devoted a number of meetings to reviewing its procedures and methods of work.
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Grebliauskienė, Beata, and Mariana Sueldo. "Diplomatinio protokolo kaitai įtaką darantys veiksniai: komunikacinis aspektas." Informacijos mokslai 46 (January 1, 2008): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/im.2008.0.3352.
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Straipsnyje analizuojamas diplomatinis protokolas ir jo kaita komunikaciniu aspektu. Traktuojant protokolą kaip komunikacijos sklandumo ir efektyvumo užtikrinimo priemonę, tiriamos specifinių protokolo bruožų atsiradimo aplinkybės bei priežastys, atskleidžiami diplomatinio protokolo klostymuisi bei raidai įtaką darę veiksniai. Diplomatinis protokolas kaip komunikacijos proceso dalis analizuojamas keliais aspektais: komunikacijos proceso dalyvių tikslai, proceso dalyvių komunikaciniai gebėjimai ir vis daugėjimas šių dalyvių bei komunikacijos intensyvėjimas. Aptariami diplomatinės komunikacijos besikeičiantys tikslai pereinant nuo neapibrėžtumo vengimo iki siekio įtikinti. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į protokolui būdingą, tačiau nesavitikslį neverbalikos formų vartojimą, ritualų ir ceremonijų gausą nuo viduramžių iki mūsų dienų.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: diplomatinis protokolas, komunikacijos procesas, diplomatinio protokolo kaita, veiksniai.The influence factors in the development of diplomatic protokol: communicative perspectiveMariana Sueldo, Beata Grebliauskienė SummaryThis paper provides an analysis of diplomatic protocol as part of the communication process, more specifically as a code of communication and the factors which have mostly influenced its development. Protocol being understood as a means to ensure effective and clear communication, the circumstances and reasons for the emergence of protocol are discussed. Three main aspects of protocol as a communication code are here considered as the most significant, namely: the participants in the diplomatic communication process and their aims, the communication abilities of individuals taking part in such situations, and the gradually and historically changing number of the participants involved in the diplomatic communication process, as well as the intensity of communication. This article unveils these three factors within the area of communication, focusing respectively on each of them, starting with an overview of ritualized and rule-base interpersonal communication as a means to reduce uncertainty. Then diplomatic communication as a persuasive tool is analysed as a ruled self-expression within a purposefully created context, where the participants seek individual goals. Then follows a brief analysis of the changing communication goals, ranging from the avoidance of uncertainty to the seek of persuassion. Attention is drawn to the frequent use of non-verbal communication forms, rituals and ceremonies as an integral component of protocol, from its emergence in the Middle Ages till our times.span>
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ZHANG, Feng. "China’s Approaches to the South China Sea Code of Conduct Negotiation." East Asian Policy 11, no. 02 (April 2019): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930519000187.
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China is pressing ahead with the negotiation on a code of conduct (COC) in the South China Sea with remarkable resolve. The new COC-centred diplomacy was motivated to suppress the impact of the Philippines versus China arbitral ruling, de-escalate regional tension and promote cooperation, especially the Belt and Road Initiative. It also serves as a broad strategic goal, i.e. preserving stability by banishing the ruling and creating a new diplomatic process with China exercising some control.
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Mammola, Sarah, Tom Graber, and Mathias Kälble. "Rezension von: Graber, Tom; Kälble, Mathias (Hrsg.), 1235–1247." Zeitschrift für Württembergische Landesgeschichte 77 (February 17, 2022): 555–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53458/zwlg.v77i.1826.
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Die Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen. Bd. 4: 1235 – 1247, hg. von Tom Graber und Mathias Kälble (Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae I, Abt. A), Peine: Hahnsche Buchhandlung 2014. 473 S. ISBN 978-3-7752-1908-2. € 62,–
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Mammola, Sarah, Tom Graber, and Mathias Kälble. "Rezension von: Graber, Tom; Kälble, Mathias (Bearb.), 1248 – 1264." Zeitschrift für Württembergische Landesgeschichte 78 (January 26, 2022): 636–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53458/zwlg.v78i.1602.
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Die Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen, Bd. 5: 1248 – 1264, bearb. von Tom Graber und Mathias Kälble (Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae I, Abt. A), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag 2017. LXXVIII, 504 S. ISBN 978-3-447-10916-1. € 148,–
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Mccaffrey, Stephen C. "The Fortieth Session of the International Law Commission." American Journal of International Law 83, no. 1 (January 1989): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202801.
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The International Law Commission of the United Nations held its 40th session from May 9 to July 29, 1988, under the Chairmanship of Ambassador Leonardo Díaz-González. The Commission adopted 6 articles of the Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind and 14 articles on the law of non-navigational uses of international watercourses. Substantial time was devoted to both international liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law and the status of the diplomatic courier and the diplomatic bag not accompanied by diplomatic courier. Reports on jurisdictional immunities of states and their property and state responsibility were introduced by the special rapporteurs for those topics but were not discussed by the Commission owing to lack of time. The remaining substantive item on the Commission’s agenda, relations between states and international organizations (second part of the topic), was not considered at this session. Finally, the Commission once again devoted substantial time to reviewing its procedures and methods of work.
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Belyakov, Mikhail V., and Olga I. Maksimenko. "Communicative and Emotive Characteristics of the Diplomatic Idiolect." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 368–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2020-11-2-368-383.
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This article is devoted to the study of communicatively conditioned professional idiolect and the emotional speech of a diplomat by means of quantitative computer content analysis and semantic analysis. The characteristics of a professional diplomat’s idiolect, changes in speech that have occurred over time are determined. Particular attention is paid to lexical units, a change in connotations, the degree of overall emotional performance, as well as clichés and aphorisms. The concept of “implicitly emotive diplomatic clichés” is introduced, which is characteristic of the type of discourse under study. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that a professional idiolect is expressed in the skillful switching of speech codes, the rejection of pragmatic appraisal, the ability to explicitly express an appraisal using facts and the exact use of changing connotations, as well as implicitly emotive diplomatic clichés, which allows a diplomat through a “delegated subject” express the country’s attitude to current events, but remain within the framework of the diplomatic speech protocol. The study allows us to come closer to a clearer and deeper understanding of the phenomenon of a professional diplomat’s idiolect as a complex set of speech and textual practices aimed at solving complex international problems in a peaceful way, i.e. verbally. The research material was S.V. Lavrov as the Permanent Representative to the UN Security Council speeches on the theme of ‘peacekeeping’ stored in the Security Council digital archive for 1994-2004, as well as the material of the press conference on 01/17/2020 as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
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Bekulard, Beata. "Etiquette, diplomatic protocol and savoir-vivre as the code of conduct for police officers." Internal Security 12, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6701.
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Principles of good manners are associated with courtesy, politeness, tact, good behaviour standards, or savoir-vivre. They include a set of specific rules of conduct that are approved of by a given community. Because courtesy plays an important role in shaping interpersonal relations, the knowledge of etiquette by officers of the services subordinate to and supervised by the Minister of the Internal Affairs and Administration in Poland is the basis for functioning in day-to-day service. Unfortunately, the notions and principles of etiquette are often confused with the principles of an official ceremonial protocol in business pragmatics. This article features the basic principles which should be followed, and not only by every police officer. After all, ignorance of the rules of protocol may lead to our being ridiculed, along with the force which we represent, both in professional and private life.
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Pamment, James. "The Mediatization of Diplomacy." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 9, no. 3 (August 29, 2014): 253–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-12341279.
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Practitioners and scholars are increasingly aware that an array of new actors, communication technologies, agendas and expectations are changing the institution of diplomacy. How diplomatic actors are known and experienced through their representation assumes an increasingly important, and uncertain, role. This article argues that these changes to the field should be considered in terms of the shifting ontological and epistemological conditions for representing and experiencing diplomatic identities. In support of this, the article investigates the influence of mediated communication upon the production of knowledge and the ability to experience others through use of the term ‘mediatization’. Mediatization refers to the ways in which communication technologies have become so integrated into everyday activities that our knowledge and experience of the world is significantly altered, often in ways that appear banal and taken for granted. In the diplomatic context, mediatization involves placing pressure on actors to negotiate issues and identity salience in new ways; to coordinate and negotiate over codes and norms for representation within different mediated environments; and to strategically manage identities, messages and representational modalities within objective-led campaigns. This analysis is used to question further the relationship linking communication, diplomacy and public diplomacy, with the conclusion that public diplomacy can no longer be considered as entirely external communicative activities attached to the diplomatic world, since these are — in an age of mediatization — necessarily part of diplomacy proper. Rather, public diplomacy makes most sense in that coordinating role, as a form of semiotic and normative coalition-building within organizations and among connected stakeholders.
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Larmer, Miles. "Nation-Making at the Border: Zambian Diplomacy in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Comparative Studies in Society and History 61, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 145–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001041751800052x.
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AbstractHow and where were new African nations made at the moment of decolonization? Focusing on the periphery rather than the center provides an insightful answer to this question: imposing national identity in border regions with mixed and mobile populations, dynamic migrant flows, and cross-border linkages was a task fraught with contradiction. This article explores the establishment of Zambian political and diplomatic space in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the activities of Zambian political and diplomatic representatives in the southern Congolese city of Elisabethville in the early-to-mid 1960s. It does not assess how effective these officials were in imposing a sense of Zambian national identity, but rather what their efforts reveal about the ideas and values that informed state elites’ assertions of national identity and their relationship to history, local identities, and moral codes regarding, among other things, customary authority and gendered behavior. The article argues that nation-making in newly independent states involved the assertion of not only state sovereignty over territorial space but also symbolic power, the right to classify, and the moral and political notions that underlay ostensibly bureaucratic, disinterested state structures. Analysis of the attempts of Zambia's first diplomatic representatives to establish and assert their notion of Zambian-ness reveals the fragility of new national identities and the extent to which elites sought to underpin these identities by the assertion of moral certainties.
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Fogel, Jerzy, Andrzej Sikorski, Jarosław Jasiewicz, and Alina Łosińska. "„Nowy” gródek późnośredniowieczny w rejonie jezior bnińskich (Błażejewo, gm. Kórnik, woj. wielkopolskie)." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 10 (November 1, 2018): 269–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2003.10.11.
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The document from 1422, published in Codex Diplomatics Maioris Poloniae (volume VIII, 1989, No. 935), refers to a fortified mansion from Błażejewo at the Bnin Lake, located about 25 km SE from Poznań. The article presents results of archaeological and geological search of this construction that was undertaken in the year 2000. It was further confronted with other written sources referring to medieval history of two Wielkopolska magnate’s houses: Grzymała and Łodzia-Bniński. The article is an important contribution to the recognition of the late medieval fortified architecture in the Wielkopolska region.
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Akhidenor, Anthonia Eboseremen. "Code-switching in the conversations of the Chinese trading community in Africa: the case of Botswana." English Today 29, no. 4 (November 21, 2013): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078413000369.
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As China continues to increase diplomatic and trade relations with about 53 African countries, the position of China becoming the largest trading partner of Africa cannot be over-emphasized, as numerous academic studies and journalistic reports have documented (e.g. Bodomo & Ma, 2010; Laribee, 2008; Mohan & Tan-Mullins, 2008; Mung-Kuang, 2008; Beijing Xinhua, 2005). By the end of 2008, about 1,600 Chinese companies had invested in African countries with a direct investment stock of US$7.8 billion (Wen Jiabao, November 7, 2009, the Opening Ceremony of the China-Africa Business Conference).
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Masutti, Anna. "Legal Problems Arising from the Installation of the Galileo and EGNOS Ground Stations in NonEU Countries." Air and Space Law 37, Issue 1 (February 1, 2012): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2012005.
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For their full operational capability, the European Union (EU) Global Navigation Satellite Systems, Galileo and EGNOS, have to rely upon Ground Sensor Stations (GSS) for the monitoring of navigation signals received from satellites and for the transmission of data to Galileo Control Centres through public networks. Some of the GSS will be installed in non-EU countries. Naturally, for these stations, the EU would like to maintain, inter alia, the inviolability of the premises: facilities free from all types of radio interference, hacking and eavesdropping attempts; the right to use codes; the privileges accorded to diplomatic personnel, communications and documents. The legal analysis of this problem has been based on the applicability of the 1945 United Nations (UN) General Convention on the Privileges and Immunities, the 2004 UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, as well as on international customary law. Consideration has been given to the legal personality of the EU, to the nature of the activities performed by GSS in order to assess EU immunity from jurisdiction or immunity from execution.
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Bünz, Enno. "150 Jahre Codex diplomaticus Saxoniae. Bericht über die feierliche Präsentation der neuen Codex-Bände in der Sächsischen Staatskanzlei zu Dresden am 7. Februar 2011." Neues Archiv für sächsische Geschichte 82 (January 1, 2012): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52411/nasg.bd.82.2011.s.281-287.
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Samson, Claude. "La Convention des Nations Unies sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises : Étude comparative des dispositions de la Convention et des règles de droit québécois en la matière." Les Cahiers de droit 23, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 919–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042521ar.
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On April 11, 1980, the U.N. Diplomatic Conference held in Vienna approved the Convention on contracts for the International Sale of Goods. This paper deals with the most interesting aspects of the Convention, comparing them with the rules of the Civil Code and the Draft Civil Code of Quebec on this matter. The provisions of this international uniform law are quite close to the rules and remedies existing in civil law juridictions. The major differences between the Convention and the Quebec Law are more technical than substantial. The differences between the uniform law and the national law can also be explained by particular circumstances of international trade which require more celerity and security in the field of international business transactions.
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Liu, Qi Yuan, Lay Hoon Ang, Moniza Waheed, and Zalina Binti Mohd Kasim. "Appraisal Resources and National Image: A Case Study on Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokespersons’ Responses About COVID-19." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 12, no. 10 (September 30, 2022): 2152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1210.23.
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The national image of a country is becoming increasingly important as the soft power of a country, which can be realised by diplomacy and various types of diplomatic discourses. Therefore, this study attempts to analyse, via the responses of Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokespersons to questions about COVID-19, how national images are constructed. It adopts the Appraisal Theory proposed by Martin and White and focuses on one of its systems: attitude. Attitude resources are evaluative languages that express feelings, opinions and judgements which are quite contributive to the building of a national image and they are very abundant in the the foreign spokespersons’ responses. This study uses Atlas.ti as the tool to collect and code appraisal resources in order to observe the overall features of attitude, including word frequency and collocation. Together with this tool, the Critical Discourse Analysis approach is also used to analyse the meaning of attitude resources as well as the political and diplomatic contexts. The study finds that different attitude resources can contribute to the formation of different components of national images according to specific political events or international relationships, and this gives more insights into the construction of China’s national image during the pandemic.
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Okladnaya, Marina, and Liliya Menkova. "Woman in the diplomatic service: history, problems and prospects." Law and innovative society, no. 2 (15) (January 4, 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2020-2(15)-7.
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Problem setting. Today, one of the priorities of the European policy direction is the effective implementation of such a principle as gender equality. Ensuring and ensuring the equal participation of women and men in socially important decisions, equal opportunities for them to combine professional and family responsibilities, preventing gender-based violence, and ensuring that women have a real opportunity to participate in diplomacy, including embracing high-level positions are one of the most important goals that modern democracies must fully achieve. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The topic of gender equality in their works was considered by such scholars as: O. Zakharova, T. Martsenyuk, V. Kobylyatska, E. Makarenko, G. Rudenko, T. Zonova, S. Khabibullina and others, but the current state of women’s participation in the diplomatic life of Ukraine scientists have considered superficially. Target of research. The purpose of this article is to consider the historical development of the principle of gender equality of women in relation to their participation in the diplomatic life of states, as well as to determine the current state and problems of compliance with this principle in Ukraine and identify ways to solve them. Article’s main body. Ukraine has ratified the main international instruments on equal rights and opportunities for men and women, namely the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and acceded to the UN Millennium Declaration and committed itself to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Defining for itself the provision and implementation of gender equality as one of the priorities of public policy. At the national level, gender equality is guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine, the Labor Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men”, the State Program for Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men until 2016 and other legislation. The prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of sex was also included in the new law on civil service. However, the statistics and realities of our state say otherwise, as the number of women diplomats in high positions differs significantly from the number of men who hold them. The main reasons for this situation are traditional gender stereotypes, cultural customs, insufficient attention of foreign policy institutions to ensure gender equality and more. Of course, our state needs a modern revision and an effective legislative and practical solution to this issue. In this article, the authors review the historical development of the establishment and implementation of the principle of gender equality in different countries, namely the direct participation of women and their high positions in the performance of diplomatic functions in the diplomatic service; the opinions of scholars who express the positive impact of women’s participation in the diplomatic sphere, as well as the arguments of those who do not agree with this position; the current state of the quantitative indicator of women in positions in diplomatic missions of Ukraine, including in high positions, is studied; the modern directions of our state concerning the effective decision of a gender problem and full realization of this principle are analyzed; Obstacles that affect the implementation of a balanced gender policy in Ukraine are identified and some ways to solve them are suggested. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The authors came to the conclusion that the involvement of as many women as possible in the diplomatic service of Ukraine will ensure the effective implementation of gender equality and will indicate real reforms in the diplomatic sphere. Stereotypes about women’s weakness and vulnerability must be a thing of the past, as history has repeatedly shown strong women capable of changing their own country or even world trends. Therefore, for our country, the active encouragement of women to diplomatic work will only demonstrate the desire of a democratic state to seek new and innovative in this area. It is with the active participation of women in all world processes, including in diplomatic life, that we will be able to guarantee equality in society, peace and cohesion in different countries of the world.
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Lemishko, Yu M., and O. A. Faiier. "The concept of professional activity in the context of its implementation by foreign service officials." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (April 28, 2022): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.04.66.
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The purpose of this study is to explore and consider the main characteristics of professional activity and highlight the main criteria that a professional shall meet while performing the diplomatic service.
The relevance of the study is due to many socio-political factors. In modern conditions of development and functioning of different states of the world, international relations are meeting significant changes. The study of the conditions for the implementation of professional activities by officials of the diplomatic service is determined by both scientific and practical considerations, since society needs orderliness and predictability of relations in various spheres of life. With the emergence and expansion of types of professional activity as integral attributes of political, international and socio-economic relations, a number of questions arose regarding: a) improving the legal regulation of professional activity, in particular in the field of international relations; b) determination of criteria, both general and special, which an official has to meet performing the diplomatic service; c) determination of the purpose and place of this type of professional activity among its other types.
The source base of the study is the valid legislation of Ukraine, laws and by-laws, the study and comparison of which requires a systematic approach and various research methods, such as: dialectical, logical-legal, system-structural, method of forecasting and comparative law.
In the study, firstly, it is concluded that the content of professional activity consists of the provision of services and works by persons engaged in professional activities. The conditions, procedure, list of services and works, rights and obligations of persons engaged in professional activities and others are enshrined in acts of the valid legislation on the implementation of certain types of professional activities, codes and rules of professional ethics and business practices. Secondly, the criteria that an official of the diplomatic service is obliged to meet shall be more demanding compared to other public officers, especially when it comes to the business reputation of such a person, which means that professional responsibility both to the state and to society shall be elevated.
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Nouwen, Martijn F. "The Market Distortion Provisions of Articles 116-117 TFEU: An Alternative Route to Qualified Majority Voting in Tax Matters?" Intertax 49, Issue 1 (January 1, 2021): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2021003.
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The European Commission is currently exploring how to make full use of the market distortion provisions of Article 116-117 TFEU to end prolonged veto deadlocks in tax matters and to fully deliver on the EU’s fair tax agenda. This article sets out why the market distortion rules do not seem appropriate for any far-reaching EU tax integration initiatives. However, they could complement the diplomatic EU Code of Conduct Group’s work, and the Commission’s use of the State aid rules, in addressing national market distorting tax measures and tax ruling practices of Member States. Market distortion, state aid, harmful tax competition.
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Sick, Gary. "Moral Choice and the Iran-Iraq Conflict." Ethics & International Affairs 3 (March 1989): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1989.tb00215.x.
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In this analysis of the Iran-Iraq war, Sick asserts that two major naturally wealthy regional powers consciously chose to forego diplomatic means to resolve their disputes. Moreover, by blatantly miscalculating and underestimating the damage of armed engagement, the leaders exhibited utter negligence and disobedience of the international code of conduct. With glaring lack of consideration for human anguish in the military attacks, they used children in battle, launched bombing and missile attacks on civilian targets and neutral shipping, and deployed chemical weapons. Implicated as well is the international community, which did little to stem the bloodshed.
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Alexander, Colin. "The Recognition Imperative behind Taiwan’s Public Diplomacy: a Critical Study of Taiwan’s Efforts to Join the World Health Assembly." International Journal of Taiwan Studies 3, no. 1 (February 3, 2020): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24688800-00301005.
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The communications surrounding Taiwan’s recent pursuit of membership of the World Health Assembly (wha) provides an opportunity for a wider discussion about Taiwan, its public diplomacy, and its motives for pursuing inclusion within important international governmental organisations. To this end, this article argues that the island’s recent interest in the wha is primarily motivated by a broader desire to keep Taiwan’s diplomatic marginalisation on the international agenda against the backdrop of China’s ‘unfair’ vetoing. However, the article also makes the wider conclusion that the use of morals and ethics within international affairs are as much about the internal self as they are about the external world in which we reside, and that there exists a selective adherence to these codes, dependent on social circumstances. In this view, contestable moral standards become a struggle in which different actors either attempt to alter the debate to fit themselves or propagate their observance of the prevailing codes.
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Petricca, Francesca. "Filling the Void: Sharīʿa in Mixed Courts in Egypt: Jurisprudence (1876-1949)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 55, no. 4-5 (2012): 718–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341272.
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Abstract Mixed courts were an internationally staffed bench that represented the diplomatic alliances between capitulary powers and the Egyptian government. Decisions delivered by these courts were based on the so-called “mixed codes,” which provided parties to a dispute with substantial scope for legal maneuvering. On the basis of a case study concerning a mortgage on a waqf (charitable endowment), I shall explain how legal actors, in spite of the state strong presence as regulatory agent, took advantage of the loopholes in the mixed-court system. Far from being an obstacle in the quest of justice, legal vagueness became an opportunity for anyone able to expand his own legal horizons beyond the limits imposed by the colonial rule.
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Moura, Vagner Aparecido de. "Língua e Poder: Código Símbolo-cultural, encapsulado nas Relações Intersubjetivas no Interior do Continente Africano." Revista Portuguesa de Humanidades 25, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 341–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17990/rph/2021_25_1_341.
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The current manuscript aims to reverberate the ordinary past: intersubjective relations in the interior of African continent through commercial and diplomatic charters. The cultural symbol-code is reframed, owing to interrelationship with geographical, political and institutional circumstances and historical conditions that foster re-interpretation of code, focused on unveiling the subjectivation and individuation’s process of the African black during 16th and 17th centuries. The object of this study is commercial and diplomatic charters circulate during 16th and 17th centuries and three Ambaquistas’ charters or their disciples circulate during 19th century. In methodological terms, it has adopted a qualitative research, by review of literature, anchored on historical and anthropological perspective, to discuss, through bibliographical research, based on authors: Vansina (2000); Heintz (2005); Margarido (2000) e Santos (2004), the organization, social and political structure of the different temporalities of the event in a diachronic way. To describe the architecture of the epistolary genre of the Ambaquistas’ charters or their disciples was used the following categories: the textual elements and the paratextual elements subdivide into pre-text and post-text. To analysis the constitutive elements of textual materiality of the charters, it has used theoretical framework from Anthropology, Psychoanalysis and French Discourse Analysis for the purpose of indicating the subjectivation and individuation’s marks of the socio-historical subject, Angolan citizen. The author concludes that the charters’ discursive formation values hermetic cosmos in the subjectivation and individuation’s process of African black, makes him impossible not only for experiencing and living the symbolic interactionism, the cultural imaginary in the identity formulation, but also value his respective diacritic signals, because of tensions, identitary clashes and relations of power that profile the different temporalities of social, political and economic structure in the interior of African continent.
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Tommasino, Pier Mattia. "Travelling East, Writing in Italian." Philological Encounters 2, no. 1-2 (January 9, 2017): 28–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-00000022.
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The paper analyses the use of Italian as a literary language in the literature of European travel to the Ottoman Empire during the late Ranaissance. The choice of Italian will be explained as the link between its diffusion in Europe as a language of culture and its practical uses in the Mediterranean as a diplomatic and commercial code or as a tool of religious propaganda. During the late Renaissance, travels to the Ottoman Empire were the continuation of theperegrinatio academicaand theGrand Tourto Italy of high-educated European scholars. In light of this premises, I will present different versions, both manuscripts and in print, of the multilingualrelationeby the Pole Wojciech Bobowski (1610-1675), musician and dragoman in the Ottoman Empire, who wrote a description of the Topkapi Palace for European readers in Italian.
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Othman, Mohd Hafiz, and Ermy Azziaty Rozali. "Implementasi Majallah Al-Aḥkām Al-‘Adliyyah dalam Perundangan di Negeri Johor: Satu Kajian Preliminari." Jurnal Islam dan Masyarakat Kontemporari 21, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/jimk.2020.21.1.440.
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This study aimed to review the influence of Majallah al-Aḥkām al-‘Adliyyah of Ottoman Civil Code towards the Muslim society in state of Johor.The Majallah was restructured by Ottoman Empire in 1869 references to Hanafi’s School. The Majallah was a modern code divided into chapters and comprised generalizes section such as Contract Law, Tort and Evidence Act. Historically, Sultan Abu Bakar was visited to Istanbul and met His Majesty of Caliph Sultan Abdul Hamid II in year 1893 therefore became the first rule of Malay archipalego. The adoption of Majallah al-Aḥkām al-‘Adliyyah in Arabic language as Islamic Civil legislative in year 1893 by Johore Government, also translated to bahasa Melayu in 1913 later during the reigning of Sultan Ibrahim known as Majalah Ahkam Johor. The enforcement according to section 49 and 57 of Johor State Constitution 1895. The methodology using qualitative design based on historical study approach and document analysis. The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between the Johor Government and the Ottoman Empire through the book Majallah al-Aḥkām al-'Adliyyah as well as explaining the diplomatic relations of the two governments. The following study will examine the implementation of Majalah Ahkam Johor in the administration of Islamic law in the state of Johor. This paper identified the implementation of Majalah Ahkam Johor in the court of state of Johore was interrupted after the British appointed a General Advisor in 1914.
Kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh Kerajaan Uthmaniyyah melalui kod Undang-undang Sivil iaitu Majallah al-Aḥkām al-‘Adliyyah terhadap masyarakat Islam di Johor. Majallah al-Aḥkām al-‘Adliyyah digubal oleh Kerajaan Uthmaniyyah pada tahun 1869 dengan menggunakan kaedah fiqh Mazhab Hanafi. Kitab tersebut merupakan satu kod undang-undang moden yang dibahagikan mengikut bab serta fasal yang mengandungi peruntukan umum seperti Undang-undang Kontrak, Tort dan Undang-undang Keterangan. Menurut sejarah, Sultan Abu Bakar mengadakan kunjungan rasmi terhadap Sultan Abdul Hamid II di Istanbul pada tahun 1893 dan merupakan pemerintah pertama dari rantau Nusantara yang berbuat demikian. Kerajaan Johor mengadaptasi kitab Majallah al-Aḥkām al-‘Adliyyah sebagai perundangan Sivil Islam pada tahun 1893, dan kemudiannya diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Melayu pada tahun 1913 ketika pemerintahan Sultan Ibrahim yang dikenali sebagai Majalah Ahkam Johor. Penguatkuasaan penggunaan kitab itu selaras dengan peruntukan seksyen 49 dan 57 Undang-undang Tubuh Kerajaan Johor 1895. Metodologi kajian ini berbentuk kualitatif yang menggunakan pendekatan kajian sejarah dan analisis dokumen. Objektif penulisan ini ialah meneliti hubungan antara Kerajaan Johor dengan Kerajaan Uthmaniyyah melalui kitab Majallah al-Aḥkām al-‘Adliyyah di samping menghuraikan hubungan diplomatik kedua-dua kerajaan. Seterusnya makalah ini akan menilai perlaksanaan Majalah Ahkam Johor dalam pentadbiran undang-undang Islam di negeri Johor. Hasil penulisan mendapati implementasi penggunaan kitab Majalah Ahkam Johor dalam mahkamah negeri Johor terganggu selepas British menempatkan seorang Penasihat Am pada tahun 1914.
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Ilić, Tamara. "Document serving the conclusion of a contract and conveyance of a right: Interweaving of the Roman and Greek legal traditions in Byzantine private law." Pravni zapisi 13, no. 1 (2022): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pravzap0-37349.
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The purchase contract, often referred to as sale and purchase (prᾶsis caὶ ἀgorasίa) as an illustration of its twofold nature derived from the Roman legal tradition, or simply as sale (prᾶsis), is suitable for analyzing different legal issues. In light of typical Byzantine document named pratήrion ἔggraphon, we aim to define the nature of purchase contract in this medieval legal system. Diplomatic formulae contain data about consensus of contractual parties, as well as the fact that a document was drafted "for security", which raises the question of solemnity of this contract. The role the deed has is also discussed in the paper, as in some cases it is uncertain whether the composition and delivery of the document also implied the passing of title. Applied methodological approach takes into account the linguistic interpretation of documentary clauses and legal provisions in codes, and relies on comparative-historical method.
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Ionaș, Diana Geanina. "THE HOLOGRAPHIC TESTAMENT." Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 9, no. 4 (February 3, 2016): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v9i4.2445.
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Ad validitatem, the holographic testament must be handwritten, dated and signed entirely by the testator. The testator entirely handwriting the testament is seen as a guarantee of freedom to express the last will. The dating of the testament must be done by the testator in person. The date must meet two requirements: to be complete and to be exact. As a novelty in the Romanien New Civil Code, we find the need to fulfill a formal procedure subsequent to drawing up the testament and opening the inheritance. Steps to be taken in this regard assume, first, endorsing it for proof of non-alteration. The next stage in opening the holographic testament implies drawing up by a notary public or by the representative of the diplomatic mission, where testaments are drawn up abroad of the record of findings concerning the condition of the testament.
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Vorontsova, Natalia A. "International legal analysis of privileges and immunities of the Eurasian Economic Union (selected customs aspects)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, no. 3 (2021): 676–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.312.
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International treaties on both general and special issues, adopted at the universal, regional and bilateral levels, provide a variety of legal mechanisms for the cooperation of States in one of the branches of international law — international customs law. Here there is a very specific set of international legal norms, of course, corresponding to general international law and at the same time introducing its own characteristics. The article provides an analysis of the privileges and immunities that are within the competence of customs administrations. In particular, the author considers the so-called “customs privileges” provided to a certain category of persons in the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter referred to as EAEU or Union). The article analyzes the customs aspect of the EAEU law and the relevant provisions of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963 regarding the procedure for granting privileges and immunities to certain categories of people, the movement of diplomatic mail and the consular bag. In addition, the practice of the Russian Federation on the above-mentioned issues is described. The relevance of the research topic is due to the adoption of the new EAEU Customs Code in 2017, which has undergone significant changes in terms of customs regulation of the provision of immunities and privileges for a certain category of persons, the legal analysis of which requires correlation with international standards in this field adopted earlier. The peculiarities of customs regulation within the framework of the EAEU, regarding the granting of immunities and privileges to certain categories of persons, are pointed out and adherence to their norms of international law is noted.
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Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz. "SEMIOTICS OF BEHAVIOR IN EARLY MODERN DIPLOMACY: POLISH EMBASSIES IN ISTANBUL AND BAHÇESARAY." Journal of Early Modern History 7, no. 3 (2003): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006503772486883.
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AbstractCeremonial has always played a great role among European and Middle Eastern societies, reflecting the value systems cherished by their elites. Embassy instructions and envoys' reports provide valuable material concerning codes of behavior in early modern diplomacy. What was considered "proper," and how was an envoy expected to behave in order to stress his sovereign's dignity and power? Oriental courts in Istanbul and Bahçesaray developed elaborate ceremonials for foreign envoys. Forced into a deep prostration before the Muslim ruler, sometimes even threatened with physical violence, Polish envoys deeply resented their humiliation. Some of them sought comfort in alcohol, others produced fabulous reports of their imaginary altercations with Ottoman and Crimean dignitaries, and others found pleasure and revenge in contemptuous descriptions of their hosts' "barbarous" habits. Until recently, such diplomatic reports have been used in Polish historiography almost uncritically. Yet such reports often tell us more about their authors' mentalities than about the world they pretend to describe.
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Kuzovkov, Volodymyr, Kyrylo Нorbenko, Oleksandr Smyrnov, and Leonid Smyrnov. "The legal framework of the foreign policy of the Byzantine in the era of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (945-959)." Cuestiones Políticas 40, no. 73 (July 29, 2022): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4073.26.
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The aim of the article is to determine the legal foundations. The methodological basis of the study is analysis and synthesis, systems approach, genetic and comparative methods. Conclusions: The Byzantine law can be traced to the legislation of Basil I and Leo VI. However, jus gentium (law of nations) did not have sufficient representation in their codes. Therefore, the legal basis of Byzantine foreign policy consisted of customs and traditions that had been formed in diplomatic practice in ancient times.The system of international relations of Byzantium was hierarchical. The legal status of each participant in this system was determined by military power, political potential, tradition and religious identity. The relations between Byzantine and Kievan Rus’ can serve as a model of the application of international legal norms, which were based on the treaty of 944, which regulated the legal status of merchants, property rights, mutual military assistance and the use of territories on the coast of the Dnieper River estuary, Beloberezhye and the island of Saint Epherius (Berezan).
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Olayoku, Philip Ademola. "Yoruba-Chinese Ethical Intersectionality: Towards a Community of Shared Future in Afro-Asian Diasporic Spaces." Yoruba Studies Review 4, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/ysr.v4i1.130024.
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Diasporic communities, as geographies of national cultures abroad, are central to cultural hybridity as new cultures emerge when migrants intersect with their host communities. They have also been construed by national governments as informal trajectories for continuities of economic and diplomatic relations. This study examines the cultural intersectionality of the Yoruba and Chinese diasporic communities by situating the points of convergence for normative ethics within the Yoruba – Chinese sociocultural experiences as cross-cultural templates for diasporic spaces serving to consolidate official national partnerships. The study explores case studies from performances of the Chinese Ru tradition, founded on three basic virtues of ren, yi and li, and juxtaposes them with Yoruba ethical equivalents of ṣ’ènìyàn (humaneness), òdodo (righteousness) and ìwà-ètọ́ ̣(propriety) as prerequisites for qualifying as omo ̣ lúàbí ̣ . The study contends that these ethical codes, retained in diasporic communities through family traditions, music and theatre, are viable templates for smooth Nigeria-China relations in building the proposed community of shared future within the context of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
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Wiącek, Elżbieta. "Ethnicity as a Factor Shaping the Communicative Codes in Podróże i poselstwa polskie do Turcyi […] [Travells and Polish Diplomatic Mission in Turkey] by Erazm Otwinowski." Politeja, no. 31 (2014): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.11.2014.31_1.08.
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