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Journal articles on the topic "Diplomatic and consular service – Germany"
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Matiash, Iryna. "German Consulate in Kyiv (1924–1938): Between Diplomacy and Politics." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XXI (2020): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2020-2.
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The article covers the activities of the German mission in Kyiv as a cultural, political, and administrative centre of the Ukrainian SSR in 1924–38 in the status of a consulate and consulate-general. The data about the following heads of the consular institution is provided: Siegfried Hey, Werner Stephanie, Rudolf Sommer, Andor Hencke, and Georg-Wilhelm Grosskopf. The legal basis for the establishment of consular relations between the Ukrainian SSR and Germany was the Treaty on Application of the Treaty of Rapallo signed on 16 April 1922 between the RSFSR and Germany to the Allied Republics of the RSFSR. The consular district of the first German mission covered Kyiv, Chernihiv, Podillia, and Volyn governorates. The mission of the consulate was to inform the government about the internal situation in the Ukrainian SSR, promote trade relations and cultural cooperation, and protect the interests of German citizens. The head of the consulate immediately came under close surveillance of the ODPU (United State Political Department) of the Ukrainian SSR on suspicion of conducting intelligence activities as well as collecting information about the economy, industry, and agriculture in the territory of his consular district. Subsequently, the ODPU increasingly introduced its own agents to the staff of foreign missions as service personnel, and NKVD agents in civilian clothing set up surveillance on the consulate’s premises. They accompanied the consul, the consulate staff, and even some visitors on their way out of the premises. Thus, the secret service collected compromising materials that gave grounds for accusing German diplomats of anti-Soviet activities and espionage. The consul’s correspondence was also under control. When A. Hitler came to power in Germany, the information confrontation between the USSR and the Third Reich began, but official diplomatic and consular relations continued. In his reports, the consul in Kyiv recorded the horrors of the Holodomor, the growing process of party ‘purges’, secret executions and suicides, coupled, from January 1937, with daily reprisals against intellectuals and workers in his consular district. The consulate-general in Kyiv ceased its operation in 1938, the official reason being the streamlining of the number of consular offices of the Third Reich and the USSR. Keywords: German Consulate, Werner Stephanie, Rudolph Sommer, Andor Hencke.
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Kolpakov, A., and A. Bobrov. "The Intake of Young Diplomats as an Instrument of the Russian MFA Renewal." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 4 (2022): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-4-111-118.
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As opposed to the overwhelming majority of researches within the so called “Diplomatic studies” that focus on an institutional design of external services (which appears to be “the form” of diplomacy per se), this article deals with “the substance” of the matter in question, paying special attention to the means and ways of educating and integrating young diplomats into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Unlike the State Department (the USA), Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO, the UK), le Quais d’Orsay (the MFA of France) or Das Auswärtige Amt (the MFA of Germany), that are influenced by the so-called “political appointees”, the Russian diplomatic service is renowned for its “career diplomats”, who generation after generation are recruited into the Ministry to form (by means of different vertical and horizontal ties) a close-knit team that promotes the country’s national interests on the world stage. Thus, the authors explore the process of renewal of the Russian diplomatic service, whereby young diplomats are being purposefully groomed in several national Universities (namely, MGIMO-University or Diplomatic Academy) to subsequently rise through the ranks of the Ministry by taking disparate career trajectories (for example, depending on or, conversely, irrespective of the foreign languages they acquired), occupying different job families (desk work, protocol, interpretation, consular service, public relations, etc.), taking part in a diplomatic rotation that will bring them to various home (in Headquarters) and overseas (Embassies, Permanent Missions and Consulate- Generals) postings and acquiring new ranks as a prerequisite to promotion from junior to senior positions. As a result, Russia’s diplomatic service has come to be seen as a full-fledged system, the key to understanding of which lies not in depicting the existing institutional framework (which appears to be the focus of the overwhelming majority of works on the matter), but in scrutinizing main recruitment principles and the MFA’s personnel policy, thoroughly analyzed in this article.
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Domaniczky, Endre. "Possible Ways for Development of the Consular Service in the South Pacific." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Legal Studies 9, no. 1 (December 2, 2020): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/ausleg.2020.9.1.02.
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The author presents the specifi c elements of diplomatic and consular work in the South Pacifi c region from the perspective of a career diplomat. He shows the main geographical and political characteristics of Australia which infl uence consular activity and also the characteristics of the benefi ciaries of consular services who need to be served by the consular infrastructure. The study presents several models for undertaking Hungarian consular work and for organizing the Hungarian consular network in Australia. The author also outlines current inconsistencies in the regulations applicable to consular activity in Australia under domestic, international, and Hungarian norms as well as functional issues and the possible ways to correct them. In his conclusions, the author formulates proposals for the redesign of consular organization in Australia.
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Szabó, Mátyás. "Die juristische Bildung an der k.u.k. Konsularakademie, mit Fokus auf die staatsrechtlichen Studien." PRÁVNĚHISTORICKÉ STUDIE 52, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/2464689x.2022.4.
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The institutional predecessors of the recent Diplomatic Academy in Vienna took a significant impact on the civil service of the Habsburg Monarchy. The Oriental Academy was founded by empress Maria Theresia in 1754 to train dragomans for the eastern relations. The Academy stood under Jesuit influence and became a secular institution in the middle of the 19th century. By this time the political and legal studies had been dominated on behalf of human and natural sciences and the Academy had been turning to a special institution for training professionals for the foreign service (central service, diplomatic service, consular service). In 1898 the Oriental Academy was transformed into the Imperial and Royal Consular-Academy by Minister Gołuchowski. This reform affected the educational structure as well and the institution focused on the consular branch. The quota of political and economical courses increased as a reflection to the intensive global trade, but on the other hand Austrian and Hungarian Constitutional Law were also set in the new educational system due to the public legal transformation of the Monarchy in 1867 (Austro-Hungarian Compromise). This study aims to present the brief institutional history of the Oriental and Consular Academy and the way the educational system of the Academy had evolved. At last, it is going to be observed to what extent constitutional legal studies were represented in the courses of the institution and how they interpreted the disputed legal nature of the dualistic Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.
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Klynina, Tetiana. "Rogers Act 1924: establishment of a professional USA Foreign Service." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 10 (2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2020.10.3.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the formation of the legal framework that made possible the existence and functioning of the US foreign service. The purpose of the article is to clarify the preface and the course of formation of the professional foreign service of the United States, which was reflected in the adoption of the Rogers Act. The methodological basis of the study. The study was based on the principle of historicism, which contributed to the consideration of the phenomenon under study in its development and made it possible to identify periods in the formation of a professional diplomatic service. The use of the problem-chronological method contributed to the preservation of the historical heredity and integrity of the picture; the application of the comparative method made it possible to identify significant changes that occurred after the adoption of Rogers’ Law, which was considered through the use of the method of analysis. A historiographical description of the main scientific works devoted to the research topic is given. Analyzed works A. Evans, T. Lay, I. Stewart etc., which became the basis for the study. The scientific novelty lies in the systematization of ideas about qualitative and quantitative changes in the diplomatic service after the adoption of the relevant law. The author concludes that before the adoption of the Rogers Act there was no control over the selection of diplomatic and consular staff and the negative consequences of such a decision were especially evident during the First World War. Therefore, the historical conditions in which America found itself at that time became a challenge for the continued existence of the consular and diplomatic services, and therefore the issue of restructuring and modernization of these services in the United States and its transfer to another, qualitatively new level. In general, the author emphasizes the change in the status of foreign service, which was introduced by relevant legislation, namely the Rogers Act, the need for which was caused by certain historical conditions of the American state and its place on the world stage. Prior to the enactment of the Diplomatic Service Act, there was virtually no control over the selection of diplomatic and consular personnel representing the United States on the world stage. After the First World War, it became clear that the diplomatic service needed to be restructured. That is why Rogers’ law was passed, which, in fact, was the first legislative attempt to resolve this issue.
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Collet, Steven. "Modernizing the Dutch Diplomatic Service: A Work in Progress." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 10, no. 4 (October 23, 2015): 440–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-12341324.
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A small country with a big international footprint, the Netherlands depends on the world around it for its future security, prosperity and well-being. Its wide diplomatic network is managed by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is responsible for policy in the areas of foreign relations and trade, European cooperation, development cooperation and consular services provided to Dutch nationals abroad. Responsibility for foreign trade was added to the ministry’s core tasks when the present Dutch government was formed in 2012. This article looks at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ major programme of reforms and spending cuts—‘Modernizing the Diplomatic Service’—which was started three years ago to ensure that the diplomatic service remains well placed to fulfil its roles. The article discusses the rationale behind the programme, the approach taken, and discusses the reforms that have been introduced and the lessons learned. Finally, the article considers elements for future reform.
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Czubik, Paweł. "Scope of the immunity of the honorary consul in the light of some bilateral consular conventions (case study)." Problems of Economics and Law 3, no. 2 (October 22, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7213.
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The article is regarding issues of the scope of the immunity of the honorary consul in the treaty particular situation, when the double-sided consular convention being in force between the sending but assuming state isn't distinguishing between professional but honorable consular officers, at the simultaneous sweep the immunity of the consul. In such a situation a fundamental problem is arising - how to treat the honourable consular officer sending you under the immunity account. Theoretically the host country has two possibilities. He can acknowledge that the silence of the bilateral convention on separating the honorable consular service means that the bilateral convention under the immunity account refers only to professional consuls. He/she will be marking it, that honorary consuls will be treated according to standards of the Vienna Convention on consular relationships from 1963 He can however accept, that sometimes very strong jurisdictional immunity guaranteed by the bilateral convention (answering as for of one's scope for diplomatic immunity) will concern both consular categories in the identical scope. Presenting arguments starting to speak is a purpose of the present text too both with interpretations without ultimate determining the correctness one or of second interpretation of norms.
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Csatlós, Erzsébet. "Consular cooperation in third states: Some aspects concerning europanisation of foreign service for EU citizens." Bratislava Law Review 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2017.1.1.57.
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The EU does not aim to harmonize the public administration of Member States, although, in recent years, there have been several examples which prove that EU legislation in whatever policy inevitably and unavoidably results in some standardization. In 2015 the EU replaced its former decision with a directive to enhance Member States to co-ordinate consular assistance in third States. Every EU citizen has the right to enjoy, in the territory of a third State in which the Member State of which they are nationals is not represented, the protection of the diplomatic and consular authorities of any Member State on the same conditions as the nationals of that State. This provision of Article 23 of TFEU not solely requires the cooperation of administrative authorities of foreign service but implicitly means a kind of harmonization of substantive law, leads to organizational changes and affects administrative procedural rules of Member States.
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Seheda, Olha, and Volodymyr Smolianiuk. "Modern Processes of Digitalization in Diplomatic Service of Ukraine and Kuwait." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 44 (December 15, 2021): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2021.44.77-88.
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The paper provides an overview of the current digital diplomacy (DD) practices being implemented by the Ministries of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of Ukraine and Kuwait. Given the fact that digital diplomacy is becoming an integral part of the foreign policy in numerous countries, it appears reasonable to analyze the latest experience of Ukraine and Kuwait which represent a fast implementation of digital instruments in their diplomatic practices. Both states are considered as long-time partners which enjoy a fruitful experience of mutual cooperation and have certain peculiarities in the use of digital diplomacy. At the same time, high technologies transform the traditional diplomacy, dramatically increasing the digital impact on the practice and priorities of international relations. Such challenges as digital diplomatic management, targeting of widening key audiences and increasing transparency of diplomatic actions have already become a new reality for modern diplomats. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the goals, tool-kit and challenges of digital diplomacy of Ukraine and Kuwait. The paper also presents a comparative analysis of existing positive practices of Ukraine and Kuwait in digital diplomacy. This research made it possible to trace the key areas of the digitalization processes in the diplomatic services of Ukraine and Kuwait including consular online services, digitalization of diplomats’ training, the use of digital instruments in the routine diplomatic procedures etc. The author elaborated a comparative table outlining the similarities and differences of digital diplomacy of the mentioned countries. The study confirms that digital diplomacy can be helpful in a range of issues, from internal communication between government bodies to security challenges (e.g. countering information threats and disinformation in the online network). Thus, the coordinated and comprehensive digitalization of diplomatic practice is no longer a subject of discussions on feasibility but a priority on the diplomatic agendas.
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Możdżeń-Marcinkowski, Michał. "SPECYFIKA REGULACJI ADMINISTRACYJNOPRAWNEJ W PRAWIE KONSULARNYM. WYBRANE PROBLEMY USTROJOWE I PROCEDURALNE." Studia Iuridica, no. 87 (October 12, 2021): 354–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2020-87.17.
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The article discusses a significantly modified regulation within administrative law applied in the consular service. There seems to be a need for a voice in the discussion regarding the legal status of a Consul of the Republic of Poland (as well as the other members of the diplomatic corpus) as seen from an administrative law point of view. In the background of two regimes of administrative and consular law, it is also undoubtedly necessary to indicate the basic procedural border problems. A very typical example are the modified administrative procedures provided for diplomacy, with particular emphasis put on the importance of jurisdictional administrative proceedings lead by the consul. The administrative procedure constructed in this way by the legislature differs in many points from the general administrative procedure performed by other Polish authorities. Therefore, to some extent, it can be perceived as a specific administrative consular law. The aim of this article is to signal the typical procedural differences and to point out their sources. “Consular administrative law” can be perceived as a special administrative procedure, which does not constitute part of the general administrative procedure applicable to all national authorities and citizens in Poland, but which still is a sub-branch of Polish consular law which applies to the Polish citizens and foreigners in a specific administrative situations. The existence of so-called “consular administrative law”, however, presupposes one fundamental condition, which is having and maintaining foreign relations in the first place.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Diplomatic and consular service – Germany"
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Falcke, Jeannette. "Studien zum diplomatischen Geschenkwesen am brandenburgisch-preußischen Hof im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert /." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0701/2006402928.html.
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余忠傑 and Chung-kit Yu. "The establishment and development of the embassy system in late Qing dynasty." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42925708.
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Yu, Chung-kit. "The establishment and development of the embassy system in late Qing dynasty Qing mo zhu wai shi jie zhi du de she li he fa zhan /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42925708.
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Spies, Yolanda Kemp. "Meeting the challenge of developing world diplomacy in the 21st century : an assessment of perspectives on contemporary diplomatic training." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08102006-134244/.
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Ito, Hikoko. "The Japanese Consulate and the Japanese Cultural Centre." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25951610.
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Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996.Added title page title: Japanese cultural centre in Hong Kong. Includes special report study entitled: Semiotic meaning of Mezirushi in architecture. Includes bibliographical references.
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Seccia, Giovanni. "La missione cattolica in Sudan vista e vissuta da protagonisti ed osservatori tirolesi, 1858-1862 /." Roma : Missionari comboniani, 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/53109847.html.
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Maybarduk, Sharon M. "An exploration of factors associated with reentry adjustment of U.S. foreign service spouses : a project based upon an independent investigation /." View online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/5911.
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Kearns, Mary Pinckney. "Secession diplomacy a study of Thomas Butler King, commissioner of Georgia to Europe, 1861 /." Click here to access thesis, 2006. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/summer2006/mary%5Fp%5Fkearns/kearns%5Fmary%5Fp%5F200605%5Fma.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia Southern University, 2006."A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts" ETD. Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-140) and appendices.
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Tiba, Johannes Kgotso. "Partnership and outsourcing as tools for increased access to consular services : a case of South African High Commission in the United Kingdom / Johannes Kgotso Tiba." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9455.
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The provision of consular services is an obligation of every government to its citizens who are living abroad. In providing such services, efforts must be made to ensure that they are accessible to all citizens, wherever they may be. Under the current economic climate, maintaining an extensive network of embassies and consulates around the world is an expensive venture. It is against this background that governments must be innovative in providing services by ensuring that private and third sector organizations are involved, in order to complement their work of ensuring that consular services reach their citizens at affordable costs - wherever they are.
Besides rendering consular services to South African (SA) citizens, consular offices can be a vital investment vehicle of the government abroad, by ensuring that much-needed investment is obtained. Furthermore, the consular services can serve as the first line of defence of a country, by ensuring that people who can cause harm to the country do not enter it. Despite the daunting challenges facing the post-apartheid government in SA, a number of changes have been undertaken to ensure that consular services are modernized. However, those changes have been inadequate and have fallen short of meeting the expectations of most South African citizens who are living abroad.
This study makes a vital contribution on the concept of using partnership and outsourcing as tools for increased access to consular services in one of the critical missions of SA abroad - the United Kingdom, by showing that the traditional way of rendering consular services from a diplomatic mission is inadequate to reach potential customers scattered in parts of the host country. The study concludes with significant recommendations that, inter alia, include even using post offices and the internet to ensure that consular services reach all parts of the United Kingdom, where South Africans live. Given that consular services have inherent security implications, the study also notes that among factors that must be taken into account before outsourcing consular services, or even setting up a partnership, the chosen service providers must, amongst other things, be able to maintain and protect the confidentiality of their customers.Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Carmo, Gessica Fernanda do [UNESP]. "Os soldados de terno?: ruptura, crise e reestruturação da diplomacia brasileira (1964-1969)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154035.
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Este trabalho aborda o papel do Ministério das Relações Exteriores (MRE-Itamaraty) após o golpe de Estado de março de 1964, especificamente durante as gestões Castelo Branco (1964- 1967) e Costa e Silva (1967-1969). Sustentamos que o órgão não é uma burocracia insulada, mas sim um órgão que pode, como qualquer outra instituição, assimilar interesses políticos e ideológicos dos governantes do momento e atuar em função destes. Argumentamos que isso vale também para seu comportamento nos anos de institucionalização do regime ditatorial no Brasil. Procuramos compreender como o Ministério se comportou analisando três processos principais: o expurgo realizado no órgão, a formulação da política externa do novo regime e o esforço de legitimação internacional do mesmo por meio da diplomacia. Para avaliar nossa hipótese, utilizamos a literatura especializada, os principais documentos oficiais do período e duas bases de dados exclusivas: a primeira, dos diplomatas brasileiros (1889 a 2010) e, a segunda, de eventos de política exterior (1930 a 1985). Com isso, a dissertação nos ajudará a compreender como o Itamaraty reagiu frente a mudanças do regime governamental e as consequências disso para a própria organização diplomática.
This dissertation examines the role of the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MREItamaraty) after the March 1964 coup d’État, specifically during the administrations of Castelo Branco (1964-1967) and Costa e Silva (1967-1969). We argue that the Ministry is not an insulated bureaucracy, but rather an organ that can, as any other government agency, assimilate the political and ideological interests of the ruling groups and act based on them. We argue that this holds true for its behavior during the institutionalization of the dictatorial regime in Brazil. We tried to understand how the MRE behaved through the analysis of three main processes: the purge carried out in the institution, the foreign policy formulation of the new regime, and its effort to gain international legitimacy through diplomacy. In order to evaluate our hypothesis, we used the specialized literature on the subject, the main official documents of the period, and two exclusive databases: the first, a database on Brazilian diplomats (from 1889 to 2010); the second, a database on foreign policy events (from 1930 to 1985). By doing so, this dissertation will help us understand how Itamaraty responded to regime changes and the consequences for the diplomatic organization itself.
Este trabajo aborda el papel del Ministerio de las Relaciones Exteriores (MRE-Itamaraty) con posterioridad al golpe de Estado de marzo de 1964, específicamente durante las gestiones Castelo Branco (1964-1967) y Costa e Silva (1967-1969). Sustentamos que el órgano no es una burocracia aislada, mas que puede, como cualquier otra institución, asimilar intereses políticos e ideológicos de los gobernantes del momento y actuar en función de este. Argumentamos que eso vale también para su comportamiento en los años de institucionalización del régimen dictatorial en Brasil. Procuramos comprender como el Ministerio se comportó analizando tres procesos principales: la expurgación realizada en el órgano, la formulación de la política externa del nuevo régimen y el esfuerzo de legitimación internacional do mismo por medio de la diplomacia. Para evaluar nuestra hipótesis, utilizamos la literatura especializada, los principales documentos oficiales del período y dos bases de datos exclusivas: la primera, de los diplomáticos brasileros (1889 a 2010) y, la segunda, de eventos de política exterior (1930 a 1985). Con eso, la disertación nos ayudará a comprender como Itamaraty reaccionó frente a las mudanzas del régimen gubernamental y las consecuencias de esto para la propia organización diplomática.
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Books on the topic "Diplomatic and consular service – Germany"
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Westphalen, Joseph von. Diplomatic pursuits. North Haven, CT: Catbird Press, 1995.
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Maria, Keipert, Grupp Peter, and Germany. Auswärtiges Amt. Historischer Dienst., eds. Biographisches Handbuch des deutschen Auswärtigen Dienstes, 1871-1945. Paderborn: F. Schöningh, 2000.
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Rudschies, Jochen. Die bayerischen Gesandten 1799-1871. München: Kommission für Bayerische Landesgeschichte, 1993.
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Handbuch der Diplomatie, 1815-1963: Auswärtige Missionschefs in Deutschland und deutsche Missionsschefs im Ausland von Metternich bis Adenauer. München: K.G. Saur, 2001.
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Berufsbild, "Diplomat": Auswahl und Ausbildung der Anwärter des höheren Auswärtigen Dienstes der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1995.
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Gröbsch, Jürgen. Der Dienst für Internationale Verbindungen der NVA: Einblicke in ein Schattenreich. Berlin: Köster, 2003.
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Das Auswärtige Amt in Wilhelminischer Zeit. Münster: Scriptorium, 2001.
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Hampe, Karl-Alexander. Das Auswärtige Amt in der Ära Bismarck. Bonn: Bouvier, 1995.
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Rabant, Tomasz. Niemiecki konsulat w Toruniu w latach 1922-1939. Toruń: Centrum Edukacji Europejskiej, 2003.
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Belkovet︠s︡, L. P. Gescheiterte Hoffnungen: Das deutsche Konsulat in Sibirien 1923-1938. Essen: Klartext, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Diplomatic and consular service – Germany"
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"The ‘Pleasantest Post’ in the Service? Contrasting British Diplomatic and Consular Experiences in Early Liberal Italy." In Exiles, Emigrés and Intermediaries, 141–57. Brill | Rodopi, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789042030695_009.
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Kornicki, Peter. "HMS Pembroke V, Alias Station X, Alias Bletchley Park." In Eavesdropping on the Emperor, 71–98. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0004.
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Bletchley Park absorbed most of the graduates of the Bedford Japanese School but could never get enough Japanese linguists. Consequently, the Naval Section and the Air Section began running their own Japanese courses within Bletchley Park: after the elimination of Italy from the war, Italian linguists working at Bletchley Park were given crash courses in naval Japanese by John Lloyd, who had worked for the British consular service in Japan. It was at Bletchley Park that the dispatches of the Japanese ambassador in Berlin, General Ōshima Hiroshi, were deciphered and translated. Ōshima was a personal friend of Hitler and was extremely well informed on Hitler’s intentions and was unaware that his extensive dispatches to Tokyo were being intercepted and read in London, thanks to the breaking of the Japanese diplomatic cypher machine by American codebreakers.
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Blejwasm, Stanislaus A. "Jan Karski (1914–2000)." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 15, 519–24. Liverpool University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774716.003.0046.
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This chapter is an obituary for Jan Karski. He was a Polish Catholic who, as a courier for the Polish underground, risked his life and bore witness to the Holocaust and who was hailed as a hero of the Jewish people. He was raised in an ardent Catholic and patriotic family, but one free of the antisemitism characteristic of the political culture of the Polish right at that time. A brilliant student, Karski went on to receive degrees in law and diplomatic studies at Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv in 1935. He did military service in 1935 and 1936 in an artillery training school, and then studied in Germany, Switzerland, and Great Britain, mastering languages. He entered Poland’s foreign service in 1938, a step towards his dream of becoming an ambassador. He was mobilized in 1939 and captured by the Red Army when it joined Nazi Germany in invading Poland.
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Dimitrijević, Bojan. "AKTIVNOSTI SLUŽBE DRŽAVNE BEZBEDNOSTI RSUP-a SR HRVATSKE U ISTRAŽIVANJU DIVERZIJA U BEOGRADU 1968. i 1973." In Jugoslavija – između ujedinjenja i razlaza: Institucije jugoslovenske države kao ogledalo srpsko-hrvatskih odnosa 1918–1991. Knjiga 2, 159–96. Institut za savremenu istoriju; Hrvatski institut za povijest, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29362/2022.2664.dim.159-196.
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Diversions carried in Belgrade at main Railway station and “20 October” cinema, during spring and summer of 1968, caused terrible effect in broader Yugoslav and especially, Belgrade public and remained remembered until nowadays. No matter that two persons of Croatian nationality were sentenced - as those who planted the explosives which caused these diversions, all activities of the State Security Service (SDB, or Sluzba drzavne bezbednosti) showed numerous unsolved dilemmas. Even more, in the case of the July and September explosions in 1968, the SDB remained without any exact fact on eventual bomb-planter for over ten months after the diversions. No matter that extensive network of operatives and collaborators were engaged in Yugoslavia and the diaspora as well. Even more, the SDB documents showed that beside those “main” diversions, a nearly half-dozen of other minor diversions were carried in the same period. All of them remained unsolved as well as the one carried at Belgrade railway station in 1973. Existing traces that the main diversions in Belgrade 1968, could have been carried by the individual from Germany were never taken into a sincere consideration. Yugoslav state, federal and Croatian SDB put emphasis on these cases as the pretext for huge operations against the Croatian emigration in Western Europe. Mostly in West Germany and Austria. Radical circles in Croatian diaspora were organized in different organizations with political aim of independent Croatia. Few of them, in this period, did not hesitated to take the terrorist actions, such as assassinations of different Yugoslav representatives abroad, attacks on Yugoslav consular and other institutions and sending the small armed groups into Yugoslavia with task to facilitate eventual uprising against actual communist rule. Such activities reached the peak in period between mid-1960s and late 1970s. Part of the chase against the Croatian terrorists (revolutionaries) were carried through the investigation of those diversions carried in Yugoslavia 1968-1973, with assistance of the West European police services. They assisted the Yugoslav efforts and carried several arrests and trials for those emigrants for whom the evidence were gathered that they were active in those terrorists activities. For the part of them in which cases formal evidence could not be obtained, the SDB conducted assassinations in the same and later period. Those actions were carried by the different operatives of SDB. The article was written based on original documents of the SDB, that belonged to Socialist Republic of Croatia, which were preserved in Croatian State Archives.
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Batey, Mavis. "Breaking machines with a pencil." In The Turing Guide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747826.003.0019.
Full textAbstract:
Dilly Knox, the renowned First World War codebreaker, was the first to investigate the workings of the Enigma machine after it came on the market in 1925, and he developed hand methods for breaking Enigma. What he called ‘serendipity’ was truly a mixture of careful observation and inspired guesswork. This chapter describes the importance of the pre-war introduction to Enigma that Turing received from Knox. Turing worked with Knox during the pre-war months, and when war was declared he joined Knox’s Enigma Research Section at Bletchley Park. Once a stately home, Bletchley Park had become the war station of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), of which the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) was part. Its head, Admiral Sir Hugh Sinclair, was responsible for both espionage (Humint) and the new signals intelligence (Sigint), but the latter soon became his priority. Winston Churchill was the first minister to realize the intelligence potential of breaking the enemy’s codes, and in November 1914 he had set up ‘Room 40’ right beside his Admiralty premises. By Bletchley Park’s standards, Room 40 was a small-scale codebreaking unit focusing mainly on naval and diplomatic messages. When France and Germany also set up cryptographic bureaux they staffed them with servicemen, but Churchill insisted on recruiting scholars with minds of their own—the so-called ‘professor types’. It was an excellent decision. Under the influence of Sir Alfred Ewing, an expert in wireless telegraphy and professor of engineering at Cambridge University, Ewing’s own college, King’s, became a happy hunting ground for ‘professor types’ during both world wars—including Dillwyn (Dilly) Knox (Fig. 11.1) in the first and Alan Turing in the second. Until the time of Turing’s arrival, mostly classicists and linguists were recruited. Knox himself had an international reputation for unravelling charred fragments of Greek papyri. Shortly after Enigma first came on the market in 1925, offering security to banks and businesses for their telegrams and cables, the GC&CS obtained two of the new machines, and some time later Knox studied one of these closely.