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1
Cheng, Yuan, Jun Liang, Xian Xie, and Xingyao Zhang. "Effect of Plant Diversity on the Occurrence of Diplodia Tip Blight in Natural Secondary Japanese Red Pine Forests." Forests 12, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081083.
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Diplodia tip blight caused by Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko and B. Sutton is a serious threat to the health of natural secondary Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) forests. To explore the effect of plant diversity on Diplodia tip blight disease occurrence, the correlation between Diplodia tip blight in P. densiflora and plant diversity in various stand types and vertical structure layers were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficients and generalized linear model while keeping environmental factors relatively consistent. Disease index of Diplodia tip blight in P. densiflora was positively correlated with the plant diversity indices in the tree layers of P. densiflora–conifer mixed forest. In contrast, it was negatively correlated with the plant diversity indices in the tree layers of P. densiflora–hardwood mixed forest and P. densiflora pure forest. In shrub–herb layers of all stands except the P. densiflora pure forest herb layer, the disease index was positively correlated with the plant diversity indices. The prediction models for the disease index of Diplodia tip blight in the P. densiflora–hardwood mixed forest, P. densiflora–conifer mixed forest, and P. densiflora pure forest were also established. The foregoing results suggest that in the Kunyu Mountains of China, the differences in plant diversity among various stand types and vertical structure layers have different effects on the occurrence of Diplodia tip blight in P. densiflora. Plant diversity largely reflects the occurrence of Diplodia tip blight disease. However, if the effect of plant diversity on Diplodia tip blight is fully reflected, the plant species characteristics, especially tree genetic relationships, should be considered. In this way, plant species diversity structure in natural secondary Japanese red pine forests may be modified through forest management to lower the incidence of Diplodia tip blight.
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Larsson, Rebecca, Audrius Menkis, and Åke Olson. "Diplodia sapinea in Swedish forest nurseries." Plant Protection Science 57, No. 1 (December 3, 2020): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/68/2020-pps.
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Diplodia sapinea is a common forest pathogen on Pinus spp. in a large part of the world. In 2013, disease caused by this pathogen on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees in Sweden was reported for the first time. In this study, we report the first detection of D. sapinea on diseased seedlings of P. sylvestris from two Swedish forest nurseries. Infected seedlings were collected July–November 2019. Diplodia sapinea was identified by morphological characteristics of fungal structures on plant tissues and from culture grown on Hagem agar media, followed by sequencing of fungal ITS rDNA. The result emphasizes the susceptibility of P. sylvestris seedlings. More research is needed to better understand the risk for disease spreading within forest nurseries and into the forest through infected plant material.
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Hartman, John, Lisa Vaillancourt, Jennifer Flowers, and Amy Bateman. "Managing Diplodia Tip Blight of Landscape Austrian Pines." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2009.007.
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A long-term survey of 449 Austrian pines growing on the University of Kentucky campus revealed that Diplodia tip blight disease killed 84% of the trees during a 15-year period and that the pines developed increasing levels of disease as they aged. Treatments consisting of the fungicides oxycarboxin, debacarb, or tebuconazole or water were injected into the lower trunk and root flare of individual trees in a block of mature, diseased pines for 4 years. The fungicide treatments did not significantly affect disease levels. The causal fungus could be isolated readily from diseased and symptomless shoots regardless of the treatment. Diplodia pinea was very sensitive to tebuconazole and debacarb in in vitro fungicide tests. Basal drenches with paclobutrazol affected shoot growth but did not significantly reduce tip blight disease levels or tree mortality. Under midsouth United States climate conditions, Diplodia tip blight of Austrian pines is destructive and very difficult to manage.
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Anderson, Nolan R., Carl A. Bradley, and Kiersten A. Wise. "Diplodia Leaf Streak of Corn: A Diagnostic Guide." Plant Health Progress 22, no. 2 (January 1, 2021): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-01-21-0002-dg.
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The official common name of the foliar disease on corn is Diplodia leaf streak, often given the shorthand nomenclature DLS. The only known host of DLS is corn (Zea mays). The fungus that causes DLS is Stenocarpella macrospora (syn. Diplodia macrospora). DLS symptoms can be confused with several common foliar diseases of corn. This guide details symptoms and signs, as well as pathogen identification.
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Aragonés, Ana, Tania Manzanos, Glen Stanosz, Isabel A. Munck, Rosa Raposo, Margarita Elvira-Recuenco, Mónica Berbegal, et al. "Comparison of Diplodia Tip Blight Pathogens in Spanish and North American Pine Ecosystems." Microorganisms 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2021): 2565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122565.
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Diplodia tip blight is the most ubiquitous and abundant disease in Spanish Pinus radiata plantations. The economic losses in forest stands can be very severe because of its abundance in cones and seeds together with the low genetic diversity of the host. Pinus resinosa is not genetically diverse in North America either, and Diplodia shoot blight is a common disease. Disease control may require management designs to be adapted for each region. The genetic diversity of the pathogen could be an indicator of its virulence and spreading capacity. Our objective was to understand the diversity of Diplodia spp. in Spanish plantations and to compare it with the structure of American populations to collaborate in future management guidelines. Genotypic diversity was investigated using microsatellite markers. Eight loci (SS9–SS16) were polymorphic for the 322 isolates genotyped. The results indicate that Diplodia sapinea is the most frequent Diplodia species present in plantations of the north of Spain and has high genetic diversity. The higher genetic diversity recorded in Spain in comparison to previous studies could be influenced by the intensity of the sampling and the evidence about the remarkable influence of the sample type.
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Salamiah, Salamiah, Badruzsaufari Badruzsaufari, and Muhammad Arsyad. "JENIS TANAMAN INANG DAN MASA INKUBASI PATOGEN BOTRYODIPLODIA THEOBROMAE PAT. PENYEBAB PENYAKIT KULIT DIPLODIA PADA JERUK." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 8, no. 2 (November 4, 2011): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.28123-131.
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Alternative hosts and Incubation period of Botryodiplodia theobromae the causal of diplodia bark diseases on citrus. Citrus is one of the important horticulture commodities in South Kalimantan. Citrus growers in the region encounter diplodia disease caused by a genus of Botryodiplodia. There is no single method practiced today proved to be effective control for the disease. Insufficient information of the pathogen life cycle is considered to contribute in the failure of disease management. Information of the alternative hosts and incubation period of the pathogens is very crucial in the diseases management. The experiments were carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Diseases and at a Glass House of the Department of Plant Pests and Diseases of the Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University in Banjarbaru from March – October 2006. The experiments were conducted in three phases, i.e. (1) identification of pathogen, (2) the study of alternative hosts, and (3) the study of incubation periods of the pathogen in the test plants. Results showed that the diplodia disease of citrus “Siam Banjar” was caused by a fungus of the genus Botryodiplodia theobromae. The pathogen can also infected chasew and avocado plants. The Incubation periods of the pathogen in citrus, chasew, and avocado were 64, 39 and 39 days, respectively.
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Javandira, Cokorda, Ni Putu Eka Pratiwi, Ramdhoani, Luh Putu Yuni Widyastuti, and I. Gusti Ayu Diah Yuniti. "Pengenalan Penyakit Busuk Batang pada Tanaman Jeruk di Desa Awan Kecamatan Kintamani." Nusantara Community Empowerment Review 1, no. 2 (July 28, 2023): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.55732/ncer.v1i2.957.
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Jeruk siam adalah komoditas hortikultura penting dan bernilai ekonomis. Mitra pengabdian masyarakat adalah Kelompok Tani Tegal Sari di Desa Awan, Kecamatan Kintamani, Provinsi Bali yang Bertani jeruk Siam. Mitra memiliki masalah produktivitas rendah pada budidaya buah jeruk Siam akibat serangan penyakit busuk batang (Botryodiplodia theobromae). Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk mengenalkan pengetahuan dan mendampingi mitra desa Awan dalam mengetahui gejala, tanda dan jenis-jenis penyakit diplodia serta memberikan upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit busuk batang pada tanaman jeruk Siam. Hasil kegiatan pengabdian menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan mitra desa Awan terhadap gejala, tanda dan jenis-jenis penyakit diplodia serta memberikan upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit busuk batang pada tanaman jeruk Siam. Juga, mitra dapat menambah peralatan pengendalian penyakit untuk pertanian jeruk Siam. Siamese orange is an important horticultural commodity and has economic value. The community service partner was the Tegal Sari Farmers Group in Awan Village, Kintamani District, Bali Province. Mitra has a problem of low productivity in Siam citrus fruit cultivation due to stem rot disease (Botryodiplodia theobromae). This community service activity aims to introduce knowledge and assist Awan village partners in knowing the symptoms, signs and types of diplodia disease and provide efforts to prevent and control stem rot disease in Siam citrus plants. The results of the community service activities showed an increase in the knowledge of Awan village partners regarding the symptoms, signs and types of diplodia disease and provided efforts to prevent and control stem rot disease in Siam citrus plants. Also, partners can add disease control equipment to Siam citrus farms.
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Fernandez, Olivier, Christelle Lemaître-Guillier, Aurélie Songy, Guillaume Robert-Siegwald, Marc-Henri Lebrun, Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe Larignon, Marielle Adrian, and Florence Fontaine. "The Combination of Both Heat and Water Stresses May Worsen Botryosphaeria Dieback Symptoms in Grapevine." Plants 12, no. 4 (February 8, 2023): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040753.
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(1) Background: Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) have become a global threat to vineyards worldwide. These diseases share three main common features. First, they are caused by multiple pathogenic micro-organisms. Second, these pathogens often maintain a long latent phase, which makes any research in pathology and symptomatology challenging. Third, a consensus is raising to pinpoint combined abiotic stresses as a key factor contributing to disease symptom expression. (2) Methods: We analyzed the impact of combined abiotic stresses in grapevine cuttings artificially infected by two fungi involved in Botryosphaeria dieback (one of the major GTDs), Neofusicoccum parvum and Diplodia seriata. Fungal-infected and control plants were subjected to single or combined abiotic stresses (heat stress, drought stress or both). Disease intensity was monitored thanks to the measurement of necrosis area size. (3) Results and conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that combined stresses might have a stronger impact on disease intensity upon infection by the less virulent pathogen Diplodia seriata. This conclusion is discussed through the impact on plant physiology using metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of leaves sampled for the different conditions.
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Dorrance, A. E., K. H. Hinkelmann, and H. L. Warren. "Diallel Analysis of Diplodia Ear Rot Resistance in Maize." Plant Disease 82, no. 6 (June 1998): 699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.6.699.
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A diallel cross of seven inbreds and one synthetic line of maize were analyzed in 1994 and 1995 for their reaction to Diplodia ear rot. An additional inbred line was included in the 1995 analysis. Plants were inoculated by placing a pycnidiospore suspension (5 × 103 spores per ml) of Stenocarpella maydis in the whorl at the V14 to V15 growth stage. Crosses were evaluated for disease incidence of Diplodia ear rot at harvest, and the percentage of plants with Diplodia ear rot in a plot was used for analysis. In both years, general combining ability (GCA) effects were significant. In 1995, specific combining ability effects were also significant. There were no reciprocal effects. There was no significant interaction between year and genotypes, indicating that crosses reacted the same in both years. Inbred lines B37, H111, B68, and MS had negative GCA effects that contributed toward resistance in both years. VA26, with intermediate resistance to Diplodia ear rot, contributed toward susceptibility. Only inbred lines with a high degree of resistance should be used as parents.
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Zhao, Wei, Jinhe Bai, Greg McCollum, and Elizabeth Baldwin. "High Incidence of Preharvest Colonization of Huanglongbing-Symptomatic Citrus sinensis Fruit by Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Diplodia natalensis) and Exacerbation of Postharvest Fruit Decay by That Fungus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 1 (October 24, 2014): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02972-14.
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ABSTRACTHuanglongbing (HLB), presumably caused by the bacterium “CandidatusLiberibacter asiaticus,” is a devastating citrus disease associated with excessive preharvest fruit drop.Lasiodiplodia theobromae(diplodia) is the causal organism of citrus stem end rot (SER). The pathogen infects citrus fruit under the calyx abscission zone (AZ-C) and is associated with cell wall hydrolytic enzymes similar to plant enzymes involved in abscission. By means of DNA sequencing, diplodia was found in “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-positive juice from HLB-symptomatic fruit (S) but not in “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-negative juice. Therefore, the incidence of diplodia in fruit tissues, the impact on HLB-related postharvest decay, and the implications for HLB-related preharvest fruit drop were investigated in Hamlin and Valencia oranges. Quantitative PCR results (qPCR) revealed a significantly (P< 0.001) greater incidence of diplodia in the AZ-C of HLB-symptomatic (S; “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” threshold cycle [CT] of <30) than in the AZ-C of in asymptomatic (AS; “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”CTof ≥30) fruit. In agreement with the qPCR results, 2 weeks after exposure to ethylene, the incidences of SER in S fruit were 66.7% (Hamlin) and 58.7% (Valencia), whereas for AS fruit the decay rates were 6.7% (Hamlin) and 5.3% (Valencia). Diplodia colonization of S fruit AZ-C was observed by scanning electron microscopy and confirmed by PCR test and morphology of conidia in isolates from the AZ-C after surface sterilization. DiplodiaCTvalues were negatively correlated with ethylene production (R= −0.838 for Hamlin;R= −0.858 for Valencia) in S fruit, and positively correlated with fruit detachment force (R= 0.855 for Hamlin;R= 0.850 for Valencia), suggesting that diplodia colonization in AZ-C may exacerbate HLB-associated preharvest fruit drop.
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Luna, Martha P. Romero, and Kiersten A. Wise. "Timing and Efficacy of Fungicide Applications for Diplodia Ear Rot Management in Corn." Plant Health Progress 16, no. 3 (January 2015): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-15-0010.
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Diplodia ear rot, a corn (Zea mays L.) disease caused by the fungus Stenocarpella maydis (Berk.) B. Sutton, has been a persistent ear rot across the United States. Management options are currently limited. Field trials conducted under inoculated and non-inoculated conditions were established at two locations in Indiana from 2011 to 2013 to test the fungicides azoxystrobin plus propiconazole and prothioconazole against Diplodia ear rot. Fungicides were applied at three individual growth stages during each year. Fungicides did not consistently reduce Diplodia ear rot compared to non-fungicide-treated controls in any year. Applications also did not consistently increase yield at any timing under inoculated and non-inoculated plots compared with the non-fungicidetreated control. Fungicides were tested in an in vitro assay to determine the effective fungicide concentration at which 50% of mycelial growth or conidial germination of S. maydis was inhibited (EC50). Propiconazole and prothioconazole EC50 values indicated efficacy in reducing fungal growth under controlled conditions; however, current fungicide application methods and plant barriers to fungicide contact with the pathogen may prevent these products from effectively reducing Diplodia ear rot in a field setting. Accepted for publication 23 August 2015. Published 1 September 2015
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Soenartiningsih, Soenartiningsih. "Uji Ketahanan beberapa Varietas Unggul Jagung terhadap Penyakit Gibberella dan Diplodia." Biosfera 32, no. 2 (May 10, 2015): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.mib.2015.32.2.301.
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Gibberella and Diplodia ear rot is a disease that can damage the corn cobs and corn kernels resulting in lower quality and quantity of seed. The objective of the research are to find the varieties of corn which are resistant the ear rot disease Gibberella and Diplodia. This study was conducted in Limang Karo regency, North Sumatera, a randomized block design with three replications, each treatment comprised 4 rows and each row contained 25 plants with a spacing of 75 x 20 cm. The results showed 25 Hybrid maize tested against Gibberella ear rot there are 7 Hybrid corn hybrids that are resistant to ear rot Kenia-2, NK33, Bima 3, Bima 10 Bima 12 Q, NEI-9008 and X8B649 (check resistance) and moderately resistance there are 9 hybrid that Kenia-3, DK979, NK22, P12, Gumarang, Srikandi putih, Lamuru and Sukmaraga and 9 hybrid to ear rot disease were reacted susceptible and highly susceptible. Whereas from 25 Hybrid maize tested against Diplodia ear rot there are 6 Hybrid corn hybrids resistant to ear rot disease is Kenia - 2, NK33, Bima 3, Bima 12 Q, NEI-9008 and X8B649 (check resistance) while that is moderately resistancet there are 11 hybrid that is Kenia-3, DK979, NK22, P29, Bisi 2, P12, Bima 10, Gumarang, Srikandi putih, Lamuru and Sukmaraga, while 8 hybrid others were reacted susceptible and highly susceptible.
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Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi, H. T., A. G. A. Kaya, A. Lehtijärvi, F. Oskay, and Ö. D. Kaya. "Occurrence and genetic similarity of Diplodia pinea on shoots and cones in seed orchards of Pinus spp. in north-western Turkey." Plant Protection Science 50, No. 4 (November 14, 2014): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/17/2014-pps.
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Diplodia shoot blight disease can cause significant damage on coniferous trees and be particularly injurious to cones, which reduces the amount of seed production and germination. We investigated the disease severity and genetic variation of Diplodia pinea in one Pinus nigra and two P. sylvestris seed orchards. Disease surveys were carried out in İzmit (Marmara region, Turkey) in May 2012. Symptomatic shoots and cones were examined for the presence of pycnidia. Cultural and morphological characteristics of the isolates were studied using cultures grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Based on morphological characteristics and results using species specific primers, the pycnidia on shoots and cones were identified as D. pinea. In addition, Random Amplified Microsatellite Sequence (RAMS) analyses indicated that there was a single genet of D. pinea which caused the disease in the seed orchards. All of the 60 sampled trees were found to be infected by the fungus. There were differences in disease severity among the stands.
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Wahyuni, WS, SD Nurcahyanti, and N. Nurhayati. "The effectivity of bordeaux and california slurries to control wet diplodia disease on citrus siem variety." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1168, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1168/1/012022.
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Abstract Wet diplodia disease on the citrus plants is caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae Path. Symptoms of this disease generally is stem necrosis, produced a yellowish slimy gum. canker, and death of citrus plants. This research was to evaluate the effectivity of bordeaux and california slurries to control wet diplodia disease on citrus siem variety. The research was conducted at citrus farmer’s fields at Krai Village, Yosowilangun, Lumajang from July to December 2021. There were around 40% plants infected from 100 plant were sampled, each 20% samples was treatment with either Bordeaux (Bordo-Indonean) or California slurries. A total of 12 out of 20 sick plants were recover after abou 5-6 months cured with Bordo slurry (60%) and 8 plants out of 20 infected trees became healthy after cured with California slurry (40%). The results showed that Bordo slurry was more effective than California slurry. Therefore, the used of Bordo (Cu) slury then was informed and recommended to the farmers for controlling this disease.
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Blumenstein, Kathrin, Johanna Bußkamp, Gitta Jutta Langer, Ewald Johannes Langer, and Eeva Terhonen. "The Diplodia Tip Blight Pathogen Sphaeropsis sapinea Is the Most Common Fungus in Scots Pines’ Mycobiome, Irrespective of Health Status—A Case Study from Germany." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7080607.
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The opportunistic pathogen Sphaeropsis sapinea (≡Diplodia sapinea) is one of the most severe pathogens in Scots pine, causing the disease Diplodia tip blight on coniferous tree species. Disease symptoms become visible when trees are weakened by stress. Sphaeropsis sapinea has an endophytic mode in its lifecycle, making it difficult to detect before disease outbreaks. This study aims to record how S. sapinea accumulates in trees of different health status and, simultaneously, monitor seasonal and age-related fluctuations in the mycobiome. We compared the mycobiome of healthy and diseased Scots pines. Twigs were sampled in June and September 2018, and filamentous fungi were isolated. The mycobiome was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of the ITS2 region. A PERMANOVA analysis confirmed that the mycobiome community composition significantly differed between growth years (p < 0.001) and sampling time (p < 0.001) but not between healthy and diseased trees. Sphaeropsis sapinea was the most common endophyte isolated and the second most common in the HTS data. The fungus was highly abundant in symptomless (healthy) trees, presenting in its endophytic mode. Our results highlight the ability of S. sapinea to accumulate unnoticed as an endophyte in healthy trees before the disease breaks out, representing a sudden threat to Scots pines in the future, especially with increasing drought conditions experienced by pines.
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Mujib, Abdul. "Use of Trichaderma sp. For Biological Control of Diplodia Disease in Siam Banjar Citrus." TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 4, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v4i2.64.
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Siam Banjar Citrus has a very bright prospect to be develoved, becomes a contributor to the national fruit products with various types and varieties and has the production that does not depend on seasons. Diplodia disease in citrus still becomes a major problem because it causes loss of high yield and affecth the gain of production. The disease, caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae pat., indicates symptoms of lesions on citrus trunk, such as narrow lines on the trunk, and can cause plant death due to the disruption of transport of water and nutrients from the soil to the plants. The objectives of the research were to find out the effects of the interaction between Trichokompos fertilizer sp.,to determine the combination of Trichokompos fertilizer and Tricjoderma sp. Solution for Diplodia disease control. The study was conducted from january to april 2012, in Rantau Badauh sub- district. This experiment employed Randomized Blok Design (RBD) consisting of three replications and two factors , namely the dosage of Trichokompos fertilizer (0 kg, 10 kg and 20 kg), and the dosage of Trichoderma sp. (0 g/l lt EKG, 50 g/l lt EKG , 100 g/l lt EKG, 150g/l lt EKG and 200 g/l lt EKG). The observations were conducted on the presence of fungi and the measurement of bark lesions. The result showed that there was no intraction between the two treatmeants, and the significant effect of the application of Trichoderma sp. Against the widespread symptoms of doplodia at all observation time with the best dosage was 50 g/l ECG. The results of the regression indicated that the higher concentration and the longer time of the applicatin of Trichoderma sp. Would reduce the widespread of symptoms caused by diplodia in citrus.
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Kaiser, W. J., G. M. Rivero V., and E. Valverde B. "First Report of Diplodia Cane Dieback of Grapevine in Bolivia." Plant Disease 93, no. 3 (March 2009): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-3-0320a.
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Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is an important commercial crop in the temperate regions of Bolivia where it has been grown for hundreds of years. In October of 2001, diseased canes of grape (cv. Muscat of Alexandria) were collected in a vineyard in Yotala, Department of Chuquisaca in southern Bolivia. In this planting of more than 1,000 plants, more than 75% were exhibiting cane dieback symptoms and many were dead or dying. No disease was observed on grape berries. Symptoms of the disease were similar to those reported for Diplodia cane dieback (1). Cankers ranging from 2 to 10 cm long and 0.5 to 3 cm wide were observed. When diseased canes were placed in a moist chamber, conidia oozed from pycnidia in black cirri. Immature conidia were hyaline and one-celled, but mature conidia were dark brown (20 to 30 × 10 to 15 μm) with one median septum and longitudinal striations. The pathogen was tentatively identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (synonyms Diplodia natalensis Pole-Evans and Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.), teleomorph Botryosphaeria rhodina (Cooke) Arx) (2). Fungi were isolated from cankers on diseased canes by surface disinfestation in 0.25% NaOCl for 5 min and placing small pieces of tissue on 2% water agar or potato dextrose agar (PDA). L. theobromae was isolated from these tissues. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by inoculating grape berries and canes with the pathogen. Five grape berries were surface disinfested and inoculated by wounding with a sterile scalpel and inserting a piece of fungal mycelium on PDA in the wounded sites. The same number of control berries was similarly treated with sterile PDA. Inoculated and control berries were placed in plastic, moist chambers in the laboratory at ambient temperature (15 to 28°C) in the dark. Five canes on two potted plants were inoculated with the same isolate of the pathogen in a similar manner as the berries. The inoculated and control sites on canes were wrapped with masking tape. Plants were placed in a moist chamber for 5 days. After 8 days, inoculated berries were rotting and the inoculated sites were covered with grayish mycelium. Within 12 days, cankers as much as 3 cm long developed on the inoculated canes, and in some lesions, black pycnidia were observed. No lesions developed in the wounded control canes. The pathogen was reisolated from inoculated berries and canes, but not from control berries or canes. The teleomorph was not observed on any naturally infected canes or on those inoculated with the anamorph. The pathogen was identified as L. theobromae based on symptoms (1), cultural and morphological characteristics (2), and pathogenicity tests. The disease poses a potential threat to the cultivation of grapevine in southern Bolivia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Diplodia cane dieback of grapevine in Bolivia. References: R. C. Pearson and A. C. Goheen. Compendium of Grape Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1988. (2). E. Punithalingam. No. 519 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, England, 1976.
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Linaldeddu, Benedetto T., Francesco Bottecchia, Carlo Bregant, Lucia Maddau, and Lucio Montecchio. "Diplodia fraxini and Diplodia subglobosa: The Main Species Associated with Cankers and Dieback of Fraxinus excelsior in North-Eastern Italy." Forests 11, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11080883.
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In Italy, after the first report in Friuli-Venezia Giulia along the border with Slovenia in 2009, ash dieback has successively been reported in Veneto, Tuscany and Trentino-Alto Adige. Given its alarming expansion in European ash formations along the sub-montane belt of north-eastern Italy and the limited information about the associated fungal microorganisms; since 2017, a study has been conducted in order to isolate and characterize the fungal species involved in the aetiology of the disease. The surveys were conducted in six ash–maple forests distributed along the Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia pre-Alpine regions (Italy). In each site, the health status of ash trees was assessed and a sample (shoot or branch) with the typical symptoms of the disease was taken from ten trees to isolate the associated pathogens. The fungal colonies developed were identified using morphological features and DNA sequences. The 60 samples processed yielded a total of 109 fungal isolates belonging to 9 families including: Botryosphaeriaceae (62 isolates), Diaporthaceae (18), Nectriaceae (10), Didymellaceae (9), Helotiaceae (5), Diatrypaceae (2), Didymosphaeriaceae (1), Phaeosphaeriaceae (1) and Valsaceae (1). In particular, three species—Diplodia subglobosa, Diplodia fraxini and Diaporthe eres—were isolated with high frequency, while Hymenoscyphus fraxineus was isolated from only five plants distributed in four sites. The pathogenicity tests, conducted on 3-year-old seedlings, detached branches (3–4 cm diameter), and leaves of Fraxinus excelsior, showed that Diplodia fraxini is the most virulent species and the only one able to reproduce the symptoms observed in nature. Overall, the results obtained emphasize that several fungal pathogens are involved in the aetiology of the disease, many of which belong to the Botryosphaeriaceae family.
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Anggraini, Tiara, Salamiah Salamiah, and Zairin Zairin. "Pengendalian Penyakit Diplodia Pada Tanaman Jeruk Dengan Bubur California dan Campuran Antara Insektisida, Fungisida & Zat Pengatur Tumbuh." Agroekotek View 1, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/agtview.v1i1.654.
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Citrus plants (Citrus sp.) Currently experiencing major problems with the presence of diplodiadisease both wet and dry. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Californiaporridge and mixture of Microthiol, Primavit, Sidametrin and Ridomil against diplodia skindisease in Siam Banjar orange plant in Batola district. This research was conductedexperimentally using Completely Randomized Design. Based on the results obtained bycontrolling diplodia disease with no treatment (control), california slurry, and the mixturebetween pesticides and growth regulators did not have a significant difference. The largestaverage yield reduction was on the california slurry treatment of 3.15 cm2, followed by thesecond largest reduction area by a mixture of pesticides and growth regulators by 2.49 cm2 andthe widest reduction area of attack by no pesticied (control) of 1.39 cm2
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Kwon, Sungmun, Jungyeon Kim, Younmi Lee, Kotnala Balaraju, and Yongho Jeon. "Identification and Characterization of Diplodia parva and Diplodia crataegicola Causing Black Rot of Chinese Quince." Plant Pathology Journal 39, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.oa.03.2023.0039.
Full textAbstract:
Fungal isolates from infected Chinese quince trees were found to cause black rot in Yeongcheon, Gyeongsangbuk Province, Korea. The quince leaves withered and turned reddish-brown and fruits underwent black mummification. To elucidate the cause of these symptoms, the pathogen was isolated from infected leaf and fruit tissues on potato dextrose agar and Levan media. Several fungal colonies forming a fluffy white or dark gray mycelium and two types of fungi forming an aerial white mycelium, growing widely at the edges, were isolated. Microscopic observations, investigation of fungal growth characteristics on various media, and molecular identification using an internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-α genes were performed. The fungal pathogens were identified as <i>Diplodia parva</i> and <i>Diplodia crataegicola</i>. Pathogenicity tests revealed that the pathogen-inoculated fruits exhibited a layered pattern, turning brown rotting; leaves showed circular brown necrotic lesions. The developed symptoms were similar to those observed in the field. Fungal pathogens were reisolated to fulfill Koch’s postulates. Apples were inoculated with fungal pathogens to investigate the host range. Strong pathogenicity was evident in the fruits, with browning and rotting symptoms 3 days after inoculation. To determine pathogen control, a fungicidal sensitivity test was conducted using four registered fungicides. Thiophanate-methyl, propineb, and tebuconazole inhibited the mycelial growth of pathogens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation and identification of the fungal pathogens <i>D. parva</i> and <i>D. crataegicola</i> from infected fruits and leaves of Chinese quince, causing black rot disease in Korea.
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Jannah, Nurul Afiyatul, Ahmad Syauqi, and Hari Santoso. "Isolasi Bakteri Endofit pada Tanaman Jeruk Keprok (Citrus reticulata) Madura dan Uji Potensi Antagonis dengan jamur Diplodia sp." BIOSAINTROPIS (BIOSCIENCE-TROPIC) 5, no. 1 (August 6, 2019): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/e-jbst.v5i1.235.
Full textAbstract:
Endophytes can produce large quantities of bioactive metabolites, which are involved in the relationship between endophytes and hosts. Among the potential antagonistic bacteria that can be used as biological controllers are endophytic bacteria, namely bacteria that live in plant tissues and can move between tissues. One alternative to controlling diseases in citrus plants is to use biological agents that are antagonistic to the cause of the disease. Exploration of biological agents was carried out by isolating endophytic bacteria leaves of Madura varieties. The aim of researh was to determine the diversity index of endophytic bacteria from the leaves of Madura variety and to know the antagonistic colonies of endophytic bacteria toward Diplodia sp. The study used descriptive and experimental methods with taking into account the research objectives. Observations were carried out using PCA (Plate Count Agar) media, NA (Nutrient Agar), and MCA (Mac Conkey Agar). Diversity index of endophytic bacterial microorganisms isolated from the leaves of Madura varieties, namely 9 types of bacterial colonies obtained E1 milky white, E2 milky white, E3 milky white, E4 milky white, E5 white, E6 white, E6 white, E7 white, E8 Yellow and E9 clear white. After the antagonistic test of the nature of the bacterial colonies with the diplodia fungus sp, there were four types of antagonistic endophytic bacteria colonies namely E3 percentage (47.5%), E4 percentage (35.31%), E6 percentage (35%), lastly E9 percentage (63, 43%).
Keywords: Endophytic bacteria, orange leaves, diplodia fungus.
ABSTRAK
Endofit dapat menghasilkan bioaktif metabolit dalam jumlah banyak, yang terlibat didalam hubungan antara endofit dan inang. Diantara bakteri potensial antagonis yang dapat digunakan sebagai pengendali hayati adalah bakteri endofit yaitu bakteri yang hidup didalam jaringan tanaman dan dapat berpindah antar jaringan. Salah satu alternatif pengendalian penyakit pada tanaman jeruk adalah menggunaan agen hayati yang bersifat antagonis terhadap penyebab penyakit. Eksplorasi agen hayati dilakukan dengan mengisolasi bakteri endofit daun tanaman jeruk keprok varietas Madura. Tujuan penelitian adalah menentukan indeks keragaman mikroorganisme bakteri endofit daun jeruk keprok varietas Madura dan mempelajari sifat Antagonis koloni bakteri Endofit kepada jamur Diplodia sp. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskrptif dan eksperimental dengan dengan mempertimbangkan tujuan penelitian. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan mengunakan media PCA (Plate Count Agar), NA (Nutrient Agar), dan MCA (Mac Conkey Agar). Indeks keragaman mikroorganisme bakteri endofit yang diisolasi dari daun jeruk keprok varietas Madura yaitu ada 9 macam koloni bakteri yang didapat E1 warna putih susu, E2 putih susu, E3 putih susu, E4 putih susu, E5 putih, E6 putih, E7 putih, E8 Kuning dan E9 putih bening. Setelah dilakukannya uji antagonis sifat dari koloni bakteri dengan jamur diplodia sp ada empat macam koloni bakteri endofit yang bersifat antagonis yaitu E3 persentase (47,5%), E4 persentase (35,31%), E6 persentase (35%), terakhir yaitu dari E9 persentase (63,43%).
Kata kunci: Bakteri Endofit, daun jeruk, jamur Diplodia sp.
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Virrey, Enrico C. "Antifungal activity of Citronella essential oil against stem-end rot of mango." Journal of Applied Horticulture 25, no. 02 (August 30, 2023): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37855/jah.2023.v25i02.23.
Full textAbstract:
Stem-end rot caused by Diplodia natalensis is one of the significant postharvest diseases causing setbacks in the mango industry. Essential oil shows excellent potential as an alternative method in controlling postharvest diseases, which are considered safe and biodegradable with no residual effect. Hence, the study was conducted to determine the antifungal activity of Citronella essential oil against Diplodia natalensis (Pole Evans), to identify the effective concentration of Citronella essential oil to control D. natalensis in vitro and to evaluate the potential of citronella oil as treatment against stem-end rot disease of mango fruit. Results showed that citronella oil at 30% - 80% concentration exhibits fungistatic activity. At the same time, Citronella at 90% concentration showed fungicidal activity, which was most effective, showing complete inhibition of mycelial growth in the in vitro experiment. Furthermore, a significant reduction in fruit decay and percent fruit decay was noted with the 90% concentration of Citronella essential oil compared with the control in the in vivo experiment. However, no significant differences were observed between treatments regarding the length of exposure at 90% concentration of the essential oil. These results suggest that Citronella essential oil can potentially control stem-end rot in mangoes.
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Juhásová, G., k. Adamčíková, and M. Kobza. "Sphaeropsis tip blight disease of Austrian pine in urban greenery." Horticultural Science 33, No. 1 (November 23, 2011): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3734-hortsci.
Full textAbstract:
An extent of the damage of Austrian pine trees was evaluated in urban greenery in selected sites in Slovak Republic during the years 2004–2005. Fungi Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.: Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton (syn. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) J. Kickx fil) and Pestalotia sp. were diagnosed on all observed trees. Symptoms of the disease were recorded. S. sapinea was isolated successfully from needles and from cone scales. The growth rate of hyphae of mycelium and the mean daily growth were evaluated on three types of cultivated media at different temperatures. The highest mean daily growth of mycelium was recorded on maltose agar at 25°C after 24 hours of cultivation (31.7 mm). Conidia of S. sapinea and Pestalotia sp. on water agar began to germinate after 3 and 2 hours, respectively. After 6 hours the mean germination rate of conidia of S. sapinea was 81.75% (from cone) and 89.3% (from needles); for Pestalotia it was 88.5%.
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Darge, Wendu A. "Diversity of Pathogenic Fungi on Plantation Forests of North and North-West Ethiopia." International Journal of Phytopathology 6, no. 2 (August 29, 2017): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.006.02.2254.
Full textAbstract:
Forest plantations in Ethiopia are mainly exotic genera of Eucalyptus, Cupressus, Casuarina, Pinus and native Juniperus species. Plantations species have suffered at varying degrees of attack by disease causing agents, particularly Amhara region is among regions with plantation forests that have in recent years been subjected to attack by diseases in Ethiopia. Plantation trees in commercial stands, farmlands and woodlots were surveyed for diseases symptoms in 20 selected areas of Amhara and Tigray from May to June 2016.Leaf blight, leaf spot, tip blight and stem canker were the most common symptoms appeared during the survey period with leaf spot and stem canker the most prevalent. Tree samples showing clear disease symptoms were collected, surface sterilized, cultured and morphologically characterized for pathogen identification. A total of 42 isolates of fungi colonies were identified from samples collected of 20 localities. Morphological characterization of fungal isolates reveals, six fungal genera belonging to Alternaria, Dioplodia, Pestalotiopsis, Curvularia, Phoma, and Penicillium were the cause of the symptoms of the symptoms of the observed disease. Among the isolates 14 (33.3%) were Alternaria species, 15(37.7%) were Phoma species, and the remaining 13 isolates were Diplodia3(7.2%), Pestalopsis7(16.7%), Curvularia2(4.7%) and Penicillium1 (2. 4%).Based on the findings of the study Phoma lingam, Phoma glomerata, Alternaria alternata, genera of Curvularia, Pestalotiopsis, Penicillium, and Diplodia were found to be the cause of diseases of the tree plantations. Phoma and Alternaria species were the most prevalent isolates, showing a majority of symptoms observed on plantations were due to their co-infection. The pathogenicity test result of the research also confirms fungal isolates were the cause of the symptoms of the disease observed. The findings of this research enable to study and design appropriate management options for the future prevention and control of the diseases especially when there is prolonged environmental stress in the country.
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Ren, Ninghong, Lei Wang, and Chongjuan You. "Diversity, Community Structure, and Antagonism of Endophytic Fungi from Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Mongolian Pine Trees." Journal of Fungi 10, no. 3 (March 13, 2024): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof10030212.
Full textAbstract:
Diplodia tip blight, caused by Diplodia sapinea (=Sphaeropsis sapinea), are widely distributed in Honghuaerji, Inner Mongolia, China, causing severe damage on natural Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica). D. sapinea is an endophyte that becomes pathogenic under conditions of drought, hail damage, or temperature-associated stress. The role of the endophytic community inhabiting different pine tissues in the expression of disease is still unknown. In this study, the diversity and community structure of endophytic fungi among asymptomatic and symptomatic Mongolian pine were detected using culture-based isolation and high-throughput sequencing (HTS), and the potential antagonistic endophytes against D. sapinea were also screened. The results indicated that 198 and 235 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from different tissues of symptomatic and asymptomatic Mongolian pine, respectively. D. sapinea was the most common endophyte isolated from the current-year needles and shoots of symptomatic trees, and Diplodia was also the most common in the HTS data. There were no significant differences in the endophytic fungal species richness among asymptomatic and symptomatic trees, but there were differences observed within specific sampled tissues. The ANOSIM analysis confirmed that the endophytic fungi community structure significantly differed between sampling tissues among symptomatic and asymptomatic Mongolian pine. Furthermore, the antagonism study revealed Penicillium fructuariae-cellae with the ability to inhibit the growth of D. sapinea in vitro, and the potential performance of this fungus, acting as biological control agent, was evaluated under greenhouse. Our findings can pave the way to a better understanding of the interactions between D. sapinea, other endophytic fungi and their hosts, and provide helpful information for more efficient disease management strategies.
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Úrbez-Torres, J. R., F. Peduto, P. M. Vossen, W. H. Krueger, and W. D. Gubler. "Olive Twig and Branch Dieback: Etiology, Incidence, and Distribution in California." Plant Disease 97, no. 2 (February 2013): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-12-0390-re.
Full textAbstract:
Eighteen different fungal species were isolated from symptomatic wood of olive trees (Olea europaea) affected by twig and branch dieback in California and identified by means of morphological characters and multigene sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), a partial sequence of the β-tubulin gene, and part of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (EF1-α). These species included Diaporthe viticola, Diatrype oregonensis, Diatrype stigma, Diplodia mutila, Dothiorella iberica, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phomopsis sp. group 1, Phomopsis sp. group 2, and Schizophyllum commune, which are for the first time reported to occur in olive trees; Eutypa lata, Neofusicoccum luteum, Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme, and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, which are for the first time reported to occur in olive trees in the United States; and Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, and Trametes versicolor, which have been previously reported in olive trees in California. Pathogenicity studies conducted in olive cultivars Manzanillo and Sevillano showed N. mediterraneum and Diplodia mutila to be the most virulent species and Diatrype stigma and D. oregonensis the least virulent when inoculated in olive branches. Intermediate virulence was shown for the rest of the taxa. This study demystifies the cause of olive twig and branch dieback and elucidates most of the fungal pathogens responsible for this disease in California.
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AIELLO, Dalia, Carlo BREGANT, Antonia CARLUCCI, Vladimiro GUARNACCIA, Giorgio GUSELLA, Benedetto Teodoro LINALDEDDU, Laura MUGNAI, Maria Luisa RAIMONDO, and Giancarlo POLIZZI. "Current status of Botryosphaeriaceae species in Italy: Impacts on agricultural crops and forest ecosystems." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 62, no. 3 (December 30, 2023): 381–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14711.
Full textAbstract:
Many fungi belonging to Botryosphaeriaceae are well-known as causal agents of diseases in economically and ecologically important agricultural crops and forest trees. In Italy, the high diffusion of Botryosphaeriaceae infections observed over the last decade, has shown the importance of this group of fungi, which are becoming limiting factors for plant production in agricultural systems, nurseries and natural and urban landscapes. Global warming and stress factors such as occasional extreme climatic events can affect the susceptibility of host plants, as well as fungus behaviour, increasing the risk of future infections. Available reports of Botryosphaeriaceae in Italy have been examined, focusing on wood and fruit pathogens, resulting in a list of ten genera and 57 species. Diplodia is the most widespread genus in Italy with 76 records on 44 hosts, while at species level, Neofusicoccum parvum, Botryosphaeria dothidea and Diplodia seriata show the widest host ranges and many records. The ability of the pathogens to remain latent on asymptomatic plants, and uncontrolled trade of plant materials among countries, facilitate the dissemination and potential introduction of new Botryosphaeriaceae species. Preventive detection and adequate control strategies are always needed to limit the potential damage caused by Botryosphaeriaceae. This review had particular emphasis on host-pathogen associations, disease symptoms, geographic distribution, metabolite production, and accurate pathogen identification.
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Intini, M., A. Panconesi, M. L. Ben Jamâa, G. Stanosz, and D. Smith. "First Report of Diplodia Canker of Cypress Caused by Diplodia pinea f. sp. cupressi on Mediterranean Cypress in Tunisia." Plant Disease 89, no. 11 (November 2005): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-1246a.
Full textAbstract:
Symptoms of decline were observed on Mediterranean cypress trees (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Tunisia in 2003 and 2004; disease specimens were vouchered as FIAF 38649. The declining, windbreak trees in the Cap Bon Region were 25 to 30 years old. Severity of symptoms varied among trees. Thus, areas of reddish, withered foliage alternated with areas that were still green. Other trees were completely withered. The bases of withered branches and tree trunks bore slightly sunken cankers with longitudinal bark cracks that oozed drops of resin. When the outer layer of a cankered area was scraped away, dark brown inner bark tissue was seen to extend up to several centimeters around the canker. Cross sections through cankers on trunks and branches revealed extensive darkened, wedge-shaped sectors in the wood. The affected bark bore numerous black pycnidia. Conidia were mostly smooth, ovoid, hyaline, and aseptate; a few were brown with a medial septum. The mean conidial dimensions (n = 100) were 27 × 11 μm; the extreme range was 19 to 31 × 8 to 13 μm. Isolates obtained from affected host tissue and conidia developed mainly floccose colonies that were white, then greyish green, and finally dark gray black on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C. Blackish pycnidial fructifications containing typical conidia were produced after 5 weeks on autoclaved cypress seeds placed on the colonies under light. Pathogenicity was tested using five 3-year-old potted Mediterranean cypress trees. These were inoculated by placing 3-mm-diameter plugs of mycelium of isolate DF IMG86 (DAOM 234788) from the edge of a 15-day-old colony on PDA on 5-mm-diameter wounds made in the bark. The wounds were covered with cotton wool moistened with sterile water and wrapped in adhesive tape. Similar wounds on five control trees received a plug of sterile PDA. Symptoms occurred as early as the third week after inoculation. The leaves first became yellow and then turned amaranth red, after which they progressively withered. Two months after inoculation, cankers were clearly visible at the inoculation site. Isolates from these cankers were morphologically similar to those used for inoculation. The control plants did not show any disease symptoms and their wounds healed normally. Morphological, cultural, and pathological characteristics of the fungus isolated from cypress with decline symptoms were similar to those of the fungus referred to as Diplodia pinea f. sp. cupressi or Sphaeropsis sapinea f. sp. cupressi (1). Identification was confirmed by marker analysis by using intersimple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction (2). Banding patterns for isolate DF IMG86 were produced using primers HYH(GY)7 and (CAG)5 and were identical to those for Diplodia pinea f. sp. cupressi isolates 94-3 (DAOM 229437) and 95-158 (DAOM 229439) and differed from those obtained for isolates of Diplodia pinea (S. sapinea A group), D. scrobiculata (S. sapinea B group), Botryosphaeria obtusa, and B. stevensii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this pathogen in Tunisia. The development of D. pinea f. sp. cupressi on cypress windbreaks in the Cap Bon Region may be related to a drought that has afflicted Tunisia for the past 5 years. Reference: (1) Z. Solel et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 9:115, 1987. (2) S. Zhou et al. Mycol. Res. 105:919, 2001.
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Doccola, Joseph, John Aiken, Marianne Waindle, Donald Grosman, and Srdjan Acimovic. "Systemic Tree Injection of Propizol (14.3% wt./wt. propiconazole ME) in Austrian Pine (Pinus nigra) for Control of Diplodia Tip Blight (Diplodia pinea)." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2020.004.
Full textAbstract:
"Diplodia tip blight (Diplodia pinea) affects mature pines, including Austrian (Pinus nigra) and Ponderosa (P. ponderosa) pines. Infections spread from needle fascicles to branch and, if unchecked, to the entire tree. Efficacy studies of fungicide injections in conifers are limited. Minute vascular tissues and resin exudate, a response to drilling, present impediments to injection. The efficacy of Propizol (14.3% propiconazole) for control of Diplodia tip blight in Austrian pines was evaluated. We evaluated (1) time of year, (2) injection spacing, and (3) fungicide dilution with respect to injection efficiency. Late fall injections expedited uptake, which is consistent with the reduced monoterpene emission rates in autumn and winter reported by Kim et al. 2005 and Lim et al. 2008. The time required for the dose to be administered was recorded for close and wide spacing of injection sites. Close spacing had the greatest impact on reducing the application time, irrespective of time of year. Low volume injections required less time to apply compared to high volume. Regardless of the application method, we observed a significant decrease in disease incidence in Propizol-treated trees. Injections applied in late fall resulted in a mean reduction in infections of new candles in the next growing season. Injections in the following spring, however, did not result in improvement in candle condition until a year later. We believe that these differences are based on whether the fungicide was applied prior to or after infection. Based on these findings, we recommend Propizol prior to infection for optimal results.
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Jiao, Z. J., Y. C. Kan, and S. L. Huang. "First Report of Dieback Disease on Cedars Caused by Diplodia seriata in China." Plant Disease 98, no. 9 (September 2014): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-14-0309-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Cedars (Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don) are well known as evergreen ornamental trees widely used in horticulture in temperate climates. In March 2013, dieback symptoms were found on cedar trees in different locations (including the campus of Nanyang Normal University) in Nanyang (33°01′ N, 112°29′ E), a southwestern city of Henan Province, China. Characteristic symptoms included needle discoloration and defoliation, canker formation and gummosis on trunks and branches, browning and tissue necrosis under the bark as well as dieback of branches/trunks. Of 873 cedar trees investigated, 139 (16%) were symptomatic. A total of 21 Diplodia sp. isolates were obtained from 102 tissue pieces randomly sampled from the lesion margins of 31 affected trees with a conventional method for isolation of culturable fungal species from plant tissues. Monohyphal cultures were isolated from actively growing edges of colonies to purify the isolates. The purified isolates were grown on 2% water agar with sterilized stems of Foeniculum vulgare to induce their colonies to form pycnidia (4). Unmatured conidia were hyaline, aseptate, and turned light to dark brown with maturity. Mature conidia were aseptate (rarely uniseptate), ovoid with truncated or rounded base and obtuse apex, externally smooth, roughened on the inner surface, and 8 to 11 × 23 to 26 μm (n = 50). These morphological characteristics of the isolates agreed with those of Diplodia seriata (the anamorph of Botryosphaeria obtusa) (5). The rDNA-ITS sequences of two representative isolates (xs-01 and xs-06) were amplified with primers ITS1 and ITS4. PCR products were purified and ligated with PMD-19T vector for sequencing. The rDNA-ITS sequences were submitted to GenBank with accession nos. KJ463386 and KJ549774 for isolates xs-01 and xs-06, respectively, showing 100% identity with multiple isolates of D. seriata (HQ660463, KC461297, and KF535906). Koch's postulates were fulfilled in greenhouse tests on 2-year-old cedar plantlets inoculated by the two isolates. Ten plantlets were used for the inoculation tests for each of the isolates, and their trunks were wounded to a 2 mm depth with a sterilized cork borer (3 mm diameter). The wounds were inoculated by mycelial plugs cut from 7-day-old colonies grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates and wrapped with Parafilm, and those inoculated with pure PDA plugs served as control. Inoculated plantlets were incubated in a greenhouse with alternating cycles of 14 h fluorescent light/10 h darkness under moist conditions for 30 to 60 days at 28°C. Nine of 20 inoculated plantlets developed needle discoloration and shoot blight symptoms similar to those observed on naturally infected cedar trees. The control plantlets remained symptomless during the incubation period. D. seriata cultures were constantly recovered from each diseased plantlet, indicating that the isolated D. seriata isolates were responsible for the disease. D. seriata has been reported as a phytopathogen causing dieback diseases worldwide on multiple woody plant species such as olive (4), mulberry (1), Pinus spp., and Picea glauca (2,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. seriata causing dieback disease on cedars in China. References: (1) M. Arzanlou et al. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Protect. 46:682, 2013. (2) T. Burgess et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:354, 2001. (3) G. Hausner et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 21:256, 1999. (4) J. Kaliterna et al. Plant Dis. 96:290, 2012. (5) A. J. L. Phillips et al. Fungal Divers. 25:141, 2007.
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Panahandeh, Saleh, Hamid Mohammadi, and David Gramaje. "Trunk Disease Fungi Associated with Syzygium cumini in Iran." Plant Disease 103, no. 4 (April 2019): 711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-18-0923-re.
Full textAbstract:
Syzygium cumini trees with dieback symptoms and cankers were observed in two provinces in Iran. Isolations were made from diseased branches and cankers and from asymptomatic S. cumini wood samples. Several trunk disease pathogens were identified based on morphological characteristics and by molecular methods, including Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Diplodia sapinea, D. seriata, Neoscytalidium hyalinum, Phaeoacremonium fraxinopennsylvanicum, P. krajdenii, P. parasiticum, P. viticola, and Pleurostoma richardsiae, which were isolated from S. cumini for the first time in the world. Pathogenicity tests conducted with all species confirmed their status as possible S. cumini pathogens. N. hyalinum was the most aggressive species and caused the longest lesions on inoculated shoots. The endophytic character of some fungal species isolated from asymptomatic wood of S. cumini is further discussed. Our results indicated that S. cumini is a new woody host to many known fungal trunk pathogens.
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Endes, Ali, and Mukaddes Kayım. "Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Associated with Dieback and Gummosis on Plum Trees in Turkey." Proceedings of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 75, no. 2 (March 2, 2022): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2022.02.16.
Full textAbstract:
Plum (Prunus salicina) is among the most important and common fruit species in Turkey. Worldwide, Botryosphaeriaceae family, including significant plant pathogens causes disease in several woody plants including plums. Botryosphaeriaceae-induced dieback and gummosis symptoms have recently been encountered in plum orchards in Adana and Mersin provinces of Turkey. In the present study, morphological and molecular characterization of Botryosphaeriaceae isolates were performed and the obtained isolates were identified as Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum parvum and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae. Pathogenicity tests revealed the virulence of all three species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of D. seriata, N. parvum and L. pseudotheobromae causing disease on plums in Turkey.
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Moyo, P., L. Mostert, M. Bester, and F. Halleen. "Trunk Disease Fungi Associated With Diospyros kaki in South Africa." Plant Disease 100, no. 12 (December 2016): 2383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-16-0245-re.
Full textAbstract:
Persimmon trees with dieback symptoms and cankers were observed in three production areas in Western Cape Province in South Africa. Isolations were made from diseased branches, cankers, and pruning wounds as well as fungal fruiting bodies on dead branches and old pruning wounds. Several trunk disease pathogens were identified based on morphological characteristics and by molecular methods, including Diaporthe eres, D. infecunda, Eutypella citricola, E. microtheca, Phaeoacremonium parasiticum, P. scolyti, P. australiense, P. minimum, Fomitiporia capensis, Fomitiporia sp., Fomitiporella sp., and Inocutis sp., which were isolated from persimmon for the first time in the world. Other first reports from persimmon in South Africa include D. foeniculina, D. ambigua, D. mutila, Diaporthe sp., Neofusicoccum australe, N. parvum, Diplodia seriata, and Eutypa lata. Pathogenicity tests conducted with all species, except the basidiomycetes, confirmed their status as possible persimmon pathogens. This is the first study to determine and identify fungi associated with diseased persimmon in South Africa. The knowledge gained in this study forms the basis for further research to determine the impact of these fungi on persimmon productivity.
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Granata, G., R. Faedda, and A. Sidoti. "First Report of Canker Disease Caused by Diplodia olivarum on Carob Tree in Italy." Plant Disease 95, no. 6 (June 2011): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-10-0870.
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The evergreen carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L., Fabaceae), also called locust, is widespread in the Mediterranean Region. Carob pods have been traditionally consumed as animal and human food and seeds are mainly used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In July 2009, symptoms of canker, branch dieback, and foliage reddening were observed on carob trees in several natural areas in the province of Ragusa, Italy. Disease incidence ranged from 5 to 80% across different sites and for most areas it was nearly 15%. All affected trees showed dark necrotic tissue in the bark, cambium, and sapwood of the trunk and branches. Cankers often girdled the stem or branch, causing wilting and death of the portions beyond the canker. Black, subepidermal pycnidia developed in and erupted through the dead bark. Fragments of discolored wood were collected from 36 symptomatic carob trees (12 trees for each area), transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated for 5 days at 21°C in the dark. Fungal colonies were consistently obtained from these diseased tissues. They initially were pale, becoming gray-green and finally black. After 30 days of incubation at room temperature in the natural light, colonies produced pycnidia identical to those observed in nature. A total of 500 conidia on 10 isolates were examined with a compound microscope. Conidia were initially hyaline, smooth, oblong to ovoid, both ends rounded, and aseptate; at maturity they were pale brown, one-septate, and measured 24 to 28 × 10 to 13.5 μm (means ± S.D. = 24.3 ± 1.4 × 12.1 ± 1 μm, L/W = 2.0 ± 0.18). The nucleotide sequences of the β-tubulin (GenBank Accession No. HQ660080) and TE-1α (No. HQ660078) genes and ITS-rDNA region (No. HM028640) for a representative isolate (IMI 390972) from carob showed 100, 100, and 98% similarity, respectively, when compared with the sequences HQ660079, EU392279, and EU392302, respectively, of the ex-type isolate of Diplodia olivarum (strain CBS 121887). On the basis of morphological and molecular characters, the fungus was identified as D. olivarum A.J.L. Phillips, Frisullo & Lazzizera; teleomorph unknown (1). Two-year-old trees were wounded with a scalpel through the full thickness of the bark along 1-cm longitudinal direction and inoculated by applying a 5-mm-diameter plug of mycelial (isolate IMI 390972) on PDA to the wound site. Three control seedlings were similarly wounded and plugs of sterile PDA applied. Plugs were held in place by Parafilm. The inoculated seedlings were maintained at 20 to 22°C and a 12-h light/dark cycle. Sixty days after inoculation, all inoculated trees showed leaf chlorosis, sunken, necrotic bark at the inoculation sites and finally pycnidia of D. olivarum. All treated seedlings were killed within 6 months from the inoculation. No symptoms were observed in the control plants. The pathogen was consistently reisolated from all the inoculated trees, but not from the control plants. D. olivarum has been found on rotting olive drupes in Apulia (southern Italy) and was first described as a new species in 2008 (1). This fungal species could be phenotypically misidentified as the closely related species D. mutila, which differs by having larger mean dimensions of conidia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. olivarum inducing canker and dieback on carob tree. Reference: (1) C. Lazzizera et al. Fungal Divers. 31:63, 2008.
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Nabi, Sajad Un, Muneer Ahmad Sheikh, Wasim H. Raja, Javid Iqbal Mir, Om Chand Sharma, Desh Beer Singh, Nida Yousuf, et al. "Morphological and molecular characterization of Diplodia spp. associated with apple canker disease in India." Crop Protection 137 (November 2020): 105238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105238.
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Palma-Zambrano, Oscar J., Freddy Zambrano-Gavilanes, Diego Portalanza, and Felipe Rafael Garcés-Fiallos. "Ramularia leaf spot and boll rot are affected differently by organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilization in cotton plants." Bioscience Journal 38 (September 9, 2022): e38077. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v38n0a2022-61479.
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Interaction among nitrogen fertilization using bovine manure, poultry manure, Jatropha curcas seed cake and urea, and the diseases Ramularia leaf spot (RLS) and Boll rot (BR), caused by Ramulariopsis pseudoglycines and Diplodia gossypina, respectively, in cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.), was studied under field conditions. Intensity (incidence and severity in percentage) of RLS and incidence (%) of BR were evaluated over time, starting in reproductive stage B1 (first visible flower bud). A randomized complete block design with a 4x4 factorial arrangement was used (fertilizers x doses), totaling 16 treatments with four replications. Disease progress was analyzed with the nonlinear Logistic and Gompertz models, obtaining the epidemiological parameters amount of initial disease (Y0) and progress rate (r). Plants fertilized with 50 kg N ha-1, presented an incidence twice greater than those obtained with other fertilizers. The Logistic model better fits RLS, but no model could represent BR. Only the epidemiological parameters of RLS were affected differently in this experiment compared to BR disease. The possible role of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilization in the RLS and BR management is discussed.
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Costa, Daniela, Rui M. Tavares, Paula Baptista, and Teresa Lino-Neto. "Cork Oak Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biocontrol Agents against Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Diplodia corticola." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (November 14, 2020): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040287.
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An increase in cork oak diseases caused by Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Diplodia corticola has been reported in the last decade. Due to the high socio-economic and ecologic importance of this plant species in the Mediterranean Basin, the search for preventive or treatment measures to control these diseases is an urgent need. Fungal endophytes were recovered from cork oak trees with different disease severity levels, using culture-dependent methods. The results showed a higher number of potential pathogens than beneficial fungi such as cork oak endophytes, even in healthy plants. The antagonist potential of a selection of eight cork oak fungal endophytes was tested against B. mediterranea and D. corticola by dual-plate assays. The tested endophytes were more efficient in inhibiting D. corticola than B. mediterranea growth, but Simplicillium aogashimaense, Fimetariella rabenhorstii, Chaetomium sp. and Alternaria alternata revealed a high potential to inhibit the growth of both. Simplicillium aogashimaense caused macroscopic and microscopic mycelial/hyphal deformations and presented promising results in controlling both phytopathogens’ growth in vitro. The evaluation of the antagonistic potential of non-volatile and volatile compounds also revealed that A. alternata compounds could be further explored for inhibiting both pathogens. These findings provide valuable knowledge that can be further explored in in vivo assays to find a suitable biocontrol agent for these cork oak diseases.
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Benigno, Alessandra, Chiara Aglietti, Giovanni Rossetto, Carlo Bregant, Benedetto Teodoro Linaldeddu, and Salvatore Moricca. "Botryosphaeriaceae Species Associated with Stem Canker, Shoot Blight and Dieback of Fraxinus ornus in Italy." Forests 15, no. 1 (December 26, 2023): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15010051.
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A severe dieback of flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus L.) has been observed in north-central Italy in the last decades. Symptoms include typical sunken, light-brown cankers on the stem and branches; vascular discoloration; tip and shoot dieback; and foliage necroses. The disease was more evident at the beginning of the growing season, and more severe on young regeneration. Six Botryosphaeriaceae species were consistently isolated from symptomatic plant tissues: Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia fraxini, Diplodia subglobosa, Dothiorella iberica, Dothiorella omnivora and Neofusicoccum parvum. B. dothidea and D. fraxini expressed higher aggressiveness and showed a widespread incidence, being the species most frequently associated with cankers; the other four species were less virulent and more erratic, occurring mainly on succulent branch tips and foliage. Isolates were characterized using morphological and molecular approaches (colony/conidial phenotyping and rDNA-ITS genotyping). Phylogenetic analysis provided congruent phylogenies depicting the relationships of the six taxa with the most closely related conspecifics. Pathogenicity tests on 2-year-old seedlings confirmed the higher virulence of B. dothidea and D. fraxini. Extensive, multi-year field surveys at different sites supported the hypothesis that climatic vagaries, mainly heat, water and drought stresses, impaired tree health and vigor, facilitating infection and pervasive colonization by these Botryosphaeriaceae species. Environmental stressors are thus the key factor bringing the six fungal pathogens together in a multitrophic interaction with F. ornus in a novel, lethal fashion.
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Solikin, Solikin. "Deteksi Penyakit Pada Tanaman Mangga Dengan Citra Digital : Tinjauan Literatur Sistematis (SLR)." BINA INSANI ICT JOURNAL 7, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.51211/biict.v7i1.1336.
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Abstrak: Penelitian dengan melakukan tinjauan literatur sistematis (Sistematic Literatur Review-SLR) dilakukan untuk mempelajari berbagai teknik identifikasi penyakit pada daun dengan citra digital sebagai tahapan untuk mendapatkan pemahaman mengenai teknik identifikasi penyakit pada daun mangga dengan citra digital. Produksi Mangga di Indonesia dari tahun 2014 – 2018 secara fluktuatif selalu mengalami peningkatan dan di tahun 2018 produksi mangga di Indonesia mencapai 2.624.783 ton, proses budidaya tanaman mangga tidak selamanya dapat terlepas dari serangan penyakit. Penyakit pada tanaman mangga disebabkan oleh jamur atau bakteri yang biasanya menyerang pada bagian akar, batang, kulit batang, ranting atau buah mangga. Jenis penyakit pada tanaman mangga adalah : Penyakit mangga (Jamur Gloesoporium), Penyakit Diplodia, Cendawan jelaga, Bercak karat merah, Kudis buah, Penyakit Blendok. Penyakit pada mangga memiliki berbagai gejala dan kadang sulit didiagnosis oleh petani dan untuk itu diperlukan keahlian untuk mendiagnosis penyakit pada tanaman mangga dan bagaimana cara penanggulangannya yang biasanya keahlian tersebut terdapat pada ahli patologi tanaman professional. Sehingga dibutuhkan suatu Teknologi IT dengan Sistem Cerdas yang dirancang untuk dapat mengidentifikasi secara otomatis penyakit tanaman mangga dan cara penanggulangannya berdasarkan gejala visual dengan menggunakan metode citra digital. Metode literatur review yang digunakan yaitu Compare, Contrast, Criticize, Synthesize dan Summarize. Metode Citra Digital yang dapat digunakan dalam identifikasi penyakit pada daun mangga adalah tahapan Image Acquisition, Preprocessing , Segmentation, Ekstraksi Fitur, Seleksi Fitur. Metode Klasifikasi yang dapat digunakan adalah SVM, Artificial Neural Network, Decision Tree, Convolutional Neural Network.
Kata kunci: citra digital, daun, penyakit mangga, tinjauan literatur sistematis
Abstract: Research by conducting a systematic literature review (Systematic Literature Review-SLR) was conducted to study various techniques of disease identification in leaves with digital images as a stage to gain an understanding of the techniques for disease identification on mango leaves with digital images. Mango production in Indonesia from 2014 - 2018 fluctuations has always increased and in 2018 mango production in Indonesia reached 2,624,783 tons, the process of mango cultivation is not always free from disease. Diseases of mango plants are caused by fungi or bacteria that usually attack the roots, stems, bark, twigs or mangoes. Types of diseases in mango plants are: Mango disease (Gloesoporium Fungus), Diplodia disease, sooty fungus, red rust spots, fruit scabies, Blendok disease. Diseases of mangoes have a variety of symptoms and are sometimes difficult to diagnose by farmers and expertise is needed to diagnose diseases on mango plants and how to overcome them which are usually found in professional plant pathologists. So that we need an IT Technology with an Intelligent System that is designed to be able to automatically identify mango plant diseases and how to overcome them based on visual symptoms using digital image methods. The literature review method used is Compare, Contrast, Criticize, Synthesize and Summarize. Digital image methods that can be used in the identification of diseases on mango leaves are the stages of Image Acquisition, Preprocessing, Segmentation, Feature Extraction, Feature Selection. Classification methods that can be used are SVM, Artificial Neural Network, Decision Tree, Convolutional Neural Network.
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Dwiastuti, M. E., and A. Sugiyatno. "THE POTENCIAL OF INTERSTOCK USE TO REDUCE DIPLODIA DISEASE (BOTRYODIPLODIA THEOBROMAE PATH.) ON CITRUS PLANT." Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences 78, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 476–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2018-06.56.
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Lorenzetti, Eloisa, Juliano Tartaro, Alfredo José Alves Neto, Anderson Luis Heling, Jeferson Carlos Carvalho, José Renato Stangarlin, Odair José Kuhn, and Roberto Luis Portz. "Development and validation of a diagrammatic scale for quantifying maize leaf spots caused by Diplodia macrospora." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 6 (August 29, 2019): 2475. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6p2475.
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The objective of this study was to develop and validate a diagrammatic scale to evaluate the severity of spots on maize leaves caused by the fungus Diplodia macrospora. Severity ranged between the minimal (0.5%) and maximal (55%) limits of disease severity, and intermediate severity levels were defined according to the "Weber-Fechner stimulus response law". The proposed scale describes six levels of severity based on how much of the leaf is affected: 0.5%, 3%, 8%, 23%, 36%, and 55%. Validation was carried out by eight evaluators, four inexperienced and four experienced. They estimated the severity of disease in 60 maize leaves, with and without the proposed diagrammatic scale. A relationship was shown by regression analysis between estimated and actual severity, with and without the use of the scale. When both inexperienced and experienced evaluators used the scale, they were able to estimate disease severity more accurately and precisely.
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Hahuly, M. V., A. V. Simamora, J. B. D. Henuk, and P. S. Nenotek. "Report of diplodia stem rot disease in SoE-Mollo-Citrus in Timor Tengah Selatan Regency, East Nusa Tenggara." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1302, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1302/1/012015.
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Abstract SoE-Mollo-Citrus is prominent in East Nusa Tenggara. However, a consortium of pathogens infects citrus plants, causing symptoms of broken stems with peeled bark associated with or without gum production. These symptoms could be caused by Lasiodiplodia sp. or Phytophthora sp. Considering the importance of SoE-Mollo-Citrus for society and the Government, actual and accurate information is profound regarding the presence of primary diseases that threaten it. This research aimed to determine disease intensity in central SoE-Mollo-Citrus production villages and to identify pathogens isolated from stem rot symptoms. Stratified purposive sampling method was applied to select seven Districts and ten Villages having large SoE-Mollo-Citrus populations. In each village, one orchard was randomly chosen for observation. SoE-Mollo-Citrus showing symptom of wet and dry diplodia were present in every observation village. The incidence and severity of the disease ranged from 30% in Mnelalete village to 75% in Oelbubuk village and between 21% in Tubuhue village to 51% in Oelbubuk village, respectively. Seventy percent of the collected isolates were pathogenic. Morphological and molecular identification using Primers ITS2 and ITS5 confirmed that the stem rot pathogen was Lasiodiplodia theobromae Pat. Syn. Botryodiplodia theobromae. Good agricultural practices are mandatory so this disease does not harm citrus production.
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Mullerin, Sonja, and Jason A. Smith. "Bot Canker of Oak in Florida Caused by Diplodia corticola and D. quercivora." EDIS 2015, no. 4 (June 10, 2015): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fr386-2015.
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This 6-page fact sheet describes the emergence of these two pathogens of oak and grapevine in North America and Florida; the signs and symptoms of infection; mechanism of host disease and death; fungal morphology; origin, host range, and classification; and management options. Written by Sonja Mullerin and Jason A. Smith, and published by the UF Department of School of Forest Resources and Conservation, March 2015. (Photo: Jason Smith, UF/IFAS)
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Zhou, Ying, Ishara S. Manawasinghe, Zhizheng He, Wei Zhang, Mei Liu, Jinyan Song, Shifang Li, Zaifeng Fan, and Jiye Yan. "Microfungi Associated with Peach Branch Diseases in China." Journal of Fungi 10, no. 3 (March 15, 2024): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof10030217.
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Peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of the most important and oldest stone fruits grown in China. Even though P. persica is one of the most commonly grown stone fruits in China, little is known about the biodiversity of microfungi associated with peach branch diseases. In the present study, samples were collected from a wide range of peach growing areas in China, and fungal pathogens associated with peach branch diseases were isolated. In total, 85 isolates were obtained and further classified into nine genera and 10 species. Most of the isolates belonged to Botryosphaeriaceae (46), including Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Neofusicoccum, Phaeobotryon, and Lasiodiplodia species; Ascochyta, Didymella, and Nothophoma species representing Didymellaceae were also identified. Herein, we introduce Ascochyta prunus and Lasiodiplodia pruni as novel species. In addition, we report the first records of Nothophoma pruni, Neofusicoccum occulatum, and Phaeobotryon rhois on peach worldwide, and Didymella glomerata, Nothophoma quercina, and Phaeoacremonium scolyti are the first records from China. This research is the first comprehensive investigation to explore the microfungi associated with peach branch disease in China. Future studies are necessary to understand the pathogenicity and disease epidemiology of these identified species.
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Rotasouw, Shiska M., Johanna Taribuka, and Handry R. D. Amanupunyo. "Identifikasi dan Kemampuan Jamur Endofitik Asal Jagung (Zea mays L.) Terhadap Patogen Busuk Pelepah (Rhyzoctonia solani)." JURNAL BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN 16, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jbdp.2020.16.2.140.
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Maize is a cereal crop which is an important source of food because it is the second source of carbohydrates after rice. Maize cultivation is faced with various plant diseases, that can reduce the quantity and quality of crop yield. Plant disease is one of the limiting factors for crop production and seed quality. One of the most harmful maize diseases is blight or midrib rot caused by the soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia solani. The aim of the study was to obtain endophytic microorganisms in maize and to test the antagonistic ability of these fungi as biological control agents against R. solani. The study took place in January-September 2018 in the field and the Laboratory of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Pattimura. Endophytic fungi isolated from maize plants from the roots, stems and leaves. Samples were cleaned in running water and air-dried. Subsequently, the samples were sterilized using 70% alcohol and immersed in sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 minutes and rinsed with sterile water 3 times. The sterilized roots, stems and leaves of maize were peeled, cut to a size of ±5 mm, split and dried on sterile filter paper. Sterile samples were grown on PDA culture media at four points and incubated at room temperature. Visual identification was carried out with the aid of a microscope on fungi growing on the culture media. The results showed the presence of the endophytic fungi Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Diplodia sp. and Mucor sp. These fungal species showed different inhibitory powers, which included mechanisms for direct parasitizing of pathogens, producing antibiotics and competition for space and nutrients.
Keywords: antagonism, corn, endophytic fungi, identification, pathogenic fungus, Rhizoctonia solani
ABSTRAK
Jagung (Zea mays L.) merupakan tanaman serelia yang termasuk bahan pangan penting karena merupakan sumber karbohidrat kedua setelah beras. Salah satu kendala dalam budidaya tanama jagung adalah penurunan produksi akibat serangan patogen penyebab penyakit. Untuk menekan perkembangan penyakit dilakukan pengendalian dengan menggunakan mikroorganisme endofitik asal akar, batang dan daun jagung sebagai agensia pengendalian hayati. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi mikroorganisme endofitik asal jagung secara morfologi, mendapatkan mikroorganisme endofitik yang memiliki kemampuan antagonis terhadap jamur Rhizoctonia solani penyebab penyakit busuk pelepah pada jagung. Penelitian berlangsung dalam 2 tahap, yaitu di lapangan dan di Laboratorium Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Pattimura. Sampel tanaman diperoleh dari beberapa kebun petani di wilayah Kota Ambon. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh adalah bahwa jamur endofitik Trichoderma sp, Aspergillus sp, Penicillium sp, Diplodia sp dan Mucor sp. memiliki daya penghambatan yang berbeda-beda, yaitu 78.57% (Trichoderma sp), 65.86% (Penicillium sp), 43.29% (Aspergillus sp), 36.71 (Diplodia sp) dan 34.44% (Mucor sp).
Kata kunci: antagonisme, identifikasi, jagung, jamur endofitik, jamurpatogenik, Rhizoctonia solani
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Stanosz, G. R., and G. W. Moorman. "Branch Dieback of Savin Juniper in Pennsylvania Caused by Diplodia mutila." Plant Disease 81, no. 1 (January 1997): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.1.111a.
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Branch dieback of savin juniper (Juniperus sabina L.) was observed on a tree in Dauphin County, PA, in May 1996. The symptomatic tree was in an ornamental planting that had been established approximately 10 years previously. Branches were cankered and girdled, causing yellowing and death of foliage beyond the cankers. Black pycnidia occurred in necrotic bark of cankers. Dark, two-celled conidia obtained from these pycnidia produced pure cultures of Diplodia mutila (Fr.:Fr.) Mont., the anamorph of Botryosphaeria stevensii Shoemaker. The fungus was identified based on pycnidial, conidial, and cultural characteristics, and comparison with known isolates provided by N. A. Tisserat (2). Pathogenicity of a single conidial isolate from Pennsylvania was tested in a greenhouse by wounding and inoculating twigs of potted eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) with water agar plugs colonized by mycelium. Cankers formed and enlarged to girdle and kill the inoculated shoots, from which the pathogen was reisolated. No symptoms developed on, nor was the pathogen isolated from, control twigs. B. stevensii has been reported more frequently on angiosperms, such as apple (Malus Mill.) and oak (Quercus L.), than on gymnosperms. However, a canker disease caused by B. stevensii previously has been reported to affect J. scopulorum Sarg. and J. virginiana in Kansas, Missouri, and Iowa (1,2). References: (1) P. H. Flynn and M. L. Gleason. Plant Dis. 77:210, 1993. (2) N. A. Tisserat et al. Plant Dis. 72:699, 1988.
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Dwiastuti, Mutia Erti, Gusti Ngurah Ketut Budiarta, and Loekas Soesanto. "Perkembangan Penyakit Diplodia pada Tiga Isolat Botryodiplodia theobromae Path dan Peran Toksin Dalam Menekan Penyakit pada Jeruk (Citrus spp.)." Jurnal Hortikultura 27, no. 2 (February 19, 2018): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jhort.v27n2.2017.p231-240.
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<p>Penyakit diplodia (Botryodiplodia theobromae) pada tanaman jeruk menyebar cukup luas di sentra jeruk Indonesia. Serangan parah penyakit dapat menyebabkan kematian apabila tidak dikendalikan. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui patogenisitas dan peran toksin dari tiga isolat B. theobromae asal Pasuruan dan Magetan pada jeruk siam, pamelo, dan manis. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium dan Rumah Kasa Balai Penelitian Tanaman Jeruk dan Buah Subtropika pada bulan November 2015 – Mei 2016. Penelitian terdiri atas dua percobaan, yaitu uji patogenisitas pada tanaman dan uji toksin kasar pada skala laboratorium. Uji patogenisitas menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan sembilan kombinasi perlakuan terdiri atas tiga jenis isolat, yaitu Mg52A.1, dan Mg39.2 (asal Magetan), Ps8b (asal Pasuruan), serta tiga jenis tanaman jeruk (pamelo, siam, manis). Parameter pengamatan terdiri atas masa inkubasi, jumlah sampel nekrosis, dan luas gejala. Perlakuan pengujian toksin terdiri atas kontrol tanpa toksin, toksin kasar isolat Mg52A.1, toksin kasar isolat Mg39.2, dan toksin kasar isolat Ps8b. Aplikasi toksin dilakukan pada daun tiga varietas jeruk dengan rancangan acak lengkap, tiap perlakuan diulang tiga kali dan masing masing terdiri atas dua daun asal tanaman yang berbeda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masa inkubasi isolat Mg39.2 lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan isolat Mg52A.1 dan Ps8b. Ketiga isolat patogen B. theobromae asal Pasuruan dan Magetan memiliki patogenisitas yang sama dalam menimbulkan gejala penyakit pada jeruk pamelo, siam, dan manis, sedangkan toksin hanya berperan dalam mempercepat masa inkubasi.</p><p>Diplodia disease (Botryodiplodia theobromae) spread quite widely in Indonesia citrus center. Severe attacks of disease can cause death if it not controlled. The purpose of this study was determine the pathogenicity and the effect of toxins from three isolates of B. theobromae origin Pasuruan and Magetan on tangerine, pummelo, and sweet orange varieties. The study was conducted at Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Research Institute during November 2015 – May 2016. This observation consisted of two experiments that pathogenicity test in screenhouse and crude toxin of patogen test in laboratory. Pathogenicity test used randomized block design arranged as factorial. The first factor was three isolates: Mg52A.1, Mg39.2 (from Magetan), Ps8b (from Pasuruan) and the second factor were kind of citrus (pummelo, tangerine , and sweet orange). The observation parameter consist of the incubation period, the number of necrotic samples and visual symptom. Crude toxin test treatment consists of a control test toxin without toxins, crude toxin Mg52A.1, crude toxin Mg39.2 toxin, crude toxin Ps8b. Application toxin carried out on the three leaf varieties of oranges. Each treatment was repeated three times and each consists of two leaves of different varieties. The results showed that the incubation period Mg39.2 isolates faster than two other isolates. Infection with different isolates and treatment of different citrus varieties shows that it did not different significantly in causing disease symptom of diplodia. Similarly result on crude toxin treatment with three isolates on three varieties showed that it were not different necrotic symptom. Thus the three isolates of pathogens B.theobromae origin from Pasuruan and Magetan have the same pathogenicity in causing disease symptoms in citrus pummelo, tangerine, and sweet orange. Toxin only play a role in accelerating the incubation period.</p>
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Sánchez, M. E., J. Venegas, M. A. Romero, A. J. L. Phillips, and A. Trapero. "Botryosphaeria and Related Taxa Causing Oak Canker in Southwestern Spain." Plant Disease 87, no. 12 (December 2003): 1515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.12.1515.
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Although root disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi is considered to be the most frequent and damaging disease associated with Quercus spp. decline in southwestern Spain, cankers commonly are observed on branches of declining Mediterranean Quercus spp. in this region. In surveys carried out in eight declining Quercus forests, strips of necrotic inner bark were common on diseased branches. Botryosphaeria stevensii, B. dothidea, and Diplodia sarmentorum consistently were isolated from these branches. Isolates of all three species caused cankers when inoculated onto excised Quercus branches. Inoculations on healthy branches in the field also induced canker development, but only B. stevensii caused lesions that girdled and killed the branches. The optimum temperature for in vitro growth of B. stevensii and B. dothidea was above 25°C, with slow growth at 35°C. In contrast, D. sarmentorum had an optimum temperature for growth of about 21°C, and did not grow at 35°C. The common occurrence and wide distribution of these pathogens, their association with cankers, and their ability to infect Quercus spp. suggest that they may contribute to the Quercus spp. decline in southwestern Spain.
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AGUIRRE, Katherina, Luz M. PEREZ, and Jaime R. MONTEALEGRE. "In vitro evaluation of drying supports and adhesive polymers as adjuvants for biocontrol of Diplodia seriata by Trichoderma harzianum and Clonostachys rosea." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 60, no. 2 (September 15, 2023): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14096.
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Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) can cause large losses in vineyards. Diplodia seriata is an important GTD pathogen in Chile. Development and use of bioprotectors is a complementary alternative to the use of agrochemicals for disease management. To produce bioformulations for management of D. seriata, additives could be used to maintain viability and survival of biocontrol agents, such as Trichoderma harzianum and Clonostachys rosea. Effects of drying supports (inulin, maltodextrin, lactose, or talc) and adhesive polymers (carboxymethylcellulose, Aloe vera gel, or chitosan) were assessed on D. seriata conidium viability and mycelium development of T. harzianum and C. rosea, and for their biocontrol capacity against D. seriata. T. harzianum and C. rosea cultured in Potato Dextrose Agar containing inulin (at 10% w/v) maltodextrin (10% w/v), lactose (6% w/v), or talc (4% w/v), or the adhesive polymers carboxymethylcellulose (0.5% w/v), Aloe vera gel (0.5% w/v), or chitosan (1.5% w/v), maintained their biocontrol activity against D. seriata. These additives did not enhance D. seriata development. Therefore, these preparations, at the respective indicated concentrations, can be included in bioformulations for management of disease caused by this pathogen.
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Darge, Wendu Admasu. "First Report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae Causing Needle Blight and Stem Canker Diseases on Araucaria heterophylla in Ethiopia." Journal of Horticultural Research 25, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johr-2017-0014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Canker and needle blight of Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine) trees were observed during the surveys conducted in Addis Ababa and Adama cities (Ethiopia) from November to December 2016. The main objective of this study was to investigate fungal pathogens that cause diseases on Araucaria heterophylla trees. Six localities with Araucaria heterophylla plantings were purposively surveyed for disease symptoms. Samples from symptomatic parts of trees were collected, surface sterilized, cultured on PDA and morphologically identified for genus and species. A total of 36 isolates of fungi were identified. Based on macro- and microscopic morphological features of the colonies, the fungal isolates were found to be the genus Diplodia and species Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl (syn. Botryodiplodia theobromae), the anamorph of Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx. The pathogenicity test showed that the isolates of Lasiodiplodia theobromae, caused stem canker and needle blight on Araucaria heterophylla. This finding is important in the study of management options for future prevention and control of diseases in the country.