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Academic literature on the topic 'Diplodia disease'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Diplodia disease"

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Cheng, Yuan, Jun Liang, Xian Xie, and Xingyao Zhang. "Effect of Plant Diversity on the Occurrence of Diplodia Tip Blight in Natural Secondary Japanese Red Pine Forests." Forests 12, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081083.

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Diplodia tip blight caused by Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko and B. Sutton is a serious threat to the health of natural secondary Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) forests. To explore the effect of plant diversity on Diplodia tip blight disease occurrence, the correlation between Diplodia tip blight in P. densiflora and plant diversity in various stand types and vertical structure layers were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficients and generalized linear model while keeping environmental factors relatively consistent. Disease index of Diplodia tip blight in P. densiflora was positively correlated with the plant diversity indices in the tree layers of P. densiflora–conifer mixed forest. In contrast, it was negatively correlated with the plant diversity indices in the tree layers of P. densiflora–hardwood mixed forest and P. densiflora pure forest. In shrub–herb layers of all stands except the P. densiflora pure forest herb layer, the disease index was positively correlated with the plant diversity indices. The prediction models for the disease index of Diplodia tip blight in the P. densiflora–hardwood mixed forest, P. densiflora–conifer mixed forest, and P. densiflora pure forest were also established. The foregoing results suggest that in the Kunyu Mountains of China, the differences in plant diversity among various stand types and vertical structure layers have different effects on the occurrence of Diplodia tip blight in P. densiflora. Plant diversity largely reflects the occurrence of Diplodia tip blight disease. However, if the effect of plant diversity on Diplodia tip blight is fully reflected, the plant species characteristics, especially tree genetic relationships, should be considered. In this way, plant species diversity structure in natural secondary Japanese red pine forests may be modified through forest management to lower the incidence of Diplodia tip blight.

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Larsson, Rebecca, Audrius Menkis, and Åke Olson. "Diplodia sapinea in Swedish forest nurseries." Plant Protection Science 57, No. 1 (December 3, 2020): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/68/2020-pps.

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Diplodia sapinea is a common forest pathogen on Pinus spp. in a large part of the world. In 2013, disease caused by this pathogen on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees in Sweden was reported for the first time. In this study, we report the first detection of D. sapinea on diseased seedlings of P. sylvestris from two Swedish forest nurseries. Infected seedlings were collected July–November 2019. Diplodia sapinea was identified by morphological characteristics of fungal structures on plant tissues and from culture grown on Hagem agar media, followed by sequencing of fungal ITS rDNA. The result emphasizes the susceptibility of P. sylvestris seedlings. More research is needed to better understand the risk for disease spreading within forest nurseries and into the forest through infected plant material.

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Hartman, John, Lisa Vaillancourt, Jennifer Flowers, and Amy Bateman. "Managing Diplodia Tip Blight of Landscape Austrian Pines." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2009.007.

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A long-term survey of 449 Austrian pines growing on the University of Kentucky campus revealed that Diplodia tip blight disease killed 84% of the trees during a 15-year period and that the pines developed increasing levels of disease as they aged. Treatments consisting of the fungicides oxycarboxin, debacarb, or tebuconazole or water were injected into the lower trunk and root flare of individual trees in a block of mature, diseased pines for 4 years. The fungicide treatments did not significantly affect disease levels. The causal fungus could be isolated readily from diseased and symptomless shoots regardless of the treatment. Diplodia pinea was very sensitive to tebuconazole and debacarb in in vitro fungicide tests. Basal drenches with paclobutrazol affected shoot growth but did not significantly reduce tip blight disease levels or tree mortality. Under midsouth United States climate conditions, Diplodia tip blight of Austrian pines is destructive and very difficult to manage.

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Anderson, Nolan R., Carl A. Bradley, and Kiersten A. Wise. "Diplodia Leaf Streak of Corn: A Diagnostic Guide." Plant Health Progress 22, no. 2 (January 1, 2021): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-01-21-0002-dg.

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The official common name of the foliar disease on corn is Diplodia leaf streak, often given the shorthand nomenclature DLS. The only known host of DLS is corn (Zea mays). The fungus that causes DLS is Stenocarpella macrospora (syn. Diplodia macrospora). DLS symptoms can be confused with several common foliar diseases of corn. This guide details symptoms and signs, as well as pathogen identification.

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Aragonés, Ana, Tania Manzanos, Glen Stanosz, Isabel A. Munck, Rosa Raposo, Margarita Elvira-Recuenco, Mónica Berbegal, et al. "Comparison of Diplodia Tip Blight Pathogens in Spanish and North American Pine Ecosystems." Microorganisms 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2021): 2565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122565.

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Diplodia tip blight is the most ubiquitous and abundant disease in Spanish Pinus radiata plantations. The economic losses in forest stands can be very severe because of its abundance in cones and seeds together with the low genetic diversity of the host. Pinus resinosa is not genetically diverse in North America either, and Diplodia shoot blight is a common disease. Disease control may require management designs to be adapted for each region. The genetic diversity of the pathogen could be an indicator of its virulence and spreading capacity. Our objective was to understand the diversity of Diplodia spp. in Spanish plantations and to compare it with the structure of American populations to collaborate in future management guidelines. Genotypic diversity was investigated using microsatellite markers. Eight loci (SS9–SS16) were polymorphic for the 322 isolates genotyped. The results indicate that Diplodia sapinea is the most frequent Diplodia species present in plantations of the north of Spain and has high genetic diversity. The higher genetic diversity recorded in Spain in comparison to previous studies could be influenced by the intensity of the sampling and the evidence about the remarkable influence of the sample type.

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Salamiah, Salamiah, Badruzsaufari Badruzsaufari, and Muhammad Arsyad. "JENIS TANAMAN INANG DAN MASA INKUBASI PATOGEN BOTRYODIPLODIA THEOBROMAE PAT. PENYEBAB PENYAKIT KULIT DIPLODIA PADA JERUK." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 8, no. 2 (November 4, 2011): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.28123-131.

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Alternative hosts and Incubation period of Botryodiplodia theobromae the causal of diplodia bark diseases on citrus. Citrus is one of the important horticulture commodities in South Kalimantan. Citrus growers in the region encounter diplodia disease caused by a genus of Botryodiplodia. There is no single method practiced today proved to be effective control for the disease. Insufficient information of the pathogen life cycle is considered to contribute in the failure of disease management. Information of the alternative hosts and incubation period of the pathogens is very crucial in the diseases management. The experiments were carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Diseases and at a Glass House of the Department of Plant Pests and Diseases of the Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University in Banjarbaru from March – October 2006. The experiments were conducted in three phases, i.e. (1) identification of pathogen, (2) the study of alternative hosts, and (3) the study of incubation periods of the pathogen in the test plants. Results showed that the diplodia disease of citrus “Siam Banjar” was caused by a fungus of the genus Botryodiplodia theobromae. The pathogen can also infected chasew and avocado plants. The Incubation periods of the pathogen in citrus, chasew, and avocado were 64, 39 and 39 days, respectively.

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Javandira, Cokorda, Ni Putu Eka Pratiwi, Ramdhoani, Luh Putu Yuni Widyastuti, and I. Gusti Ayu Diah Yuniti. "Pengenalan Penyakit Busuk Batang pada Tanaman Jeruk di Desa Awan Kecamatan Kintamani." Nusantara Community Empowerment Review 1, no. 2 (July 28, 2023): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.55732/ncer.v1i2.957.

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Jeruk siam adalah komoditas hortikultura penting dan bernilai ekonomis. Mitra pengabdian masyarakat adalah Kelompok Tani Tegal Sari di Desa Awan, Kecamatan Kintamani, Provinsi Bali yang Bertani jeruk Siam. Mitra memiliki masalah produktivitas rendah pada budidaya buah jeruk Siam akibat serangan penyakit busuk batang (Botryodiplodia theobromae). Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk mengenalkan pengetahuan dan mendampingi mitra desa Awan dalam mengetahui gejala, tanda dan jenis-jenis penyakit diplodia serta memberikan upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit busuk batang pada tanaman jeruk Siam. Hasil kegiatan pengabdian menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan mitra desa Awan terhadap gejala, tanda dan jenis-jenis penyakit diplodia serta memberikan upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit busuk batang pada tanaman jeruk Siam. Juga, mitra dapat menambah peralatan pengendalian penyakit untuk pertanian jeruk Siam. Siamese orange is an important horticultural commodity and has economic value. The community service partner was the Tegal Sari Farmers Group in Awan Village, Kintamani District, Bali Province. Mitra has a problem of low productivity in Siam citrus fruit cultivation due to stem rot disease (Botryodiplodia theobromae). This community service activity aims to introduce knowledge and assist Awan village partners in knowing the symptoms, signs and types of diplodia disease and provide efforts to prevent and control stem rot disease in Siam citrus plants. The results of the community service activities showed an increase in the knowledge of Awan village partners regarding the symptoms, signs and types of diplodia disease and provided efforts to prevent and control stem rot disease in Siam citrus plants. Also, partners can add disease control equipment to Siam citrus farms.

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Fernandez, Olivier, Christelle Lemaître-Guillier, Aurélie Songy, Guillaume Robert-Siegwald, Marc-Henri Lebrun, Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe Larignon, Marielle Adrian, and Florence Fontaine. "The Combination of Both Heat and Water Stresses May Worsen Botryosphaeria Dieback Symptoms in Grapevine." Plants 12, no. 4 (February 8, 2023): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040753.

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(1) Background: Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) have become a global threat to vineyards worldwide. These diseases share three main common features. First, they are caused by multiple pathogenic micro-organisms. Second, these pathogens often maintain a long latent phase, which makes any research in pathology and symptomatology challenging. Third, a consensus is raising to pinpoint combined abiotic stresses as a key factor contributing to disease symptom expression. (2) Methods: We analyzed the impact of combined abiotic stresses in grapevine cuttings artificially infected by two fungi involved in Botryosphaeria dieback (one of the major GTDs), Neofusicoccum parvum and Diplodia seriata. Fungal-infected and control plants were subjected to single or combined abiotic stresses (heat stress, drought stress or both). Disease intensity was monitored thanks to the measurement of necrosis area size. (3) Results and conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that combined stresses might have a stronger impact on disease intensity upon infection by the less virulent pathogen Diplodia seriata. This conclusion is discussed through the impact on plant physiology using metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of leaves sampled for the different conditions.

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Dorrance, A. E., K. H. Hinkelmann, and H. L. Warren. "Diallel Analysis of Diplodia Ear Rot Resistance in Maize." Plant Disease 82, no. 6 (June 1998): 699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.6.699.

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A diallel cross of seven inbreds and one synthetic line of maize were analyzed in 1994 and 1995 for their reaction to Diplodia ear rot. An additional inbred line was included in the 1995 analysis. Plants were inoculated by placing a pycnidiospore suspension (5 × 103 spores per ml) of Stenocarpella maydis in the whorl at the V14 to V15 growth stage. Crosses were evaluated for disease incidence of Diplodia ear rot at harvest, and the percentage of plants with Diplodia ear rot in a plot was used for analysis. In both years, general combining ability (GCA) effects were significant. In 1995, specific combining ability effects were also significant. There were no reciprocal effects. There was no significant interaction between year and genotypes, indicating that crosses reacted the same in both years. Inbred lines B37, H111, B68, and MS had negative GCA effects that contributed toward resistance in both years. VA26, with intermediate resistance to Diplodia ear rot, contributed toward susceptibility. Only inbred lines with a high degree of resistance should be used as parents.

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Zhao, Wei, Jinhe Bai, Greg McCollum, and Elizabeth Baldwin. "High Incidence of Preharvest Colonization of Huanglongbing-Symptomatic Citrus sinensis Fruit by Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Diplodia natalensis) and Exacerbation of Postharvest Fruit Decay by That Fungus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 1 (October 24, 2014): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02972-14.

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ABSTRACTHuanglongbing (HLB), presumably caused by the bacterium “CandidatusLiberibacter asiaticus,” is a devastating citrus disease associated with excessive preharvest fruit drop.Lasiodiplodia theobromae(diplodia) is the causal organism of citrus stem end rot (SER). The pathogen infects citrus fruit under the calyx abscission zone (AZ-C) and is associated with cell wall hydrolytic enzymes similar to plant enzymes involved in abscission. By means of DNA sequencing, diplodia was found in “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-positive juice from HLB-symptomatic fruit (S) but not in “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-negative juice. Therefore, the incidence of diplodia in fruit tissues, the impact on HLB-related postharvest decay, and the implications for HLB-related preharvest fruit drop were investigated in Hamlin and Valencia oranges. Quantitative PCR results (qPCR) revealed a significantly (P< 0.001) greater incidence of diplodia in the AZ-C of HLB-symptomatic (S; “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” threshold cycle [CT] of <30) than in the AZ-C of in asymptomatic (AS; “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”CTof ≥30) fruit. In agreement with the qPCR results, 2 weeks after exposure to ethylene, the incidences of SER in S fruit were 66.7% (Hamlin) and 58.7% (Valencia), whereas for AS fruit the decay rates were 6.7% (Hamlin) and 5.3% (Valencia). Diplodia colonization of S fruit AZ-C was observed by scanning electron microscopy and confirmed by PCR test and morphology of conidia in isolates from the AZ-C after surface sterilization. DiplodiaCTvalues were negatively correlated with ethylene production (R= −0.838 for Hamlin;R= −0.858 for Valencia) in S fruit, and positively correlated with fruit detachment force (R= 0.855 for Hamlin;R= 0.850 for Valencia), suggesting that diplodia colonization in AZ-C may exacerbate HLB-associated preharvest fruit drop.

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More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Diplodia disease"

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Mandal, Parimal. "Induction of resistance in tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) by biotic and abiotic inducers aganist lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat) griffon & mauble for management of diplodia disease." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1353.

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Silva, Ana Cristina Alves. "Contribution to the study of shoot blight disease on stone pine (Pinus pinea L.)." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17810.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Until a few years ago, the stone pine (Pinus pinea) was a species affected by few pathogens, but recently shoot blight and death of the shoots have been frequently reported in our country, causing serious concerns for producers and pine nut industry. By hindering the development of cones, this problem affects the production of pine nuts, the main resource of this forest industry. Lately, fungi belonging to different genera have been identified associated with shoot blight of stone pine. Some of these fungi, such as Sydowia polyspora, were unknown in Portugal and others, although present in our country (eg Pestalotiopsis spp.), were usually considered weak or stress parasites, affecting only weakened trees. The main aim of the present work was to contribute for the identification of the fungi associated to shoot blight of stone pine and to clarify their role in the expression of the disease. A total of 46 isolates from seven different sites were analysed. Identification was made based on cultural and morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis (ITS, TEF and TUB regions). Isolates of the most relevant species were tested for their pathogenicity. This work allowed to identify several species of fungi associated with shoot blight in stone pine, namely: Diplodia sapinea, Epicoccum nigrum, Pestalotiopsis australis, Pestalotiopsis sp. and Sydowia polyspora. The inoculation of one year-old P. pinea plants under controlled conditions allowed to confirm the pathogenicity of isolates of species D. sapinea and Pestalotiopsis sp.. The role of S. polyspora in the expression of these symptoms was not clarified, however, in the plants inoculated simultaneously with D. sapinea and S. polyspora isolates, the incidence of the disease was much higher than in the plants inoculated with D. sapinea alone, raising the hypothesis that S. polyspora may be potentiating the pathogenicity of D. sapinea. In this work, the fungus S. polyspora was identified for the first time in Portugal and for the first time in stone pine. It should also be pointed out that the isolate belonging to Pestalotiopsis sp., whose pathogenicity was proved in the present work, presents morpho-cultural and genetic characteristics different from those described for other species within this genus, being more aggressive than other known species within this genus
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Neuls, Cézar Augusto. "Adubação potássica e tratamento de sementes nas podridões do colmo em milho." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2012. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1387.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_cezar_augusto_neuls.pdf: 3531690 bytes, checksum: 1f57047f6f307797c81023eb46375f5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-13
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of potassium and seed treatment of corn rot stalk disease. In experiment 1 and 2 were used five potassium doses (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160kg ha-1) in soils with levels of 190 and 120ppm of potassium respectively. In experiment 3, six doses of potassium (0, 65, 97.5, 130, 162.5, 195kg ha-1), but with levels of 40ppm in soil were tested. In experiment 4 was tested the potassium effect with seed treatment. The experimental design was a randomized complete blocks with four replications and plots of 21.0m2. The following corn hybrids were testes: Pioneer 30R50, NK Sprint and Agroeste 1560 respectively for experiment 1, 2, 3 and 4. Experiments were conducted according to corn technical recommendations. Grain yield, incidence of stalk rot were assessed. It was also determined the content of phenolic compounds. Data were submitted to analysis of variance using the F test, followed by the use of linear and nonlinear regression analysis. The following conclusions were taken: 1) potassium has effect on the incidence of CSR, only under conditions of low levels in the soil; 2) Seed inoculum is one way of introduction of CSR causal agent in areas not previously cultivated with corn; 3) potassium does increase phenolic acid concentration, given higher tolerance to corn stalk rot.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adubação potássica e do tratamento de sementes na incidência das podridões do colmo em milho, avaliando alguns efeitos fisiológicos e metabólicos. Nos experimentos 1 e 2 foram testadas cincos doses de potássio (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160kg.ha-1), em solos com níveis de 190 e 120ppm de potássio, respectivamente. No experimento 3, foram testadas seis doses de potássio (0, 65, 97.5, 130, 162.5, 195kg.ha-1), porém com níveis de 40ppm no solo. No experimento 4, foi testada a presença e ausência de potássio, associado ou não com tratamento de sementes. O delineamento experimental, para todos os experimentos, foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, parcelas de 21,0m2 (6,0 x 3,50m). Foram utilizados os híbridos: Pionner 30R50, NK Sprint e Agroeste 1560, respectivamente, aos experimentos 1, 2, 3 e 4. Na condução do estudo, as práticas culturais foram realizadas de acordo com as recomendações técnicas para a cultura do milho. Foi avaliado o rendimento de grãos e a incidência das podridões de colmo (PBCs) em milho, usando metodologia definida por Reis et al. (1998). Determinaram-se também o teor de compostos fenólicos no tecido do colmo do milho usando metodologia desenvolvida por Deschamps et al. (2002). Com base nos resultados, chegou-se às seguintes conclusões: 1) A aplicação de potássio em solos com baixos teores desse nutriente aumenta a tolerância da podridão da base do colmo em milho; 2) O potássio aumenta a concentração de ácidos fenólicos, proporcionando maior tolerância da podridão da base do colmo em milho; 3) O tratamento de sementes diminui a incidência da podridão da base do colmo em milho.

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Flowers, Jennifer Lee. "Localization of Diplodia pinea in diseased and latently-infected Pinus nigra." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2005. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyplpa2006d00382/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2005.
Title from document title page (viewed on March 2, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 177 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-172).

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Chalmers, Lynn. "A comparative assessment of health and immune response between triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/26609.

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Sterile triploid Atlantic salmon represent a solution to the issues of pre-harvest sexual maturation and mature escapees from open aquaculture systems. Although the initial problems of reduced performance and increased deformities in triploids have been thoroughly researched, there is a continued lack of information on their susceptibility and response to disease and routine on-farm treatments compared to diploids. Thus, the main aim of this thesis was to enhance the current understanding of triploid health and immunity through experimental disease challenges and treatments, and aid in determining their robustness and, therefore, suitability for aquaculture. A commercial furunculosis vaccine equally protected diploids and triploids against challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida, and adhesion scores were similar between ploidy (Chapter 2). Interestingly, triploids had lower white blood cell counts but increased cellular activity, e.g. respiratory burst, compared to diploids. Following experimental cohabitation infection with Neoparamoeba perurans, causative agent of Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD), ploidy did not affect the manifestation or severity of AGD-associated gill pathology, or the serum innate immune response (Chapter 3). Hydrogen peroxide, used to treat against parasitic diseases, elicited similar primary and secondary stress responses in both ploidy, but led to differences in the expression of stress (cat, gpx1, gr, hsp70, sod1, sod2) and immune (saa5, crp/sap1a, crp/sap1b, il1β) genes (Chapter 4). Finally, vaccination with different vaccine treatments (4 commercial vaccines, 6 different vaccine combinations and a sham-vaccinated control) showed no ploidy differences in adhesion score or antibody response, although vertebral deformities remained higher in triploids (Chapter 5). Increasing severity of vaccine treatments negatively affected weight, length and thermal growth coefficient in both ploidy. Triploids were heavier than diploids at smolt (+ 14 %) and post smolt (+ 32 %). Overall, this research shows that triploid Atlantic salmon respond as well as diploids to disease and treatment challenges, and supports their application into full-scale commercial aquaculture.

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Weldegebriel, Kibrom Asmerom. "Synthetic studies on the spiroacetal moiety of Stenocarpin, a metabolite of Diplodia maydis /." Diss., Access to E-Thesis, 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09082005-122736/.

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陳坤德 and Kwan-tak Chan. "Diploma disease and vocational education and training in Shanghai, China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31962142.

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Chan, Kwan-tak. "Diploma disease and vocational education and training in Shanghai, China." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23500761.

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Flowers, Jennifer Lee. "LOCALIZATION OF DIPLODIA PINEA IN DISEASED AND LATENTLY-INFECTED PINUS NIGRA." UKnowledge, 2006. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/438.

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Diplodia pinea causes Diplodia tip blight on more than 30 different pine species. During the past 10 years, Diplodia tip blight has emerged as a serious problem in landscape and Christmas tree farms in this region. Surveys of diseased and symptomless Austrian pines revealed that latent infections of symptomless shoots by D. pinea were common. Latent infections may account for the recently observed rapid decline of mildly diseased pines in our region. To investigate the colonization habits of D. pinea within its host, molecular cytology was attempted and traditional histology was performed on naturally infected, diseased and asymptomatic Austrian pine tissues. I devoted much effort to developing a transformation system for D. pinea. Ultimately I did not succeed in this goal, but I was able to develop a highly efficient protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of another pathogenic fungus, Colletotrichum graminicola, in the process. The work that I did should help in future efforts to transform D. pinea, something that will be essential if it is to become a tractable system for the study of fungal latency. Traditional histological methods were more successful, and provided important information about the nature of latent infections. Very sparse epiphytic and subcuticular fungal growth was observed in healthy shoots, however, no fungal tissues were present within the shoots. In diseased and latently infected shoots, crevices created between the needle bundles and the shoots were filled with fungal material, and hyphae were observed colonizing the needle sheaths. Hyphae were also observed breaching the shoot epidermal layer in these crevices and colonizing the underlying periderm. D. pinea colonization was extensive in all tissues of diseased shoots early in symptom development. In contrast, localized pockets of degradation were observed in the periderm and adjacent cortical cells located around areas of needle attachment in asymptomatic, latently infected shoots. The mechanism that operates to prevent expansion of these infected pockets in the latently infected shoots is still unclear. Obvious signs of pine defense mechanisms were only observed in 2 shoots. My observations were consistent with the idea that colonization progresses into the vascular tissues, and that this results in symptom development. Vascular colonization may occur more readily if the host is stressed. My research lays the groundwork for future efforts to understand the nature of the transformation from latent to pathogenic infection.

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Shupert, David Andrew. "Inheritance of flower, stem, leaf, and disease traits in three diploid interspecific rose populations." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4450.

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Three F1 plants (WOB13, WOB21, and WOB26) from the hybridization of the diploid parents Rosa wichuraiana Ã¢ÂÂBasyeÃ¢ÂÂs ThornlessÃ¢ÂÂ and Ã¢ÂÂOld BlushÃ¢ÂÂ (Rosa chinensis) were backcrossed to Ã¢ÂÂOld BlushÃ¢ÂÂ to produce three interspecific backcross populations to observe the segregation of several morphological and disease resistance traits. The qualitative traits of bloom habit, flower color, flower form, and presence of stem prickles were characterized in two locations in College Station, Texas. The quantitative traits of flower size, petal size, and number of flowers per stem were measured in College Station, Texas, and number of leaflets per leaf, powdery mildew resistance, and black spot resistance were measured in College Station and Overton, Texas. Reported modes of inheritance for flower color (pink co-dominant to white), flower form (double dominant to single), and stem prickles (prickles dominant to no prickles) agree with the results in this study. The segregation of the bloom (non-recurrent dominant to recurrent) habit trait showed a deficiency of recurrent blooming types. Sources of variation generation and/or genotype(generation) explained most of the variation for flower size, petal sizes, flowers per stem, leaflet number, powdery mildew, and black spot resistance. Different environmental conditions within the environment made replication effects significant for flowers per stem. Low incidence level of powdery mildew and different temperatures in College Station and Overton made environment effects significant. Environment x generation and environment x genotype(generation) were significant for black spot resistance. The genetic variance is about two times greater than the environment x genetic interaction which would allow selection to be done at one environment, even though black spot resistance may change some between environments. Additive gene action (no dominance) was observed for flower size, petal size, black spot resistance, and powdery mildew resistance. Gene action of partial dominance was observed for leaflet number. Gene action for flowers per stem could not be determined due to lack of variation.

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Books on the topic "Diplodia disease"

1

James, Robert L. An evaluation of fungicides to control Diplodia tip blight at the Fantasy Farms Nursery, Peck, Idaho. Missoula, Mont: USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, 1987.

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Muganga, Jonathan. Information, education and communication (IEC) on "AIDS" in Uganda: Research paper on diploma training course of African communicators on primary health care. Tampere: University of Tampere, Unit of Peace Research and Development Studies, 1988.

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Dore, Ronald. The Diploma Disease: Education, Qualification and Development. 2nd ed. Institute of Education, 1997.

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Maternal Disease in Pregnancy (Diploma in Fetal Medicine Ser). Informa Healthcare, 2007.

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Daniel, Claire, Venki Sundaram, and Jimmy Uddin. Orbit. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199237593.003.0010.

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This chapter begins by discussing orbital anatomy and orbital history and examination, before covering the key clinical knowledge, namely orbital infections, orbital inflammatory disease, orbital vascular malformations, orbital tumours, thyroid eye disease, orbital fractures and trauma, and orbital surgery. The chapter concludes with five case-based discussions, on childhood proptosis, non-axial proptosis, traumatic proptosis, orbital pain, and diplopia following trauma.

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Bowker, Lesley K., James D. Price, Ku Shah, and Sarah C. Smith. Organizing geriatric services. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738381.003.0002.

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This chapter provides information on using geriatric services, acute services for older people, the integration debate, admission avoidance schemes, complex day services/day hospitals, specialty clinics, intermediate care, community hospitals, domiciliary (home) visits, care homes, paying for residential care, home care, informal carers, other services, chronic disease management, primary care, careers in geriatric medicine in the United Kingdom, and the diploma in geriatric medicine (DGM).

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Newlands, Carrie, and Cyrus Kerawala. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198847366.001.0001.

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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is the fully updated third edition of the essential guide for all of those working towards the Intercollegiate Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery exit exam or the Diploma of Membership of the Faculty of Dental Surgery assessment, as well as a handy quick reference for consultants working in the field. Providing a concise and structured overview of the current oral and maxillofacial practice, the handbook covers the diagnosis and surgical treatment of diseases affecting the mouth, jaws, face, and neck. Including a combination of clinical photographs and line drawings to aid understanding, the text has been bought in line with new evidence, practice, and revised guidelines, while maintaining the clear, user-friendly layout and expert tips of the previous editions.

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VIKRAMAN, Narayana. Molecular Basis of Diseases: For BE/B. TECH/BCA/MCA/ME/M. TECH/Diploma/B. Sc/M. Sc/BBA/MBA/Competitive Exams and Knowledge Seekers. Independently Published, 2021.

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Krishnan, Hari, Miriam R. Fine-Goulden, Sainath Raman, and Akash Deep, eds. Challenging Concepts in Paediatric Critical Care. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198794592.001.0001.

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This textbook, ‘Challenging concepts in paediatric critical care’, has been designed to cater to the needs of paediatric intensivists, current trainees and those intending to train in the future. Similar to its predecessors in this ‘Challenging concepts’ series, this book aims to educate clinicians by describing clinical situations that are both common, such as bronchiolitis, sepsis etc., and complex, such as mechanical circulatory support, stem cell transplant etc., in paediatric intensive care medicine. The textbook contains 18 chapters based on challenging scenarios involving variety of diseases and organ dysfunctions. Each chapter contains several “Learning Points”, “Clinical Tips” and “Evidence Base” boxes embedded in the text with the aim to promote memory and stimulate learning. These run alongside an “Expert Commentary” written by an international group of experts in the field, to give practical advice of how they approach these difficult situations. Many chapters include results and imaging to enhance the fidelity and narrative style of text, that encourage the reader to understand the patient journey and feel part of the decision making process. The clinical topics in this book are aligned to match the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health’s paediatric intensive care medicine curriculum in the UK, as well as the curriculum of Paediatric Basic assessment and support in intensive care (BASIC) course and the various domains of Paediatric/neonatal European Diploma in Intensive Care (PEDIC) curriculum.

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Book chapters on the topic "Diplodia disease"

1

Braaksma-Besselink, Yvette, and Hinke Marijke Jellema. "Diplopia." In Surgery in and around the Orbit, 149–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40697-3_6.

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AbstractBinocular single vision is based upon the fusion of two retinal images, one perceived by each eye, into a single percept. This phenomenon is called fusion, one of the stages of an intricate system of processes taking place in the brain. In order to direct our eyes to a focus of attention, six extraocular muscles per eye—each innervated by three extracranial nerves—control ocular movement. This operating system can be disrupted easily. Orbital diseases may impede the function of these muscles and nerves leading to strabismus and, eventually, (gaze-dependent) diplopia.Orthoptic investigation and diagnosis can help in the treatment of this group of patients. Orthoptic investigation is constructed by several steps which will lead to a full picture of the binocular system, and includes determining ocular deviation, binocular function, and ocular motility.Based upon these results, the orthoptist may provide temporary measures, such as prisms or occlusion to lessen the burden of diplopia. In case of lasting diplopia, strabismus surgery can alleviate part of this diplopia. However, restricted eye movements, incomitant deviation, and severe cyclotorsion may hamper the field of binocular single vision, even despite the availability of various surgical options. Careful explanation and a multidisciplinary treatment of orbital patients is necessary to guide them through the treatment process.

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Shah, Ravi, Sumayya J. Almarzouqi, Michael L. Morgan, and Andrew G. Lee. "Diplopia in Vertebrobasilar System Disease." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35951-4_1177-1.

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Shah, Ravi, Sumayya J. Almarzouqi, Michael L. Morgan, and Andrew G. Lee. "Diplopia in Vertebrobasilar System Disease." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology, 643–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69000-9_1177.

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Reich, Stephen G. "Treatment of Diplopia in Parkinson’s Disease." In Current Clinical Neurology, 79–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97897-0_19.

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Buasuwan, Prompilai, and Michael E. Jones. "Diploma Disease in Thai HE." In Asia Pacific Graduate Education, 173–98. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54783-5_11.

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Zhang, H. S., R. E. Niks, R. G. Dekens, and H. H. Lubbers. "Inheritance of Resistance to Wheat Leaf Rust (Puccinia Recondita) in four Accessions of Diploid Wheat." In Durability of Disease Resistance, 358. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2004-3_83.

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Higgins, Alexandra S., Patrick S. Hoversten, and Mark J. Enzler. "Patient With Diplopia and Thoracic Pain." In Mayo Clinic Infectious Disease Case Review, edited by Larry M. Baddour, John C. O’Horo, Mark J. Enzler, and Rahul Kashyap, 129–32. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190052973.003.0036.

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Lyme disease is caused most frequently by Borrelia burgdorferi. The nervous system is the third most common site of involvement for Borrelia infections, and 10% to 15% of patients with Lyme disease have neurologic involvement. Lyme disease that is associated with the triad of lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuropathy, and radiculoneuritis is termed Bannwarth syndrome. Lyme disease serologic testing consists of 2-tiered antibody testing that starts with an enzyme immunoassay and, if positive or indeterminate, is followed by a confirmatory immunoglobulin M and G Western blot for antibodies against B burgdorferi to increase the specificity of initial testing. Treatment consists of intravenous ceftriaxone or doxycycline.

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Kerr, Natalie. "Practical Management of Strabismus and Diplopia in Thyroid Eye Disease." In Thyroid Eye Disease, 389–403. CRC Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/9780203908983-39.

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Thurtell, Matthew J., Robert L. Tomsak, and Robert B. Daroff. "Sixth Nerve Palsy." In Neuro-Ophthalmology, 84–87. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195390841.003.0016.

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Binocular horizontal diplopia is often due to sixth nerve palsy but can be caused by other conditions, such as restriction of the medial rectus muscle in thyroid eye disease. We review the approach to the patient with sixth nerve palsy in this chapter. We briefly discuss the role of imaging in patients with sixth nerve palsy, as this remains a controversial topic.

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Andreasen, Viggo. "Virulence Management and Disease Resistance in Diploid Hosts." In Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, 222–32. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511525728.021.

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Conference papers on the topic "Diplodia disease"

1

Pizones, Javier. "Hyperkyphosis and Scheuermann Disease." In eccElearning Postgraduate Diploma in Spine Surgery. eccElearning, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.28962/01.3.091.

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Boszczyk, Bronek, and Marcin Czyz. "Infection, Inflammation and Metabolic Disease." In eccElearning Postgraduate Diploma in Spine Surgery. eccElearning, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.28962/01.2.008.

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Assaker, Richard. "Adjacent Disc Disease and Management Cervical TDR." In eccElearning Postgraduate Diploma in Spine Surgery. eccElearning, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.28962/01.3.034.

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Quraishi, Nasir. "Spinal Metastatic Disease: Surgical Treatment Options and Results." In eccElearning Postgraduate Diploma in Spine Surgery. eccElearning, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.28962/01.3.141.

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Anastacio, Guilherme Drumond Jardini, Stella de Angelis Trivellato, Hendrick Henrique Fernandes Gramasco, Ana Claudia Pires Carvalho, Omar Gurrola Arambula, Luiz Antonio Jorge Junior, and Fernando Coronetti Gomes da Rocha. "Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia in multiple sclerosis of very late onset." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.716.

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Context: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The average age of onset is in the range of 28 to 31 years, but it can occur from the first year of life or after the seventh decade. If diagnosed over 60 years of age, it is called very late onset, with low prevalence. Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia is a rare syndrome characterized by bilateral restriction of the adduction of the eyes in the conjugated horizontal gaze, which is generally secondary to demyelinating and vascular diseases. Case report: A 64-year-old man, brown, with a history of alcoholism, gout, hypothyroidism, arterial hypertension and generalized osteoarthritis with a right hip prosthesis with difficulty walking, presented a five-day subacute bilateral visual turbidity and binocular horizontal diplopia. On physical examination, he presented bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia, with a reduction in bilateral visual acuity worse on the right, in addition to lower limb pain pseudoparesis, with bilateral Babinski sign. Investigation with visual evoked potential demonstrated bilateral demyelinating optic neuropathy on the right, cerebrospinal fluid with more than two oligoclonal bands present, neuroaxis magnetic resonance imaging showing a change in the signal of the right optic nerve and multiple demyelinating lesions, fulfilling the criteria for dissemination in space and time. Therapy with Methylprednisolone 1g / day for 5 days was performed, with improvement of the condition, maintaining only visual sequelae with decreased visual acuity, and disease-modifying therapy was also started with stabilization of the condition. Conclusions: Despite being more rare, very late-onset MS should be considered as a diagnosis, even with singular presentations as in the case reported.

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Tseng, JC, HH Cheng, RJ Hu, and LY Lu. "AB0088 Pulse cyclophosphamide therapy in a patient of giant cell arteritis with diplopia due to unilateral abducens nerve palsy." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, Annals of the rheumatic diseases ARD July 2001. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2001.195.

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Pozzobon, Pedro, Patrick Sousa-Santos, Tarcisio Alvarenga, Ana Beatriz Baston, Ana Flavia Lemos, Maria C. Foloni, Gabriela Dantas, Fernando Coronetti, and Laura Cardia Lopes. "Primary CNS lymphoma mimicking demyelinating disease." In XIV Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.141s1.714.

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Case report: Male, 32-year-old, diagnosed with COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) in January 2022 and two weeks later present progressive vertigo, gait instability, binocular diplopia and right facial palsy. Three months later he was sent for investigation in our service. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a FLAIR-hyperintense lesion in the pontomesencephalic transition with gadolinium enhancement. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis shows increase in protein level (83 mg/dL). In this moment, considering the infectious antecedent and MRI characteristics, he has been diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and submitted to pulse therapy with methylprednisolone, showing complete improve of symptoms. In outpatient follow-up he presents with worsening of symptoms. Ten months after onset of symptoms he was hospitalized again, MRI showed new lesions on medulla and cerebellum. Submitted to pulse therapy followed by plasma exchange, with no improve. New MRI presents with infiltrative lesion without gadolinium enhancement. CSF analysis show 48 cells (98% lymphocytes), no evidence of neoplastic cells. A biopsy was performed on the lesion and showed atypical lymphoid infiltrate with B-Cells predominance, positive to CD20 and CD45, confirming diagnosis of Primary CNS Lymphoma (PCNSL). Initiated chemotherapy, but unfortunately patient die in consequence of neutropenia. Discussion: PCNSL is an uncommon neoplasm and rarely affects brainstem. When it occurs the prognosis is poor, nearly half of patients died within 1 year after diagnosis. Glucocorticoids could promote tumor shrinkage. Neuroimaging characteristics could be confounding with infections, demyelinating lesions, and gliomas. Conclusion: Our case illustrates a patient initially diagnosed with ADEM and submitted to corticotherapy with good response, however he worse in months later and the diagnosed reviewed to PCNSL. This shows the importance of considering atypical PCNSL in differential diagnosis of demyelinating diseases.

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Andrade, Dariana Rodrigues, Letícia Mendes de Lima, Luis Henrique Goes Hamati Rosa, and Edvaldo Cardoso. "SARS-CoV-2 infection in the development of peripheral neuropathies." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.406.

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Introduction: Although respiratory symptoms are the characteristic findings of COVID- 19, this disease may also present with neurological manifestations, since SARS-CoV- 2 showed several degrees of neurotropism. Objectives: To review the influence of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the development of peripheral neuropathies. Methods: Integrative review carried out at PUBMED with the descriptors peripheral neuropathy, SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, and having as inclusion criteria full texts and in English in the period from 11/2019 to 05/2021. The selection has made among those compatible with the objectives of the work. Results: Peripheral neuropathy was observed in less than 1% of patients with COVID-19. The virus can cause acute polyradiculoneuropathy regardless of pulmonary disease, and may occur due to dysregulation of the immune system caused by SARS-CoV-2. Systemic hyper-inflammation with macrophage activation syndrome has been proposed for patients with COVID-19. Such immunomediated manifestations typically occur after the decrease in the acute phase of disease. The most commonly reported symptoms in peripheral nervous system involvement are ageusia, anosmia, diplopia, facial nerve paralysis, polyneuritis, myasthenic crisis, musculoskeletal injuries, and neuralgia. Conclusion: As soon as possible recognition of peripheral neuropathy may result in better clinical goals for patients and understanding these manifestations will contribute to the development of improved treatment. Although only a small percentage of patients with COVID-19 develop peripheral neuropathy, in a pandemic this can have a major impact.

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Zaelani, Ahmad, Herlina, and Yuyu Suryasari Poerba. "Germplasm screening of diploid Musa spp. collection for fusarium wilt disease resistance using multiplex-SCAR markers." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INNOVATIVE BIOPRODUCTION INDONESIA ON BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING 2022: Strengthening Bioeconomy through Applied Biotechnology, Bioengineering, and Biodiversity. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0185779.

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Cunha, Vinícius Gonçalves Portilho, Alda Maria de Sousa Mendonça, Amanda Selvátici dos Santos Dias, and Ketteny de Lima Rodrigues. "Pediatric onset multiple sclerosis: defying disability – a case report." In XIV Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.141s1.661.

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Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the main demyelinating disturbance of the central nervous system in childhood and, compared to adulthood, the disease presents in a more inflammatory way and with greater probability of younger disability if not well managed in adequate time. Objectives: Case report of a patient with pediatric onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) and high lesions burden in need of high efficacy medications in early time. Methods: The present case report was based on data collected through literature review and medical records. Results: We found the case of a 12-year-old girl presenting with monoparesis of right leg and being first diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis due to lesions with a demyelinating character in a skull magnetic resonance (MRI) in January 2022 after COVID-19 vaccination. After six months, she presented with diplopia and ataxia, besides worsening of radiological pattern of the previous lesions and evidence of spinal involvement, being submitted to therapy with methylprednisolone. Further, the diagnosis of POMS was stablished due to oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid and negativity to serum anti aquaporin 4 and serum antibody against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; treatment with natalizumab was started. After four months, she presented with worsening of previous neurological deficits and progression of disease was seen in a new skull and neuroaxis MRI, being submitted to a new cycle of methylprednisolone and five sessions of plasmapheresis. After these therapies, she went home with an expanded disability status scale of 4 and rituximab was the chosen drug to continue treatment according to literature and the neurological state. Conclusion: Early intervention in pediatric onset multiple sclerosis is necessary to avoid the maximum of future disability and high inflammatory level frequently demands high efficacy therapies to control the disease.

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Reports on the topic "Diplodia disease"

1

Minz-Dub, A., G. J. Muehlbauer, E. Millet, and A. Sharon. ing and characterization of a novel leaf rust and stripe rust resistance gene from Sharon goatgrass. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134171.bard.

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Each year, significant global wheat yield loss occurs due to diseases that affect yield quantity or quality. Breeding for resistance has been the best economic and environmentally safe approach to control wheat diseases, however many disease resistance (R) genes succumbed to the pathogens and are no longer effective. Hence, new sources of resistance are necessary to boost the wheat gene pool. The main source for such genes are species of wheat wild relatives in the secondary gene pool that contain an unexploited reservoir of novel R genes. Sharon goatgrass (Aegilops sharonensis Eig) is a wild diploid relative of wheat (genome SshS sh). It is native to the coastal plain of Israel, growing mostly on stabilized dunes, and is highly resistant to rust pathogens. Previously, we introgressed a leaf and stripe rust resistance locus from Ae. sharonensis into bread wheat using chromosome engineering (Millet et al., 2014). We mapped the alien region to the short arm of chromosome six using genotyping by sequencing, identified SNPs, and used them to generate diagnostic markers (Khazan et al., 2020).

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Harms, Nathan, Judy Shearer, James Cronin, and John Gaskin. Geographic and genetic variation in susceptibility of Butomus umbellatus to foliar fungal pathogens. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41662.

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Large-scale patterns of plant invasions may reflect regional heterogeneity in biotic and abiotic factors and genetic variation within and between invading populations. Having information on how effects of biotic resistance vary spatially can be especially important when implementing biological control because introduced agents may have different Impacts through interactions with host-plant genotype, local environment, or other novel enemies. We conducted a series of field surveys and laboratory studies to determine whether there was evidence of biotic resistance, as foliar fungal pathogens, in two introduced genotypes (triploid G1, diploid G4) of the Eurasian wetland weed, Butomus umbellatus L. in the USA. We tested whether genotypes differed in disease attack and whether spatial patterns in disease incidence were related to geographic location or climate for either genotype. After accounting for location (latitude, climate), G1 plants had lower disease incidence than G4 plants in the field (38% vs. 70%) but similar pathogen richness. In contrast, bioassays revealed G1 plants consistently received a higher damage score and had larger leaf lesions regardless of pathogen. These results demonstrate that two widespread B. umbellatus genotypes exhibit different susceptibility to pathogens and effectiveness of pathogen biological controls may depend on local conditions.

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Morin, S., L. L. Walling, Peter W. Atkinson, J. Li, and B. E. Tabashnik. ets for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene drive in Bemisia tabaci. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134170.bard.

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The goal of our BARD proposal was to build both the necessary infrastructure and knowledge for using the CRISPR/Cas9-based gene drive system to control the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Our research focused on achieving three main goals: (1) establishing a CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system for producing genetically-edited B. tabaci; (2) generating and testing CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutations targeting genes that represent two gene drive strategies: population replacement and population suppression; (3) using computer modeling to optimize strategies for applying CRISPR/Cas9 to control B. tabaci populations in the field. CRISPR gene drive is one of the most promising strategies for diminishing the negative impacts of harmful insects. This technique can introduce mutations into wild populations of pests that reduce their ability to cause damage, reduce their population size, or both. In principle, this can be selfsustaining because mutations carried by relatively few insects can increase in frequency and spread quickly throughout wild populations. Because of this sustainability and the potential benefits to society, agricultural gene-drive systems are most likely to be funded by government agencies, foundations, and grower associations; as with sterile insect releases and most biocontrol programs. Although gene drives have received intensive study in Drosophila and mosquito vectors of human disease, we were one of the first teams pursuing this approach for crop pests. Our project was also one of the first to address CRISPR gene drive in the Hemiptera, an insect order that includes hundreds of pest species. We focused on developing and implementing CRISPR gene drive to reduce the massive damage caused by B. tabaci. This haplodiploid insect is one of the world's most devastating crop pests. Whereas extensive work by others explored CRISPR in diploid species, our project pioneered application of this revolutionary technology to haplodiploids, which have a distinct system of inheritance that presents special challenges and opportunities. Our project has achieved several breakthroughs, including publication of the first paper analyzing CRISPR gene drive in haplodiploids (Li et al. 2020, see next section). Our modeling results from this landmark study demonstrate that CRISPR gene drive can work in haplodiploids, especially if fitness costs associated with the driver allele are low or nil. Our paper was the first to provide a conceptual framework for evaluating and optimizing CRISPR gene drive strategies for managing B. tabaci and other haplodiploid pests. Our breakthroughs in the laboratory have created the infrastructure needed to develop CRISPR for controlling B. tabaci. We established a microinjection system enabling us to introduce CRISPR-derived mutations into B. tabaci embryos. We have used this system to generate and track inherited eye-color mutants of B. tabaci. We have identified and cloned germline promoters, and demonstrated their function in transgenic B. tabaci embryos and other hemipteran insects. We have also developed a tool to easily identify B. tabaci harboring CRISPR-mediated mutations by tagging target genes using a transgenic fluorescent marker. The successful completion of our project provides all the knowledge and infrastructure essential for developing a novel genetic approach for B. tabaci control, which can serve as a non-chemical "green" alternative for managing this global pest. We predict that our discoveries will accelerate the development of the CRISPR gene drive technique for reducing the numbers of this pest and the damage it causes. Still, realization of the benefits of gene-drive technology for pest control will require sustained attention to potential environmental and societal impacts, as well as regulatory and implementation challenges. Given the great promise of this technology and the urgent need for better control methods, we expect that guidance documents and regulations will be in place to allow the scientific community to safely move gene drives for pest control from the laboratory to field trials.

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